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Gioda A, Mateus VL, Hacon SS, Ignotti E, Gomes RGS, Pedreira MFS, Godoy JM, Dallacort R, Loureiro ALM, Morais F, Artaxo P. Assessing over decadal biomass burning influence on particulate matter composition in subequatorial Amazon: literature review, remote sensing, chemical speciation and machine learning application. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220932. [PMID: 38055441 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A study on aerosols in the Brazilian subequatorial Amazon region, Tangará da Serra (TS) and Alta Floresta (AF) was conducted and compared to findings in an additional site with background characteristics (Manaus, AM). TS and AF counties suffer from intense biomass burning periods in the dry season, and it accounts for high levels of particles in the atmosphere. Chemical characterization of fine and coarse particulate matter (PM) was performed to quantify water-soluble ions (WSI) and black carbon (BC). The importance of explanatory variables was assessed using three machine learning techniques. Average concentrations of PM in AF and TS were similar (PM2.0, 17±10 µg m-3 (AF) and 16±11 µg m-3 (TS) and PM10-2.0, 13±5 µg m-3 (AF) and 11±7 µg m-3 (TS)), but higher than the background site. BC and SO4 2- were the prevalent components as they represented 27%-68% of particulates chemical composition. The combination of the machine learning techniques provided a further understanding of the pathways for PM concentration variability, and the results highlighted the influence of biomass burning for key sample groups and periods. PM2.0, BC, and most WSI presented higher concentrations in the dry season, providing further support for the influence of biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gioda
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC- Rio), Department of Chemistry, Rua Marques de São Vicente 225, Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vinicius L Mateus
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC- Rio), Department of Chemistry, Rua Marques de São Vicente 225, Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandra S Hacon
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, National School of Public Health, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Manguinhos, 21041-210 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliane Ignotti
- State University of Mato Grosso, Avenida São João, 563, Bairro Cavalhada I, 78216-060 Cáceres, MT, Brazil
| | - Ruan G S Gomes
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC- Rio), Department of Chemistry, Rua Marques de São Vicente 225, Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Felipe S Pedreira
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC- Rio), Department of Chemistry, Rua Marques de São Vicente 225, Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Marcus Godoy
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC- Rio), Department of Chemistry, Rua Marques de São Vicente 225, Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rivanildo Dallacort
- State University of Mato Grosso, Avenida Inácio Bittencourt, 6967, Bairro Jardim Aeroporto, 78300-000 Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia M Loureiro
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Physics, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Morais
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Physics, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- University of São Paulo, Institute of Physics, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Zhou S, Guo F, Chao CY, Yoon S, Alvarez SL, Shrestha S, Flynn JH, Usenko S, Sheesley RJ, Griffin RJ. Marine Submicron Aerosols from the Gulf of Mexico: Polluted and Acidic with Rapid Production of Sulfate and Organosulfates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5149-5159. [PMID: 36939598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We measured submicron aerosols (PM1) at a beachfront site in Texas in Spring 2021 to characterize the "background" aerosol chemical composition advecting into Texas and the factors controlling this composition. Observations show that marine "background" aerosols from the Gulf of Mexico were highly processed and acidic; sulfate was the most abundant component (on average 57% of total PM1 mass), followed by organic material (26%). These chemical characteristics are similar to those observed at other marine locations globally. However, Gulf "background" aerosols were much more polluted; the average non-refractory (NR-) PM1 mass concentration was 3-70 times higher than that observed in other clean marine atmospheres. Anthropogenic shipping emissions over the Gulf of Mexico explain 78.3% of the total measured "background" sulfate in the Gulf air. We frequently observed haze pollution in the air mass from the Gulf, with significantly elevated concentrations of sulfate, organosulfates, and secondary organic aerosol associated with sulfuric acid. Analysis suggests that aqueous oxidation of shipping emissions over the Gulf of Mexico by peroxides in the particles might potentially be an important pathway for the rapid production of acidic sulfate and organosulfates during the haze episodes under acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Fangzhou Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Chun-Ying Chao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Subin Yoon
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sergio L Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sujan Shrestha
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - James H Flynn
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sascha Usenko
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Rebecca J Sheesley
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- School of Engineering, Computing and Construction Management, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island 02809, United States
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3
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Werden B, Giordano MR, Mahata K, Islam MR, Goetz JD, Puppala SP, Saikawa E, Panday AK, Yokelson RJ, Stone EA, DeCarlo PF. Submicron Aerosol Composition and Source Contribution across the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, in Winter. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:49-68. [PMID: 36704179 PMCID: PMC9869769 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Kathmandu valley experiences an average wintertime PM1 concentration of ∼100 μg m-3 and daily peaks over 200 μg m-3. We present ambient nonrefractory PM1 chemical composition, and concentration measured by a mini aerosol mass spectrometer (mAMS) sequentially at Dhulikhel (on the valley exterior), then urban Ratnapark, and finally suburban Lalitpur in winter 2018. At all sites, organic aerosol (OA) was the largest contributor to combined PM1 (C-PM1) (49%) and black carbon (BC) was the second largest contributor (21%). The average background C-PM1 at Dhulikhel was 48 μg m-3; the urban enhancement was 120% (58 μg m-3). BC had an average of 6.1 μg m-3 at Dhulikhel, an urban enhancement of 17.4 μg m-3. Sulfate (SO4) was 3.6 μg m-3 at Dhulikhel, then 7.5 μg m-3 at Ratnapark, and 12.0 μg m-3 at Lalitpur in the brick kiln region. Chloride (Chl) increased by 330 and 250% from Dhulikhel to Ratnapark and Lalitpur on average. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified seven OA sources, four primary OA sources, hydrocarbon-like (HOA), biomass burning (BBOA), trash burning (TBOA), a sulfate-containing local OA source (sLOA), and three secondary oxygenated organic aerosols (OOA). OOA was the largest fraction of OA, over 50% outside the valley and 36% within. HOA (traffic) was the most prominent primary source, contributing 21% of all OA and 44% of BC. Brick kilns were the second largest contributor to C-PM1, 12% of OA, 33% of BC, and a primary emitter of aerosol sulfate. These results, though successive, indicate the importance of multisite measurements to understand ambient particulate matter concentration heterogeneity across urban regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin
S. Werden
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Michael R. Giordano
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Khadak Mahata
- International
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, 44700Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Md. Robiul Islam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, 230 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa52242-1294, United States
| | - J. Douglas Goetz
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Siva Praveen Puppala
- International
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, 44700Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Eri Saikawa
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Arnico K. Panday
- International
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, 44700Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Robert J. Yokelson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana59812, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, 230 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa52242-1294, United States
| | - Peter F. DeCarlo
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health and Engineering, John Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland21218, United States
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Tang C, Zhang X, Tian P, Guan X, Lin Y, Pang S, Guo Q, Du T, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Xu J, Zhang L. Chemical characteristics and regional transport of submicron particulate matter at a suburban site near Lanzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113179. [PMID: 35367426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lanzhou, which is a valley city on the Loess Plateau, frequently suffered from aerosol pollution in recent years, especially in winter. However, the lack of understanding of factors governing aerosol pollution limits the implementation of effective emission policies in and around Lanzhou. To help solve this problem, an intensive field campaign was conducted at the SACOL site, which is a suburban site near Lanzhou, in winter 2018. The chemical characteristics and sources of submicron particulate matter (PM1) were investigated, and the influence of the topography around Lanzhou on aerosol pollution was examined. In the present study, the average PM1 mass concentration reached 25.6 ± 12.8 μg m-3, with 41.0% organics, 16.1% sulfate, 19.7% nitrate, 10.7% ammonium, 3.1% chloride, and 9.4% black carbon (BC). Three organic aerosol (OA) factors were identified with the positive matrix factorization (PMF) algorithm, including a biomass burning OA (BBOA, 13.6%), a coal combustion OA (CCOA, 34.2%), and an oxygenated OA (OOA, 52.2%). The significant relationships between organics, BC, and chloride and wind pattern suggested that the SACOL site was strongly influenced by regionally transported aerosols. Further analysis suggested that these aerosol regional transport events were caused by topography. Due to the limitation of the valley, aerosols accumulated in the valley. These accumulated aerosols were then transported to the SACOL site along the valley by prevailing winds. Our study highlights enhanced aerosol regional transport in valleys, which provides a new perspective for future studies on aerosol pollution in basins and valleys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Tang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Pengfei Tian
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xu Guan
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yingjing Lin
- Fujian Meteorological Bureau, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Shuting Pang
- People's Liberation Army Troops, No.78127, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tao Du
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhida Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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5
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Chen C, Zhang Z, Wei L, Qiu Y, Xu W, Song S, Sun J, Li Z, Chen Y, Ma N, Xu W, Pan X, Fu P, Sun Y. The importance of hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) in winter haze episodes in North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113093. [PMID: 35292245 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS), a key marker species of aqueous-phase processing, plays a significant role in sulfur budget in atmosphere. Here we have a comprehensive characterization of HMS at urban and rural sites in North China Plain (NCP) by using the real-time measurements from a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and a single-particle AMS together with offline filter analysis. Our results showed much higher winter concentration of HMS at the rural site (average±1σ: 2.58 ± 2.56 μg m-3) than that (1.70 ± 2.68 μg m-3) in Beijing due to the more frequent fog events, low particle acidity and high concentration of precursors. The HMS on average contributed 6.3% and 5.2% to organic aerosol (OA), and 16% and 12% to the total particulate sulfur, at the rural and urban sites, respectively. HMS was highly correlated with aqueous-phase secondary OA and sulfate, and its contribution to the total particulate sulfur increased significantly as a function of relative humidity demonstrating the effective HMS production from aqueous-phase processing. Single-particle analysis showed that HMS-containing particles were mainly mixed with amine-related compounds. In addition, we found that organosulfur compounds (OS) estimated from sulfur-containing fragments of AMS correlated well with HMS at both urban and rural sites. While OS at the rural site was dominated by HMS, other types of OS were also important in urban area. The high HMS also affected the estimation of particle acidity using the AMS measured and predicted ammonium, particularly during severe haze episodes. Overall, our results demonstrated the importance of HMS in winter in NCP, and it could be more important in total particulate sulfur budget as the continuous decrease in sulfate in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lianfang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanmei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shaojie Song
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunle Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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6
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Wei J, Fang T, Shiraiwa M. Effects of Acidity on Reactive Oxygen Species Formation from Secondary Organic Aerosols. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:336-345. [PMID: 35928555 PMCID: PMC9342606 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the chemical transformation of atmospheric secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and aerosol health effects by causing oxidative stress in vivo. Acidity is an important physicochemical property of atmospheric aerosols, but its effects on the ROS formation from SOA have been poorly characterized. By applying the electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping technique and the Diogenes chemiluminescence assay, we find highly distinct radical yields and composition at different pH values in the range of 1-7.4 from SOA generated by oxidation of isoprene, α-terpineol, α-pinene, β-pinene, toluene, and naphthalene. We observe that isoprene SOA has substantial hydroxyl radical (•OH) and organic radical yields at neutral pH, which are 1.5-2 times higher compared to acidic conditions in total radical yields. Superoxide (O2 •-) is found to be the dominant species generated by all types of SOAs at lower pH. At neutral pH, α-terpineol SOA exhibits a substantial yield of carbon-centered organic radicals, while no radical formation is observed by aromatic SOA. Further experiments with model compounds show that the decomposition of organic peroxide leading to radical formation may be suppressed at lower pH due to acid-catalyzed rearrangement of peroxides. We also observe 1.5-3 times higher molar yields of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in acidic conditions compared to neutral pH by biogenic and aromatic SOA, likely due to enhanced decomposition of α-hydroxyhydroperoxides and quinone redox cycling, respectively. These findings are critical to bridge the gap in understanding ROS formation mechanisms and kinetics in atmospheric and physiological environments.
