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Zhang Y, Guo J, Tang C, Xu K, Li Z, Wang C. Early life stage exposure to fenbuconazole causes multigenerational cardiac developmental defects in zebrafish and potential reasons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123938. [PMID: 38588970 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing use of triazole fungicides in agriculture, triazole pesticides have aroused great concern about their toxicity and ecological risk. The current study investigated the impairments of embryonic exposure to fenbuconazole (FBZ) on cardiac transgenerational toxicity and related mechanisms. The fertilized eggs were exposed to 5, 50 and 500 ng/L FBZ for 72 h, and the larvae were then raised to adulthood in clean water. The adult fish were mated with unexposed fish to produce maternal and paternal F1 and F2 embryos, respectively. The results showed that increased arrhythmia were observed in F0, F1 and F2 larvae. Transcriptome sequencing indicated that the pathway of adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes was enriched in F0 and F2 larvae. In both F0 and F1 adult zebrafish hearts, ADRB2 protein expression decreased, and transcription of genes related to cardiac development and Ca2+ homeostasis was downregulated. These alterations might cause cardiac developmental defects. Significantly decreased protein levels of H3K9Ac and H3K14Ac might be linked with the downregulation in transcription of cardiac development genes. Protein‒protein interaction analysis exhibited that the pathway affecting the heart was well inherited in the paternal line. These results provide new ideas for the analysis and prevention of congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Chen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Zihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Chonggang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
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2
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Mu S, Dou L, Ye Y, Zhang H, Shi J, Zhang K. Insights on the isolation, identification, and degradation characteristics of three bacterial strains against mandipropamid and their application potential for polluted soil remediation. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:105376. [PMID: 36963922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria-induced biodegradation techniques have become an effective approach for removing pesticide residues from polluted soils. However, their effect on chiral fungicides must be systematically evaluated and the efficiency and risk of each chiral enantiomer must be better understood. In this study, we isolated and enriched seven bacterial strains that are able to degrade mandipropamid from contaminated soil samples. Three bacterial strains with high degradation efficiency (63.6%-73.4%) were screened and identified as Pseudomonas sp. (M01), Mycolicibacterium parafortuitum (MW05), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MW09) by morphological and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses. The degradation characteristics of three strains (M01, MW05, and MW09) was investigated and it was revealed that pH, temperature, and initial concentration of mandipropamid significantly impacted their degradation efficiency. The optimal conditions for degradation were a nutrient source of mandipropamid and an inoculation amount of 5%. We used a Box-Behnken model experiment and an analysis of variance to determine the most suitable conditions for degrading mandipropamid at various pH, temperature, and initial concentration levels. A response surface methodology analysis showed that the three strains had the highest mandipropamid degradation efficiency (> 96%) under various conditions (pH: 7.15-7.71, temperature: 28.61-30.76 °C, initial concentration: 5.524-5.934 mg/L). Mycelial, intracellular, and extracellular enzymes also had an impact on the degradation of mandipropamid enantiomers by the three strains. In soil remediation trials, the three bacterial strains could effectively enantioselectively degrade rac-mandipropamid residues in polluted sterilized and natural soil samples (R-enantiomer was degraded faster) and influence the activity of urease and β-glucosidase in the soil. The results revealed several candidate bacterial strains for mandipropamid biodegradation and provide information on mandipropamid biological detoxification in soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyin Mu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li Dou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Kankan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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3
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Meng Z, Cui J, Li R, Sun W, Bao X, Wang J, Zhou Z, Zhu W, Chen X. Systematic evaluation of chiral pesticides at the enantiomeric level: A new strategy for the development of highly effective and less harmful pesticides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157294. [PMID: 35839878 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, pesticides have been used in large quantities, and they pose potential risks to organisms across various environments. Reducing the use of pesticides and their environmental risks has been an active research focus and difficult issue worldwide. As a class of pesticides with special structures, chiral pesticides generally exhibit enantioselectivity differences in biological activity, ecotoxicity, and environmental behavior. At present, replacing the racemates of chiral pesticides by identifying and developing their individual enantiomers with high efficiency and environmentally friendly characteristics is an effective strategy to reduce the use of pesticides and their environmental risks. In this study, we review the stereoselective behaviors of chiral pesticide, including their environmental behavior, stereoselective biological activity, and ecotoxicity. In addition, we emphasize that the systematic evaluation of chiral pesticides at the enantiomeric level is a promising novel strategy for developing highly effective and less harmful pesticides, which will provide important data support and an empirical basis for reducing pesticide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Meng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jiajia Cui
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Landscape Research Institute of Zhumadian, Zhumadian, Henan 463000, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Bao
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, College of Guangling, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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Xue P, Liu X, Jia H, Yuan H, Liu B, Zhang J, He Z. Environmental behavior of the chiral fungicide epoxiconazole in earthworm-soil system: Enantioselective enrichment, degradation kinetics, chiral metabolite identification, and biotransformation mechanism. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107442. [PMID: 35921772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impact of the chiral fungicide epoxiconazole and its chiral transformation products (TPs) on non-target organisms and the environment has become a significant concern due to its widespread use in agricultural practice. Enantioselectivity studies of parent contaminants cannot adequately assess the complexity of its chiral TPs in the environment. This study aimed to investigate the environmental behavior of epoxiconazole in an earthworm-soil system. 2S,3R-(-)-epoxiconazole was preferentially enriched in earthworms during the accumulation phase (p < 0.05), but no enantioselectivity was observed during the elimination phase. One methoxylated and four hydroxylated chiral TPs were identified in soil, earthworm, and excrement. The epoxy ring hydroxylated TP and methoxylated TP of epoxiconazole were discovered for the first time in the environment. The chemically specific enantioselectivity with enantiomer fraction (EF) > 0.8 was observed for the TPs in different matrices. The CYP450 monooxygenase of earthworm was significant activated. In vitro enzyme metabolism experiments (earthworm microsomes and recombinant CYP450 enzymes CYP2A6, CYP 2C9, and CYP 3A4) were carried out to further explain the biotransformation mechanism of epoxiconazole in earthworm. This study provides new evidence of enantiomeric biotransformation of chiral fungicide epoxiconazole in the earthworm-soil system and could provide valuable insights into their environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xue
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Hao Jia
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Haiyue Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Zeying He
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-product Quality Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, PR China.
