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Rougé V, von Gunten U, Janssen EM. Reactivity of Cyanobacteria Metabolites with Ozone: Multicompound Competition Kinetics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11802-11811. [PMID: 38885118 PMCID: PMC11223487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms occur at increasing frequency and intensity, notably in freshwater. This leads to the introduction of complex mixtures of their products, i.e., cyano-metabolites, to drinking water treatment plants. To assess the fate of cyano-metabolite mixtures during ozonation, a novel multicompound ozone (O3) competition kinetics method was developed. Sixteen competitors with known second-order rate constants for their reaction with O3 ranging between 1 and 108 M-1 s-1 were applied to cover a wide range of the O3 reactivity. The apparent second-order rate constants (kapp,O3) at pH 7 were simultaneously determined for 31 cyano-metabolites. kapp,O3 for olefin- and phenol-containing cyano-metabolites were consistent with their expected reactivity (0.4-1.7 × 106 M-1 s-1) while kapp,O3 for tryptophan- and thioether-containing cyano-metabolites were significantly higher than expected (3.4-7.3 × 107 M-1 s-1). Cyano-metabolites containing these moieties are predicted to be well abated during ozonation. For cyano-metabolites containing heterocycles, kapp,O3 varied from <102 to 5.0 × 103 M-1 s-1, giving first insights into the O3 reactivity of this class of compounds. Due to lower O3 reactivities, heterocycle- and aliphatic amine-containing cyano-metabolites may be only partially degraded by a direct O3 reaction near circumneutral pH. Hydroxyl radicals, which are formed during ozonation, may be more important for their abatement. This novel multicompound kinetic method allows a high-throughput screening of ozonation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Rougé
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School
of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M.L. Janssen
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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2
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Martinez I Quer A, Larsson Y, Johansen A, Arias CA, Carvalho PN. Cyanobacterial blooms in surface waters - Nature-based solutions, cyanotoxins and their biotransformation products. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121122. [PMID: 38219688 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are expected to become more frequent and severe in surface water reservoirs due to climate change and ecosystem degradation. It is an emerging challenge that especially countries relying on surface water supplies will face. Nature-based solutions (NBS) like constructed wetlands and biofilters can be used for cyanotoxin remediation. Both technologies are reviewed and critically assessed for different types of water resources. The available information on cyanotoxins (bio)transformation products (TPs) is reviewed to point out the potential research gaps and to disclose the most reliable enzymatic degradation pathways. Knowledge gaps were found, such as information on the performance of the revised NBS in pilot and full scales, the removal processes covering different cyanotoxins (besides the most widely studied microcystin-LR), and the difficulties for real-world implementation of technologies proposed in the literature. Also, most studies focus on bacterial degradation processes while fungi have been completely overlooked. This review also presents an up-to-date overview of the transformation of cyanotoxins, where degradation product data was compiled in a unified library of 22 metabolites for microcystins (MCs), 7 for cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and 10 for nodularin (NOD), most of them reported only in a single study. Major gaps are the lack of environmentally relevant studies with TPs in pilot and full- scale treatment systems, information on TP's toxicity, as well as limited knowledge of environmentally relevant degradation pathways. NBS have the potential to mitigate cyanotoxins in recreational and irrigation waters, enabling the water-energy-food nexus and avoiding the degradability of the ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martinez I Quer
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark.
| | - Yrsa Larsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Anders Johansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Arias
- WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Pedro N Carvalho
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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3
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Yu B, Zhang Y, Wu H, Yan W, Meng Y, Hu C, Liu Z, Ding J, Zhang H. Advanced oxidation processes for synchronizing harmful microcystis blooms control with algal metabolites removal: From the laboratory to practical applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167650. [PMID: 37806585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in freshwater systems have become a global epidemic, leading to a series of problems related to cyanobacterial outbreaks and toxicity. Studies are needed to improve the technology used for the simultaneous removal of harmful cyanobacteria and algal metabolites. In this review, widely reported advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) strategies for removing major species Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) and microcystins (MCs) were screened through bibliometrics, such as photocatalysis, activated persulfate, H2O2, Ozone oxidation, ultrasonic oxidation, and electrochemical oxidation, etc. AOPs generate kinds of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to inactivate cyanobacteria and degrade cyanotoxins. A series of responses occurs in algal cells to resist the damaging effects of ROS generated by AOPs. Specifically, we reviewed laboratory research, mechanisms, practical applications, and challenges of HABs treatments in AOPs. Problems common to these technologies include the impact of algal response and metabolites, and environmental factors. This information provides guidance for future research on the removal of harmful cyanobacteria and treatment of algal metabolites using AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhi Yu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huazhen Wu
- Hangzhou Huanke Environmental Consulting Co. LTD, 310010 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Yan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunjuan Meng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Hu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 310018 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiafeng Ding
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 310018 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 310018 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Li X, Xian X, Chen S, Song W, Yu X, Yu CP. Comparative study about ozonation to treat Microcystis-laden source water at the development and maintenance stage. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140045. [PMID: 37683947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of toxic cyanobacteria blooms is hazardous to water safety. Ozonation has been used to treat cyanobacteria-laden source water. Generally, cyanobacterial blooms enter into a long-term maintenance stage from the bloom development, but how the changed bloom stage affects ozonation is still unknow. Herein, influences of ozonation on cell inactivation and microcystin removal of Microcystis at the development and maintenance stage, were investigated. Then, ozonation-assisted coagulation for Microcystis removal at the two stages was compared. Results showed no significant difference in the photosynthetic inactivation of Microcystis at both stages. Microcystis at the maintenance stage exhibited a lower loss of membrane integrity (268-480 M-1 s-1) than that at the development stage (413-596 M-1 s-1). However, the extracellular microcystin increased by 30-410% at the maintenance stage at a lower ratio of [O3: DOC] (0.10-0.80) compared to the development stage (0.21-1.68), mainly ascribed to a decrease in the ozonation efficiency for microcystin removal. This finding might result from the elevated biomass and N-containing organics as competitors to reduce microcystin ozonation. Meanwhile, it was possible to generate fewer hydroxyl radicals to oxidize microcystin at the maintenance stage than that at the development stage. Besides, the removal ratio of Microcystis after ozonation-assisted coagulation, was reduced by 46-230% at the maintenance stage, due to the insufficient modification of cellular surface or elevated organics of 3-30 kDa. This work indicated that ozonation is effective to treat Microcystis at the development stage of a bloom whist pre-ozonation might be an inappropriate choice at the long-term maintenance stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - XuanXuan Xian
- College of The Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Weijun Song
- College of Ecology and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, China.
| | - Xin Yu
- College of The Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Dong H, Aziz MT, Richardson SD. Transformation of Algal Toxins during the Oxidation/Disinfection Processes of Drinking Water: From Structure to Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12944-12957. [PMID: 37603687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
With the increase of algal blooms worldwide, drinking water resources are threatened by the release of various algal toxins, which can be hepatotoxic, cytotoxic, or neurotoxic. Because of their ubiquitous occurrence in global waters and incomplete removal in conventional drinking water treatment, oxidation/disinfection processes have become promising alternative treatment options to destroy both the structures and toxicity of algal toxins. This Review first summarizes the occurrence and regulation of algal toxins in source water and drinking water. Then, the transformation kinetics, disinfection byproducts (DBPs)/transformation products (TPs), pathways, and toxicity of algal toxins in water oxidation/disinfection processes, including treatment by ozonation, chlorination, chloramination, ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation process, and permanganate, are reviewed. For most algal toxins, hydroxyl radicals (HO•) exhibit the highest oxidation rate, followed by ozone and free chlorine. Under practical applications, ozone and chlorine can degrade most algal toxins to meet water quality standards. However, the transformation of the parent structures of algal toxins by oxidation/disinfection processes does not guarantee a reduction in toxicity, and the formation of toxic TPs should also be considered, especially during chlorination. Notably, the toxicity variation of algal toxins is associated with the chemical moiety responsible for toxicity (e.g., Adda moiety in microcystin-LR and uracil moiety in cylindrospermopsin). Moreover, the formation of known halogenated DBPs after chlorination indicates that toxicity in drinking water may shift from toxicity contributed by algal toxins to toxicity contributed by DBPs. To achieve the simultaneous toxicity reduction of algal toxins and their TPs, optimized oxidation/disinfection processes are warranted in future research, not only for meeting water quality standards but also for effective reduction of toxicity of algal toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Zhang Y, Duy SV, Whalen JK, Munoz G, Gao X, Sauvé S. Cyanotoxins dissipation in soil: Evidence from microcosm assays. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131534. [PMID: 37146322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria proliferate in warm, nutrient-rich environments, and release cyanotoxins into natural waters. If cyanotoxin-contaminated water is used to irrigate agricultural crops, this could expose humans and other biota to cyanotoxins. However, cyanotoxins may be degraded by the diverse microbial consortia, be adsorbed or otherwise dissipate in agricultural soil. This study investigates the disappearance and transformation of 9 cyanotoxins in controlled soil microcosms after 28 d. Six soil types were exposed to factorial combinations of light, redox conditions and microbial activity that influenced the recovery of anabaenopeptin-A (AP-A), anabaenopeptin-B (AP-B), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), and the microcystin (MC) congeners -LR, -LA, -LY, -LW, and -LF. Cyanotoxins estimated half-lives were from hours to several months, depending on the compound and soil conditions. Cyanotoxins were eliminated via biological reactions in aerobic and anaerobic soils, although anaerobic conditions accelerated the biological dissipation of ATX-a, CYN and APs. ATX-a was sensitive to photolytic degradation, but CYN, and MCs were not reduced through photochemical transformation. MC-LR and -LA were recovered after exposure to light, redox conditions and low microbial activity, suggesting that they persisted in extractable forms, compared to other cyanotoxins in soil. Cyanotoxin degradation products were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry, revealing their potential degradation pathways in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China; College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Rd., Chengdu 611130, China; Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375 Av. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, China.