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7
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Li LF, Chen Z, Liu P, Zhang YH. Direct Measurement of pH Evolution in Aerosol Microdroplets Undergoing Ammonium Depletion: A Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6274-6281. [PMID: 35476405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accurately measuring the pH of atmospheric aerosols is a prerequisite for understanding the multiphase chemistry that profoundly affects the environment and climate systems. Despite the advancements of experimental techniques for in situ pH measurements in aerosols, current studies are limited to measuring the static pH of aerosol microdroplets with an unperturbed composition. This steady-state scenario, however, deviates from the real-world aerosols undergoing atmospheric aging reactions, specifically, those characterized with a spontaneous displacement of strong bases (or acids) with high volatility. Here, we introduce a continuous and in situ measurement of aerosol pH by using a 4-mercaptopyridine-functionalized silver nanoparticle probe and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We find that the ammonium depletion─a spontaneous displacement of ammonium by dicarboxylic acid salts─continuously acidifies aerosol water over time. The decaying trends of pH in the aerosols under various humidity conditions can be unified with a universal exponential function. Such an exponentially decaying function further indicates that the ammonium depletion reaction is a self-limiting process. Our technique can be applied to study the dynamic change of aerosol acidity during the complex atmospheric aging processes, toward elucidating their implications on atmospheric chloride, nitrate, and ammonium cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Fang Li
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pai Liu
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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8
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Acharja P, Ali K, Ghude SD, Sinha V, Sinha B, Kulkarni R, Gultepe I, Rajeevan MN. Enhanced secondary aerosol formation driven by excess ammonia during fog episodes in Delhi, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133155. [PMID: 34875290 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) has high wintertime fine aerosol loadings that significantly modulate the widespread fog formation and sustenance. Here, we investigate the potential formation of secondary inorganic aerosol driven by excess ammonia during winter fog. Physicochemical properties of fine aerosols (PM1 and PM2.5) and trace gases (HCl, HONO, HNO3, SO2, and NH3) were simultaneously monitored at hourly resolution using Monitor for AeRosols and Gases in Ambient air (MARGA-2S) for the first time in India. Results showed that four major ions, i.e., Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+ contributed approximately 97% of the total measured inorganic ionic mass. The atmosphere was ammonia-rich in winter and ammonium was the dominant neutralizer with aerosol neutralization ratio (ANR) close to unity. The correlation between ammonium and chloride was ≥0.8, implying the significant formation of ammonium chloride during fog in Delhi. Thermodynamical model ISORROPIA-II showed the predicted PM1 and PM2.5 pH to be 4.49 ± 0.53, and 4.58 ± 0.48 respectively which were in good agreement with measurements. The ALWC increased from non-foggy to foggy periods and a considerable fraction of fine aerosol mass existed in the supermicron size range of 1-2.5 μm. The sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) of PM1, PM2.5 reached up to 0.60, 0.75 in dense fog and 0.74, 0.87 when ambient RH crossed a threshold of 95%, much higher than non-foggy periods (with confidence level of ≥95%) pointing to enhanced formation of secondary aerosol in fog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prodip Acharja
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Kaushar Ali
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India.
| | - Sachin D Ghude
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, India.
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Baerbel Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ismail Gultepe
- ECCC, Meteorological Research Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Technical University, Engineering and Applied Science, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada; Istinye University, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
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9
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Wei X, Gui H, Liu J, Cheng Y. Characterization of submicron aerosol particles in winter at Albany, New York. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 111:118-129. [PMID: 34949342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of chemical composition, particle pH, and pollutant emissions is essential to address the climate and human health effects of atmospheric particles. In this study, we used a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) to characterize the composition of submicron particles. Moreover, we applied the ISORROPIA-II model to analyze the particle acidity effect on the compositional characterization of submicron particles from December 22, 2016 to January 7, 2017 in Albany, New York, USA. The results indicated that aerosols with mobility diameter from SMPS in the range 200-400 nm were the main contributors to the mass during the measurement period. The dominance of organics (47%) and sulfate (16%) was similar to previous observations in the eastern United States in Winter 2015, while the fraction of nitrate (23%) was much higher. Moreover, nitrate could easily form at colder temperatures and lower RH levels even when there were more acidic particle periods during the measurement period in Albany. The ISORROPIA-II model indicated that there were more acidic particles, which was estimated using pH values. Lower temperature conditions tended to favor nitrate formation. The nitrate concentration exceeded that of sulfate in the measurement period, even though the SO2 and NOx emissions were similar. The organics in submicron particles were strongly influenced by the local emissions in winter. However, the inorganic compounds in submicron particles could be derived from regional transport as their pollution sources originated from different directions. This may help strategize emission reductions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Huaqiao Gui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230031, China
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10
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Zhou Y, Gong S, Zhou C, Zhang L, He J, Wang Y, Ji D, Feng J, Mo J, Ke H. A new parameterization of uptake coefficients for heterogeneous reactions on multi-component atmospheric aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146372. [PMID: 33784528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Based on laboratory studies and field observations, a new parameterization of uptake coefficients for heterogeneous reactions on multi-component aerosols is developed in this work. The equivalent ratio (ER) of inorganic aerosol is used to establish the quantitative relationship between the heterogeneous uptake coefficients and the composition of aerosols. Incorporating the new ER-dependent scheme, the WRF-CUACE model has been applied to simulate sulfate mass concentrations during December 2017 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and evaluate the role of aerosol chemical components played in the sulfate formation. Simulated temporal variations and magnitudes of sulfate show good agreement with the observations by using this new scheme. From clean to polluted cases, although both dominant cations and anions increase significantly, the equivalent ratio decreases gradually and is closer to unity, representing the variation of aerosol compositions, which inhibits the heterogeneous uptake of SO2, with the uptake coefficient decreasing from 1 × 10-4 to 5.3 × 10-5. Based on this phenomenon, a self-limitation process for heterogeneous reactions with the increasing secondary inorganic aerosol from clean to polluted cases is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Zhou
- Climate and Weather Disasters Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sunling Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Chunhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jianjun He
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingyue Mo
- Climate and Weather Disasters Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huabing Ke
- Climate and Weather Disasters Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Hammer MS, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, McDuffie EE, Lyapustin A, Sayer AM, Hsu NC, Levy RC, Garay MJ, Kalashnikova OV, Kahn RA. Effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on fine particulate matter concentrations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg7670. [PMID: 34162552 PMCID: PMC8221629 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic provide an unprecedented opportunity to examine the effects of human activity on air quality. The effects on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are of particular interest, as PM2.5 is the leading environmental risk factor for mortality globally. We map global PM2.5 concentrations for January to April 2020 with a focus on China, Europe, and North America using a combination of satellite data, simulation, and ground-based observations. We examine PM2.5 concentrations during lockdown periods in 2020 compared to the same periods in 2018 to 2019. We find changes in population-weighted mean PM2.5 concentrations during the lockdowns of -11 to -15 μg/m3 across China, +1 to -2 μg/m3 across Europe, and 0 to -2 μg/m3 across North America. We explain these changes through a combination of meteorology and emission reductions, mostly due to transportation. This work demonstrates regional differences in the sensitivity of PM2.5 to emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Hammer
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Erin E McDuffie
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alexei Lyapustin
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Andrew M Sayer
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association, Greenbelt, MD 21046, USA
| | - N Christina Hsu
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Robert C Levy
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Michael J Garay
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Olga V Kalashnikova
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Ralph A Kahn
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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12
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Lalchandani V, Kumar V, Tobler A, M Thamban N, Mishra S, Slowik JG, Bhattu D, Rai P, Satish R, Ganguly D, Tiwari S, Rastogi N, Tiwari S, Močnik G, Prévôt ASH, Tripathi SN. Real-time characterization and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in the Delhi megacity area during late winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145324. [PMID: 33736388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
National Capital Region (NCR) encompassing New Delhi is one of the most polluted urban metropolitan areas in the world. Real-time chemical characterization of fine particulate matter (PM1 and PM2.5) was carried out using three aerosol mass spectrometers, two aethalometers, and one single particle soot photometer (SP2) at two sites in Delhi (urban) and one site located ~40 km downwind of Delhi, during January-March 2018. The campaign mean PM2.5 (NR-PM2.5 + BC) concentrations at the two urban sites were 153.8 ± 109.4 μg.m-3 and 127.8 ± 83.2 μg.m-3, respectively, whereas PM1 (NR-PM1 + BC) was 72.3 ± 44.0 μg.m-3 at the downwind site. PM2.5 particles were composed mostly of organics (43-44)% followed by chloride (14-17)%, ammonium (9-11)%, nitrate (9%), sulfate (8-10)%, and black carbon (11-16)%, whereas PM1 particles were composed of 47% organics, 13% sulfate as well as ammonium, 11% nitrate as well as chloride, and 5% black carbon. Organic aerosol (OA) source apportionment was done using positive matrix factorization (PMF), solved using an advanced multi-linear engine (ME-2) model. Highly mass-resolved OA mass spectra at one urban and downwind site were factorized into three primary organic aerosol (POA) factors including one traffic-related and two solid-fuel combustion (SFC), and three oxidized OA (OOA) factors. Whereas unit mass resolution OA at the other urban site was factorized into two POA factors related to traffic and SFC, and one OOA factor. OOA constituted a majority of the total OA mass (45-55)% with maximum contribution during afternoon hours ~(70-80)%. Significant differences in the absolute OOA concentration between the two urban sites indicated the influence of local emissions on the oxidized OA formation. Similar PM chemical composition, diurnal and temporal variations at the three sites suggest similar type of sources affecting the particulate pollution in Delhi and adjoining cities, but variability in mass concentration suggest more local influence than regional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Lalchandani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Anna Tobler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Navaneeth M Thamban
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Suneeti Mishra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Rangu Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, New Delhi Branch, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shashi Tiwari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Griša Močnik
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andre S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Sachchida N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.
