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Molés G, Valdehita A, Connolly M, Navas JM. Involvement of ahr-dependent Cyp1a detoxification activity, oxidative stress and inflammatory regulation in response to graphene oxide exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 364:143005. [PMID: 39121965 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a very attractive material for use in a vast number of applications. However, before its widespread use, it is important to consider potential issues related to environmental safety to support its safe application. The aim of this study was to investigate effects on fish (rainbow trout) following GO exposure. Using both an in vitro approach with the RTL W1 rainbow trout liver cell line, and in vivo exposures, following OECD TG 203, disturbances at the cellular level as well as in the gills and liver tissue of juvenile trout were assessed. In RTL W1 cells, a time and concentration-dependent loss in cell viability, specifically plasma membrane integrity and lysosomal function, was observed after 96 h of exposure to GO at concentrations ≥18.75 mg/L. Additionally, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evidenced at concentrations ≥18.75 mg/L, and an enhancement of metabolic activity was noted with concentrations ≥4.68 mg/L. In vivo exposures to GO did not provoke mortality in rainbow trout juveniles following 96 h exposure but led to histological alterations in gills and liver tissues, induction of enzymatic detoxification activities in the liver, as well as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr)-cytochrome P450 1a (cyp1a) gene expression downregulation, and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines il1b and il8 at GO concentrations ≥9.89 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Molés
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Valdehita
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mona Connolly
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José María Navas
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Oropesa AL, González-Sánchez B, Beltrán FJ. Sensitivity of cholinesterases and carboxylesterases to pharmaceutical products in Tinca tinca. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3856-3871. [PMID: 38558378 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Discharges to the aquatic environment of pharmaceuticals represent a hazard to the aquatic organisms. Subchronic assay with 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and in vitro essays with pharmaceuticals of environmental concern were conducted to examine the sensitivity of tissue acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carboxylesterase (CbE) activities of Tinca tinca to them. Subchronic exposure to 17-alpha-EE2 caused significant effects on brain, liver, and muscle CbE, but no on AChE activities. Most of the pharmaceuticals tested in vitro were considered as weak inhibitors of tissular AChE activity. Depending on the tissues, some compounds were classified as moderate inhibitors of CbE activity while other were categorized as weak enzymatic inhibitors. An opposite trend was observed depending on the tissue, while brain and liver CbE activities were inhibited, the muscle CbE activity was induced. Changes experienced on enzymatic activities after exposure to pharmaceuticals might affect the physiological functions in which these enzymes are involved. In vitro exposure to 17-alpha-EE2 in tench could be an informative, but not a surrogate model to know the effect of this synthetic estrogen on AChE and CbE activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Lourdes Oropesa
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biotecnología Ganadera y Cinegética (INBIO G+C), Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Fernando J Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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3
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Molés G, Connolly M, Valdehita A, Pulido-Reyes G, Fernandez-Cruz ML, Flahaut E, Navas JM. Testing the Aquatic Toxicity of 2D Few-Layer Graphene Inks Using Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss): In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches to Support an SSbD Assessment. TOXICS 2024; 12:97. [PMID: 38393192 PMCID: PMC10892222 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Graphene-based conductive inks offer attractive possibilities in many printing technology applications. Often, these inks contain a mixture of compounds, such as solvents and stabilizers. For the safe(r) and sustainable use of such materials in products, potentially hazardous components must be identified and considered in the design stage. In this study, the hazards of few-layer graphene (FLG)-based ink formulations were tested in fish using in vitro (RTL-W1 cell line) and in vivo aquatic ecotoxicity tests (OECD TG 203). Five ink formulations were produced using different processing steps, containing varying amounts of solvents and stabilizers, with the end products formulated either in aqueous solutions or in powder form. The FLG ink formulations with the highest contents of the stabilizer sodium deoxycholate showed greater in vitro cytotoxic effects, but they did not provoke mortality in juvenile rainbow trout. However, exposure led to increased activities of the cytochrome P450 1a (Cyp1a) and Cyp3a enzymes in the liver, which play an essential role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, suggesting that any effects will be enhanced by the presence of the stabilizers. These results highlight the importance of an SSbD approach together with the use of appropriate testing tools and strategies. By incorporating additional processing steps to remove identified cytotoxic residual solvents and stabilizers, the hazard profile of the FLG inks improved, demonstrating that, by following the principles of the European Commission's safe(r) and sustainable by design (SSbD) framework, one can contribute to the safe(r) and sustainable use of functional and advanced 2D materials in products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Molés
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Mona Connolly
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| | - Ana Valdehita
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| | - Gerardo Pulido-Reyes
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| | - Maria L. Fernandez-Cruz
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- Centre Inter-Universitaire de Recherche et D’Ingénierie en Matériaux (CIRIMAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 16 Av Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France;
| | - José M. Navas
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
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4
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Zhang JM, Han H, Li YC, Fu B, Kaneko G, Li K, Jin XC, Ji S, Yu EM, Liu LP. Comprehensive mRNA and microRNA analysis revealed the effect and response strategy of freshwater fish, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) under geosmin exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115775. [PMID: 38070413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Geosmin is an environmental pollutant that causes off-flavor in water and aquatic products. The high occurrence of geosmin contamination in aquatic systems and aquaculture raises public awareness, however, few studies have investigated the response pathways of geosmin stress on freshwater fish. In this research, grass carp were exposed to 50 μg/L geosmin for 96 h, liver tissue was sequenced and validated using real-time qPCR. In total of 528 up-regulated genes and 488 down-regulated genes were observed, includes cytochrome P450 and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase related genes. KEGG analysis showed that chemical carcinogenesis-DNA adducts, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 pathway was enriched. Common genes from the target genes of microRNAs and differential expression genes are enriched in metabolism of xenobiotics cytochrome P450 pathway. Two miRNAs (dre-miR-146a and miR-212-3p) down regulated their target genes (LOC127510138 and adh5, respectively) which are enriched cytochrome P450 related pathway. The results present that geosmin is genetoxic to grass carp and indicate that cytochrome P450 system and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase play essential roles in biotransformation of geosmin. MicroRNAs regulate the biotransformation of geosmin by targeting specific genes, which contributes to the development of strategies to manage its negative impacts in both natural and artificial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ming Zhang
- China-ASEAN "The Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory of Marine Culture Technology (Shanghai), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Huan Han
- China-ASEAN "The Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory of Marine Culture Technology (Shanghai), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yi-Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Bing Fu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gen Kaneko
- College of Natural & Applied Science, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX 77901, USA
| | - Kang Li
- China-ASEAN "The Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory of Marine Culture Technology (Shanghai), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Xi-Chen Jin
- China-ASEAN "The Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory of Marine Culture Technology (Shanghai), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuang Ji
- China-ASEAN "The Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory of Marine Culture Technology (Shanghai), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Er-Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute of CAFS, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- China-ASEAN "The Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory of Marine Culture Technology (Shanghai), Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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5
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Topić Popović N, Čižmek L, Babić S, Strunjak-Perović I, Čož-Rakovac R. Fish liver damage related to the wastewater treatment plant effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48739-48768. [PMID: 36869954 PMCID: PMC9985104 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) continuously release a complex mixture of municipal, hospital, industrial, and runoff chemicals into the aquatic environment. These contaminants are both legacy contaminants and emerging-concern contaminants, affecting all tissues in a fish body, particularly the liver. The fish liver is the principal detoxifying organ and effects of consistent pollutant exposure can be evident on its cellular and tissue level. The objective of this paper is thus to provide an in-depth analysis of the WWTP contaminants' impact on the fish liver structure, physiology, and metabolism. The paper also gives an overview of the fish liver biotransformation enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, and non-enzymatic antioxidants, their role in metabolizing xenobiotic compounds and coping with oxidative damage. Emphasis has been placed on highlighting the vulnerability of fish to xenobiotic compounds, and on biomonitoring of exposed fish, generally involving observation of biomarkers in caged or native fish. Furthermore, the paper systematically assesses the most common contaminants with the potential to affect fish liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Topić Popović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lara Čižmek
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Babić
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivančica Strunjak-Perović
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Ortúzar M, Esterhuizen M, Olicón-Hernández DR, González-López J, Aranda E. Pharmaceutical Pollution in Aquatic Environments: A Concise Review of Environmental Impacts and Bioremediation Systems. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:869332. [PMID: 35558129 PMCID: PMC9087044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of emerging contaminants in the environment, such as pharmaceuticals, is a growing global concern. The excessive use of medication globally, together with the recalcitrance of pharmaceuticals in traditional wastewater treatment systems, has caused these compounds to present a severe environmental problem. In recent years, the increase in their availability, access and use of drugs has caused concentrations in water bodies to rise substantially. Considered as emerging contaminants, pharmaceuticals represent a challenge in the field of environmental remediation; therefore, alternative add-on systems for traditional wastewater treatment plants are continuously being developed to mitigate their impact and reduce their effects on the environment and human health. In this review, we describe the current status and impact of pharmaceutical compounds as emerging contaminants, focusing on their presence in water bodies, and analyzing the development of bioremediation systems, especially mycoremediation, for the removal of these pharmaceutical compounds with a special focus on fungal technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Ortúzar
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Edificio Departamental, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Finland and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe, Saarbrücken, Germany.,University of Manitoba, Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Darío Rafael Olicón-Hernández
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús González-López
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabet Aranda
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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7