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375 Av. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Joann K Whalen
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375 Av. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Xuesong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China; College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Rd., Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, China
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375 Av. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
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Zhao C, Arroyo-Mora LE, DeCaprio AP, Dionysiou DD, O'Shea KE, Sharma VK. Ferrate(VI) mediated degradation of the potent cyanotoxin, cylindrospermopsin: Kinetics, products, and toxicity. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119773. [PMID: 36870108 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a potent cyanotoxin, in drinking water sources poses a tremendous risk to humans and the environment. Detailed kinetic studies herein demonstrate ferrate(VI) (FeVIO42-, Fe(VI)) mediated oxidation of CYN and the model compound 6-hydroxymethyl uracil (6-HOMU) lead to their effective degradation under neutral and alkaline solution pH. A transformation product analysis indicated oxidation of the uracil ring, which has functionality critical to the toxicity of CYN. The oxidative cleavage of the C5=C6 double bond resulted in fragmentation of the uracil ring. Amide hydrolysis is a contributing pathway leading to the fragmentation of the uracil ring. Under extended treatment, hydrolysis, and extensive oxidation lead to complete destruction of the uracil ring skeleton, resulting in the generation of a variety of products including nontoxic cylindrospermopsic acid. The ELISA biological activity of the CYN product mixtures produced during Fe(VI) treatment parallels the concentration of CYN. These results suggest the products do not possess ELISA biological activity at the concentrations produced during treatment. The Fe(VI) mediated degradation was also effective in the presence of humic acid and unaffected by the presence of common inorganic ions under our experimental conditions. The Fe(VI) remediation of CYN and uracil based toxins appears a promising drinking water treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Luis E Arroyo-Mora
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, 1600 University Avenue. Morgantown West Virginia 26505
| | - Anthony P DeCaprio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute (IFRI), Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Kevin E O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M University, Texas 77843, USA.
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Li X, Song W, Chen S. Kinetics and mechanism of ozonation to treat Microcystis-laden source waters affected by cell-viability. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129604. [PMID: 35908396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria are challenging drinking water safety globally, and their cell-viability declines at decay stage of a succussive bloom. Ozone might be a more effective oxidant to treat both high- and low-viability cyanobacteria than other common oxidants (e.g., chlorine, potassium permanganate). However, previous studies only conducted ozonation experiments using high-viability cyanobacteria, and potential influences of cell-viability on ozonation process, remains unknown. In this study, kinetics of ozone decay, cell inactivation, membrane destruction, and cyanotoxin fate of high- and low-viability Microcystis (the most common genus), was investigated, and associated mechanism was discussed. Results showed that low-viability Microcystis exhibited a higher rate constant of membrane destruction (665-744 M-1 s-1) than high-viability Microcystis (364-600 M-1 s-1) by equal concentrations of ozone, ascribed to loosely gelatinous sheath comprised with fewer organic matters as oxidant scavengers. Meanwhile, a higher rate constant of photosynthetic inactivation induced by ozonation, was observed for low-viability Microcystis (312-364 M-1 s-1) than that for high-viability Microcystis (168-294 M-1 s-1). However, elevated aromatic organics competitively inhibited microcystin ozonation for low-viability Microcystis, and hydroxyl radicals for microcystin oxidation could be reduced by elevated organic loads and alkalinity. Moreover, elevated ozone exposure (>51 mg min L-1) did not totally oxidize microcystin with a residual of 30 μg L-1 for low-viability Microcystis. These findings suggested that elevated microcystin risk would be the great barrier to limit ozonation application for low-viability Microcystis, even with benefits of higher cell inactivation compared to high-viability Microcystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Weijun Song
- College of Ecology and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Bouteiller P, Lance E, Guérin T, Biré R. Analysis of Total-Forms of Cyanotoxins Microcystins in Biological Matrices: A Methodological Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080550. [PMID: 36006212 PMCID: PMC9416067 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptidic toxins produced by many cyanobacteria. Microcystins can be accumulated in various matrices in two forms: a free cellular fraction and a covalently protein-bound form. To detect and quantify the concentration of microcystins, a panel of techniques on various matrices (water, sediments, and animal tissues) is available. The analysis of MCs can concern the free or the total (free plus covalently bound) fractions. Free-form analyses of MCs are the most common and easiest to detect, whereas total-form analyses are much less frequent and more complex to achieve. The objective of this review is to summarize the different methods of extraction and analysis that have been developed for total forms. Four extraction methods were identified: MMPB (2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid) method, deconjugation at basic pH, ozonolysis, and laser irradiation desorption. The study of the bibliography on the methods of extraction and analysis of the total forms of MCs showed that the reference method for the subject remains the MMPB method even if alternative methods and, in particular, deconjugation at basic pH, showed results encouraging the continuation of the methodological development on different matrices and on naturally-contaminated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bouteiller
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques (SEBIO), BP 1039, CEDEX 2, F-51687 Reims, France
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emilie Lance
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO, Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques (SEBIO), BP 1039, CEDEX 2, F-51687 Reims, France
- UMR MNHN/CNRS MCAM, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, F-75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Thierry Guérin
- Strategy and Programs Department, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ronel Biré
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
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10
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Lim S, Shi JL, von Gunten U, McCurry DL. Ozonation of organic compounds in water and wastewater: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 213:118053. [PMID: 35196612 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation has been applied in water treatment for more than a century, first for disinfection, later for oxidation of inorganic and organic pollutants. In recent years, ozone has been increasingly applied for enhanced municipal wastewater treatment for ecosystem protection and for potable water reuse. These applications triggered significant research efforts on the abatement efficiency of organic contaminants and the ensuing formation of transformation products. This endeavor was accompanied by developments in analytical and computational chemistry, which allowed to improve the mechanistic understanding of ozone reactions. This critical review assesses the challenges of ozonation of impaired water qualities such as wastewaters and provides an up-to-date compilation of the recent kinetic and mechanistic findings of ozone reactions with dissolved organic matter, various functional groups (olefins, aromatic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, aliphatic nitrogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, hydrocarbons, carbanions, β-diketones) and antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Lim
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Jiaming Lily Shi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel L McCurry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Multi-Soil-Layering Technology: A New Approach to Remove Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystins from Water. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication of surface waters caused by toxic cyanobacteria such as Microcystis aeruginosa leads to the release of secondary metabolites called Microcystins (MCs), which are heptapeptides with adverse effects on soil microbiota, plants, animals, and human health. Therefore, to avoid succumbing to the negative effects of these cyanotoxins, various remediation approaches have been considered. These techniques involve expensive physico-chemical processes because of the specialized equipment and facilities required. Thus, implementing eco-technologies capable of handling this problem has become necessary. Indeed, multi-soil-layering (MSL) technology can essentially meet this requirement. This system requires little space, needs simple maintenance, and has energy-free operation and high durability (20 years). The performance of the system is such that it can remove 1.16 to 4.47 log10 units of fecal contamination from the water, 98% of suspended solids (SS), 92% of biological oxygen demand (BOD), 98% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 92% of total nitrogen (TN), and 100% of total phosphorus (TP). The only reported use of the system to remove cyanotoxins has shown a 99% removal rate of MC-LR. However, the mechanisms involved in removing this toxin from the water are not fully understood. This paper proposes reviewing the principal methods employed in conventional water treatment and other technologies to eliminate MCs from the water. We also describe the principles of operation of MSL systems and compare the performance of this technology with others, highlighting some advantages of this technology in removing MCs. Overall, the combination of multiple processes (physico-chemical and biological) makes MSL technology a good choice of cyanobacterial contamination treatment system that is applicable in real-life conditions, especially in rural areas.