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13
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Huang W, Yang Y, Wang Y, Gao W, Li H, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhao S, Yan Y, Ji D, Tang G, Liu Z, Wang L, Zhang R, Wang Y. Exploring the inorganic and organic nitrate aerosol formation regimes at a suburban site on the North China Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144538. [PMID: 33453527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate-driven aerosol pollution frequently occurs during winter over the North China Plain (NCP). Extensive studies have focused on inorganic nitrate formation, but few have focused on organic nitrates in China, precluding a thorough understanding of the nitrogen cycle and nitrate aerosol formation. Here, the inorganic (NO3,inorg) and organic nitrate (NO3,org) formation regimes under aerosol liquid water (ALW) and aerosol acidity (pH) influences were investigated during winter over the NCP based on data derived from an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). The campaign-averaged concentration of the total nitrate was 5.3 μg m-3, with a 13% contribution from NO3,org, which exhibited a significantly decreased contribution with increasing haze episode evolution. The diurnal cycles of NO3,inorg and NO3,org were similar, with high concentrations during the nighttime at a high ALW level, revealing the important role of aqueous-phase processes. However, the correlations between the aerosol pH and NO3,inorg (R2 = 0.13, P < 0.01) and NO3,org (R2 = 0.63, P < 0.01) during polluted periods indicated a contrasting effect of aerosol pH on inorganic and organic nitrate formation. Our results provide a useful reference for smog chamber studies and promote a better understanding of organic nitrate formation via anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Wenkang Gao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Langfang Meteorological Bureau of Hebei Province, Langfang 065000, Hebei, China
| | - Jiayun Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuman Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingchao Yan
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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14
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Comparative Numerical Study of PM2.5 in Exit-and-Entrance Areas Associated with Transboundary Transport over China, Japan, and Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of year-long PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter) simulations over Northeast Asia for the base year of 2013 under the framework of the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia (LTP) project. LTP is a tripartite project launched by China, Japan, and Korea for cooperative monitoring and modeling of the long-range transport (LRT) of air pollutants. In the modeling aspect in the LTP project, each country’s modeling group employs its own original air quality model and options. The three regional air quality models employed by the modeling groups are WRF-CAMx, NHM-RAQM2, and WRF-CMAQ. PM2.5 concentrations were simulated in remote exit-and-entrance areas associated with the LRT process over China, Japan, and Korea. The results showed apparent bias that remains unexplored due to a series of uncertainties from emission estimates and inherent model limitations. The simulated PM10 levels at seven remote exit-and-entrance sites were underestimated with the normalized mean bias of 0.4 ± 0.2. Among the four chemical components of PM2.5 (SO42−, NO3−, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC)), the largest inter-model variability was in OC, with the second largest discrepancy in NO3−. Our simulation results also indicated that under considerable SO42− levels, favorable environments for ammonium nitrate formation were found in exit-and-entrance areas between China and Korea, and gas-aerosol partitioning for semi-volatile species of ammonium nitrate could be fully achieved prior to arrival at the entrance areas. Other chemical characteristics, including NO3−/SO42− and OC/EC ratios, are discussed to diagnose the LRT characteristics of PM2.5 in exit-and-entrance areas associated with transboundary transport over China, Japan, and Korea.
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15
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Li H, Zhang Q, Jiang W, Collier S, Sun Y, Zhang Q, He K. Characteristics and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in a heavily polluted environment in Northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143970. [PMID: 33338790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) in fine particles (PM2.5) collected during wintertime in a polluted city (Handan) in Northern China was characterized using a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). Through comparing with real-time measurements from a collocated Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM), we determined that WSOA on average accounts for 29% of total organic aerosol (OA) mass and correlates tightly with secondary organic aerosol (SOA; Pearson's r = 0.95). The mass spectra of WSOA closely resemble those of ambient SOA, but also show obvious influences from coal combustion and biomass burning. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the WSOA mass spectra resolved a water-soluble coal combustion OA (WS-CCOA; O/C = 0.17), a water-soluble biomass burning OA (WS-BBOA; O/C = 0.32), and a water-soluble oxygenated OA (WS-OOA; O/C = 0.89), which account for 10.3%, 29.3% and 60.4% of the total WSOA mass, respectively. The water-solubility of the OA factors was estimated by comparing the offline AMS analysis results with the ambient ACSM measurements. OOA has the highest water-solubility of 49%, consistent with increased hygroscopicity of oxidized organics induced by atmospheric aging processes. In contrast, CCOA is the least water soluble, containing 17% WS-CCOA. The distinct characteristics of WSOA from different sources extend our knowledge of the complex aerosol chemistry in the polluted atmosphere of Northern China and the water-solubility analysis may help us to understand better aerosol hygroscopicity and its effects on radiative forcing in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sonya Collier
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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Mahilang M, Deb MK, Pervez S. Biogenic secondary organic aerosols: A review on formation mechanism, analytical challenges and environmental impacts. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127771. [PMID: 32799139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The review initiates with current state of information on the atmospheric reaction mechanism of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and its fate in the atmosphere. The plants release BVOCs, i.e., isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, which form secondary organic aerosols (SOA) upon oxidation. These oxidation reactions are primarily influenced by solar radiations along with other meteorological parameters viz.; temperature and relative humidity, therefore, the chemistry behind SOA formation is different during day than the night time. The review throws light upon the day and nighttime formation mechanism of SOA, recent advancements in the analytical techniques available for the measurements, and its impact on the environment. Studies have revealed that day time SOA formation is dominated by OH and O3, however, NOx initiated SOA production is dominated during night. The formation mechanism addresses that the gaseous products of VOCs are firstly formed and then partitioned over the pre-existing particles. New particle formation and biomass-derived aerosols are found to be responsible for enhanced SOA formation. 2-Dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (2D-GC/MS) is observed to be best for the analysis of organic aerosols. Radiative forcing (RF) SOA is observed to be a useful parameter to evaluate the environmental impacts of SOA and reviewed studies have shown mean RF in the ranges of -0.27 to +0.20 W m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithlesh Mahilang
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India.
| | - Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
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17
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Zhao Q, Nenes A, Yu H, Song S, Xiao Z, Chen K, Shi G, Feng Y, Russell AG. Using High-Temporal-Resolution Ambient Data to Investigate Gas-Particle Partitioning of Ammonium over Different Seasons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9834-9843. [PMID: 32677824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium is one of the dominant inorganic water-soluble ions in fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In this study, source apportionment and thermodynamic equilibrium models were used to analyze the relationship between pH and the partitioning of ammonium (ε(NH4+)) using hourly ambient samples collected from Tianjin, China. We found a "Reversed-S curve" between pH and ε(NH4+) from the ambient hourly aerosol dataset when the theoretical ε(NO3-)* (an index identified in this work) was within specific ranges. A Boltzmann function was then used to fit the Reversed-S curve. For the summer data set, when ε(NO3-)* was between 0.7 and 0.8, the fitted R2 was 0.88. Through thermodynamic analysis, we found that the values of k[H+]2 (k = 3.08 × 104 L2 mol-2) and ε(NO3-)* can influence the pH-ε(NH4+) curve. Under certain situations, the values of k[H+]2 and ε(NO3-)* are similar to each other, and ε(NH4+) is sensitive to pH, suggesting that ε(NO3-)* plays an important role in affecting the ε(NH4+). During summer, winter, and spring seasons, when the relative humidity was greater than 0.36 and ε(NO3-)* was between 0.8 and 0.95, there was an obvious Reversed-S curve, with R2 = 0.60. The theoretical k[H+]2 and ε(NO3-)* developed in this work can be used to analyze the gas-particle partitioning of ammonia-ammonium and nitrate-nitric acid in the ambient atmosphere. Also, it is the first time that we created the joint source-NH3/HNO3 maps to integrate sources, aerosol pH and liquid water content, and ions (altogether in one map), which can provide useful information for designing effective strategies to control particulate matter pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras GR-26504, Greece
| | - Haofei Yu
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Shaojie Song
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zhimei Xiao
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300191, P. R. China
| | - Kui Chen
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300191, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
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18
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Wang T, Huang X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhou D, Ding K, Wang H, Qi X, Ding A. Secondary aerosol formation and its linkage with synoptic conditions during winter haze pollution over eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:138888. [PMID: 32402961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Eastern China has been facing severe winter haze pollution due mainly to secondary aerosol. Existing studies have suggested that stagnant weather or fast chemical production led to frequent haze in this region. However, few works focus on the linkage between secondary production of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) and synoptic conditions, and their joint contribution to PM2.5. In this study, by combining in-situ measurements on meteorology and aerosol chemical composition at three main cities together with a regional model with improved diagnose scheme, we investigated the chemical formation and accumulation of main secondary composition, i.e. SNA under typical synoptic conditions. It is indicated that SNA did play a vital role in haze pollution across eastern China, contributing more than 40% to PM2.5 mass concentration. As most fast developing region, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) was slightly polluted during stable weather with local chemical production accounting for 61% SNA pollution. While under the influence of cold front, the pollution was aggravated and advection transport became the predominant contributive process (85%). Nevertheless, the chemical production of SNA was notably enhanced due to the uplift of air pollutant and elevated humidity ahead of the cold front, which then facilitated the heterogeneous and aqueous-phase oxidation of precursors. We also found the substantial difference in the phase equilibrium of nitrate over the land surface and ocean due to changes in temperature, ammonia availability and dry deposition. This study highlights the close link between synoptic weather and chemical production, and the resultant vertical and spatial heterogeneity of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zilin Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Derong Zhou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongyue Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
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19
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Pye HOT, Nenes A, Alexander B, Ault AP, Barth MC, Clegg SL, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Hennigan CJ, Herrmann H, Kanakidou M, Kelly JT, Ku IT, McNeill VF, Riemer N, Schaefer T, Shi G, Tilgner A, Walker JT, Wang T, Weber R, Xing J, Zaveri RA, Zuend A. The Acidity of Atmospheric Particles and Clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:4809-4888. [PMID: 33424953 PMCID: PMC7791434 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the phase partitioning of semi-volatile gases such as HNO3, NH3, HCl, and organic acids and bases as well as chemical reaction rates. It has implications for the atmospheric lifetime of pollutants, deposition, and human health. Despite its fundamental role in atmospheric processes, only recently has this field seen a growth in the number of studies on particle acidity. Even with this growth, many fine particle pH estimates must be based on thermodynamic model calculations since no operational techniques exist for direct measurements. Current information indicates acidic fine particles are ubiquitous, but observationally-constrained pH estimates are limited in spatial and temporal coverage. Clouds and fogs are also generally acidic, but to a lesser degree than particles, and have a range of pH that is quite sensitive to anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, as well as ambient ammonia. Historical measurements indicate that cloud and fog droplet pH has changed in recent decades in response to controls on anthropogenic emissions, while the limited trend data for aerosol particles indicates acidity may be relatively constant due to the semi-volatile nature of the key acids and bases and buffering in particles. This paper reviews and synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the acidity of atmospheric condensed phases, specifically particles and cloud droplets. It includes recommendations for estimating acidity and pH, standard nomenclature, a synthesis of current pH estimates based on observations, and new model calculations on the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Mary C. Barth
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA
| | - Simon L. Clegg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Christopher J. Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion Crete, 71003, Greece
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - I-Ting Ku
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nicole Riemer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - John T. Walker
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B9, Canada
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20
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Zhang P, Chen T, Liu J, Chu B, Ma Q, Ma J, He H. Impacts of Mixed Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants on Secondary Particle Formation during Ozonolysis of Butyl Vinyl Ether. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3909-3919. [PMID: 32108486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To clarify how coexisting atmospheric pollutants affect secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, we investigated the effects of mixed gaseous pollutants (CO and SO2) and mixed organic-inorganic (MOI) particles on SOA formation during n-butyl vinyl ether (BVE) ozonolysis. Higher CO levels (90 ppm) were found to significantly change the chemical composition of SOA (prompting monomers while reducing oligomer formation) without causing much change in the overall SOA mass. Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, heterogeneous chemical conversions between preformed and newly formed SOA were the major pathways of SOA formation in the presence of MOI particles. Furthermore, MOI particles had an enhancing effect on SOA formation at 1% relative humidity (RH) but a negligible effect at higher RH (10 and 55%). The enhancing effect was attributed to the formation of multifunctional products resulting from high functionalization of preformed and newly formed SOA. The negligible effect observed was ascribed to the cleavage of unstable oligomers as a result of the reversible oligomerization of preformed and newly formed SOA. Even so, MOI particles could still affect the composition of newly formed SOA. These results highlight the need to account for the significant effect of mixed gaseous and particulate pollutants on both SOA constituents and their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Agarwal A, Satsangi A, Lakhani A, Kumari KM. Seasonal and spatial variability of secondary inorganic aerosols in PM 2.5 at Agra: Source apportionment through receptor models. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125132. [PMID: 31669986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted at sub-urban and rural site of Agra. The main aim of this study was to characterize WSII in terms of spatial, seasonal and formation characteristics and identify the major sources responsible for the pollution of WSII in PM2.5 particles using different source apportionment models. Since biomass burning is one of the most important sources of PM2.5 pollution in Agra, a case study was also conducted at rural site to investigate the contribution of biomass burning from cooking activities using different types of fuels. PM2.5 mass concentrations were higher at sub-urban site (91.0 ± 50.8 μg/m3) than at rural site (77.1 ± 48.6 μg/m3). WSII contributed 50.0% and 45.8% of annual average PM2.5 mass at both sites. The aerosols were ammonium rich and were therefore alkaline in nature. Aerosol acidity characteristics studied using AIM-II model showed that the aerosols were slightly less acidic at rural site than at sub-urban site. SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ were the major contributors of WSII and their formation was favoured mainly in winter. Although, WSII showed slight variations in seasonal and spatial characteristics, the major sources of pollution were found to be similar. Four sources were identified as biomass burning (29.1% and 27.4%), secondary aerosols (26.2% and 22.5%), coal combustion (22.3% and 26.9%) and soil dust (22.4% and 23.1%) at sub-urban and rural sites. The results of case study showed that among different types of biomass fuels cow dung cakes showed maximum PM2.5 emissions while LPG showed minimum PM2.5 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awni Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, 282110, UP, India
| | - Aparna Satsangi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, 282110, UP, India
| | - Anita Lakhani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, 282110, UP, India
| | - K Maharaj Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, 282110, UP, India.
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22
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Masiol M, Squizzato S, Formenton G, Khan MB, Hopke PK, Nenes A, Pandis SN, Tositti L, Benetello F, Visin F, Pavoni B. Hybrid multiple-site mass closure and source apportionment of PM 2.5 and aerosol acidity at major cities in the Po Valley. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135287. [PMID: 31896212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the major chemical components, particle-bound water content, acidity (pH), and major potential sources of PM2.5 in major cities (Belluno, Conegliano, Vicenza, Mestre, Padua, and Rovigo) in the eastern end of the Po Valley. The measured PM2.5 mass was reconstructed using a multiple-site hybrid chemical mass closure approach that also accounts for aerosol inorganic water content (AWC) estimated by the ISORROPIA-II model. Annually, organic matter accounted for 31-45% of the PM2.5 at all sites, followed by nitrate (10-19%), crustal material (10-14%), sulfate (8-10%), ammonium (5-9%), elemental carbon (4-7%), other inorganic ions (3-4%), and trace elements (0.2-0.3%). Water represented 7-10% of measured PM2.5. The ambient aerosol pH varied from 1.5 to 4.5 with lower values in summer (average in all sites 2.2 ± 0.3) and higher in winter (3.9 ± 0.3). Six major PM2.5 sources were quantitatively identified with multiple-site positive matrix factorization: secondary sulfate (34% of PM2.5), secondary nitrate (30%), biomass burning (17%), traffic (11%), re-suspended dust (5%), and fossil fuel combustion (3%). Biomass burning accounted for ~90% of total PAHs. Inorganic aerosol acidity was driven primarily by secondary sulfate, fossil fuel combustion (decreasing pH), secondary nitrate, and biomass burning (increasing pH). Secondary nitrate was the primary driver of the inorganic AWC variability. A concentration-weighted trajectory (multiple-site) analysis was used to identify potential source areas for the various factors and modeled aerosol acidity. Eastern and Central Europe were the main source areas of secondary species. Less acidic aerosol was associated with air masses originating from Northern Europe owing to the elevated presence of the nitrate factor. More acidic particles were observed for air masses traversing the Po Valley and the Mediterranean, possibly due to the higher contributions of fossil fuel combustion factor and the loss of nitric acid due to its interaction with coarse sea-salt particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Masiol
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), GR-26504 Patras, Greece; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, IT-30170 Mestre-Venezia, Italy.