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Gallego-Ríos SE, Peñuela GA, Martínez-López E. Updating the use of biochemical biomarkers in fish for the evaluation of alterations produced by pharmaceutical products. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:103756. [PMID: 34662733 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of toxic effects in stressful environmental conditions can be determined through the imbalance between exogenous factors (environmental contaminants) and enzymatic and non-enzymatic defenses in biological systems. The use of fish for the identification of alterations in biochemical biomarkers provides a comprehensive vision of the effects that pharmaceutical products cause in the aquatic ecosystem, as they are organisms with high sensitivity to contaminants, filtering capacity, and potential for environmental toxicology studies. A wide range of pharmaceuticals can stimulate or alter a variety of biochemical mechanisms, such as oxidative damage to membrane lipids, proteins, and changes in antioxidant enzymes. This review includes a summary of knowledge of the last 20 years, in the understanding of the different biochemical biomarkers generated by exposure to pharmaceuticals in fish, which include different categories of pharmaceutical products: NSAIDs, analgesics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, hormones, lipid regulators and mixtures. This review serves as a tool in the design of studies for the evaluation of the effects of pharmaceutical products, taking into account the most useful biomarkers, type of matrix, enzyme alterations, all taking the pharmaceutical group of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Gallego-Ríos
- Pollution Diagnostics and Control Group (GDCON), School of the Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University Research Campus (SIU), University of Antioquia (U de A), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Gustavo A Peñuela
- Pollution Diagnostics and Control Group (GDCON), School of the Environment, Faculty of Engineering, University Research Campus (SIU), University of Antioquia (U de A), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Emma Martínez-López
- Area of Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Spain
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8
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Duarte IA, Reis-Santos P, Novais SC, Rato LD, Lemos MFL, Freitas A, Pouca ASV, Barbosa J, Cabral HN, Fonseca VF. Depressed, hypertense and sore: Long-term effects of fluoxetine, propranolol and diclofenac exposure in a top predator fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136564. [PMID: 31945523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds are continuously released into the aquatic environment, resulting in their ubiquitous presence in many estuarine and coastal systems. As pharmaceuticals are designed to produce effects at very low concentrations and target specific evolutionary conserved pathways, there are growing concerns over their potential deleterious effects to the environment and specifically to aquatic organisms, namely in early life-stages. In this context, the long-term effects of exposure of juvenile meagre Argyrosomus regius to three different pharmaceuticals were investigated. Fish were exposed to environmental concentrations of one of three major used pharmaceuticals: the antidepressant fluoxetine (0.3 and 3 μg/L for 15 days), the anti-hypertensive propranolol and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent diclofenac (0.3 and 15 μg/L for 30 days). Pharmaceuticals bioconcentration in fish muscle was examined, along with biomarkers in different tissues related with antioxidant and biotransformation responses (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and glutathione S-transferase), energetic metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and electron transport system activities), neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase activity) and oxidative damage (DNA damage and lipid peroxidation levels). Overall, each pharmaceutical had different potential for bioconcentration in the muscle (FLX > PROP > DCF) and induced different biological responses: fluoxetine was the most toxic compound to juvenile meagre, affecting fish growth, triggering antioxidant defense responses, inhibiting detoxification mechanisms and increasing lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in the liver; propranolol exposure increased DNA damage and decreased aerobic metabolism in fish muscle; and diclofenac showed no potential to bioconcentrate, yet it affected fish metabolism by increasing cellular energy consumption in the muscle and consequently reducing fish net energy budget. The diverse response patterns evidence the need for future research focused on pharmaceuticals with different modes of action and their exposure effects on organismal physiological mechanisms and homeostatic status. Ultimately, the combination of sub-individual and individual responses is key for ecologically relevant assessments of pharmaceutical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Patrick Reis-Santos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Sara C Novais
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Lénia D Rato
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Andreia Freitas
- INIAV - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Vila do Conde, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Vila Pouca
- INIAV - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barbosa
- INIAV - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Vila do Conde, Portugal; REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Vanessa F Fonseca
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Brew DW, Black MC, Santos M, Rodgers J, Henderson WM. Metabolomic Investigations of the Temporal Effects of Exposure to Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products and Their Mixture in the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginica). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:419-436. [PMID: 31661721 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) supports a large aquaculture industry and is a keystone species along the Atlantic seaboard. Native oysters are routinely exposed to a complex mixture of contaminants that increasingly includes pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Unfortunately, the biological effects of chemical mixtures on oysters are poorly understood. Untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics was utilized to quantify the response of oysters exposed to fluoxetine, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, 17α-ethynylestradiol, diphenhydramine, and their mixture. Oysters were exposed to 1 µg/L of each chemical or mixture for 10 d, followed by an 8-d depuration period. Adductor muscle (n = 14/treatment) was sampled at days 0, 1, 5, 10, and 18. Trajectory analysis illustrated that metabolic effects and class separation of the treatments varied at each time point and that, overall, the oysters were only able to partially recover from these exposures post-depuration. Altered metabolites were associated with cellular energetics (i.e., Krebs cycle intermediates), as well as amino acid metabolism and fatty acids. Exposure to these PPCPs also affected metabolic pathways associated with anaerobic metabolism, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress, in addition to the physiological effects of each chemical's postulated mechanism of action. Following depuration, fewer metabolites were altered, but none of the treatments returned them to their initial control values, indicating that metabolic disruptions were long-lasting. Interestingly, the mixture did not directly cluster with individual treatments in the scores plot from partial least squares discriminant analysis, and many of its affected metabolic pathways were not well predicted from the individual treatments. The present study highlights the utility of untargeted metabolomics in developing exposure biomarkers for compounds with different modes of action in bivalves. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:419-436. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Brew
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Marsha C Black
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Marina Santos
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jackson Rodgers
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - W Matthew Henderson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia
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10
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Junaid M, Wang Y, Hamid N, Deng S, Li WG, Pei DS. Prioritizing selected PPCPs on the basis of environmental and toxicogenetic concerns: A toxicity estimation to confirmation approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120828. [PMID: 31301631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), the pollutants of emerging concerns, present potential risks to the ecological environment. This study focused on the prioritization of widely used selected PPCPs belonging to two categories:personal care products (PCPs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We predicted the toxicogenetic endpoints of PPCPs and then confirmed them using experimental approaches. Our results revealed a significant similarity in the findings obtained through both approaches, indicating NSAIDs with relatively high environmental impacts and in vitro/vivo toxicity. Experimental approach revealed that musk xylene (MX) from PCPs and DIC from NSAIDs as individual chemicals of priority concern showed elevated environmental impacts and significantly induced pi3k-akt-mTOR in vitro. Similarly, propyl paraben (PP) from PCPs and diclofenac (DIC) from NSAIDs caused significant cytotoxicity and DNA damage in vitro. Moreover, PP and MX from the PCPs group and naproxen (NAP) and DIC from the NSAIDs group induced developmental toxicity and perturbations to phases I, II, and III detoxification pathways in vivo. In addition, MX and DIC as priority PPCPs inhibited hematopoiesis and hepatogenesis in vivo. Apart from the specific effects, PPCPs can be ranked as: MX > PP > methylparaben (MP) for PCPs, and DIC > NAP > ibuprofen (IBU) for NSAIDs, regarding their toxic and environmental concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Naima Hamid
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wei-Guo Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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11
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Duarte IA, Pais MP, Reis-Santos P, Cabral HN, Fonseca VF. Biomarker and behavioural responses of an estuarine fish following acute exposure to fluoxetine. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 147:24-31. [PMID: 30987769 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants such as fluoxetine are frequently detected in estuaries and can have profound effects on non-target organisms by interfering with the neural system and affecting essential physiological processes and behaviours. In this context, short-term effects of fluoxetine exposure were analysed in the common goby Pomatoschistus microps, an estuarine resident fish species. Two experiments were conducted with fish exposed to: i) fluoxetine concentrations within the μg/L range for 96 h (0.1, 0.5, 10 and 100 μg/L) and ii) fluoxetine concentrations within the mg/L range for 1 h (1, 5 and 10 mg/L). Acute toxicity was assessed via multiple biomarker responses, namely: activity levels of antioxidant (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and detoxification enzymes (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and glutathione S-transferase); and biomarkers of effects (lipid peroxidation and DNA damage) and of neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase inhibition). Furthermore, behavioural responses concerning activity (active time, movement delay and number of active individuals) and feeding (number of feeding individuals) were also recorded and analysed. Acute fluoxetine exposure for 96 h (in the μg/L range) reduced antioxidant CAT activity with increasing concentrations but had no significant effect on SOD activity. Biotransformation enzymes showed bell-shaped response curves, suggesting efficient fluoxetine metabolism at concentrations up to 10 μg/L. No significant damage (LPO and DNAd) was observed at both concentration ranges (μg/L and mg/L), yet 1 h exposure to higher fluoxetine concentrations (mg/L range) inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity (up to 37%). Fluoxetine (at mg/L) also decreased the number of both feeding and active individuals (by 67%), decreased fish active time (up to 93%) and increased movement delay almost 3-fold (274%). Overall, acutely exposed P. microps were able to cope with fluoxetine toxicity at the μg/L range but higher concentrations (mg/L) affected fish cholinergic system and behavioural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749 016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Miguel P Pais
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749 016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrick Reis-Santos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749 016, Lisboa, Portugal; Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Henrique N Cabral
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749 016, Lisboa, Portugal; Irstea, UR EABX, 50 Avenue de Verdun, 33612, Cestas, France
| | - Vanessa F Fonseca
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749 016, Lisboa, Portugal
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12
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Giang PT, Burkina V, Sakalli S, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Rasmussen MK, Randak T, Grabic R, Grabicova K, Fedorova G, Koba O, Golovko O, Turek J, Cerveny D, Kolarova J, Zlabek V. Effects of Multi-Component Mixtures from Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) under Fully Realistic Condition. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 63:466-484. [PMID: 29159481 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized changes in biomarker responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) upon exposure to effluent water discharged from a sewage treatment plant (STP) under real conditions. Fish were exposed to contamination in Cezarka pond, which receives all of its water input from the STP in the town of Vodnany, Czech Republic. Five sampling events were performed at day 0, 30, 90, 180, and 360 starting in April 2015. In total, 62 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were detected in the polar organic chemical integrative sampler. Compared to a control pond, the total concentration of PPCPs was 45, 16, 7, and 7 times higher in Cezarka pond at day 30, 90, 180, and 360, respectively. The result of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme biomarkers indicated alterations in the liver and intestine tissues of fish from Cezarka pond at day 30 and 360, respectively. High plasma vitellogenin levels were observed in both exposed females (180 and 360 days) and males (360 days) compared with their respective controls. However, only exposed female fish had higher vitellogenin mRNA expression than the control fish in these periods. Exposed female fish showed irregular structure of the ovary with scattered oocytes, which further developed to a vitellogenic stage at day 360. Low white blood cell levels were indicated in all exposed fish. Despite numerous alterations in exposed fish, favorable ecological conditions including high availability of food resulted in a better overall condition of the exposed fish after 1 year of exposure compared to the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Thai Giang