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12
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Insights into a packed bubble column for removal of several ozone-persistent TrOCs by ozonation: removal kinetics, energy efficiency and elimination prediction. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Vione D, Rosario-Ortiz FL. Foreseen Effects of Climate-Impacted Scenarios on the Photochemical Fate of Selected Cyanotoxins in Surface Freshwaters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10928-10934. [PMID: 34342987 PMCID: PMC8384231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria populate most water environments, and their ability to effectively exploit light and nutrients provide them with a competitive advantage over other life forms. In particular conditions, cyanobacteria may experience considerable growth and give rise to the so-called harmful algal blooms (HABs). HABs are often characterized by the production of cyanotoxins, which cause adverse effects to both aquatic organisms and humans and even threaten drinking water supplies. The concentration of cyanotoxins in surface waters results from the budget between production by cyanobacteria and transformation, including photodegradation under sunlight exposure. Climate change will likely provide favorable conditions for HABs, which are expected to increase in frequency over both space and time. Moreover, climate change could modify the ability of some surface waters to induce phototransformation reactions. Photochemical modeling is here carried out for two cyanotoxins of known photoreaction kinetics (microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin), which follow different phototransformation pathways and for particular freshwater scenarios (summertime stratification in lakes, water browning, and evaporative water concentration). On this basis, it is possible to quantitatively predict that the expected changes in water-column conditions under a changing climate would enhance photodegradation of those cyanotoxins that are significantly transformed by reaction with the triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (3CDOM*). This is known to be the case for microcystin-LR, for which faster photodegradation in some environments would at least partially offset enhanced occurrence. Unfortunately, very few data are currently available for the role of 3CDOM* in the degradation of other cyanotoxins, which is a major knowledge gap in understanding the link between cyanotoxin photodegradation and changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vione
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Fernando L. Rosario-Ortiz
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 428 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Environmental
Engineering Program, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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14
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Sha H, Nie J, Lian L, Yan S, Song W. Phototransformation of an emerging cyanotoxin (Aerucyclamide A) in simulated natural waters. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117339. [PMID: 34157574 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aerucyclamide A (ACA) is an emerging cyanopeptide toxin produced by cyanobacteria, and its transformation pathway has rarely been reported. In the present study, ACA was purified from cyanobacterial extracts, and photodegradation processes were investigated in dissolved organic matter (DOM) solutions. Under simulated solar irradiation, the photodegradation of ACA was dominated by •OH oxidation, accounting for ~72% of the indirect photodegradation. The bimolecular reaction rate constant of ACA with •OH was (6.4 ± 0.2) × 109M - 1s - 1. Our results indicated that the major reactive sites of ACA toward •OH are thiazoline and thiazole moieties. Product analysis via high-resolution mass spectrometry suggested that hydrogen abstraction and gradual hydroxylation are the main photodegradation pathways. The acute toxicity assessment indicate that the products generated in photolysis process did not show any measurable toxicity to Thamnocephalus platyurus. Photodegradation experiments with various DOM-phycocyanin mixtures demonstrated that the half-life of ACA is much longer than that of microcystin-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Sha
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Jianxin Nie
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China
| | - Lushi Lian
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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15
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Wang S, Jiao Y, Rao Z. Selective removal of common cyanotoxins: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28865-28875. [PMID: 33842999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of cyanobacterial blooms can have adverse effects on water bodies and may produce cyanotoxins. Several physical and chemical methods have been applied to remove cyanotoxins, but they have been significantly challenged due to extensive energy footprint and over-used chemicals, which limits practical application on a large scale. Selective removal has been regarded as the most promising approach recently for the elimination of prevalent and major bloom-forming cyanotoxins (e.g., microcystins and cylindrospermopsin) as natural organic matters and radical scavengers are ineluctably present in real scenarios. This paper reviews current advancements in research on selective oxidation and adsorption of cyanotoxins. Its goal is to provide comprehensive information on the treatment mechanism and the process feasibility involved in the cyanotoxin removal from real-world waters. Moreover, perspectives of cyanotoxin control and in situ selective elimination approaches are also reviewed. It is expected that the information gathered and discussed in this review can provide a useful and novel reference and direction for future pilot-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulian Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation for Rivers-Lakes and Algal Utilization, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Yiying Jiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation for Rivers-Lakes and Algal Utilization, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Zhi Rao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation for Rivers-Lakes and Algal Utilization, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
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16
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Sun Q, Wu S, Yin R, Bai X, Bhunia AK, Liu C, Zheng Y, Wang F, Blatchley ER. Effects of fulvic acid size on microcystin-LR photodegradation and detoxification in the chlorine/UV process. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 193:116893. [PMID: 33582494 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a polypeptide toxin generated by cyanobacteria, threatens the safety of drinking water supplies. In this study, fulvic acid (FA) was separated into two molecular weight (MW) ranges to evaluate the effects of FA size on MC-LR degradation in the chlorine/UV process. The rates of MC-LR degradation were significantly reduced in FA-containing water (3.7 × 10-3 s-1 for small MW FA; 4.3 × 10-3 s-1 for large MW FA) as compared with FA free water (4.9 × 10-3 s-1). The contributions of ClO• to MC-LR degradation were dramatically lower in small MW FA water (0.4%) than large MW FA (13.9%) and FA free water (17.4%), suggesting inhibition by lignin-like substances in FA in the transformation of Cl• to ClO• and scavenging ClO•. Monochlorination and hydroxylation occurred in the first step of the MC-LR degradation process. The accumulation of intermediate products in the chlorine/UV process indicated that small MW FA inhibited further degradation of MC-LR. Small MW FA, rather than MC-LR degradation, was the dominant factor in minimizing MC-LR cytotoxicity toward a human intestinal epithelial cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China; Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Shanbin Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xingjian Bai
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Changqing Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Yuyi Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China
| | - Feifeng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350007, China.
| | - Ernest R Blatchley
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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17
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Munoz M, Cirés S, de Pedro ZM, Colina JÁ, Velásquez-Figueroa Y, Carmona-Jiménez J, Caro-Borrero A, Salazar A, Santa María Fuster MC, Contreras D, Perona E, Quesada A, Casas JA. Overview of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in Ibero-American freshwaters: Challenges for risk management and opportunities for removal by advanced technologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143197. [PMID: 33160675 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms worldwide represents an important threat for both the environment and public health. In this context, the development of risk analysis and management tools as well as sustainable and cost-effective treatment processes is essential. The research project TALGENTOX, funded by the Ibero-American Science and Technology Program for Development (CYTED-2019), aims to address this ambitious challenge in countries with different environmental and social conditions within the Ibero-American context. It is based on a multidisciplinary approach that combines ecology, water management and technology fields, and includes research groups from Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Spain. In this review, the occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in freshwaters from these countries are summarized. The presence of cyanotoxins has been confirmed in all countries but the information is still scarce and further monitoring is required. In this regard, remote sensing or metagenomics are good alternatives at reasonable cost. The risk management of freshwaters from those countries considering the most frequent uses (consumption and recreation) has been also evaluated. Only Spain and Peru include cyanotoxins in its drinking water legislation (only MC-LR) and thus, there is a need for regulatory improvements. The development of preventive strategies like diminishing nutrient loads to aquatic systems is also required. In the same line, corrective measures are urgently needed especially in drinking waters. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have the potential to play a major role in this scenario as they are effective for the elimination of most cyanotoxins classes. The research on the field of AOPs is herein summarized considering the cost-effectiveness, environmental character and technical applicability of such technologies. Fenton-based processes and photocatalysis using solar irradiation or LED light represent very promising alternatives given their high cost-efficiency. Further research should focus on developing stable long-term operation systems, addressing their scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Munoz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Samuel Cirés
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Zahara M de Pedro
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ángel Colina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | | | - Javier Carmona-Jiménez
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Angela Caro-Borrero
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Anthony Salazar
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología de Agua - CITA, Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología - UTEC, Lima, Peru
| | | | - David Contreras
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Elvira Perona
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Quesada
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Casas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Yang Y, Yu G, Chen Y, Jia N, Li R. Four decades of progress in cylindrospermopsin research: The ins and outs of a potent cyanotoxin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124653. [PMID: 33321325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a toxic metabolite from cyanobacteria, is of particular concern due to its cosmopolitan occurrence, aquatic bioaccumulation, and multi-organ toxicity. CYN is the second most often recorded cyanotoxin worldwide, and cases of human morbidity and animal mortality are associated with ingestion of CYN contaminated water. The toxin poses a great challenge for drinking water treatment plants and public health authorities. CYN, with the major toxicity manifested in the liver, is cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic and may be carcinogenic. Adverse effects are also reported for endocrine and developmental processes. We present a comprehensive review of CYN over the past four decades since its first reported poisoning event, highlighting its global occurrence, biosynthesis, toxicology, removal, and monitoring. In addition, current data gaps are identified, and future directions for CYN research are outlined. This review is beneficial for understanding the ins and outs of this environmental pollutant, and for robustly assessing health hazards posed by CYN exposure to humans and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Nannan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renhui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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19
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Kurtz T, Zeng T, Rosario-Ortiz FL. Photodegradation of cyanotoxins in surface waters. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 192:116804. [PMID: 33494040 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxin-producing harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global occurrence and pose ecotoxicological threats to humans and animals alike. The presence of cyanotoxins can seriously harm or kill nearby wildlife and restrict a body of water's use as a drinking water supply and recreational site, making it imperative to fully understand their fate and transport in natural waters. Photodegradation contributes to the overall degradation of cyanotoxins in environmental systems, especially for those present in the photic zone of surface waters. This makes photochemical transformation mechanisms important factors to account for when assessing the persistence of cyanotoxins in environmental systems. This paper reviews current knowledge on the photodegradation rates and pathways of cyanotoxins that can occur over the course of HABs. Sensitized, or indirect, photolysis contributes to the degradation of all cyanotoxins addressed in this paper (anatoxins, cylindrospermopsins, domoic acids, microcystins, and nodularins), with hydroxyl radicals (•OH), excited triplet states formed from the absorption of light by dissolved organic matter (3DOM*), and photosynthetic pigment sensitized pathways being of primary interest. Direct photolysis pathways play a less significant role, but are still relevant for most of the cyanotoxins discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Kurtz
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States; Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Teng Zeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States; Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.