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), GR-26504 Patras, Greece; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, IT-30170 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Gianni Formenton
- Dipartimento Regionale Laboratori, Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto (ARPAV), IT-30174 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Md Badiuzzaman Khan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, IT-30170 Mestre-Venezia, Italy; Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, United States
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), GR-26504 Patras, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Spyros N Pandis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), GR-26504 Patras, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Laura Tositti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, IT-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Benetello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, IT-30170 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Flavia Visin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, IT-30170 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Bruno Pavoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, IT-30170 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
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23
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Chang P, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Direct measurement of aerosol pH in individual malonic acid and citric acid droplets under different relative humidity conditions via Raman spectroscopy. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 241:124960. [PMID: 31590017 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acidity of aerosol particles plays important roles in atmospheric chemistry, in turn, impacting climate system and public health. Current knowledge of acidity in atmosphere aerosols remains fairly scarce largely because of difficulty in direct measurement. On the other hand, indirect methods for estimating aerosol pH are often inconsistent with pH values predicted by thermodynamic models. Recently, a direct Raman spectroscopy method has been reported to determine pH values of acid-conjugate base equilibria systems based on Raman intensity of distinct characteristic peaks of conjugate acid-base pair. Nevertheless, for pure carboxylic acid aerosol particles, such as malonic acid (MA), characteristic peak of its conjugate base cannot be clearly observed in Raman spectra owing to small Ka value (weak acid dissociation constant), which leads to little dissociation of weak acid and low concentration of its conjugated base. As a result, pH of carboxylic acid particles cannot be directly determined by calibrating concentrations of acid and its conjugated base using the above-mentioned method. To address such an issue, we demonstrate a new approach for determining pH values of malonic acid (MA) and citric acid (CA) droplets under different relative humidity (RH) based on calibration curves. We measure Raman intensity ratios of acid solutions at different concentrations and their pH values to establish a calibration curve, and then using the intensity ratio of MA and CA droplets under different RH to determine aerosol particle pH based on calibration curves. Results have shown that aerosol pH of MA droplet decreases with a decreasing RH and pH values ranges from 1.03 to -0.12, when RH value is reduced from 90% to 26%, in good agreement with model prediction values. In addition, we also, for the first time, report pH values of CA droplets under different RH conditions and its pH values range from 1.13 to -0.74 when RH is reduced from 91% to 28%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pianpian Chang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Zhe Chen
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA.
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24
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A Review of Aerosol Chemical Composition and Sources in Representative Regions of China during Wintertime. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10050277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Comparisons of aerosol composition and sources in different cities or regions are rather limited, yet important for an in-depth understanding of the spatial diversity of aerosol pollution in China. In this study, the data originating from 25 different winter aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS)/aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) studies were used to provide spatial coverage of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Guanzhong (GZ), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions. The spatial distribution and diurnal variations in aerosol composition and organic sources were analyzed to investigate the aerosol characteristics in the four regions. It was found that there were differences in the compositions of non-refractory particulate matter across the regions, e.g., more sulfate in the PRD versus more nitrate in the YRD, as well as in the organic sources, e.g., more coal combustion in BTH versus more biomass burning in GZ. The characteristics of the composition of NR-PM are similar when the campaigns were classified according to the winter of different years or the cities of different regions. The diurnal variation of the PRD-sulfate indicated its regional nature, whereas the organics from burning sources in two regions of northern China exhibited local characteristics. Based on these findings, we suggest that strict control policies for coal combustion and biomass burning emissions should be enforced in the BTH and GZ regions, respectively.
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25
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Chen Y, Xu L, Humphry T, Hettiyadura APS, Ovadnevaite J, Huang S, Poulain L, Schroder JC, Campuzano-Jost P, Jimenez JL, Herrmann H, O'Dowd C, Stone EA, Ng NL. Response of the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer to Inorganic Sulfates and Organosulfur Compounds: Applications in Field and Laboratory Measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:5176-5186. [PMID: 30939000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds are important components of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). While the Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) has been extensively used in aerosol studies, the response of the AMS to organosulfur compounds is not well-understood. Here, we investigated the fragmentation patterns of organosulfurs and inorganic sulfates in the AMS, developed a method to deconvolve total sulfate into components of inorganic and organic origins, and applied this method in both laboratory and field measurements. Apportionment results from laboratory isoprene photooxidation experiment showed that with inorganic sulfate seed, sulfate functionality of organic origins can contribute ∼7% of SOA mass at peak growth. Results from measurements in the Southeastern U.S. showed that 4% of measured sulfate is from organosulfur compounds. Methanesulfonic acid was estimated for measurements in the coastal and remote marine boundary layer. We explored the application of this method to unit mass-resolution data, where it performed less well due to interferences. Our apportionment results demonstrate that organosulfur compounds could be a non-negligible source of sulfate fragments in AMS laboratory and field data sets. A reevaluation of previous AMS measurements over the full range of atmospheric conditions using this method could provide a global estimate/constraint on the contribution of organosulfur compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunle Chen
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- Now at Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Tim Humphry
- Department of Chemistry , Truman State University , Kirksville , Missouri 63501 , United States
| | | | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute , National University of Ireland Galway , Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Shan Huang
- Now at Institute for Environmental and Climate Research , Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511443 , China
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research , Leipzig , Sachsen 04318 , Germany
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research , Leipzig , Sachsen 04318 , Germany
| | - Jason C Schroder
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES) , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES) , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES) , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research , Leipzig , Sachsen 04318 , Germany
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute , National University of Ireland Galway , Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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Avery AM, Waring MS, DeCarlo PF. Seasonal variation in aerosol composition and concentration upon transport from the outdoor to indoor environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:528-547. [PMID: 30698188 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00471d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor-originated aerosols are an important component impacting indoor air quality. Since outdoor aerosols vary over short (diurnal) and long (seasonal) timescales, we examined how the variation in outdoor aerosol concentration and composition impact indoor aerosol. Measurements of both indoor and outdoor aerosol composition in real time in an urban classroom in winter and summer seasons were performed using an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), aethalometer, and a suite of gas phase instruments. Factor analysis of the organic aerosol components identified three factors in common between seasons, including hydrocarbon-like, cooking, and oxidized organic aerosol (HOA, COA, and OOA). Since sulfate is non-volatile, we report a sulfate-normalized indoor-outdoor ratio (I/O)i/SO4 for measured aerosol i components, allowing us to estimate aerosol component-based effects of seasonal and other variations in ventilation and HVAC operation, indoor emission sources, and chemically-based loss processes between outdoor and indoor environments. These chemical loss processes are interpreted in terms of changes in temperature and relative humidity (RH) between environments, which fluctuate on a daily and seasonal basis. The degree to which any effect is observed depends on the particular outdoor aerosol population and the magnitude of temperature or RH change. In wintertime, when aerosols were warmed upon transport indoors and loss of volatile components is favored, median (I/O)i/SO4 values for nitrate, total organics, HOA, and BC were smaller (0.35, 1.00, 1.24, and 1.18, respectively) than summertime values (0.75, 1.17, 1.96, and 1.80). For COA and OOA, however, (I/O)i/SO4 values were higher in the winter than in summer. Calculated aerosol liquid water (ALW), which is a function of temperature and RH and the relative contribution of hygroscopic components, varied significantly by season. Summertime ALW indoors provides a medium for aqueous processing, which is necessary for some hydrophilic gas phase reaction products that are important to indoor air quality and occupant exposure. This work describes the linkages between seasonal variability in aerosol composition outdoors and the subsequent chemically-specific variation observed when that aerosol is brought indoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita M Avery
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, USA.
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27
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Shi X, Nenes A, Xiao Z, Song S, Yu H, Shi G, Zhao Q, Chen K, Feng Y, Russell AG. High-Resolution Data Sets Unravel the Effects of Sources and Meteorological Conditions on Nitrate and Its Gas-Particle Partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3048-3057. [PMID: 30793889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is one of the most abundant inorganic water-soluble ions in fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, the formation mechanism of nitrate in the ambient atmosphere, especially the impacts of its semivolatility and the various existing forms of nitrogen, remain under-investigated. In this study, hourly ambient observations of speciated PM2.5 components (NO3-, SO42-, etc.) were collected in Tianjin, China. Source contributions were analyzed by PMF/ME2 (Positive Matrix Factorization using the Multilinear Engine 2) program, and pH were estimated by ISORROPIA-II, to investigate the relationship between pH and nitrate. Five sources (factors) were resolved: secondary sulfate (SS), secondary nitrate (SN), dust, vehicle and coal combustion. SN and pH showed a triangle-shaped relationship. When SS was high, the fraction of nitrate partitioning into the aerosol phase exhibits a characteristic "S-curve" relationship with pH for different seasons. An index ( ITL) is developed and combined with pH to explore the sensitive regions of "S-curve". Controlling the emissions of anions (SO42-, Cl-), cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, etc.) and gases (NO x, NH3, SO2, etc.) will change pH, potentially reducing or increasing SN. The findings of this work provide an effective approach for exploring the formation mechanisms of nitrate under different influencing factors (sources, pH, and IRL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xurong Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , 300071 , China
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne , CH-1015 , Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences , Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas , Patras , Greece , GR-26504
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development , National Observatory of Athens , Palea Penteli , Greece GR-15236
| | - Zhimei Xiao
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center , Tianjin , 300191 , China
| | - Shaojie Song
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Haofei Yu
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32816 , United States
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , 300071 , China
| | - Qianyu Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , 300071 , China
| | - Kui Chen
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center , Tianjin , 300191 , China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , 300071 , China
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0512 , United States
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28
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Rao G, Vejerano EP. Partitioning of volatile organic compounds to aerosols: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:282-296. [PMID: 30145420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exist mainly in the gas-phase rather than in aerosols, the concentrations of VOCs measured from aerosols are comparable to those of semi-volatile organic compounds, which preferentially partition into aerosols. VOCs that partition into aerosols may raise health effects that are generally not exerted by aerosols or by VOCs alone. So far, only scant reports on VOC/aerosol partitioning are available in the extant literature. In this review, we discuss findings presented in recent studies on the partition mechanism, factors affecting the partition process, existing knowledge gaps, and recommendations to help address these gaps for future research. Also, we have surveyed the different models that can be applied to predict partition coefficients and the inherent advantage and shortcoming of the assumptions in these models. A better understanding of the partition mechanism and partition coefficient of VOCs into aerosols can improve prediction of the global fate and transport of VOCs in the environment and enhance assessment of the health effects from exposure to VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Rao
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, United States
| | - Eric P Vejerano
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, United States.