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5
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Chiral phenethylamine synergistic tricarboxylic acid modified β-cyclodextrin immobilized on porous silica for enantioseparation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Wang F, Gao J, Li P, Jiang S, Wu J, Yao Z. Herbicidal activity and differential metabolism of lactofen in rat and loach on an enantiomeric level. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:28307-28316. [PMID: 34993807 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselectivity of chiral compounds is receiving growing concern. Lactofen, a chiral herbicide widely used in field crops and vegetables to control broadleaf weeds, is still sold as racemate. In this work, the herbicidal activity and metabolism behavior of lactofen were investigated on an enantiomeric level. Two common broadleaf weeds (Eclipta prostrata L. and Portulaca oleracea L.) were used to evaluate the herbicidal activity of rac-/R- and S-lactofen, and their metabolism behavior in loach and rat liver microsomes was explored. Higher herbicidal activity of S-lactofen was observed, with the 20d-EC50 values being 1.9-3.4 times lower than R-lactofen. Both loach and rat liver microsomes had ability to metabolize rac-lactofen, with half-lives of 1.93 and 1.28 h, respectively. Enantioselective metabolism behaviors were observed in loach and rat liver microsomes and the direction of enantioselectivity were different. R-lactofen was preferentially metabolized in loach liver microsome, while S-lactofen was preferentially metabolized in rat liver microsome. No interconversion of R- and S-lactofen was found. Besides, the main metabolic pathways of R- and S-lactofen were found to be significantly different. R-lactofen was metabolized to R-desethyl lactofen in both loach and rat liver microsomes without further metabolism. However, S-lactofen was metabolized to both S-desethyl lactofen and acifluorfene in rat liver microsome, which was mainly metabolized to acifluorfene in loach liver microsome. This study indicated enantioselectivity and metabolites should be taken into consideration when overall evaluating the environmental behavior of lactofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health. Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health. Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Peize Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health. Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanxue Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxue Wu
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Liu R, Deng Y, Zhang W, He R, Fan J, Zhu W, Zhou Z, Diao J. Risk Assessment of the Chiral Fungicide Triticonazole: Enantioselective Effects, Toxicity, and Fate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2712-2721. [PMID: 35142511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective toxicity of triticonazole (TRZ) to non-target organisms, the effect on wheat growth and quality, and the environmental fate of TRZ were investigated systematically in this study. The acute toxicity of S-TRZ to non-target aquatic and terrestrial organisms was greater than that of rac-TRZ and R-TRZ. The S-enantiomer significantly inhibited the growth and lodging resistance of wheat. S- and R-TRZ not only reduced the grain yield but also inhibited the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and starch synthase. The results of homology modeling and molecular docking further showed that the inhibition of AGPase activity by the two enantiomers hindered the accumulation of starch. By contrast, the racemate promoted the growth and development of wheat and improved grain quality. And the half-lives of the racemate in stems, grains, leaves, and soils were shorter than those of the enantiomers. The results of risk quotient (RQ) values showed that the application of TRZ enantiomers during wheat planting would bring a higher potential dietary risk to Chinese consumers. In comprehensive consideration of these results, the application of the racemate may be safer and more reasonable at the flowering stage of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rujian He
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
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8
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Zhang H, Yang G, Bao Z, Jin Y, Wang J, Chen J, Qian M. Stereoselective effects of fungicide difenoconazole and its four stereoisomers on gut barrier, microbiota, and glucolipid metabolism in male mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150454. [PMID: 34818760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole is a commonly used triazole fungicide that consists of four stereoisomers [(2S,4S)-, (2S,4R)-, (2R,4R)-, and (2R,4S)-isomers] with different bioactivity. For example, the toxicity of the (2R,4S)-isomer to fish is approximately seven times higher than that of the (2S,4S)-isomer. However, the stereoselective toxic effects of difenoconazole stereoisomers on mammals have received little attention. In the present study, adult male mice were orally treated with a mixture of the four stereoisomers or each stereoisomer individually (0, 30, or 100 mg/kg/d) by gavage for 28 days. Pathological staining of the liver sections showed that the (2R,4R)-isomer caused lipid droplet accumulation. The mixture or each individual stereoisomers decreased the levels of amino acids and acyl-carnitine in serum. Moreover, the (2S,4R)-, (2R,4R)-, and (2R,4S)-isomers affected intestinal permeability, causing decreases in