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Barešová M, Načeradská J, Novotná K, Čermáková L, Pivokonský M. The impact of preozonation on the coagulation of cellular organic matter produced by Microcystis aeruginosa and its toxin degradation. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 98:124-133. [PMID: 33097143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation pretreatment is typically implemented to improve algal cell coagulation. However, knowledge on the effect of ozonation on the characteristics and coagulation of associated algal organic matter, particularly cellular organic matter (COM), which is extensively released during algal bloom decay, is limited. Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the impact of ozonation applied before the coagulation of dissolved COM from the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa. Additionally, the degradation of microcystins (MCs) naturally present in the COM matrix was investigated. A range of ozone doses (0.1-1.0 mg O3/mg of dissolved organic carbon - DOC) and ozonation pH values (pH 5, 7 and 9) were tested, while aluminium and ferric sulphate coagulants were used for subsequent coagulation. Despite negligible COM removal, ozonation itself eliminated MCs, and a lower ozone dose was required when performing ozonation at acidic or neutral pH (0.4 mg O3/mg DOC at pH 5 and 7 compared to 0.8 mg O3/mg DOC at pH 9). Enhanced MC degradation and a similar pattern of pH dependence were observed after preozonation-coagulation, whereas coagulation alone did not sufficiently remove MCs. In contrast to the benefits of MC depletion, preozonation using ≥ 0.4 mg O3/mg DOC decreased the coagulation efficiency (from 42%/48% to 28%-38%/41%-44% using Al/Fe-based coagulants), which was more severe with increasing ozone dosage. Coagulation was also influenced by the preozonation pH, where pH 9 caused the lowest reduction in COM removal. The results indicate that ozonation efficiently removes MCs, but its employment before COM coagulation is disputable due to the deterioration of coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Barešová
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Načeradská
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Novotná
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Čermáková
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pivokonský
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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21
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Frame HC, Somasundar Y, Warner GR, Ryabov AD, Collins TJ. Kinetics of catalytic oxidation of the potent aquatic toxin microcystin-LR by latest generation TAML activators. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1840562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Frame
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yogesh Somasundar
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Genoa R. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Schneider M, Rataj R, Kolb JF, Bláha L. Cylindrospermopsin is effectively degraded in water by pulsed corona-like and dielectric barrier discharges. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115423. [PMID: 32829127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is an important cyanobacterial toxin posing a major threat to surface waters during cyanobacterial blooms. Hence, methods for cyanotoxin removal are required to confront seasonal or local incidences to sustain the safety of potable water reservoirs. Non-thermal plasmas provide the possibility for an environmentally benign treatment which can be adapted to specific concentrations and environmental conditions without the need of additional chemicals. We therefore investigated the potential of two different non-thermal plasma approaches for CYN degradation, operated either in a water mist, i.e. in air, or submerged in water. A degradation efficacy of 0.03 ± 0.00 g kWh-1 L-1 was found for a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) operated in air, while a submerged pulsed corona-like discharge resulted in an efficacy of 0.24 ± 0.02 g kWh-1 L-1. CYN degradation followed a pseudo zeroth order or pseudo first order reaction kinetic, respectively. Treatment efficacy of the corona-like discharge submerged in water increased with pH values of the initial solution changing from 5.0 to 7.5. Notably, a pH-depending residual oxidative effect was observed for the submerged discharge, resulting in ongoing CYN degradation, even without further plasma treatment. In this case hydroxyl radicals were identified as the dominant oxidants of CYN at acidic pH values. In comparison, degradation by the DBD could be related primarily to the generation of ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schneider
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Raphael Rataj
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V. (INP Greifswald), Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Juergen F Kolb
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V. (INP Greifswald), Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Luděk Bláha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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23
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Hao Z, Ma J, Miao C, Song Y, Lian L, Yan S, Song W. Carbonate Radical Oxidation of Cylindrospermopsin (Cyanotoxin): Kinetic Studies and Mechanistic Consideration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10118-10127. [PMID: 32693577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is one of the most important cyanobacterial toxins frequently found in surface waters. We reported the detailed kinetics and pathways for the reaction of CYN with carbonate radicals (CO3•-). The rate constants of neutral and deprotonated CYN with CO3•- were found to be (1.2 ± 0.7) × 107 M-1 s-1 and (3.0 ± 0.4) × 108 M-1 s-1, respectively. The transformation products for the oxidation of CYN by CO3•- were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry, illustrating that the guanidine and bridged hydroxyl portions were the primary moieties attacked by CO3•-. Thus, three transformation pathways, including cleavage of the hydroxymethyluracil moiety, hydroxylation, and oxidation of the bridged hydroxyl group, are proposed for the CO3•- oxidation of CYN. Moreover, this study reported that dissolved organic matter (DOM) reduced the transformation rate of CYN by inhibiting the transformation of oxidation intermediates. Finally, the role of CO3•- in CYN degradation was estimated in both sunlit surface waters and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), demonstrating that CO3•- played an important role in CYN attenuation under nonacidic environmentally relevant conditions. The kinetic parameters and product information obtained in this study will be of considerable interest for the application of AOPs and predicting the environmental fate of CYN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Hao
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Ma
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Chenyong Miao
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yue Song
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 1350 North Sichuan Road, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
| | - Lushi Lian
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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24
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Martínez-Ruiz EB, Cooper M, Al-Zeer MA, Kurreck J, Adrian L, Szewzyk U. Manganese-oxidizing bacteria form multiple cylindrospermopsin transformation products with reduced human liver cell toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138924. [PMID: 32361450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a toxic alkaloid highly persistent in aquatic environments. Biological removal of CYN was described previously. However, no transformation products formed by biological processes could be identified so far. Here, we describe that various manganese-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) transform CYN completely at an initial mean concentration of 7 mg L-1 (17 μM) within 3 to 34 days. Regardless of the strain, and transformation rate, transformation of CYN by MOB led to the same seven transformation products identified by mass spectrometry, which suggests that the removal of CYN by MOB follows a similar mechanism. Oxidation was the main transformation process, and the uracil moiety was the most susceptible part of the CYN molecule. In vitro cytotoxicity tests with the transformation products of CYN formed by one of the tested strains against the two human liver cell lines HepG2 and HepaRG, revealed that the transformation products were substantially less toxic than pure CYN for both cell lines. The results suggest that incubation with MOB might be an option for water treatment to remove CYN and may allow more detailed studies on the fate of CYN in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Berenice Martínez-Ruiz
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Environmental Technology, Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Myriel Cooper
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Environmental Technology, Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Munir A Al-Zeer
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Applied Biochemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Applied Biochemistry, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Adrian
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Geobiotechnology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Szewzyk
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Environmental Technology, Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Greenstein KE, Zamyadi A, Glover CM, Adams C, Rosenfeldt E, Wert EC. Delayed Release of Intracellular Microcystin Following Partial Oxidation of Cultured and Naturally Occurring Cyanobacteria. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E335. [PMID: 32443714 PMCID: PMC7291037 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation processes can provide an effective barrier to eliminate cyanotoxins by damaging cyanobacteria cell membranes, releasing intracellular cyanotoxins, and subsequently oxidizing these toxins (now in extracellular form) based on published reaction kinetics. In this work, cyanobacteria cells from two natural blooms (from the United States and Canada) and a laboratory-cultured Microcystis aeruginosa strain were treated with chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and potassium permanganate. The release of microcystin was measured immediately after oxidation (t ≤ 20 min), and following oxidant residual quenching (stagnation times = 96 or 168 h). Oxidant exposures (CT) were determined resulting in complete release of intracellular microcystin following chlorine (21 mg-min/L), chloramine (72 mg-min/L), chlorine dioxide (58 mg-min/L), ozone (4.1 mg-min/L), and permanganate (391 mg-min/L). Required oxidant exposures using indigenous cells were greater than lab-cultured Microcystis. Following partial oxidation of cells (oxidant exposures ≤ CT values cited above), additional intracellular microcystin and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were released while the samples remained stagnant in the absence of an oxidant (>96 h after quenching). The delayed release of microcystin from partially oxidized cells has implications for drinking water treatment as these cells may be retained on a filter surface or in solids and continue to slowly release cyanotoxins and other metabolites into the finished water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arash Zamyadi
- Water Research Australia (WaterRA), Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
- BGA Innovation Hub and Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Caitlin M. Glover
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada;
| | - Craig Adams
- Department of Civil Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA;
| | | | - Eric C. Wert
- Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, USA;
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26
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Spoof L, Jaakkola S, Važić T, Häggqvist K, Kirkkala T, Ventelä AM, Kirkkala T, Svirčev Z, Meriluoto J. Elimination of cyanobacteria and microcystins in irrigation water-effects of hydrogen peroxide treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:8638-8652. [PMID: 31907814 PMCID: PMC7048868 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms pose a risk to wild and domestic animals as well as humans due to the toxins they may produce. Humans may be subjected to cyanobacterial toxins through many routes, e.g., by consuming contaminated drinking water, fish, and crop plants or through recreational activities. In earlier studies, cyanobacterial cells have been shown to accumulate on leafy plants after spray irrigation with cyanobacteria-containing water, and microcystin (MC) has been detected in the plant root system after irrigation with MC-containing water. This paper reports a series of experiments where lysis of cyanobacteria in abstracted lake water was induced by the use of hydrogen peroxide and the fate of released MCs was followed. The hydrogen peroxide-treated water was then used for spray irrigation of cultivated spinach and possible toxin accumulation in the plants was monitored. The water abstracted from Lake Köyliönjärvi, SW Finland, contained fairly low concentrations of intracellular MC prior to the hydrogen peroxide treatment (0.04 μg L-1 in July to 2.4 μg L-1 in September 2014). Hydrogen peroxide at sufficient doses was able to lyse cyanobacteria efficiently but released MCs were still present even after the application of the highest hydrogen peroxide dose of 20 mg L-1. No traces of MC were detected in the spinach leaves. The viability of moving phytoplankton and zooplankton was also monitored after the application of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide at 10 mg L-1 or higher had a detrimental effect on the moving phytoplankton and zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Spoof