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29
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Zhang C, Lu X, Zhai J, Chen H, Yang X, Zhang Q, Zhao Q, Fu Q, Sha F, Jin J. Insights into the formation of secondary organic carbon in the summertime in urban Shanghai. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 72:118-132. [PMID: 30244738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate formation mechanisms of secondary organic carbon (SOC) in Eastern China, measurements were conducted in an urban site in Shanghai in the summer of 2015. A period of high O3 concentrations (daily peak > 120 ppb) was observed, during which daily maximum SOC concentrations exceeding 9.0 μg/(C·m3). Diurnal variations of SOC concentration and SOC/organic carbon (OC) ratio exhibited both daytime and nighttime peaks. The SOC concentrations correlated well with Ox (= O3 + NO2) and relative humidity in the daytime and nighttime, respectively, suggesting that secondary organic aerosol formation in Shanghai is driven by both photochemical production and aqueous phase reactions. Single particle mass spectrometry was used to examine the formation pathways of SOC. Along with the daytime increase of SOC, the number fraction of elemental carbon (EC) particles coated with OC quickly increased from 38.1% to 61.9% in the size range of 250-2000 nm, which was likely due to gas-to-particle partitioning of photochemically generated semi-volatile organic compounds onto EC particles. In the nighttime, particles rich in OC components were highly hygroscopic, and number fraction of these particles correlated well with relative humidity and SOC/OC nocturnal peaks. Meanwhile, as an aqueous-phase SOC tracer, particles that contained oxalate-Fe(III) complex also peaked at night. These observations suggested that aqueous-phase processes had an important contribution to the SOC nighttime formation. The influence of aerosol acidity on SOC formation was studied by both bulk and single particle level measurements, suggesting that the aqueous-phase formation of SOC was enhanced by particle acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ci Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinghao Zhai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Qianbiao Zhao
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Fei Sha
- Environment Management Bureau of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Environment Management Bureau of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200125, China
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30
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Craig RL, Peterson PK, Nandy L, Lei Z, Hossain MA, Camarena S, Dodson RA, Cook RD, Dutcher CS, Ault AP. Direct Determination of Aerosol pH: Size-Resolved Measurements of Submicrometer and Supermicrometer Aqueous Particles. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11232-11239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucy Nandy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cari S. Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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31
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Lawal AS, Guan X, Liu C, Henneman LRF, Vasilakos P, Bhogineni V, Weber RJ, Nenes A, Russell AG. Linked Response of Aerosol Acidity and Ammonia to SO 2 and NO x Emissions Reductions in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9861-9873. [PMID: 30032604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Large reductions of sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions in the United States have led to considerable improvements in air quality, though recent analyses in the Southeastern United States have shown little response of aerosol pH to these reductions. This study examines the effects of reduced emissions on the trend of aerosol acidity in fine particulate matter (PM2.5), at a nationwide scale, using ambient concentration data from three monitoring networks-the Ammonia Monitoring Network (AMoN), the Clean Air Status and Trends network (CASTNET) and the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Network (SEARCH), in conjunction with thermodynamic (ISORROPIA-II) and chemical transport (CMAQ) model results. Sulfate and ammonium experienced similar and significant decreases with little change in pH, neutralization ratio ( f = [NH4+]/2[SO42-] + [NO3-]), or nitrate. Oak Grove, MS was the only SEARCH site showing statistically significant pH changes in the Southeast region where small increases in pH (0.003-0.09 pH units/year) were observed. Of the five regions characterized using CASTNET/AMoN data, only California exhibited a statistically significant, albeit small pH increase of +0.04 pH units/year. Furthermore, statistically insignificant (α = 0.05) changes in ammonia were observed in response to emission and PM2.5 speciation changes. CMAQ simulation results had similar responses, showing steady ammonia levels and generally low pH, with little change from 2001 to 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola S Lawal
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Xinbei Guan
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- School of Energy and Environment , Southeast University , Nanjing 210096 , China
| | - Lucas R F Henneman
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Petros Vasilakos
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Vasudha Bhogineni
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences , Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas , Patras , GR - 26504 , Greece
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development , National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli , Athens , GR - 15236 , Greece
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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32
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Li X, Li S, Xiong Q, Yang X, Qi M, Zhao W, Wang X. Characteristics of PM 2.5 Chemical Compositions and Their Effect on Atmospheric Visibility in Urban Beijing, China during the Heating Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1924. [PMID: 30181500 PMCID: PMC6163715 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beijing, which is the capital of China, suffers from severe Fine Particles (PM2.5) pollution during the heating season. In order to take measures to control the PM2.5 pollution and improve the atmospheric environmental quality, daily PM2.5 samples were collected at an urban site from 15 November to 31 December 2016, characteristics of PM2.5 chemical compositions and their effect on atmospheric visibility were analyzed. It was found that the daily average mass concentrations of PM2.5 ranged from 7.64 to 383.00 μg m-3, with an average concentration of 114.17 μg m-3. On average, the Organic Carbon (OC) and Elemental Carbon (EC) contributed 21.39% and 5.21% to PM2.5, respectively. Secondary inorganic ions (SNA: SO₄²- + NO₃- + NH₄⁺) dominated the Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) and they accounted for 47.09% of PM2.5. The mass concentrations of NH₄⁺, NO₃- and SO₄2- during the highly polluted period were 8.08, 8.88 and 6.85 times greater, respectively, than during the clean period, which contributed most to the serious PM2.5 pollution through the secondary transformation of NO₂, SO₂ and NH₃. During the highly polluted period, NH₄NO₃ contributed most to the reconstruction extinction coefficient (b'ext), accounting for 35.7%, followed by (NH₄)₂SO₄ (34.44%) and Organic Matter (OM: 15.24%). The acidity of PM2.5 in Beijing was weakly acid. Acidity of PM2.5 and relatively high humidity could aggravate PM2.5 pollution and visibility impairment by promoting the generation of secondary aerosol. Local motor vehicles contributed the most to NO₃-, OC, and visibility impairment in urban Beijing. Other sources of pollution in the area surrounding urban Beijing, including coal burning, agricultural sources, and industrial sources in the Hebei, Shandong, and Henan provinces, released large amounts of SO₂, NH₃, and NO₂. These, which were transformed into SO₄2-, NH₄⁺, and NO₃- during the transmission process, respectively, and had a great impact on atmospheric visibility impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- College of Resources, Environment & Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Shanshan Li
- Environmental Technology Consultancy, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Qiulin Xiong
- Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Xingchuan Yang
- College of Resources, Environment & Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Mengxi Qi
- College of Resources, Environment & Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Wenji Zhao
- College of Resources, Environment & Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Xinlong Wang
- College of Resources, Environment & Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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33
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Kong L, Du C, Zhanzakova A, Cheng T, Yang X, Wang L, Fu H, Chen J, Zhang S. Trends in heterogeneous aqueous reaction in continuous haze episodes in suburban Shanghai: An in-depth case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:1192-1204. [PMID: 29710625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous aqueous reaction plays important roles in the enhanced formation of secondary aerosols during haze. However, its occurrence in haze episodes remains poorly understood. In this study, the trends in heterogeneous aqueous reaction in continuous haze episodes were investigated by an in-depth case analysis. The highly time-resolved measurements of water-soluble inorganic ions of PM2.5 were conducted in a suburban of Shanghai, China, and continuous haze episodes, which occurred from Feb. 18 to Feb. 28, were selected as studied cases. Results showed that fine particle pollution in Baoshan was serious. High concentrations of secondary inorganic aerosol ions and the higher sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) on haze days indicated enhanced conversions from SO2 and NOx to their corresponding particulate phases. The high-nitrate haze episode and the high-sulfate haze episode were identified. Further simulations revealed that the PM2.5 particles had strong acidity during the high-nitrate and high-sulfate haze episodes whether they were calculated by E-AIM 4 or by ISORROPIA II. It was found that particulate liquid water was more sensitive to nitrate than sulfate, and played significant roles in the heterogeneous aqueous reactions of NO2 and secondary nitrate formation during haze episodes, especially in the high-sulfate haze episode. Further analysis indicated that the high-nitrate haze episode favoured the occurrence of heterogeneous aqueous phase oxidation of SO2, and the more water was in the particles, the more SO2 was converted to sulfate aerosols. This work provides an important field measurement-based evidence for understanding the important contributions of the heterogeneous aqueous reactions to secondary aerosol pollution and the tendencies of heterogeneous aqueous reactions in the formation of secondary sulfate and nitrate aerosols in suburban Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdong Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Chengtian Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Assiya Zhanzakova
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tiantao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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34
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Zhou J, Ho SSH, Cao J, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Zhu C, Wang Q, Liu S, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Wang P, Tie X. Chemical characterization of PM 2.5 from a southern coastal city of China: applications of modeling and chemical tracers in demonstration of regional transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20591-20605. [PMID: 29748814 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An intensive sampling campaign of airborne fine particles (PM2.5) was conducted at Sanya, a coastal city in Southern China, from January to February 2012. Chemical analyses and mass reconstruction were used identify potential pollution sources and investigate atmospheric reaction mechanisms. A thermodynamic model indicated that low ammonia and high relative humidity caused the aerosols be acidic and that drove heterogeneous reactions which led to the formation of secondary inorganic aerosol. Relationships among neutralization ratios, free acidity, and air-mass trajectories suggest that the atmosphere at Sanya was impacted by both local and regional emissions. Three major transport pathways were identified, and flow from the northeast (from South China) typically brought the most polluted air to Sanya. A case study confirmed strong impact from South China (e.g., Pearl River Delta region) (contributed 76.8% to EC, and then this result can be extended to primary pollutants) when the northeast winds were dominant. The Weather Research Forecasting Black carbon model and trace organic markers were used to apportion local pollution versus regional contributions. Results of the study offer new insights into the atmospheric conditions and air pollution at this coastal city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamao Zhou
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Junji Cao
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Zhuzi Zhao
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shuyu Zhao
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Youzhi Zhao
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Xuexi Tie
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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35