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Viktoriia Burkina
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Sidika Sakalli
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Tomas Randak
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Grabicova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Koba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Turek
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Cerveny
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Kolarova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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13
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Blanco M, Rizzi J, Fernandes D, Colin N, Maceda-Veiga A, Porte C. Assessing the impact of waste water effluents on native fish species from a semi-arid region, NE Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:218-225. [PMID: 30445323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean rivers are strongly affected by pollution and water scarcity. Over the summer period, urban and industrial effluents arrive into the rivers with little dilution. In order to assess the water quality, two native fish species, Barbus meridionalis and Squalius laietanus, were collected from six sites along the Ripoll River (Spain). PAH metabolites, alkylphenols (nonylphenol and octylphenol) and the musk galaxolide levels were determined in bile. 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD) were measured as metabolic biomarkers, and the activity of CYP19 aromatase was determined in the ovaries of B. meridionalis as a biomarker of endocrine disruption. The analysis of bile indicated that fish from the lower course of the river were highly exposed to different pollutants. Accordingly, a significant induction of EROD (9 to 10-fold) and BFCOD (3 to 5-fold) activities were detected in both fish species together with an increased aromatase activity in females of B. meridionalis from the most polluted sites. Considering that sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents are essential for maintaining environmental flows in small Mediterranean rivers, this study highlights the need to improve the efficiency of STPs to protect fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blanco
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliane Rizzi
- PhD Program in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Denise Fernandes
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole Colin
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences- IRBio, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alberto Maceda-Veiga
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences- IRBio, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinta Porte
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Rangasamy B, Hemalatha D, Shobana C, Nataraj B, Ramesh M. Developmental toxicity and biological responses of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:423-433. [PMID: 30243208 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ketoprofen a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is widely used in over-the-counter to treat pain, swelling and inflammation. Due to extensive application these drugs has been detected in surface waters which may create a risk to aquatic organisms. The aim of the present study is to assess the ecotoxicity of ketoprofen at different concentrations (1, 10 and 100 μg/ml) on embryos and adult zebrafish (1, 10 and 100 μg L-1) under laboratory conditions. In embryos, concentration dependent developmental changes such as edema, spinal curvature, slow heartbeat, delayed hatching, and mortality rate were observed. In adult zebrafish, biochemical enzymes such as AST, ALT and LDH activities were significantly (P < 0.05) increased whereas a decrease in Na+/K+-ATPase activity was noticed in all the tested concentrations of the drug ketoprofen. Similarly, exposure of ketoprofen caused a significant decrease in antioxidant levels in liver tissue (SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, and GST). However, lipid peroxidation (LPO) level in liver tissue was found to be increased. The histopathological studies further evidenced the impact of ketoprofen in the liver tissue of zebrafish. The present result concludes that ketoprofen could have an impact on the development and biological endpoints of the zebra fish at above concentrations. The malformation in the development of the embryo and changes in the biological end points may provide integrated evaluation of the toxic effect of ketoprofen on zebrafish in a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basuvannan Rangasamy
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devan Hemalatha
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellappan Shobana
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bojan Nataraj
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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15
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Chen H, Zeng X, Mu L, Hou L, Yang B, Zhao J, Schlenk D, Dong W, Xie L, Zhang Q. Effects of acute and chronic exposures of fluoxetine on the Chinese fish, topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:104-113. [PMID: 29793199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used as an antidepressant and has been frequently detected in aquatic environments. However, its effects in fish from Asia remain relatively less studied. In this study, the topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva was exposed to 0, 50, and 200 µg/L of fluoxetine for 4 h and 42 d. The effects of fluoxetine on biometrics were compared to biochemical endpoints indicative of stress in different fish tissues (brain, liver, gills and intestine) following exposures. In fish exposed for 42 d, lipid peroxidation endpoints were enhanced 80% in the liver and gills. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was increased 40% after exposure to 50 µg/L and 55% at 200 µg/L following 4 h exposure. In contrast AChE was increased 26% (at 50 µg/L) after 42 d of exposures. Enhanced ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD) was detected only in fish exposed to 50 µg/L of fluoxetine for 4 h. The activity of α-glucosidase (α-Glu) was also induced (at 200 µg/L) after 4 h of exposure. After 4 h of exposure, the activities of proteases in the intestine were generally inhibited at 200 µg/L. Both 4 h and 42 d exposures resulted in an increased hepatosomatic index (HSI) but did not affect the condition factor (CF). Our results demonstrate that fluoxetine significantly altered biochemical endpoints in P. parva after acute exposure and the morphological changes in liver size were not observed until 42 d of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiangfeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016, China; Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lei Mu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016, China
| | - Liping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bin Yang
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianliang Zhao
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Wu Dong
- Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016, China.
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16
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Burkina V, Sakalli S, Pilipenko N, Zlabek V, Zamaratskaia G. Effect of human pharmaceuticals common to aquatic environments on hepatic CYP1A and CYP3A-like activities in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): An in vitro study. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:380-386. [PMID: 29704845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the ability of several human pharmaceuticals to modulate hepatic piscine CYP-mediated monooxygenase activities. Effects of six pharmaceuticals: diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, tramadol, carbamazepine, venlafaxine and nefazodone, were investigated in vitro in rainbow trout hepatic microsomes. The reactions of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD), were used as markers for hepatic CYP1A and CYP3A-like activities, respectively. Our results showed that EROD and BFCOD activities were both affected by nefazodone. Nefazodone inhibited EROD in a dose dependent manner and was found to be a potent non-competitive inhibitor of EROD with a Ki value of 6.6 μM. BFCOD activity was inhibited non-competitively in the presence of nefazadone with Ki value of 30.7 μM. BFCOD activity was slightly reduced only by the highest concentration of carbamazepine. Diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, tramadol, and venlafaxine did not affect the activity of either EROD or BFCOD. We further exposed microsomal fraction to mixtures of six pharmaceuticals to investigate potential inhibition. The results showed that EROD and BFCOD activity was inhibited on 94% and 80%, respectively at higher tested concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate an inhibitory effect of nefazodone on hepatic CYP1A and CYP3A-like proteins in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Burkina
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Sidika Sakalli
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Nadezhda Pilipenko
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Molecular Science, Uppsala BioCenter, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Molecular Science, Uppsala BioCenter, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Blanco M, Fernandes D, Rizzi J, Huertas D, Caiola N, Fernández P, Porte C. The combined use of chemical and biochemical markers in Rutilus rutilus to assess the effect of dredging in the lower course of the Ebro River. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 155:9-16. [PMID: 29494836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The lower course of the Ebro River is polluted with high concentrations of organochlorine compounds dumped by a chloro-alkali plant during the last century. A remediation plan, including building of a protective wall, removal and disposal of polluted sediments started in 2012. With the aim of assessing the effects of dredging of contaminated sediments and potential alterations of water quality, areas located upstream (RR) and downstream (BE, A) the chemical plant (FL) were monitored prior (October 2012) and during dredging (June 2013) using roach (Rutilus rutilus) as sentinel organisms. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds (OCs) in fish muscle and biliary levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), galaxolide (HHCB) and alkyphenols (APEs) were determined together with selected enzymatic activities (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD) and UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT)) in the liver. The obtained results proved the effectiveness of the wall retaining suspended particles and avoiding further contamination of downstream sites as fish sampled at downstream sites showed up to 9-fold higher concentrations of OCs in muscle during wall construction than during dredging. EROD and UGT activities were induced in fish from downstream sites; however, no clear response to the observed pollution gradient was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blanco
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Denise Fernandes
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliane Rizzi
- PhD Program in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - David Huertas
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuno Caiola
- IRTA Aquatic Ecosystems, Ctra. De Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinta Porte
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Giang PT, Sakalli S, Fedorova G, Tilami SK, Bakal T, Najmanova L, Grabicova K, Kolarova J, Sampels S, Zamaratskaia G, Grabic R, Randak T, Zlabek V, Burkina V. Biomarker response, health indicators, and intestinal microbiome composition in wild brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario L.) exposed to a sewage treatment plant effluent-dominated stream. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1494-1509. [PMID: 29996446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the effect of sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent on the health of freshwater ecosystems have increased. In this study, a unique approach was designed to show the effect of an STP effluent-dominated stream on native wild brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) exposed under fully natural conditions. Zivny stream is located in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. The downstream site of Zivny stream is an STP-affected site, which receives 25% of its water from Prachatice STP effluent. Upstream, however, is a minimally polluted water site and it is considered to be the control site. Native fish were collected from the upstream site, tagged, and distributed to both upstream and downstream sites. After 30, 90, and 180days, fish were recaptured from both sites to determine whether the downstream site of the Zivny stream is associated with the effects of environmental pollution. Several biomarkers indicating the oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities, cytochrome P450 activity, xenoestrogenic effects, bacterial composition, and lipid composition were investigated. Additionally, polar chemical contaminants (pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)) were quantified using polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). Fifty-three PPCPs were detected in the downstream site; 36 of those were constantly present during the 180-day investigation period. Elevated hepatic 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD) (after 90days) and blood plasma vitellogenin concentrations in males were detected in fish downstream of the STP effluent during all sampling events. An increase in the fishes' total fat content was also observed, but with low levels of ω-3 fatty acid in muscle tissue. Two bacterial taxa related to activated sludge were found in the intestines of fish from downstream. Our results show that Prachatice STP is a major source of PPCPs in the Zivny stream, which has biological consequences on fish physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Thai Giang
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic.