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sauli Jaakkola
- Pyhäjärvi Institute, Sepäntie 7, 27500, Kauttua, Finland
| | - Tamara Važić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Kerstin Häggqvist
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi Kirkkala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Teija Kirkkala
- Pyhäjärvi Institute, Sepäntie 7, 27500, Kauttua, Finland
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
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27
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Chintalapati P, Mohseni M. Degradation of cyanotoxin microcystin-LR in synthetic and natural waters by chemical-free UV/VUV radiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 381:120921. [PMID: 31374374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the capability of ultraviolet radiation at 254 nm and 185 nm (UV/VUV) to degrade cyanotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Results showed 70% toxin reduction solely by 254 nm direct photolysis (ε254 = 13,225 ± 814 M-1cm-1; Φ254 = 0.29 ± 0.03 mol/Einstein). The addition of 185 nm increased MC-LR degradation through advanced oxidation by •OH (k•OH,MC-LR = 2.25 ± 0.39 × 1010 M-1s-1). Alkalinity and organics (DOC) reduced MC-LR degradation by scavenging •OH (kobs,MilliQ = 0.117 cm2/mJ; kobs,50ppmAlk. = 0.0497 cm2/mJ; kobs,6ppmDOC = 0.019 cm2/mJ). Chloride absorbed 185 nm, impacting •OH formation and generating Cl•, while also scavenging •OH. However, Cl• is reactive and •OH scavenging is reversible, resulting in relatively low impact on MC-LR degradation (kobs,50ppmCl = 0.0939 cm2/mJ). In natural water, MC-LR could be degraded from a typical concentration (˜15 μg/L) to below detection (<0.5 μg/L) with a UV254 fluence of 200 mJ/cm2 using UV/VUV. The presence of cyanobacterial cells impeded MC-LR degradation; however, 90% MC-LR degradation could still be achieved. UV/VUV is a promising chemical-free technology capable of MC-LR degradation in a variety of water conditions, and a potentially suitable treatment option for small, remote communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Chintalapati
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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28
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Munoz M, Nieto-Sandoval J, Cirés S, de Pedro ZM, Quesada A, Casas JA. Degradation of widespread cyanotoxins with high impact in drinking water (microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a and saxitoxin) by CWPO. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 163:114853. [PMID: 31310856 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms has unabated increased over the last few decades, posing a significant risk for public health. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) promoted by modified natural magnetite (Fe3O4-R400/H2O2), as an inexpensive, simple-operation and environmentally-friendly process for the removal of the cyanotoxins that show the major impact on drinking water: microcystins (MC-LR and MC-RR), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin-a (ATX) and saxitoxin (STX). The performance of the system was evaluated under ambient conditions and circumneutral pH (pH0 = 5) using relevant cyanotoxin concentrations (100-500 μg L-1). The nature of the cyanotoxins determined their reactivity towards CWPO, which decreased in the following order: MC-RR > CYN > MC-LR ≫ ATX > STX. In this sense, microcystins and CYN were completely removed in short reaction times (1-1.5 h) with a low catalyst concentration (0.2 g L-1) and the stoichiometric amount of H2O2 (2-2.6 mg L-1), while only 60-80% conversion was achieved with ATX and STX in 5 h. In these cases, an intensification of the operating conditions (1 g L-1 catalyst and up to 30 mg H2O2 L-1) was required to remove both toxins in 1 h. The impact of the main components of freshwaters i.e. natural organic matter (NOM) and several inorganic ions (HCO3-, HPO42-, SO42-) on the performance of the process was also investigated. Although the former led to a partial inhibition of the reaction due to HO· scavenging and catalyst coating, the latter did not show any remarkably effect, and the versatility of the process was finally confirmed in a real surface water. To further demonstrate the effectiveness of the catalytic system, the toxicity of both the initial cyanotoxins and the resulting CWPO effluents was measured with the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Remarkably, all CWPO effluents were non-toxic at the end of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Munoz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julia Nieto-Sandoval
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Cirés
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zahara M de Pedro
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Quesada
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A Casas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. Colmenar km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Zhang X, He J, Lei Y, Qiu Z, Cheng S, Yang X. Combining solar irradiation with chlorination enhances the photochemical decomposition of microcystin-LR. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:324-332. [PMID: 31103737 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) generated by cyanobacteria is a potent toxin threatening human health. In this study the kinetics and mechanisms of MC-LR elimination from drinking water under solar irradiation with free chlorine (the solar/chlorine process) was evaluated. The rate of MC-LR degradation was dramatically enhanced in the solar/chlorine process (1.1 × 10-2 s-1) compared with chlorination alone (2.6 × 10-3 s-1) or solar irradiation alone (1.2 × 10-4 s-1) with a free chlorine dose of 42 μM (3.0 mg L-1 as Cl2). The enhancement was due to the presence of hydroxyl radicals, reactive chlorine species (RCS), and ozone during free chlorine photolysis. The second-order rate constants of Cl • and Cl2•- reacting with MC-LR were determined to be (2.25 ± 0.07) × 1010 and (5.58 ± 0.42) × 107 M-1s-1, respectively. Cl • was the major RCS contributing to MC-LR elimination. The highest MC-LR degradation rate was observed at pH 8.0. Free chlorine, HO •, Cl • and O3 together accounted for almost 95% of the MC-LR elimination. Hydroxyl- and chloro-MC-LR were generated in the process, followed by dechlorination, dehydration and cleavage of cyclic structures in MC-LR. Aldehyde- and ketone-MC-LR byproducts were also observed. The destruction of dienes led to a great reduction in MC-LR's toxicity. MC-LR removal in natural water samples under natural sunlight irradiation with free chlorine was demonstrated with limited formation of disinfection byproducts. The solar/chlorine process is an energy-efficient approach for MC-LR control, especially suitable for rural areas or where algal blooming threatens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jun He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhimin Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shuangshuang Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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30
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Kim MS, Lee C. Ozonation of Microcystins: Kinetics and Toxicity Decrease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6427-6435. [PMID: 31059247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ozonation of six microcystins (MCs) (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LA, MC-LF, MC-YR, and MC-LW) was investigated with a focus on the kinetics and decrease in toxicity. Second-order rate constants for the reactions of the six MCs with O3 and •OH ( kO3,MC and k•OH,MC) ranged from 7.1 × 105 to 6.1 × 106 M-1 s-1 ( kO3,MC) and from 1.2 × 1010 to 1.8 × 1010 M-1 s-1 ( k•OH,MC), at pH 7.2 and 20 °C. The activation energies were calculated to be 21.6-34.5 and 11.6-13.1 kJ mol-1 for kO3,MC and k•OH,MC, respectively. The rate constants did not show an important pH dependency, except for kO3,MC-YR, which increased at pH > 7. A kinetic model using the determined rate constants and the measured exposures of O3 and •OH was able to precisely predict the removal of MCs in natural water. The hepatotoxicities of MCs were decreased by ozonation; the toxicities of the four MCs (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-LA, and MC-LF) decreased nearly concurrently with decreases in their concentrations. However, MC-YR and MC-LW showed a gap between the concentration and toxicity as a result of the incomplete destruction of the Adda moiety (a key amino acid expressing the hepatotoxicity of MCs). A product study using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified a number of oxidation products with an intact Adda moiety produced by the ozonation of MC-YR and MC-LW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sik Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP) , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP) , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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31
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Kwon M, Kim S, Jung Y, Hwang TM, Stefan MI, Kang JW. The Impact of Natural Variation of OH Radical Demand of Drinking Water Sources on the Optimum Operation of the UV/H 2O 2 Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3177-3186. [PMID: 30758193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (•OH) water demand is a key parameter which impacts the design and operation of UV/H2O2 process for water treatment. Long-term monitoring of the •OH water demand in water sources used for drinking water production indicated significant seasonal variations of this parameter (1.59 × 104 to 4.98 × 104 s-1), which coincided with the occurrence of algal blooming events. Pilot-scale tests at a drinking water treatment plant confirmed that the UV/H2O2 process performance for contaminant removal is predictable when the •OH water demand is accurately determined through a validated experimental method. A predictive tool was developed to identify the optimum operating conditions of the UV system with the UV/H2O2 process and it was used to demonstrate the significant impact of seasonal variations of •OH water demand on the operating costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhwan Kwon
- Department of Environmental Engineering (YIEST) , Yonsei University , Heungup, Wonju , 220-710 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seonbaek Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering (YIEST) , Yonsei University , Heungup, Wonju , 220-710 , Republic of Korea
| | - Youmi Jung
- Department of Environmental Engineering (YIEST) , Yonsei University , Heungup, Wonju , 220-710 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Mun Hwang
- Environmental Engineering Research Division , Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology , 283 Goyang-daero, Daehwa-dong, Ilsanseo-gu , Goyang-si , Gyeonggi-do, 10223 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mihaela I Stefan
- Trojan Technologies , 3020 Gore Road , London , Ontario Canada N5 V 4T7
| | - Joon-Wun Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering (YIEST) , Yonsei University , Heungup, Wonju , 220-710 , Republic of Korea
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32
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Cvetnić M, Novak Stankov M, Kovačić M, Ukić Š, Bolanča T, Kušić H, Rasulev B, Dionysiou DD, Lončarić Božić A. Key structural features promoting radical driven degradation of emerging contaminants in water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:38-48. [PMID: 30639906 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diverse contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) can be found in nowadays aquatic environment, possessing high potential to cause adverse ecological and human health effects. Due to their recalcitrance, conventional water treatment methods are shown to be inadequately effective. Thus, their upgrade by advanced oxidation processes, involving the generation of highly reactive species (HO and SO4-), is highly demanded. In order to assess the susceptibility of CECs by HO and SO4-, as well as to determine the corresponding reaction rate constants kHO and kSO4-, the complex experimental studies has to be maintained. The alternative is the application of modeling approaches which correlate structural characteristics with activities/properties of interest, i.e. quantitative structure activity/property relationship (QSAR/QSPR). In this study kHO and kSO4- of fifteen selected CECs were determined by competitive kinetics, and afterward used to elucidate key structural features promoting their degradation. In that purpose, QSPR models were constructed using multiple linear regression (MLR) combined with genetic algorithm (GA) approach. The models were submitted to the internal and external validation (using additional set of 17 CECs). Selected 3-variable models predicting kHO and kSO4- were characterized with high accuracy and predictivity (R2 = 0.876 and Q2 = 0.847 and R2 = 0.832 and Q2 = 0.778, respectively). Although selected models at the first sight include descriptors derived through complicated calculation procedures, their weighting schemes indicate on their relevance and transparency toward established reaction theories and differences regarding radical type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Cvetnić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Novak Stankov
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Kovačić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Šime Ukić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Bolanča
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Kušić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Bakhtiyor Rasulev
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Ana Lončarić Božić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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33