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Losey DJ, Ott EJE, Freedman MA. Effects of High Acidity on Phase Transitions of an Organic Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3819-3828. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Delanie J. Losey
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Emily-Jean E. Ott
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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36
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Craig RL, Nandy L, Axson JL, Dutcher CS, Ault AP. Spectroscopic Determination of Aerosol pH from Acid–Base Equilibria in Inorganic, Organic, and Mixed Systems. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5690-5699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy Nandy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Cari S. Dutcher
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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37
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Sun J, Yu Y, Canonaco F, Prévôt ASH, Li G. Chemical characterization of submicron aerosol particles during wintertime in a northwest city of China using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:567-582. [PMID: 28082133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometry (Q-AMS) was utilized to measure the size-resolved chemical composition of non-refractory submicron particles (NR-PM1) from October 27 to December 3, 2014 at an urban site in Lanzhou, northwest China. The average NR-PM1 mass concentration was 37.3 μg m-3 (ranging from 2.9 to 128.2 μg m-3) under an AMS collection efficiency of unity and was composed of organics (48.4%), sulfate (17.8%), nitrate (14.6%), ammonium (13.7%), and chloride (5.7%). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) with the multi-linear engine (ME-2) solver identified six organic aerosol (OA) factors, including hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), coal combustion OA (CCOA), cooking-related OA (COA), biomass burning OA (BBOA) and two oxygenated OA (OOA1 and OOA2), which accounted for 8.5%, 20.2%, 18.6%, 12.4%, 17.8% and 22.5% of the total organics mass on average, respectively. Primary emissions were the major sources of fine particulate matter (PM) and played an important role in causing high chemically resolved PM pollution during wintertime in Lanzhou. Back trajectory analysis indicated that the long-range regional transport air mass from the westerly was the key factor that led to severe submicron aerosol pollution during wintertime in Lanzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yangmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Junying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yangchun Yu
- Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China
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38
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Xu W, Han T, Du W, Wang Q, Chen C, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Li J, Fu P, Wang Z, Worsnop DR, Sun Y. Effects of Aqueous-Phase and Photochemical Processing on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Evolution in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:762-770. [PMID: 28035819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) constitutes a large fraction of OA, yet remains a source of significant uncertainties in climate models due to incomplete understanding of its formation mechanisms and evolutionary processes. Here we evaluated the effects of photochemical and aqueous-phase processing on SOA composition and oxidation degrees in three seasons in Beijing, China, using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer measurements along with positive matrix factorization. Our results show that aqueous-phase processing has a dominant impact on the formation of more oxidized SOA (MO-OOA), and the contribution of MO-OOA to OA increases substantially as a function of relative humidity or liquid water content. In contrast, photochemical processing plays a major role in the formation of less oxidized SOA (LO-OOA), as indicated by the strong correlations between LO-OOA and odd oxygen (Ox = O3 + NO2) during periods of photochemical production (R2 = 0.59-0.80). Higher oxygen-to-carbon ratios of SOA during periods with higher RH were also found indicating a major role of aqueous-phase processing in changing the oxidation degree of SOA in Beijing. Episodes analyses further highlight that LO-OOA plays a more important role during the early stage of the formation of autumn/winter haze episodes while MO-OOA is more significant during the later evolution period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Han
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Aerodyne Research, Inc. , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
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39
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Murphy JG, Gregoire PK, Tevlin AG, Wentworth GR, Ellis RA, Markovic MZ, VandenBoer TC. Observational constraints on particle acidity using measurements and modelling of particles and gases. Faraday Discuss 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In many parts of the world, the implementation of air quality regulations has led to significant decreases in SO2 emissions with minimal impact on NH3 emissions. In Canada and the United States, the molar ratio of NH3 : SO2 emissions has increased dramatically between 1990 and 2014. In many regions of North America, this will lead the molar ratio of NHx : SO4, where NHx is the sum of particle phase NH4+ and gas phase NH3, and SO4 is the sum of particle phase HSO4− and SO42−, to exceed 2. A thermodynamic model (E-AIM model II) is used to investigate the sensitivity of particle pH, and the gas-particle partitioning of NHx and inorganic nitrate, to the atmospheric NHx : SO4 ratio. Steep increases in pH and the gas fraction of NHx are found as NHx : SO4 varies from below 1 to above 2. The sensitivity of the gas fraction of nitrate also depends strongly on temperature. The results show that if NHx : SO4 exceeds 2, and the gas and particle phase NHx are in equilibrium, the particle pH will be above 2. Observations of the composition of particulate matter and gas phase NH3 from two field campaigns in southern Canada in 2007 and 2012 have median NHx : SO4 ratios of 3.8 and 25, respectively. These campaigns exhibited similar amounts of NH3, but very different particle phase loadings. Under these conditions, the pH values calculated using the observations as input to the E-AIM model were in the range of 1–4. The pH values were typically higher at night because the higher relative humidity increased the particle water content, diluting the acidity. The assumption of equilibration between the gas and particle phase NHx was evaluated by comparing the observed and modelled gas fraction of NHx. In general, E-AIM was able to reproduce the partitioning well, suggesting that the dominant constituents contributing to particle acidity were measured, and that the estimated pH values were realistic. These results suggest that regions of the world where the ratio of NH3 : SO2 emissions is beginning to exceed 2 on a molar basis may be experiencing rapid increases in aerosol pH of 1–3 pH units. This could have important consequences for the rates of condensed phase reactions that are acid-catalyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Canada
| | | | - A. G. Tevlin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Canada
| | | | - R. A. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Canada
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40
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Ji D, Gao W, Zhang J, Morino Y, Zhou L, Yu P, Li Y, Sun J, Ge B, Tang G, Sun Y, Wang Y. Investigating the evolution of summertime secondary atmospheric pollutants in urban Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:289-300. [PMID: 27505262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the formation of tropospheric ozone (O3) and secondary particulates is essential for controlling secondary pollution in megacities. Intensive observations were conducted to investigate the evolution of O3, nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-) and oxygenated organic aerosols ((OOAs), a proxy for secondary organic aerosols) and the interactions between O3, NOx oxidation products (NOz) and OOA in urban Beijing in August 2012. The O3 concentrations exhibited similar variations at both the urban and urban background sites in Beijing. Regarding the O3 profile, the O3 concentrations increased with increasing altitude. The peaks in O3 on the days exceeding the 1h or 8h O3 standards (polluted days) were substantially wider than those on normal days. Significant increases in the NOz mixing ratio (i.e., NOy - NOx) were observed between the morning and early afternoon, which were consistent with the increasing oxidant level. A discernable NO3- peak was also observed in the morning on the polluted days, and this peak was attributed to vertical mixing and strong photochemical production. In addition, a SO42- peak at 18:00 was likely caused by a combination of local generation and regional transport. The OOA concentration cycle exhibited two peaks at approximately 10:00 and 19:00. The OOA concentrations were correlated well with SO42- ([OOA]=0.55×[SO42-]+2.1, r2=0.69) because they both originated from secondary transformations that were dependent on the ambient oxidization level and relative humidity. However, the slope between OOA and SO42- was only 0.35, which was smaller than the slope observed for all of the OOA and SO42- data, when the RH ranged from 40 to 50%. In addition, a photochemical episode was selected for analysis. The results showed that regional transport played an important role in the evolution of the investigated secondary pollutants. The measured OOA and Ox concentrations were well correlated at the daily scale, whereas the hourly OOA and Ox concentrations were insignificantly correlated in urban Beijing. The synoptic situation and the differences in the VOC oxidation contributing to O3 and SOAs may have resulted in the differences among the correlations between OOA and Ox at different time scale. We calculated OOA production rates using the photochemical age (defined as -log10(NOx/NOy)) in urban plumes. The CO-normalized OOA concentration increased with increasing photochemical age, with production rates ranging from 1.1 to 8.5μgm-3ppm-1h-1 for the plume from the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Morino
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Luxi Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pengfei Yu
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jiaren Sun
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baozhu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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41
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Kumar B, Chakraborty A, Tripathi SN, Bhattu D. Highly time resolved chemical characterization of submicron organic aerosols at a polluted urban location. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:1285-1296. [PMID: 27711757 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00392c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Non-refractory submicron (NR-PM1) aerosols were measured during the late winter period (February-March) via an Aerodyne High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosols Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) along with Black Carbon (BC) and trace gasses in an industrial city, Kanpur, situated in the Gangetic Plain (GP) of India. The composition of NR-PM1 aerosols was dominated by organics (54%), followed by inorganics (36%), and BC (10%). Source apportionment via Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of AMS measured organic aerosols (OAs) revealed 6 factors. Factors are identified as 2 types of oxidized organic aerosols (OOAs), 2 types of biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOAs), freshly emitted hydrocarbon-like organic aerosols (HOAs) and oxygenated primary organic aerosols (OPOAs). A substantial increase in relative OOA contributions (200%) and O/C ratio (26%) has been observed from the high loading events (HLE) to the low loading events (LLE). Back trajectory analysis indicated that the study location received contributions from regional and long-range transported aerosols. OA composition and evolution during this study period were also very different from those observed during a fog influenced peak winter period of December-January. This is the first study to present detailed aerosol composition during the late winter period in India highlighting the changes in OA composition and chemistry within the same winter season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
| | | | - S N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India. and Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering, CESE, IIT Kanpur, India
| | - Deepika Bhattu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
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42