| | - Sidika Sakalli
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Sarvenaz Khalili Tilami
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Bakal
- Institute of Microbiology AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Najmanova
- Institute of Microbiology AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Grabicova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Kolarova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Sabine Sampels
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala Department of Molecular Science, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala Department of Molecular Science, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Randak
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic
| | - Viktoriia Burkina
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, Vodnany 389 25, Czech Republic
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Du J, Jia R, Cao LP, Ding W, Xu P, Yin G. Effects of Rhizoma Alismatis extract on biochemical indices and adipose gene expression in oleic acid-induced hepatocyte injury in Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:747-768. [PMID: 29603076 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver is an increasingly serious disease of fish in aquaculture. However, the mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of fatty liver remain unclear, and no effective methods for the prevention and treatment of this disease have yet been found. In the present study, we aimed to develop an in vitro model of hepatocyte injury using oleic acid as hepatotoxicant and evaluate the protective effects of Rhizoma Alismatis extract (RAE) in Jian carp using this model. Primary hepatocytes from Jian carp were isolated and purified and cultured in vitro. The result indicated that 0.4 mmol L-1 oleic acid and 48 h could be the optimal conditions to induce hepatocyte injury model in cultured hepatocytes. Hepatocytes were exposed to oleic acid, followed by the addition of RAE at 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, or 50 μg mL-1. The hepatocytes and supernatant were then analyzed. RAE suppressed oleic acid-induced elevations in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, triglycerides, total cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase, malondialdehyde, γ-glutamyl transferase, cytochrome P450 1A, cytochrome P450 2E1, liver-type fatty acid binding protein, free fatty acid, fatty acid synthetase, and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05); reduced protein levels of cytochrome P450 1A, nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, and NF-κB c-Rel; and inhibited cytochrome P4503A, NF-κB c-Rel, nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, and cytochrome P4501A mRNA levels. In conclusion, RAE exhibited a protective effect against hepatocyte injury in Jian carp. Further in vivo studies are needed to provide more evidence for the use of RAE as a hepatoprotective agent for the treatment of hepatocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Li-Ping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Weidong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Guojun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
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20
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Xu X, Cui Z, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang S. Toxicological responses on cytochrome P450 and metabolic transferases in liver of goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to lead and paraquat. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 151:161-169. [PMID: 29353166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As the producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), both lead (Pb) and paraquat (PQ) can generate serious oxidative stress in target organs which result in irreversible toxic effects on organisms. They can disturb the normal catalytic activities of many enzymes by means of different toxicity mechanism. The changed responses of enzymes are frequently used as the biomarkers for indicating the relationship between toxicological effects and exposure levels. In this work, goldfish was exposed to a series of test groups containing lead and paraquat in the range of 0.05-10mg/L, respectively. Four hepatic enzyme activities, including 7-ethoxyresorufinO-deethylase (EROD), 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin-O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) were determined after 1, 7, 14, 28 days exposure. The results showed that the activities of EROD and BFCOD in fish were significantly inhibited in response to paraquat at all exposure levels during the whole experiment. Similarly, the inhibitory effects of lead exposure on BFCOD activity were found in our study, while different responses of lead on EROD were observed. There were no significant differences on EROD activity under lower concentrations of lead (less than 0.1mg/L) before 14 days until an obvious increase was occurred for the 0.5mg/L lead treatment group at day 14. Furthermore, lead showed stronger inhibition on GST activity than paraquat when the concentrations of the two toxicants were more than 0.5mg/L. However, the similar dose and time-dependent manners of UGT activity were found under lead and paraquat exposure. Our results indicated that higher exposure levels and longer accumulations caused inhibitory effects on the four enzymes regardless of lead or paraquat stress. In addition, the responses of phase I enzymes were more sensitive than that of phase II enzymes and they may be served as the acceptable biomarkers for evaluating the toxicity effects of both lead and paraquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Zhaojie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Xinlei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xixin Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Su Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
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21
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Mennillo E, Krøkje Å, Pretti C, Meucci V, Arukwe A. Biotransformation and oxidative stress responses in rat hepatic cell-line (H4IIE) exposed to racemic ketoprofen (RS-KP) and its enantiomer, dexketoprofen (S(+)-KP). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 59:199-207. [PMID: 29626791 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals such as racemate ketoprofen (RS-KP) and its enantiomer, dexketoprofen (S(+)-KP) are highly detectable non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the aquatic environment and therefore are designated as one of the most emerging groups of pollutants that can affect environmental and human health. The potential impact of these pharmaceuticals was assessed for the first time in vitro using a rat hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (H4IIE). Cells were exposed to low and high concentrations of these drugs. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT reduction assay; CYP1A1 transcriptional and enzymatic levels together with canonical oxidative stress responsive markers (GPx, GR, GST and CAT) were also investigated. Cells exposed to RS-KP and S(+)-KP did not show cytotoxicity effect at the concentrations tested. However, this study highlighted differences between RS-KP and S(+)-KP in most of the evaluated markers, showing compound-, concentration- and time-specific effect patterns which suggest a potential stereo-selective toxicity of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mennillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Åse Krøkje
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy; Interuniversitary Center of Marine Biology (CIBM) "G. Bacci", Leghorn, 57128, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado (PI), 56122, Italy
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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22
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Mennillo E, Arukwe A, Monni G, Meucci V, Intorre L, Pretti C. Ecotoxicological properties of ketoprofen and the S(+)-enantiomer (dexketoprofen): Bioassays in freshwater model species and biomarkers in fish PLHC-1 cell line. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:201-212. [PMID: 28796322 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has resulted in their ubiquitous presence in the environment. The toxicological properties of these 2 widely prescribed NSAIDs, namely racemic ketoprofen and its enantiomer S(+)-ketoprofen (dexketoprofen), were evaluated, firstly, by acute and chronic toxicity tests using 3 representative model organisms (Vibrio fischeri, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and Ceriodaphnia dubia) and, secondly, by evaluating the responses of biotransformation systems and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP1/MRP2) using the Poeciliopsis lucida hepatocellular carcinoma 1 (PLHC-1) fish hepatic cell line. Toxicity data from both acute and chronic dexketoprofen exposure indicated higher sensitivity through inhibition of bioluminescence and algal growth and through increased mortality/immobilization compared to racemic ketoprofen exposure. The growth inhibition test showed that racemic ketoprofen and dexketoprofen exhibited different effect concentration values (240.2 and 65.6 μg/L, respectively). Furthermore, racemic ketoprofen and dexketoprofen did not exert cytotoxic effects in PLHC-1 cells and produced compound-, time-, and concentration-specific differential effects on cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) and glutathione S-transferase levels. For CYP1A, the effects of racemic ketoprofen and dexketoprofen differed at the transcriptional and catalytic levels. Exposure to racemic ketoprofen and dexketoprofen modulated MRP1 and MRP2 mRNA levels, and these effects were also dependent on compound, exposure time, and concentration of the individual drug. The present study revealed for the first time the interactions between these NSAIDs and key detoxification systems and different sensitivity to the racemic mixture compared to its enantiomer. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:201-212. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mennillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gianfranca Monni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Luigi Intorre
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Italy
- Interuniversity Center of Marine Biology (CIBM) "G. Bacci," Livorno, Italy
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23
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Farkas A, Ács A, Vehovszky Á, Falfusynska H, Stoliar O, Specziár A, Győri J. Interspecies comparison of selected pollution biomarkers in dreissenid spp. inhabiting pristine and moderately polluted sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:760-770. [PMID: 28499224 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stress biomarkers, which can outline impacts of contaminants in aquatic biota at the biochemical level, are increasingly used as early warning tools in environmental monitoring. Reliable biomarker based assessment schemes, however, request appropriate knowledge of baseline levels of selected endpoints, and the potential influence of a range of natural influencing factors (both abiotic and biotic) as well. In this study, we examined the interspecies variability of various biomarkers (metallothioneins (MT), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD), lipid peroxidation (LPO), DNA strand breaks (DNA_sb), vitellogenin-like proteins (Vtg)) in Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena bugensis inhabiting either pristine- or moderately impacted sites of Lake Balaton (Hungary). Levels of all biomarkers considered revealed low interspecies variability in the two dreissenid species at all sampling sites, with consistently higher (but statistically insignificant) values in Dreissena polymorpha. Levels of all biomarkers varied within the two investigated seasons, with significant influence of the reproduction cycle particularly on the levels of metallothioneins and vitellogenin-like proteins. Each biomarker considered was elevated by October, with significantly higher values in the mussels inhabiting harbours. Insignificant spatial and temporal variability in the general health indicators (condition index, total protein content) of dreissenids was observed, which, in parallel with evident rise in biomarker levels, apparently suggest that the anthropogenic impacts in harbours affect mussel fitness yet at sub organismal level. Our data might serve useful basis for future environmental monitoring surveys, especially in habitats where the progressive replacement of Dreissena polymorpha by Dreissena bugensis is taking place, as the interspecies variability in susceptibility to chemical stress of the two species is well comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Farkas
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Klebelsberg K. u. 3., P.O. Box 35, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | - A Ács