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Knoop O, Hohrenk LL, Lutze HV, Schmidt TC. Ozonation of Tamoxifen and Toremifene: Reaction Kinetics and Transformation Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12583-12591. [PMID: 30221510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of the two antiestrogenic pharmaceuticals tamoxifen and toremifene with ozone in water was investigated concerning kinetics, reaction pathway, and transformation product formation. For both compounds a high dependency of second order rate constants and products on pH was determined. In case of full protonation of the amine (cation) ozone attacks with a second order rate constant of 1.57 × 104 M-1 s-1 for tamoxifen and 4.37 × 103 M-1 s-1 for toremifene. The neutral tertiary amine has an unexpected high second order rate constant of 3.17 × 108 M-1 s-1 for tamoxifen and 1.46 × 108 M-1 s-1 for toremifene. For the reaction of ozone and the tertiary amine only N-oxide formation was observed. p Ka values for tamoxifen (9.49 ± 0.22) and toremifene (9.57 ± 0.22) can be reported based on experimental data. Eight transformation products (TPs) were observed and identified based on MS/MS spectra or a reference standard. Products observed derived from Criegee reaction and hydroxylation as well as N-oxide formation. Further TPs from reactions with TAM products were combinations of N-oxides, Criegee products and hydroxylation products. Thus, reaction pathways can be derived and primary and secondary TPs distinguished for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Knoop
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry , University Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 5 , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Centre for Aquatic and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 2 , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Chair for Urban Water Systems Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Am Coulombwall 3 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Lotta L Hohrenk
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry , University Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 5 , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry , University Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 5 , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Centre for Aquatic and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 2 , 45141 Essen , Germany
- IWW Water Centre , Moritzstr. 26 , Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry , University Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 5 , 45141 Essen , Germany
- Centre for Aquatic and Environmental Research (ZWU) , University Duisburg-Essen , Universitätsstrasse 2 , 45141 Essen , Germany
- IWW Water Centre , Moritzstr. 26 , Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
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Chen YT, Chen WR, Lin TF. Oxidation of cyanobacterial neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) with chlorine, permanganate, ozone, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 142:187-195. [PMID: 29879656 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), a new cyanobacterial neurotoxin produced by more than 20 genera of cyanobacteria, has been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS/PDC) or Alzheimer's disease. Although BMAA has been shown to be removed in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), studies regarding the reactions between BMAA and the commonly used oxidants in DWTPs are limited to chlorine under specific conditions. In this study, the reaction kinetics between BMAA and five oxidants commonly used in DWTPs, including chlorine, potassium permanganate, ozone, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical were investigated. The oxidation of BMAA by chlorine, ozone or OH radical followed the second order reaction rate law, and the reaction rate was in the order of OH radicals > ozone >> chlorine. The rate constants increased by 20 times from 2 × 103 M-1s-1 at pH 5.8 to 4.93 × 104 M-1s-1 at pH 7, and kept in a relatively stable level at pH 7-9.5; rate constants of OH radicals were 1.11 × 108 M-1s-1 at pH 6.5 and 5.51 × 109- 1.35 × 1010 M-1s-1 at pH > 6.5. For both permanganate and H2O2 only, the removal of BMAA was negligible. The pH dependency of chlorine and the OH radical may be attributed to the neutral form of BMAA with free lone pair electrons readily to be attacked by oxidants. However, for ozonation of BMAA, the rate constants were 1.88 × 106-3.72 × 1010 M-1s-1, with a linear dependency on pH, implying that the hydroxide concentration governs the reaction. In addition, the rate of BMAA degradation was found to be slower in natural water if compared with that in deionized water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Global Water Quality Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ru Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Global Water Quality Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tsair-Fuh Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Global Water Quality Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
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Chang CW, Huo X, Lin TF. Exposure of Microcystis aeruginosa to hydrogen peroxide and titanium dioxide under visible light conditions: Modeling the impact of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical on cell rupture and microcystin degradation. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 141:217-226. [PMID: 29793161 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study are to evaluate, under visible light conditions, the ability of H2O2 and TiO2 to produce OH, their quantitative impacts on the cell integrity of Microcystis, and the subsequent release and degradation of microcystins (MCs). A sequential reaction model was developed, including one sub-model to simulate the rupture kinetics for cell integrity of Microcystis, and another to describe the release and degradation of MCs. For cell rupture, the dual-oxidant Delayed Chick-Watson model (DCWM) and dual-oxidant Hom model (HM) were first proposed and developed, giving excellent simulation results of cell rupture kinetics. Kinetic rate constants between Microcystis cells and H2O2 [Formula: see text] as well as OH (k•OH, Cell) under visible light successfully separated the individual effects of H2O2 and OH on Microcystis. The dual-oxidant models were further validated with additional experiments, making the models more convincing. Finally, the dual-oxidant cell rupture models were integrated with the MC degradation model and well predicted the observed MCs concentrations in the experimental systems. The results of this study not only demonstrate the potential application of H2O2 and TiO2 for the control of cyanobacteria and metabolites in natural water bodies, but also provide a new methodology to differentiate the individual contributions of the two oxidants, H2O2 and OH, on cell rupture, thus giving a novel way to more precisely determine the effective doses of applied oxidants for cyanobacteria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Global Water Quality Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Xiangchen Huo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Tsair-Fuh Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Global Water Quality Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan.
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36
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Islam A, Jeon D, Ra J, Shin J, Kim TY, Lee Y. Transformation of microcystin-LR and olefinic compounds by ferrate(VI): Oxidative cleavage of olefinic double bonds as the primary reaction pathway. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 141:268-278. [PMID: 29800835 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of toxic microcystins in algal-impacted surface waters is a concern for drinking water quality management. In this study, the potential of ferrate(VI) to eliminate microcystins during drinking water treatment was assessed by investigating reaction kinetics, reaction sites, transformation products, and toxicity changes for the oxidation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) as a representative microsystin. The investigations also included several substructural model compounds of MC-LR, such as cinnamic acid and sorbic acid, to elucidate the major transformation products and pathways of MC-LR and olefinic compounds. Second-order rate constants were determined in the pH range 6-10.4 for the reaction of ferrate(VI) with MC-LR and the model compounds. The kinetic data revealed that the olefinic double bonds in the Adda and Mdha residues of MC-LR were the primary ferrate(VI) reaction sites, while the phenyl or guanidine moiety was not the reaction site. This finding was supported by detection and identification of the MC-LR transformation products of double bond cleavage, with high peak abundance in the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the reaction of ferrate(VI) with cinnamic and sorbic acids formed the corresponding aldehydes and organic acids with near complete carbon mass balance, indicating the oxidative cleavage of the double bonds as the primary reaction pathway. A quantitative protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) binding assay for ferrate(VI)-treated MC-LR solutions showed that the MC-LR transformation products exhibited negligible PP2A binding activity compared to that of the parent MC-LR. Oxidation experiments in a filtered river water matrix spiked with MC-LR demonstrated the efficient elimination of MC-LR during water treatment with ferrate(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananna Islam
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahee Jeon
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoon Ra
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaedon Shin
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Dubrawski KL, Cataldo M, Dubrawski Z, Mazumder A, Wilkinson DP, Mohseni M. In-situ electrochemical Fe(VI) for removal of microcystin-LR from drinking water: comparing dosing of the ferrate ion by electrochemical and chemical means. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:414-424. [PMID: 29952330 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) release microtoxins that contaminate drinking water supplies and risk the health of millions annually. Crystalline ferrate(VI) is a powerful oxidant capable of removing algal microtoxins. We investigate in-situ electrochemically produced ferrate from common carbon steel as an on-demand alternative to crystalline ferrate for the removal of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and compare the removal efficacy for both electrochemical (EC) and chemical dosing methodologies. We report that a very low dose of EC-ferrate in deionized water (0.5 mg FeO42- L-1) oxidizes MC-LR (MC-LR0 = 10 μg L-1) to below the guideline limit (1.0 μg L-1) within 10 minutes' contact time. With bicarbonate or natural organic matter (NOM), doses of 2.0-5.0 mg FeO42- L-1 are required, with lower efficacy of EC-ferrate than crystalline ferrate due to loss of EC-ferrate by water oxidation. To evaluate the EC-ferrate process to concurrently oxidize micropollutants, coagulate NOM, and disinfect drinking water, we spiked NOM-containing real water with MC-LR and Escherichia coli, finding that EC-ferrate is effective at 10.0 mg FeO42- L-1 under normal operation or 2.0 mg FeO42- L-1 if the test water has initial pH optimized. We suggest in-situ EC-ferrate may be appropriate for sporadic HAB events in small water systems as a primary or back-up technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Dubrawski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada E-mail:
| | - M Cataldo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada E-mail:
| | - Z Dubrawski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada E-mail:
| | - A Mazumder
- Water and Aquatic Sciences Research Program, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - D P Wilkinson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada E-mail:
| | - M Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada E-mail:
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Karci A, Wurtzler EM, de la Cruz AA, Wendell D, Dionysiou DD. Solar photo-Fenton treatment of microcystin-LR in aqueous environment: Transformation products and toxicity in different water matrices. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 349:282-292. [PMID: 29454260 PMCID: PMC6734565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Transformation products and toxicity patterns of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a common cyanotoxin in freshwaters, during degradation by solar photo-Fenton process were studied in the absence and presence of two major water components, namely fulvic acid and alkalinity. The transformation products m/z 795, 835, 515/1030 and 532 can be formed through attack of OH on the conjugated carbon double bonds of Adda. Transformation products with m/z 1010, 966 and 513 can be generated through the attack of OH on the methoxy group of Adda. The transformation products m/z 783, 508 and 1012 can be originated from the attack of OH on the cyclic structure of MC-LR. Transformation products (m/z 522, 1028, 1012, 1046 and 514) formed after hydroxylation of the aromatic ring with OH were also identified in this study. The toxicity study revealed that fulvic acid and alkalinity strongly influence the toxicity profiles of solar photo-Fenton treated MC-LR. Fulvic acid enhanced the detoxification whereas low level total alkalinity (1.8 mg L-1 CaCO3) inhibited the detoxification of MC-LR by solar photo-Fenton process as assessed by protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1) inhibition assay. This work provides insights on the utility of solar photo-Fenton destruction of MC-LR in water based on transformation products and toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Karci
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Wurtzler
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Armah A de la Cruz
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - David Wendell
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0012, USA.