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Losey DJ, Parker RG, Freedman MA. pH Dependence of Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Organic Aerosol. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3861-3865. [PMID: 27636827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles influence climate through their direct and indirect effects. These impacts depend in part on the morphology of the particles, which is determined by their composition. The effect of pH on morphology was investigated using particles composed of 3-methylglutaric acid and ammonium sulfate by manipulating the starting pH of the bulk solution through the addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide. Efflorescence, deliquescence, phase separation, and mixing transitions were observed with optical microscopy. Due to changes in its protonation states, the solubility of the organic component increases with increasing pH, which shifts the location of the separation relative humidity (SRH) from 78.7% for the fully protonated acid to 63.9% for the fully deprotonated acid. Surprisingly, this shift in the SRH leads to hysteresis between the SRH and the mixing relative humidity (MRH). Particle pH has the greatest effect on phase transitions that require nucleus formation, that is, efflorescence and SRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delanie J Losey
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Robert G Parker
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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43
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Fu P, Aggarwal SG, Chen J, Li J, Sun Y, Wang Z, Chen H, Liao H, Ding A, Umarji GS, Patil RS, Chen Q, Kawamura K. Molecular Markers of Secondary Organic Aerosol in Mumbai, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4659-4667. [PMID: 27045808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are generally considered to be more abundant in summer than in winter. Here, polar organic marker compounds in urban background aerosols from Mumbai were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, we found that concentrations of biogenic SOA tracers at Mumbai were several times lower in summer (8-14 June 2006; wet season; n = 14) than in winter (13-18 February 2007; dry season; n = 10). Although samples from less than 10% of the season are extrapolated to the full season, such seasonality may be explained by the predominance of the southwest summer monsoon, which brings clean marine air masses to Mumbai. While heavy rains are an important contributor to aerosol removal during the monsoon season, meteorological data (relative humidity and T) suggest no heavy rains occurred during our sampling period. However, in winter, high levels of SOA and their day/night differences suggest significant contributions of continental aerosols through long-range transport together with local sources. The winter/summer pattern of SOA loadings was further supported by results from chemical transport models (NAQPMS and GEOS-Chem). Furthermore, our study suggests that monoterpene- and sesquiterpene-derived secondary organic carbon (SOC) were more significant than those of isoprene- and toluene-SOC at Mumbai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Shankar G Aggarwal
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Jing Chen
- SKLEG, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang 550081, China
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huansheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Institute for Climate and Global Change Research & School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - G S Umarji
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - R S Patil
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
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44
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Dallemagne MA, Huang XY, Eddingsaas NC. Variation in pH of Model Secondary Organic Aerosol during Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2868-76. [PMID: 27082856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The majority of atmospheric aerosols consist of both organic and inorganic components. At intermediate relative humidity (RH), atmospheric aerosol can undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in which the organic and inorganic fractions segregate from each other. We have extended the study of LLPS to the effect that phase separation has on the pH of the overall aerosols and the pH of the individual phases. Using confocal microscopy and pH sensitive dyes, the pH of internally mixed model aerosols consisting of polyethylene glycol 400 and ammonium sulfate as well as the pH of the organic fraction during LLPS have been directly measured. During LLPS, the pH of the organic fraction was observed to increase to 4.2 ± 0.2 from 3.8 ± 0.1 under high RH when the aerosol was internally mixed. In addition, the high spatial resolution of the confocal microscope allowed us to characterize the composition of each of the phases, and we have observed that during LLPS the organic shell still contains large quantities of water and should be characterized as an aqueous organic-rich phase rather than simply an organic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda A Dallemagne
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology , 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Xiau Ya Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology , 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Nathan C Eddingsaas
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology , 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
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45
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Ranney AP, Ziemann PJ. Kinetics of Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Cyclic Hemiacetals in Organic Aerosol Particles in Equilibrium with Nitric Acid Vapor. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2561-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- April P. Ranney
- Air
Pollution Research Center and Interdepartmental Graduate Program in
Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Paul J. Ziemann
- Air
Pollution Research Center and Interdepartmental Graduate Program in
Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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46
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Rindelaub JD, Craig RL, Nandy L, Bondy AL, Dutcher CS, Shepson PB, Ault AP. Direct Measurement of pH in Individual Particles via Raman Microspectroscopy and Variation in Acidity with Relative Humidity. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:911-7. [PMID: 26745214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol acidity is an important characteristic of aqueous particles, which has been linked to the formation of secondary organic aerosol by catalyzing reactions of oxidized organic compounds that have partitioned to the particle phase. However, aerosol acidity is difficult to measure and traditionally estimated using indirect methods or assumptions based on composition. Ongoing disagreements between experiments and thermodynamic models of particle acidity necessitate improved fundamental understanding of pH and ion behavior in high ionic strength atmospheric particles. Herein, Raman microspectroscopy was used to determine the pH of individual particles (H2SO4+MgSO4) based on sulfate and bisulfate concentrations determined from νs(SO4(2-)) and νs(HSO4(-)), the acid dissociation constant, and activity coefficients from extended Debye-Hückel calculations. Shifts in pH and peak positions of νs(SO4(2-)) and νs(HSO4(-)) were observed as a function of relative humidity. These results indicate the potential for direct spectroscopic determination of pH in individual particles and the need to improve fundamental understanding of ion behavior in atmospheric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Rindelaub
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rebecca L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lucy Nandy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Amy L Bondy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Cari S Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Climate Change Research Center , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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47
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Sun Y, Du W, Wang Q, Zhang Q, Chen C, Chen Y, Chen Z, Fu P, Wang Z, Gao Z, Worsnop DR. Real-Time Characterization of Aerosol Particle Composition above the Urban Canopy in Beijing: Insights into the Interactions between the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Aerosol Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11340-11347. [PMID: 26348650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts into the characterization of air pollution during the past decade, real-time characterization of aerosol particle composition above the urban canopy in the megacity Beijing has never been performed to date. Here we conducted the first simultaneous real-time measurements of aerosol composition at two different heights at the same location in urban Beijing from December 19, 2013 to January 2, 2014. The nonrefractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) species were measured in situ by a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer at near-ground level and an aerosol chemical speciation monitor at 260 m on a 325 m meteorological tower in Beijing. Secondary aerosol showed similar temporal variations between ground level and 260 m, whereas much weaker correlations were found for the primary aerosol. The diurnal evolution of the ratios and correlations of aerosol species between 260 m and the ground level further illustrated a complex interaction between vertical mixing processes and local source emissions on aerosol chemistry in the atmospheric boundary layer. As a result, the aerosol compositions at the two heights were substantially different. Organic aerosol (OA), mainly composed of primary OA (62%), at the ground level showed a higher contribution to NR-PM1 (65%) than at 260 m (54%), whereas a higher concentration and contribution (15%) of nitrate was observed at 260 m, probably due to the favorable gas-particle partitioning under lower temperature conditions. In addition, two different boundary layer structures were observed, each interacting differently with the evolution processes of aerosol chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- Department of Resources and Environment, Air Environmental Modeling and Pollution Controlling Key Laboratory of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu University of Information Technology , Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenyi Chen
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230031 China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiqiu Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology , Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
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48
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Behera SN, Cheng J, Balasubramanian R. In situ acidity and pH of size-fractionated aerosols during a recent smoke-haze episode in Southeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:843-859. [PMID: 25432456 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of aerosol acidity has received increased attention in recent years due to its influence on atmospheric visibility, climate change and human health. Distribution of water soluble inorganic (WSI) ions in 12 different size fractions of aerosols was investigated under two different atmospheric conditions (smoke-haze and non-haze periods) in 2012 using the Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) and nano-MOUDI for the first time in Singapore. To estimate the in situ acidity ([H(+)]Ins) and in situ aerosol pH (pHIS), the Aerosol Inorganic Model version-IV under deliquescent mode of airborne particles was used at prevailing ambient temperature and relative humidity. The study revealed an increase in the levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) mass and concentrations of WSI ions for all size fractions during the smoke-haze period, which was caused by the trans-boundary transport of biomass burning-impacted air masses from Indonesia. A bimodal distribution was observed for concentrations of SO4(2-), NO3(-), Cl(-), K(+) and Na(+), whereas concentrations of NH4(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) showed a single mode distribution. The concentration of WSI ions in PM1.8 during the smoke-haze period increased by 3.8 (for SO4(2-)) to 10.5 (for K(+)) times more than those observed during the non-haze period. The pHIS were observed to be lower during the smoke-haze period than that during the non-haze period for all size fractions of PM, indicating that atmospheric aerosols were more acidic due to the influence of biomass burning emissions. The particles in the accumulation mode were more acidic than those in the coarse mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh N Behera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Republic of Singapore.
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49
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Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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50
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Han T, Liu X, Zhang Y, Qu Y, Zeng L, Hu M, Zhu T. Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 31:51-60. [PMID: 25968258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility<l0 km and RH (relative humidity)<90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA (secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO4(2-), NO3-, NH4+ and SOA were 49.8 (±31.6), 31.4 (±22.3), 25.8 (±16.6) and 8.9 (±4.1)μg/m3, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO4(2-), NO3-, NH4+, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM10 during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM10 rose to about 27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM10 mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO2 to SO4(2-) and NO2 to NO3-, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Han
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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