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Klebelsberg K. u. 3., P.O. Box 35, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Á Vehovszky
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Klebelsberg K. u. 3., P.O. Box 35, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - H Falfusynska
- General Chemistry Department, Ternopil Medical State University, Maidan Voli, 1, Ternopil 46001, Ukraine
| | - O Stoliar
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Comparative Biochemistry, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil 46027, Ukraine
| | - A Specziár
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Klebelsberg K. u. 3., P.O. Box 35, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - J Győri
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Klebelsberg K. u. 3., P.O. Box 35, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
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Verma VK, Subbiah S. Prospects of Silk Sericin as an Adsorbent for Removal of Ibuprofen from Aqueous Solution. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati-781039, India
| | - Senthilmurugan Subbiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati-781039, India
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25
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Habila S, Leghouchi E, Valdehita A, Bermejo-Nogales A, Khelili S, Navas JM. Induction of EROD and BFCOD activities in tissues of barbel (Barbus callensis) from a water reservoir in Algeria. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:129-138. [PMID: 28395205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
EROD and BFCOD activities were measured in liver and gills of barbel (Barbus callensis, a native North African species) captured at Beni Haroun lake, the most important water reservoir in Algeria. This lake receives wastewater from different origins. Thus, we assessed the level of pollution through the induction of detoxification activities in tissues of barbel, evaluating simultaneously the suitability of this species to be used as a sentinel. Fish were collected between March 2015 and January 2016 at three locations taking into account the pollution sources and accessibility. In liver, EROD and BFCOD showed the highest induction in October specially in the location of the dam that received pollutants. In gills, only EROD, but not BFCOD, activity was detected. Maximal EROD induction was noted in samples from January. Fish cell lines (RTG-2 and PLHC-1) were exposed to sediments extracts collected at Beni Haroun lake and enzyme activities (EROD and BFCOD, respectively) were measured. Sediment extracts did not induce BFCOD activity. The EROD induction observed in RTG-2 cells was in line with the results observed in fish tissues. Our results suggest that the lake is at risk from pollution and that Barbus callensis is a good sentinel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia Habila
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Crta. de la Coruña, km. 7, 5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Département d'Ecologie et Génie de l'Environnement., Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers, Université 08, Mai 1945 Guelma, BP 401, 24000 Guelma, Algeria; Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Environnement et Santé, Université Mohammed Seddik Benyahya, Jijel, BP 98, Ouled Aissa, Jijel 18000, Algeria
| | - Essaid Leghouchi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Environnement et Santé, Université Mohammed Seddik Benyahya, Jijel, BP 98, Ouled Aissa, Jijel 18000, Algeria
| | - Ana Valdehita
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Crta. de la Coruña, km. 7, 5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Azucena Bermejo-Nogales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Crta. de la Coruña, km. 7, 5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Smail Khelili
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et Phytochimie, Université Mohammed Seddik Benyahya, Jijel, BP 98, Ouled Aissa, Jijel 18000, Algeria
| | - José M Navas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Crta. de la Coruña, km. 7, 5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Oziolor EM, Carey AN, Matson CW. A non-destructive BFCOD assay for in vivo measurement of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzyme activity in fish embryos and larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:809-819. [PMID: 28589335 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in quantifying the exposure and effects of anthropogenic contaminants in fish. Determination of exposures in wild fish is routinely performed, but methods to investigate potential effects are less established. One of the most relevant approaches would be the use of in vivo assays, but existing assays are often limited to in vitro determination of enzyme activity. Many pharmaceuticals and some persistent pollutants activate, and are metabolized by cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A), which make it a relevant and desirable target for biomarker research. We altered the established 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-O-debenzylation (BFCOD) in vitro protocol for CYP3A activity determination, developing a rapid and inexpensive method to measure in vivo (and in ovo) CYP3A activity in two fish systems: Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. Even with very low concentrations of 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin (BFC, 0.06 µM or 20 µg/L), we were able to detect significant induction in CYP3A activity in embryos of F. grandis, as well as in larvae of D. rerio in response to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and fluoranthene (FL) exposures. Because of concerns regarding the possible contribution of CYP1A to BFCOD activity from previous research, we have used a CYP1A post-translational inhibitor (FL) in order to calculate the contribution of CYP1A to the BFCOD assay. We also dosed with benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) and showed significant induction of CYP1A activity, with no concurrent increase in CYP3A activity. In this paper, we have taken an established in vitro CYP3A activity assay, and utilized the reaction in a novel way to allow for the non-destructive determination of CYP3A. In summary, we describe a sensitive, cheap, fast and easy modified BFCOD assay for in ovo and in vivo determination of CYP3A activity for use in moderate throughput early-life-stage fish experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias M Oziolor
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research (CRASR), Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
- Institute for Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
| | - Alexis N Carey
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research (CRASR), Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Cole W Matson
- Department of Environmental Science, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research (CRASR), Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
- Institute for Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
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Saucedo-Vence K, Elizalde-Velázquez A, Dublán-García O, Galar-Martínez M, Islas-Flores H, SanJuan-Reyes N, García-Medina S, Hernández-Navarro MD, Gómez-Oliván LM. Toxicological hazard induced by sucralose to environmentally relevant concentrations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:347-357. [PMID: 27744200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sucralose (SUC) is an artificial sweetener that is now widely used in North American and Europe; it has been detected in a wide variety of aquatic environments. It is considered safe for human consumption but its effects in the ecosystem have not yet been studied in depth, since limited ecotoxicological data are available in the peer-reviewed literature. This study aimed to evaluate potential SUC-induced toxicological hazard in the blood, brain, gill, liver and muscle of Cyprinus carpio using oxidative stress biomarkers. Carps were exposed to two different environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05 and 155μgL-1) for different exposure times (12, 24, 48, 72 and 96h). The following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation (LPX), hydroperoxide content (HPC) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). SUC was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry techniques (HPLC)-MS/MS. Results show a statically significant increase in LPX, HPC, PCC (P<0.05) especially in gill, brain and muscle, as well as significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in gill and muscle. Furthermore, the biomarkers employed in this study are useful in the assessment of the environmental impact of this agent on aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karinne Saucedo-Vence
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Armando Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Octavio Dublán-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, México, DF CP 07738, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Nely SanJuan-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, México, DF CP 07738, Mexico
| | - María Dolores Hernández-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
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28
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Crespo M, Solé M. The use of juvenile Solea solea as sentinel in the marine platform of the Ebre Delta: in vitro interaction of emerging contaminants with the liver detoxification system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19229-19236. [PMID: 27357707 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Juveniles of Solea solea were sampled during the spring season in three consecutive years at a marine site by the mouth of the Ebre river. The aim was to assess if the extractive works from the toxic load upstream the river could be reflected on the health status of the fish living at the immediate sea. The biomarkers selected for the in vivo field study are commonly used as indicators of chemical exposures. They include activities of energy metabolism: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and citrate synthase (CS); neurotoxicity: cholinesterases (ChE); xenobiotic metabolism: cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent: EROD and BFCOD, carboxylesterase (CbE), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT); and oxidative stress parameters such as catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) as well as levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO). These biomarkers were mostly analysed in liver but also in gills and muscle depending on their particular tissue distribution and role. A complementary in vitro approach was also sought to see the capacity of common emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals and personal care products; PPCPs) to interact with the liver microsomal detoxification system of the fish (EROD, BFCOD and CbE activities). The results indicated that in fish sampled in 2015 there was an enhancement in detoxification parameters (EROD, BFCOD and gill GR), muscular ChEs and gill CS, but a decrease in CbE activity and a marked oxidative stress situation (increased LPO and decreased CAT activity). Also, 4 out of the 10 PPCPs tested in vitro were able to interact with the CYP3A4 (BFCOD) enzymatic system while the lipid regulators simvastatin and fenofibrate inhibited CbE activity, as it occurs in higher vertebrates. The in vivo results support the use of a multibiomarker approach when assessing the disturbances due to chemical exposures, not only spatially but also over time, once the influence of other variables has been taken into consideration. The in vitro results highlight the importance of the CYP3A4 and CbE pathway in pharmaceutical metabolism, also in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Crespo
- Institut de Ciencies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Solé