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Pandhal J, Siswanto A, Kuvshinov D, Zimmerman WB, Lawton L, Edwards C. Cell Lysis and Detoxification of Cyanotoxins Using a Novel Combination of Microbubble Generation and Plasma Microreactor Technology for Ozonation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:678. [PMID: 29675015 PMCID: PMC5895700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a steady rise in the incidences of algal blooms globally, and worryingly, there is increasing evidence that changes in the global climate are leading to a shift toward cyanobacterial blooms. Many cyanobacterial genera are harmful, producing several potent toxins, including microcystins, for which there are over 90 described analogues. There are a wide range of negative effects associated with these toxins including gastroenteritis, cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Although a variety of oxidation based treatment methods have been described, ozonation and advanced oxidation are acknowledged as most effective as they readily oxidise microcystins to non-toxic degradation products. However, most ozonation technologies have challenges for scale up including high costs and sub-optimum efficiencies, hence, a low cost and scalable ozonation technology is needed. Here we designed a low temperature plasma dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor with an incorporated fluidic oscillator for microbubble delivery of ozone. Both technologies have the potential to drastically reduce the costs of ozonation at scale. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed very rapid (<2 min) destruction of two pure microcystins (MC-LR and MC-RR), together with removal of by-products even at low flow rate 1 L min−1 where bubble size was 0.56–0.6 mm and the ozone concentration within the liquid was 20 ppm. Toxicity levels were calculated through protein phosphatase inhibition assays and indicated loss of toxicity as well as confirming the by-products were also non-toxic. Finally, treatment of whole Microcystis aeruginosa cells showed that even at these very low ozone levels, cells can be killed and toxins (MC-LR and Desmethyl MC-LR) removed. Little change was observed in the first 20 min of treatment followed by rapid increase in extracellular toxins, indicating cell lysis, with most significant release at the higher 3 L min−1 flow rate compared to 1 L min−1. This lab-scale investigation demonstrates the potential of the novel plasma micro reactor with applications for in situ treatment of harmful algal blooms and cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Anggun Siswanto
- Vocational School, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Dmitriy Kuvshinov
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Kingston Upon Hull, United Kingdom
| | - William B Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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40
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Ozonation, biofiltration and the role of membrane surface charge and hydrophobicity in removal and destruction of algal toxins at basic pH values. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bourgin M, Borowska E, Helbing J, Hollender J, Kaiser HP, Kienle C, McArdell CS, Simon E, von Gunten U. Effect of operational and water quality parameters on conventional ozonation and the advanced oxidation process O 3/H 2O 2: Kinetics of micropollutant abatement, transformation product and bromate formation in a surface water. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 122:234-245. [PMID: 28601791 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of ozone-based processes under various conditions was studied for the treatment of a surface water (Lake Zürich water, Switzerland) spiked with 19 micropollutants (pharmaceuticals, pesticides, industrial chemical, X-ray contrast medium, sweetener) each at 1 μg L-1. Two pilot-scale ozonation reactors (4-5 m3 h-1), a 4-chamber reactor and a tubular reactor, were investigated by either conventional ozonation and/or the advanced oxidation process (AOP) O3/H2O2. The effects of selected operational parameters, such as ozone dose (0.5-3 mg L-1) and H2O2 dose (O3:H2O2 = 1:3-3:1 (mass ratio)), and selected water quality parameters, such as pH (6.5-8.5) and initial bromide concentration (15-200 μg L-1), on micropollutant abatement and bromate formation were investigated. Under the studied conditions, compounds with high second-order rate constants kO3>104 M-1 s-1 for their reaction with ozone were well abated (>90%) even for the lowest ozone dose of 0.5 mg L-1. Conversely, the abatement efficiency of sucralose, which only reacts with hydroxyl radicals (OH), varied between 19 and 90%. Generally, the abatement efficiency increased with higher ozone doses and higher pH and lower bromide concentrations. H2O2 addition accelerated the ozone conversion to OH, which enables a faster abatement of ozone-resistant micropollutants. Interestingly, the abatement of micropollutants decreased with higher bromide concentrations during conventional ozonation due to competitive ozone-consuming reactions, except for lamotrigine, due to the suspected reaction of HOBr/OBr- with the primary amine moieties. In addition to the abatement of micropollutants, the evolution of the two main transformation products (TPs) of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and tramadol (TRA), chlorothiazide (CTZ) and tramadol N-oxide (TRA-NOX), respectively, was assessed by chemical analysis and kinetic modeling. Both selected TPs were quickly formed initially to reach a maximum concentration followed by a decrease of their concentrations for longer contact times. For the studied conditions, the TP's concentrations at the outlet of the reactors ranged from 0 to 61% of the initial parent compound concentration, CTZ being a more persistent TP against further oxidation than TRA-NOX. Finally, it was demonstrated in both reactors that the formation of bromate (BrO3-), a potentially carcinogenic oxidation by-product, could be controlled by H2O2 addition with a general improvement on micropollutant abatement. Post-treatment by granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration enabled the reduction of micropollutants and TPs concentrations but no changes in bromate were observed. The combined algae assay showed that water quality was significantly improved after oxidation and GAC post-treatment, driven by the abatement of the spiked pesticides (diuron and atrazine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bourgin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ewa Borowska
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, PL-44100, Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Cornelia Kienle
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christa S McArdell
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eszter Simon
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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42
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Antoniou MG, Sichel C, Andre K, Andersen HR. Novel pre-treatments to control bromate formation during ozonation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:452-459. [PMID: 27036096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide water shortage increase and water quality depletion from microbial and chemical compounds, pose significant challenges for today's water treatment industry. Both the development of new advanced oxidation technologies, but also the enhancement of existing conventional technologies is of high interest. This study tested improvements to conventional ozonation that reduce the formation of the oxidation-by-product bromate, while maintaining the effectiveness for removal emerging contaminants (atrazine). MnO4-, ClO2-, ClO2, ClO-, CH3COOO-, HSO5- or S2O8-2 with NH4+ were tested as pre-treatments to ozonation of ground water. Each oxidant and NH4+ were added in a single stage or separately prior to ozonation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has tested all the above-mentioned oxidants for the same water matrix. Based on our results, the most promising pre-treatments were MnO4--NH4+, ClO2--NH4+ and ClO2-NH4+. MnO4--NH4+ was the only pre-treatment that did not inhibit atrazine removal. When compared with the previously proposed Cl2/NH4+ pre-treatment, MnO4-+NH4+ was found as effective for preventing BrO3- formation, while atrazine removal was higher. In addition, MnO4-+NH4+ can be added in a single stage (compared to the 2 stage addition of Cl2/NH4+) without causing the formation of potentially harmful chlorination-by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Antoniou
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Cyprus University of Technology Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Corner of Athinon and Anexartisias 57, PO Box: 50329, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus.
| | - Cosima Sichel
- Siemens AG, Industry Sector, Industry Automation Division,Water Technologies, Auf der Weide 10, 89312 Günzburg, Germany; Siemens AG, Industry Sector, Industry Automation Division, Sensors and Communication, I IA SC S PI IBD-E, Oestliche Rheinbrueckenstr. 50, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Klaus Andre
- Siemens AG, Industry Sector, Industry Automation Division,Water Technologies, Auf der Weide 10, 89312 Günzburg, Germany
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Environmental Engineering, Miljoevej, Building 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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43
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Wang D, Duan X, He X, Dionysiou DD. Degradation of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) by UV-254 nm/H 2O 2 photochemical oxidation: kinetics and influence of various process parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23772-23780. [PMID: 27623856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of dibuytl phthalate (DBP), a plasticizer and also a widely distributed endocrine disruptor, by UV-254 nm/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP) was investigated in this study. A significant DBP removal of 77.1 % at an initial concentration of 1.0 μM was achieved at UV fluence of 160 mJ/cm2, initial H2O2 dosage of 1.0 mM, and pH of 7.6 ± 0.1. The DBP degradation exhibited a pseudo-first-order reaction kinetic pattern, with the rate constants linearly increasing with increasing H2O2 dosage while decreasing with increasing initial DBP concentration and pH value in a specific range. DBP destruction was significantly inhibited in the presence of alkalinity and natural organic matter (NOM), two known factors that should be taken a serious consideration of in the research and design of UV/H2O2-based AOPs. Presence of common inorganic anions (i.e., Cl-, SO42-, and NO3-) and metal cations (i.e., Fe3+ and Zn2+) had a slight impact on the degradation of DBP, although Cu2+ could improve the degradation efficiency even at a concentration as low as 0.01 mg/L, suggesting a strong potential of applying UV/H2O2 for the removal of DBP with an environmental relevant level of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, 102500, China
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Xiaodi Duan
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Xuexiang He
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA.
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44
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Zhang X, Li J, Yang JY, Wood KV, Rothwell AP, Li W, Blatchley Iii ER. Chlorine/UV Process for Decomposition and Detoxification of Microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7671-7678. [PMID: 27338715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a potent hepatotoxin that is often associated with blooms of cyanobacteria. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the chlorine/UV process for MC-LR decomposition and detoxification. Chlorinated MC-LR was observed to be more photoactive than MC-LR. LC/MS analyses confirmed that the arginine moiety represented an important reaction site within the MC-LR molecule for conditions of chlorination below the chlorine demand of the molecule. Prechlorination activated MC-LR toward UV254 exposure by increasing the product of the molar absorption coefficient and the quantum yield of chloro-MC-LR, relative to the unchlorinated molecule. This mechanism of decay is fundamentally different than the conventional view of chlorine/UV as an advanced oxidation process. A toxicity assay based on human liver cells indicated MC-LR degradation byproducts in the chlorine/UV process possessed less cytotoxicity than those that resulted from chlorination or UV254 irradiation applied separately. MC-LR decomposition and detoxification in this combined process were more effective at pH 8.5 than at pH 7.5 or 6.5. These results suggest that the chlorine/UV process could represent an effective strategy for control of microcystins and their associated toxicity in drinking water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University , Beijing, China
| | - Jer-Yen Yang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences & Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Karl V Wood
- Campus-Wide Mass Spectrometry Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Arlene P Rothwell
- Campus-Wide Mass Spectrometry Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Weiguang Li
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, China
| | - Ernest R Blatchley Iii
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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45
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Liu Y, Ren J, Wang X, Fan Z. Mechanism and Reaction Pathways for Microcystin-LR Degradation through UV/H2O2 Treatment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156236. [PMID: 27281173 PMCID: PMC4900665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is the most common cyanotoxin in contaminated aquatic systems. MCLR inhibits protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, leading to liver damage and tumor formation. MCLR is relatively stable owing to its cyclic structures. The combined UV/H2O2 technology can degrade MCLR efficiently. The second-order rate constant of the reaction between MCLR and hydroxyl radical (·OH) is 2.79(±0.23)×1010 M−1 s−1 based on the competition kinetics model using nitrobenzene as reference compound. The probable degradation pathway was analyzed through liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Results suggested that the major destruction pathways of MCLR were initiated by ·OH attack on the benzene ring and diene of the Adda side chain. The corresponding aldehyde or ketone peptide residues were formed through further oxidation. Another minor destruction pathway involved ·OH attack on the methoxy group of the Adda side chain, followed by complete removal of the methoxy group. The combined UV/H2O2 system is a promising technology for MCLR removal in contaminated aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Liu
- Department of environmental science & engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of environmental science & engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiangrong Wang
- Department of environmental science & engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhengqiu Fan
- Department of environmental science & engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- * E-mail:
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Mestankova H, Parker AM, Bramaz N, Canonica S, Schirmer K, von Gunten U, Linden KG. Transformation of Contaminant Candidate List (CCL3) compounds during ozonation and advanced oxidation processes in drinking water: Assessment of biological effects. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 93:110-120. [PMID: 26900972 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The removal of emerging contaminants during water treatment is a current issue and various technologies are being explored. These include UV- and ozone-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this study, AOPs were explored for their degradation capabilities of 25 chemical contaminants on the US Environmental Protection Agency's Contaminant Candidate List 3 (CCL3) in drinking water. Twenty-three of these were found to be amenable to hydroxyl radical-based treatment, with second-order rate constants for their reactions with hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the range of 3-8 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). The development of biological activity of the contaminants, focusing on mutagenicity and estrogenicity, was followed in parallel with their degradation using the Ames and YES bioassays to detect potential changes in biological effects during oxidative treatment. The majority of treatment cases resulted in a loss of biological activity upon oxidation of the parent compounds without generation of any form of estrogenicity or mutagenicity. However, an increase in mutagenic activity was detected by oxidative transformation of the following CCL3 parent compounds: nitrobenzene (OH, UV photolysis), quinoline (OH, ozone), methamidophos (OH), N-nitrosopyrolidine (OH), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (OH), aniline (UV photolysis), and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (UV photolysis). Only one case of formation of estrogenic activity was observed, namely, for the oxidation of quinoline by OH. Overall, this study provides fundamental and practical information on AOP-based treatment of specific compounds of concern and represents a framework for evaluating the performance of transformation-based treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Mestankova
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Austa M Parker
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nadine Bramaz
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), GR A1 465, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), GR A1 465, Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zentrum, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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He X, Liu YL, Conklin A, Westrick J, Weavers LK, Dionysiou DD, Lenhart JJ, Mouser PJ, Szlag D, Walker HW. Toxic cyanobacteria and drinking water: Impacts, detection, and treatment. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:174-193. [PMID: 28073475 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of toxic cyanobacteria in water supply systems are a global issue affecting water supplies on every major continent except Antarctica. The occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in freshwater is increasing in both frequency and distribution. The protection of water supplies has therefore become increasingly more challenging. To reduce the risk from toxic cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water, a multi-barrier approach is needed, consisting of prevention, source control, treatment optimization, and monitoring. In this paper, current research on some of the critical elements of this multi-barrier approach are reviewed and synthesized, with an emphasis on the effectiveness of water treatment technologies for removing cyanobacteria and related toxic compounds. This paper synthesizes and updates a number of previous review articles on various aspects of this multi-barrier approach in order to provide a holistic resource for researchers, water managers and engineers, as well as water treatment plant operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang He
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, PO Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, USA
| | - Yen-Ling Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amanda Conklin
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Judy Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Linda K Weavers
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - John J Lenhart
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Paula J Mouser
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David Szlag
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Harold W Walker
- Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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48
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Gurbuz F, Ceylan Ş, Odabaşı M, Codd GA. Hepatotoxic microcystin removal using pumice embedded monolithic composite cryogel as an alternative water treatment method. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 90:337-343. [PMID: 26760486 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are the most commonly encountered water-borne cyanotoxins which present short- and long-term risks to human health. Guidelines at international and national level, and legislation in some countries, have been introduced for the effective health risk management of these potent hepatotoxic, tumour-promoters. The stable cyclic structure of microcystins and their common production by cyanobacteria in waterbodies at times of high total dissolved organic carbon content presents challenges to drinking water treatment facilities, with conventional, advanced and novel strategies under evaluation. Here, we have studied the removal of microcystins using three different forms of pumice particles (PPs), which are embedded into macroporous cryogel columns. Macroporous composite cryogel columns (MCCs) are a new generation of separation media designed to face this challenging task. Three different MCCs were prepared by adding plain PPs, Cu(2+)-attached PPs and Fe(3+)-attached PPs to reaction media before the cryogelation step. Column studies showed that MCCs could be successfully used as an alternative water treatment method for successful microcystin removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Gurbuz
- Department of Environmental Engineering University of Aksaray, Aksaray 68200, Turkey.
| | - Şeyda Ceylan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Odabaşı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; School of the Environment, Flinders University Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
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Potential of Fuzzy-ELECTRE MCDM in Evaluation of Cyanobacterial Toxins Removal Methods. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-016-2032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Yan S, Jia A, Merel S, Snyder SA, O'Shea KE, Dionysiou DD, Song W. Ozonation of Cylindrospermopsin (Cyanotoxin): Degradation Mechanisms and Cytotoxicity Assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1437-1446. [PMID: 26735364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a potent toxic alkaloid produced by a number of cyanobacteria frequently found in lakes and reservoirs used as drinking water sources. We report for the first time detailed pathways for the degradation of CYN by treatment with ozone. This was accomplished by use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF MS), which revealed that CYN is readily degraded by ozone with at least 36 transformation products. Structural similarities among the major products indicated that the carbon-carbon double bond in the uracil ring of CYN was most susceptible to attack by ozone. Furthermore, the nitrogen functionality associated with the tricyclic guanidine moiety is also involved via a degradation pathway that has not been previously observed. To assess the potential toxicity of ozonation products of CYN, the cytotoxicity of CYN and the mixture of its ozonation products was measured in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). The IC50 for CYN at 24 and 48 h incubations was approximately 64.1 and 12.5 μM, respectively; however, the ozonation products of CYN did not exhibit measurable cytotoxicity to human cells. The results indicate ozone is an effective and practical method for CYN attenuation in water treatment without formation of overtly toxic transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ai Jia
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kevin E O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering & Science Program, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai, 200433, China
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