- Institut de Ciencies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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González-Mira A, Varó I, Solé M, Torreblanca A. Drugs of environmental concern modify Solea senegalensis physiology and biochemistry in a temperature-dependent manner. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20937-20951. [PMID: 27488709 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The alerted presence in recent decades of pharmaceuticals has become an issue of environmental concern, and most of the mechanisms of biotransformation and biochemical and physiological responses to them in fish are still unknown, as well as the influence of water temperature in their ability to cope with them. This study aims to detect the main effects of two of the most widespread drugs on a set of physiological and biochemical markers in Solea senegalensis. Sole juveniles acclimatized at 15 and 20 °C were administered an intraperitoneal injection of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen (IB; 10 mg/kg) and the anti-convulsant drug carbamazepine (CBZ; 1 mg/kg). Two days after the injection, liver, muscle and plasma were sampled. Liver enzymatic activities of 15 °C acclimated fish were more responsive to pharmaceuticals than those acclimated at 20 °C, especially for CYP450-related activities (7-ethoxyresorufin (EROD), 7-methoxyresorufin (MROD), 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin (CECOD) and 7-benzyloxy-4-[trifluoromethyl]-coumarin-O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD)) and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT). Cytosolic anti-oxidant enzyme activities and glutathione S-transferase (GST) did not show a clear effect of temperature. Glucose and transferase activities in plasma were not affected by the treatments, while ammonium, osmolality and lactate were affected by both pharmaceuticals. Plasma triglycerides were affected in a temperature-dependent manner, and creatinine was only responsive to CBZ injection. HSP70 levels in muscle were only affected by CBZ injection. Some of the physiological identified responses to IB and CBZ are proposed as endpoints in further chronic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A González-Mira
- Departamento Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - I Varó
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - M Solé
- Institut de Ciencies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Torreblanca
- Departamento Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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30
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Zhang M, Mao Q, Feng J, Yuan S, Wang Q, Huang D, Zhang J. Validation and application of an analytical method for the determination of selected acidic pharmaceuticals and estrogenic hormones in wastewater and sludge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:914-920. [PMID: 27314419 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1191304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to develop an extraction method for seven acidic pharmaceuticals and five steroidal estrogens from wastewater, treated wastewater and sludge samples. The temperature and time of sample derivatization using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide was optimized. Our results show that pretreatment combined with solid phase extraction (SPE) for wastewater samples (using an ENVI-C18 cartridge) and liquid-solid extraction combined with SPE (using an HLB cartridge) for sludge samples increased the analytical efficiency for acidic pharmaceuticals and estrogenic hormones using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The derivatization conditions were optimized at 40°C for 2 h. In addition, the derivatized samples were stable at ambient temperature. The new method was validated and applied to the analysis of real wastewater and discharged sludge samples from a local wastewater treatment plant. Except for 17α-ethinylestradiol, all acidic pharmaceuticals and estrogens were detected in the influent, effluent and discharged sludge samples. The concentrations of these compounds were particularly high in the discharged sludge samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtao Zhang
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Qianhui Mao
- b School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China
| | - Jingwei Feng
- b School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China
| | - Shoujun Yuan
- b School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei , China
| | - Qiquan Wang
- c Department of Chemistry , Delaware State University , Dover , Delaware , USA
| | - Deying Huang
- d Department of Chemistry , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jibiao Zhang
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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31
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Blanco M, Fernandes D, Medina P, Blázquez M, Porte C. Drospirenone intake alters plasmatic steroid levels and cyp17a1 expression in gonads of juvenile sea bass. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:541-548. [PMID: 26995450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Drospirenone (DRO) is one of the most widely used progestins in contraceptive treatments and hormone replacement therapies. The pharmacokinetics and potential toxicological effects of DRO were investigated in juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) exposed through the diet (0.01-10 μg DRO/g) for up to 31 days. DRO was detected in the blood (4-27 ng/mL) of fish exposed to the highest concentration, with no significant bioaccumulation over time and no alteration of hepatic metabolizing enzymes, namely, CYP1A and CYP3A-catalysed activities and UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT). Pregnenolone (P5), progesterone (P4), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17P4), 17α-hydroxypregnenolone (17P5), androstenedione (AD) and testosterone (T) were determined in plasma and gene expression of cyp17a1, cyp19a1a and cyp11β analysed by qRT-PCR in gonads. The significant increase in plasmatic levels of 17P5, 17P4 and AD detected after 31 days exposure to 10 ng DRO/g together with the increased expression of cyp17a1 in females evidence the ability of DRO to alter steroid synthesis at low intake concentrations (7 ng DRO/day). However, the potential consequences of this steroid shift for female reproduction remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blanco
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Denise Fernandes
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; CIMA, University of Algarve, FCT, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Paula Medina
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, ICM-CSIC, Passeig Maritim 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; University of Antofagasta, Av. Angamos 601, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Mercedes Blázquez
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, ICM-CSIC, Passeig Maritim 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cinta Porte
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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32
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Ding J, Lu G, Li Y. Interactive effects of selected pharmaceutical mixtures on bioaccumulation and biochemical status in crucian carp (Carassius auratus). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 148:21-31. [PMID: 26800487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactive effects of fluoxetine (FLU), roxithromycin (ROX) and propranolol (PRP) on the bioaccumulation and biochemical responses in the crucian carp Carassius auratus. After 7 days of binary exposure (ROX + FLU and PRP + FLU), the addition of waterborne FLU at nominal concentrations of 4, 20 and 100 μg L(-1) significantly increased the accumulation of ROX and PRP in fish livers in most cases, although elevated ROX and PRP bioaccumulation levels were not observed in muscles or gills. The inductive response of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) to PRP and that of 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin O-dibenzyloxylase (BFCOD) to ROX were inhibited by the co-administration of FLU at all tested concentrations. Correspondingly, marked inhibition of CYP1A and CYP3A mRNA expression levels was observed in the livers of fish co-treated with FLU + PRP and FLU + ROX relative to their PRP- and ROX-only counterparts, respectively. In addition, as reflected by superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, co-exposure to ROX + FLU and PRP + FLU seemed to induce stronger antioxidant responses than single pharmaceutical exposure in fish livers. This work indicated that the interactive effects of pharmaceutical mixtures could lead to perturbations in the bioaccumulation and biochemical responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Ding
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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33
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Solé M, Sanchez-Hernandez JC. An in vitro screening with emerging contaminants reveals inhibition of carboxylesterase activity in aquatic organisms. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 169:215-222. [PMID: 26562051 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) form part of the new generation of pollutants present in many freshwater and marine ecosystems. Although environmental concentrations of these bioactive substances are low, they cause sublethal effects (e.g., enzyme inhibition) in non-target organisms. However, little is known on metabolism of PPCPs by non-mammal species. Herein, an in vitro enzyme trial was performed to explore sensitivity of carboxylesterase (CE) activity of aquatic organisms to fourteen PPCPs. The esterase activity was determined in the liver of Mediterranean freshwater fish (Barbus meridionalis and Squalius laietanus), coastal marine fish (Dicentrarchus labrax and Solea solea), middle-slope fish (Trachyrhynchus scabrus), deep-sea fish (Alepocephalus rostratus and Cataetix laticeps), and in the digestive gland of a decapod crustacean (Aristeus antennatus). Results showed that 100μM of the lipid regulators simvastatin and fenofibrate significantly inhibited (30-80% of controls) the CE activity of all target species. Among the personal care products, nonylphenol and triclosan were strong esterase inhibitors in most species (36-68% of controls). Comparison with literature data suggests that fish CE activity is as sensitive to inhibition by some PPCPs as that of mammals, although their basal activity levels are lower than in mammals. Pending further studies on the interaction between PPCPs and CE activity, we postulate that this enzyme may act as a molecular sink for certain PPCPs in a comparable way than that described for the organophosphorus pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Solé
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan C Sanchez-Hernandez
- Ecotoxicology Lab., Fac. Environmental Science and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Protective action of the phyllanthin against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte damage in Cyprinus carpio. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Stancová V, Ziková A, Svobodová Z, Kloas W. Effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAID) naproxen on gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:343-348. [PMID: 26233559 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of naproxen on the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes in adult zebrafish. Surprisingly, after 2 weeks exposure no significant effect on the mRNA expression of the target genes was found in the liver. However, mRNA levels of three genes were altered significantly in the intestine. The expression of Ucp-2 decreased at the environmental concentration of 1μg/L while mRNA expression of GST p2 increased at the concentration of 100μg/L. The mRNA level for the antioxidant enzyme CAT was up-regulated significantly at both the concentrations used. Exposure to naproxen caused only moderate effects on the expression of antioxidant genes in the intestine rather than in the liver, which demonstrates that the intestine is more sensitive to waterborne naproxen exposure than the liver. Interestingly, the adverse side effects of NSAIDs occur in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has focused on transcriptional effects of naproxen on zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stancová
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackehotr. 1/3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - A Ziková
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Z Svobodová
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackehotr. 1/3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - W Kloas
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Burkina V, Zlabek V, Zamaratskaia G. Effects of pharmaceuticals present in aquatic environment on Phase I metabolism in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:430-44. [PMID: 26278678 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments is an issue of concern. Current evidence indicates that the risks to fish greatly depend on the nature and concentrations of the pharmaceuticals and might be species-specific. Assessment of risks associated with the presence of pharmaceuticals in water is hindered by an incomplete understanding of the metabolism of these pharmaceuticals in aquatic species. In mammals and fish, pharmaceuticals are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450). Thus, CYP450 activity is a crucial factor determining the detoxification abilities of organisms. Massive numbers of toxicological studies have investigated the interactions of human pharmaceuticals with detoxification systems in various fish species. In this paper, we review the effects of pharmaceuticals found in aquatic environments on fish hepatic CYP450. Moreover, we discuss the roles of nuclear receptors in cellular regulation and the effects of various groups of chemicals on fish, presented in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Burkina
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Food Science, P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Solé M, Fortuny A, Mañanós E. Effects of selected xenobiotics on hepatic and plasmatic biomarkers in juveniles of Solea senegalensis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:227-235. [PMID: 25462670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Solea senegalensis has increasingly been used in pollution monitoring studies. In order to assess its response to some particular widespread pollutants, juveniles of S. senegalensis were administered an intraperitoneal injection of the model aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist β-naphtoflavone (βNF) and chemicals of environmental concern, such as the fungicide ketoconazole (KETO), the lipid regulator gemfibrozil (GEM), the surfactant nonylphenol (NP) and the synthetic hormone ethinylestradiol (EE2). Two days after injection, the effect of these chemicals was followed up as alterations of hepatic microsomal activities of the cytochrome P450 (CYPs) and associated reductases, carboxylesterases (CbEs) and the conjugation enzyme uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT). In the cytosolic fraction of the liver, the effect on CbEs, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and antioxidant activities was also considered. Alterations on the endocrine reproductive system were evaluated by plasma levels of vitellogenin (VTG) and the sex steroids estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and the progestin 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20β-P). Injection with the model compound βNF induced the hydrolysis rate of the seven CYP substrates assayed. The xenobiotic GEM induced three CYP-related activities (e.g. ECOD) and UDPGT, but depressed antioxidant defenses. EE2 induced four CYPs, more significantly ECOD and BFCOD activities. The xenoestrogens NP and EE2 altered the activities of CbE in microsomes and catalase, and were the only treatments that induced de novo VTG synthesis. In addition, the progestin 17,20β-P, was induced in NP-injected fish. None of the treatments caused statistically significant effects on steroid plasma levels. In conclusion, the CYP substrates assayed responded specifically to treatments and juveniles of S. senegalensis appear good candidates for assessing xenobiotics exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Solé
- Institut de Ciencies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Fortuny
- Institut de Ciencies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Evaristo Mañanós
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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Ribalta C, Solé M. In vitro interaction of emerging contaminants with the cytochrome p450 system of Mediterranean deep-sea fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12327-12335. [PMID: 25225740 DOI: 10.1021/es5029603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of emerging contaminants with the xenobiotic and endogenous metabolizing system of deep-sea fish were compared. The drugs diclofenac, fluoxetine, and gemfibrozil belong to different pharmaceutical classes with diverse mechanistic actions, and the personal care products triclosan, galaxolide, and nonylphenol are representative of antibacterial agents, nitro-musks, and surfactants, respectively. The fish compared are representative of the middle and lower slope of deep-sea habitats. The species were adults of Trachyrynchus scabrus, Mora moro, Cataetix laticeps, and Alepocehalus rostratus. The hepatic metabolic system studied were the activities associated with several cytochrome P450 isoforms (CYPs): 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), benzyloxy-4-[trifluoromethyl]-coumarin-O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD), and 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD). Results showed differences in baseline activities and sensitivity to chemicals which were species, chemical, and pathway dependent. T. scabrous was the most sensitive species to chemical interactions with the xenobiotic and endogenous metabolizing (EROD and BFCOD) systems, especially in the case of diclofenac interference with BFCOD activity (IC50 = 15.7 ± 2.2 μM). Moreover, T. scabrous and A. rostratus possessed high basal ECOD activity, and this was greatly affected by in vitro exposure to diclofenac in T. scabrous also (IC50 = 6.86 ± 1.4 μM). These results highlight the sensitivity of marine fish to emerging contaminants and propose T. scabrous (middle slope) and A. rostratus (lower slope) as sentinels and the inclusion of ECOD activity as a sensitive biomarker to these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ribalta
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC) , Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Corcoran J, Lange A, Cumming RI, Owen SF, Ball JS, Tyler CR, Winter MJ. Bioavailability of the imidazole antifungal agent clotrimazole and its effects on key biotransformation genes in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 152:57-65. [PMID: 24727216 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Clotrimazole (CTZ) is a persistent imidazole antifungal agent which is frequently detected in the aquatic environment and predicted to bio-concentrate in fish. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to mean measured concentrations of either 1.02 or 14.63μgl(-1) CTZ for 4 and 10 days, followed by a depuration period of 4 days in a further group of animals. Following each exposure regimen, plasma and liver CTZ concentrations were measured. Mean measured plasma concentrations of CTZ in animals exposed to the lower concentration of CTZ were 30 and 44μgl(-1) on days 4 and 10, respectively, and in the higher concentration were 318 and 336μgl(-1). Mean measured liver levels in the same animals were 514, 1725, 2111 and 7017μgl(-1) suggesting progressive hepatic accumulation. Measurement of CTZ in plasma after depuration suggested efficient elimination within 4 days, but appreciable levels of CTZ remained in the liver after depuration suggesting a degree of persistence in this tissue. In addition we measured responses of a number of key hepatic detoxification gene targets in the liver associated with the transcription factor pregnane X receptor (PXR); namely cyp450s 2k and 3a, glutathione-S-transferases a and p (gsta and p), and drug transporters multidrug resistance protein1 (mdr1), and MDR-related protein2 (mrp2). CTZ is a potent ligand of the PXR in humans and there is some evidence of PXR activation following exposure to CTZ in fish. The highest concentration of CTZ was adopted to explore the potential for alterations to detoxification gene expression in fish at a pharmacologically relevant dose level, and the lower concentration is within the range reported in effluents from waste water treatment works (WWTW). The genes for all biotransformation enzymes were up-regulated after exposure to the higher concentration of CTZ for 10 days, and alterations in expression occurred for the drug transporter genes mdr1 and mrp2 following exposure to the lower concentration of 1.02μgl(-1) CTZ (mean measured concentration). These data support the potential for CTZ to induce alterations in biotransformation and drug transporter genes associated with PXR in fish at concentrations measured in some WWTW effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Corcoran
- University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK.
| | - Anke Lange
- University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Rob I Cumming
- AstraZeneca Safety, Health and Environment, Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca Safety, Health and Environment, Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, UK
| | - Jonathan S Ball
- AstraZeneca Safety, Health and Environment, Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- University of Exeter, Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, Exeter, UK
| | - Matthew J Winter
- AstraZeneca Safety, Health and Environment, Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, UK
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Liu J, Lu G, Wang Y, Yan Z, Yang X, Ding J, Jiang Z. Bioconcentration, metabolism, and biomarker responses in freshwater fish Carassius auratus exposed to roxithromycin. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 99:102-8. [PMID: 24210552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the distribution, bioconcentration, metabolism, and biomarker responses of macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin (ROX) in fish, crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were exposed to various concentrations of ROX (4, 20, and 100μgL(-1)) for 20d. The ROX content in different tissues was quantified using UPLC/MS/MS. The liver exhibited the highest ROX concentration followed by the bile, gills, and muscle tissues. After 15d of exposure to different concentrations of ROX, the bioconcentration factors were 2.15-38.0 in the liver, 0.950-20.7 in the bile, 0.0506-19.7 in the gill, and 0.0439-13.8 in the muscle; these results were comparable to the estimated BCF values. The metabolites formed in the bile were identified based on metabolic identification in human bile. Additionally, the biomarkers, including acetylcholinesterase in the brain, as well as 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and superoxide dismutase in the liver changed significantly after 5, 10, 15, and 20d of exposure (P<0.05). Our results suggest that ROX can accumulate and be metabolized in fish; therefore, interactions between ROX or its metabolites and the biological systems may induce biochemical disturbances in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China.
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China
| | - Jiannan Ding
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China
| | - Ze Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, China Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, 210098 Nanjing, China
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Lyssimachou A, Thibaut R, Gisbert E, Porte C. Gemfibrozil modulates cytochrome P450 and peroxisome proliferation-inducible enzymes in the liver of the yellow European eel (Anguilla anguilla). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:862-871. [PMID: 23828728 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The human lipid regulator gemfibrozil (GEM) has been shown to induce peroxisome proliferation in rodents leading to hepatocarcinogenesis. Since GEM is found at biological active concentrations in the aquatic environment, the present study investigates the effects of this drug on the yellow European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Eels were injected with different concentrations of GEM (0.1 to 200 μg/g) and sampled 24- and 96-h post-injection. GEM was shown to inhibit CYP1A, CYP3A and CYP2K-like catalytic activities 24-h post-injection, but at 96-h post-injection, only CYP1A was significantly altered in fish injected with the highest GEM dose. On the contrary, GEM had little effect on the phase II enzymes examined (UDP-glucuronyltransferase and glutathione-S-transferase). Peroxisome proliferation inducible enzymes (liver peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase and catalase) were very weakly induced. No evidence of a significant effect on the endocrine system of eels was observed in terms of plasmatic steroid levels or testosterone esterification in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Lyssimachou
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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The effects of subchronic exposure to ketoprofen on early developmental stages of common carp. ACTA VET BRNO 2013. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201382030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ketoprofen residues have been found in surface water where they present a potential risk to nontarget aquatic species. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ketoprofen in surface waters on fish under experimental conditions. Subchronic toxic effects on 300 embryos and larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated during a 30 day toxicity test with concentrations of ketoprofen: 0.003, 2.1, 6.3 and 21 mg/l. The exposure to ketoprofen showed no effect on mortality, but we observed significant delay (P < 0.05) in hatching in day 3 in fish exposed to all concentrations of ketoprofen. Significant delays (P < 0.05) in development were revealed at 2.1, 6.3 and 21 mg/l ketoprofen. On the basis of weight and growth rate evaluation and the determination of developmental stages, the lowest observed effect concentration was 0.003 mg/l. According to these results, the reported environmental concentration of ketoprofen in Czech rivers could have a negative effect on the growth and development of carp embryos and larvae. These tests have not yet been performed. Further research and search for a mechanism to reduce the incidence of ketoprofen in the waters by better wastewater treatment is required.
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Vidal-Dorsch DE, Colli-Dula RC, Bay SM, Greenstein DJ, Wiborg L, Petschauer D, Denslow ND. Gene expression of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to two types of treated municipal wastewater effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11268-11277. [PMID: 23919544 DOI: 10.1021/es401942n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in treated municipal effluents have the potential to adversely impact exposed organisms prompting elevated public concern. Using transcriptomic tools, we investigated changes in gene expression and cellular pathways in the liver of male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 5% concentrations of full secondary-treated (HTP) or advanced primary-treated (PL) municipal wastewater effluents containing CECs. Gene expression changes were associated with apical end points (plasma vitellogenin and changes in secondary sexual characteristics). Of 32 effluent CECs analyzed, 28 were detected including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, hormones, and industrial compounds. Exposure to both effluents produced significantly higher levels of plasma VTG and changes in secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., ovipositor development). Transcript patterns differed between effluents, with <10% agreement in the detected response (e.g., altered production of transcripts involved in xenobiotic detoxification, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were observed following exposure to both effluents). Exposure to PL effluent caused changes in transcription of genes involved in metabolic pathways (e.g., lipid transport and steroid metabolism). Exposure to HTP effluent affected transcripts involved in signaling pathways (e.g., focal adhesion assembly and extracellular matrix). The results suggest a potential association between some transcriptomic changes and physiological responses following effluent exposure. This study identified responses in pathways not previously implicated in exposure to complex chemical mixtures containing CECs, which are consistent with effluent exposure (e.g., oxidative stress) in addition to other pathway responses specific to the effluent type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris E Vidal-Dorsch
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project , Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
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Quesada-García A, Valdehita A, Torrent F, Villarroel M, Hernando MD, Navas JM. Use of fish farms to assess river contamination: combining biomarker responses, active biomonitoring, and chemical analysis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 140-141:439-448. [PMID: 23928255 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we addressed the possible effects of trace levels of contaminants on fish by means of a combination of biomarker responses, active biomonitoring (ABM), and chemical analysis. In environmental studies, cytochromes P4501A (Cyp1A) and Cyp3A and related enzyme activities (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, EROD, and benzyloxy-4-[trifluoromethyl]-coumarin-O-debenzyloxylase, BFCOD, respectively) are commonly used as biomarkers for evidencing exposure to a variety of contaminants. In a rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish farm that is routinely sampled to obtain references regarding normal levels of such enzyme activities in freshwater fish, we observed a strong and punctual increase in these activities at the end of 2011. In order to shed light on the causes of this induction, we transferred some fish to a fish farm with controlled conditions and examined them using an active biomonitoring (ABM) approach. EROD activity showed a decrease of 80% from the original values after 7 days in the control farm, while BFCOD activity was also reduced after 15 days. Although not significant, a decrease in cyp1A and cyp3A mRNA levels was also observed. To determine the presence of pollutants, water and sediment samples from the river feeding the fish farm were analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF-MS). The screening study reflected a weak inflow of pollutants in the monitored area, which is located far from any industrial activity or densely populated cities. Trace levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and personal care products (the polycyclic musk fragrance HHCB, and triclosan) were detected in sediments, at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 38 ng/g dry weight, and in water from 4 to 441 ng/L. The approach followed in this study proved useful as a biomonitoring technique for the early detection of trace contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Quesada-García
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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45
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Koenig S, Guillén K, Solé M. Comparative xenobiotic metabolism capacities and pesticide sensitivity in adults of Solea solea and Solea senegalensis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 157:329-36. [PMID: 23474500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of enzymatic activities involved in xenobiotic biotransformation was carried out in adults of Solea solea and Solea senegalensis. The hepatic enzymes analysed were cytochrome P450 (CYP) related activities using eight fluorometric substrates and carboxylesterases (CbE). The conjugating activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and UPD-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) were also assessed. Specific mammalian inhibitors were used as diagnostic tools for related activities of CYP1A (α-naphthoflavone; αNF), CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 (ticlopidine) and CYP3A4 (ketoconazole). The in vitro sensitivity to organophosphorous pesticides (OP) was tested in the S10 homogenate of brain (acetylcholinesterase-AChE) and liver (CbE). Furthermore, the pesticide chlorpyrifos oxon (CLPO) was used to explore the OP sensitivity of CbE of both species in two subcellular fractions (microsomes and cytosol), using two substrates. Overall, only two parameters confirmed species differences: EROD and cytosolic CbE being significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in the common sole, S. solea. A high inhibition of CYP1A related activities using several fluorometric substrates (ER, MR and CEC) after in vitro incubation with αNF confirmed all measure CYP1A1-related activities whereas ketoconazole was more specific for BFCOD (CYP3A4). Pesticide sensitivity was similar for brain AChE but hepatic CbE had a protective role that was species and pesticide dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Koenig
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Fernandes D, Dimastrogiovanni G, Blázquez M, Porte C. Metabolism of the polycyclic musk galaxolide and its interference with endogenous and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 174:214-221. [PMID: 23274450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the metabolism and mode of action of galaxolide (HHCB) in the European sea bass -Dicentrarchus labrax- following a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg HHCB/kg body weight. In addition, a group of fish was injected with 50 mg/kg of ketoconazole (KCZ), a fungicide that is known to interfere with different Cyp isoenzymes. HHCB was actively metabolised by sea bass and acted as a weak inhibitor of the synthesis of oxyandrogens in gonads of male fish. Both, HHCB and a hydroxylated metabolite were detected in bile. The fungicide ketoconazole was a strong inhibitor of Cyp11β and Cyp3a-catalyzed activities. The work contributes to the better understanding of the impact of synthetic musks on fish and proposes the determination of HHCB and/or its hydroxylated metabolite in bile as a tool to assess environmental exposure in wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Fernandes
- Enviromental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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47
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Wagner L, Zlabek V, Trattner S, Zamaratskaia G. In vitro inhibition of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNPH) activities by sesamin in hepatic microsomes from two fish species. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:457-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Bartram AE, Winter MJ, Huggett DB, McCormack P, Constantine LA, Hetheridge MJ, Hutchinson TH, Kinter LB, Ericson JF, Sumpter JP, Owen SF. In vivo and in vitro liver and gill EROD activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to the beta-blocker propranolol. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:573-582. [PMID: 21384489 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The conservation of common physiological systems across vertebrate classes suggests the potential for certain pharmaceuticals, which have been detected in surface waters, to produce biological effects in nontarget vertebrates such as fish. However, previous studies assessing the effects of such compounds in fish have not taken into account the potential for metabolism and elimination. This study aimed to assess if propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist or β-blocker, could modulate EROD activity (indicative of CYP1A activity) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gills and liver. For this, an in vivo time course exposure with 1 mg/L was conducted. Additionally, using measured in vivo plasma concentrations, an in vitro exposure at human therapeutic levels was undertaken. This allowed comparison of in vitro and in vivo rates of EROD activity, thus investigating the applicability of cell preparations as surrogates for whole animal enzyme activity analysis. In vitro exposure of suspended liver and gill cells at concentrations similar to in vivo levels resulted in EROD activity in both tissues, but with significantly higher rates (up to six times in vivo levels). These results show that propranolol exposure elevated EROD activity in the liver and gill of rainbow trout, and that this is demonstrable both in vivo (albeit nonsignificantly in the liver) and in vitro, thus supporting the use of the latter as a surrogate of the former. These data also provide an insight into the potential role of the gill as a site of metabolism of pharmaceuticals in trout, suggesting that propranolol (and feasibly other pharmaceuticals) may undergo "first pass" metabolism in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E Bartram
- AstraZeneca, Safety Health and Environment, Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, Devon, TQ5 8BA, UK
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49
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Cuklev F, Fick J, Cvijovic M, Kristiansson E, Förlin L, Larsson DGJ. Does ketoprofen or diclofenac pose the lowest risk to fish? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 229-230:100-6. [PMID: 22721833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ketoprofen and diclofenac are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) often used for similar indications, and both are frequently found in surface waters. Diclofenac affects organ histology and gene expression in fish at around 1 μg/L. Here, we exposed rainbow trout to ketoprofen (1, 10 and 100 μg/L) to investigate if this alternative causes less risk for pharmacological responses in fish. The bioconcentration factor from water to fish blood plasma was <0.05 (4 for diclofenac based on previous studies). Ketoprofen only reached up to 0.6 ‰ of the human therapeutic plasma concentration, thus the probability of target-related effects was estimated to be fairly low. Accordingly, a comprehensive analysis of hepatic gene expression revealed no consistent responses. In some contrast, trout exposed to undiluted, treated sewage effluents bioconcentrated ketoprofen and other NSAIDs much more efficiently, according to a meta-analysis of recent studies. Neither of the setups is however an ideal representation of the field situation. If a controlled exposure system with a single chemical in pure water is a reasonable representation of the environment, then the use of ketoprofen is likely to pose a lower risk for wild fish than diclofenac, but if bioconcentration factors from effluent-exposed fish are applied, the risks may be more similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Cuklev
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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50
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Fernández C, Carbonell G, Babín M. Effects of individual and a mixture of pharmaceuticals and personal-care products on cytotoxicity, EROD activity and ROS production in a rainbow trout gonadal cell line (RTG-2). J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:1203-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernández
- INIA, Department of Environment; Crta de La Coruña Km 7; 28040; Madrid; Spain
| | - Gregoria Carbonell
- INIA, Department of Environment; Crta de La Coruña Km 7; 28040; Madrid; Spain
| | - Mar Babín
- INIA, Department of Environment; Crta de La Coruña Km 7; 28040; Madrid; Spain
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