mucus secretion and tight junction protein expression in colon. Analysis of the gut microbiota composition showed that the stereoisomers caused decreases of OTU numbers and observed species at different levels. Interestingly, difenoconazole and its four stereoisomers reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes at the phylum level and some short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria. Taking the findings together, 2R-difenoconazole with strong bioactivity against pathogenic fungi also had significant effects in mammals, disrupting hepatic lipid metabolism, intestinal permeability, and gut microbiota. It is concluded that the health risks of the four difenoconazole stereoisomers to mammals should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhiwei Bao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Zhejiang Medicine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312366, China
| | - Mingrong Qian
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Sharma SK, Paniraj ASR, Tambe YB. Developments in the Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Agrochemicals and Their Synthetic Importance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14761-14780. [PMID: 34847666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric synthesis has become an essential tool for the enantioselective synthesis of pharmaceuticals, natural products, and agrochemicals (mainly fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and pheromones). With continuous growing interest in both modern agricultural chemistry and catalytic asymmetric synthesis chemistry, this review provides a comprehensive overview of some earlier reports as well as the recent successful applications of various catalytic asymmetric syntheses methodologies, such as enantioselective hydroformylation, enantioselective hydrogenation, asymmetric Sharpless epoxidation and dihydroxylation, asymmetric cyclopropanation or isomerization, organocatalyzed asymmetric synthesis, and so forth, which have been used as key steps in the preparation of chiral agrochemicals (on R&D, piloting, and commercial scales). Chiral agrochemicals can also lead the new generation of such chemicals having specific and novel modes of action for achieving sustainable crop protection and production. Some perspectives and challenges for these catalytic asymmetric methodologies in the synthesis of chiral agrochemicals are also briefly discussed in the final section of the manuscript. This review will provide the insight regarding understanding, development, and evaluation of catalytic asymmetric systems for the synthesis of chiral agrochemicals among the agrochemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Sharma
- Rallis Research Centre, No. 73/1C and 73/1D, Byregowda Industrial Estate, Srigandhanagar, Hegganhalli, Bangalore 560091, Karnataka, India
| | - Alilugatta Sheshagiri Rao Paniraj
- Rallis Research Centre, No. 73/1C and 73/1D, Byregowda Industrial Estate, Srigandhanagar, Hegganhalli, Bangalore 560091, Karnataka, India
| | - Yashwant Bhikaji Tambe
- Rallis Research Centre, No. 73/1C and 73/1D, Byregowda Industrial Estate, Srigandhanagar, Hegganhalli, Bangalore 560091, Karnataka, India
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Zhao H, Li Q, Jin X, Li D, Zhu Z, Li QX. Chiral enantiomers of the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol selectively affect community structure and diversity of soil microorganisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:148942. [PMID: 34311352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Paclobutrazol is a triazole plant growth regulator with a wide range of applications in crop and fruit tree production. Paclobutrazol is used as a racemic mixture in agriculture. However, the effects of paclobutrazol enantiomers on soil microbial community structure and diversity are unclear. In the present study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing was used to study the enantioselective effects of two paclobutrazol enantiomers on soil microbial community. S-paclobutrazol was more persistent than R-paclobutrazol. The half-lives of the S- and R-isomers were 80 d and 50 d, respectively. No interconversion between the two isomers occurred in soils. In addition, the enantiomers had significant enantiomeric effects on soil microbial community and the paclobutrazol degradation was probably attributed to the presence of Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium. Notably, the relative abundance of Fusarium, a genus of filamentous fungi producing gibberellins, could be enantioselectively affected by the chiral enantiomers. Paclobutrazol enantiomers exhibited greater effects on the fungal community structure than bacterial community structure due to the fungicidal activity of paclobutrazol. Finally, R-paclobutrazol had a significant effect on the microbial networks. The findings of the present study suggest that the use of S-paclobutrazol may accomplish both plant growth regulation and the minimization of effects of paclobutrazol on soil microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhao
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province & Key Laboratory of A&F Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Environment and Ecology, Hainan University, Renmin Ave. 58, Haikou 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qiuli Li
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province & Key Laboratory of A&F Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Environment and Ecology, Hainan University, Renmin Ave. 58, Haikou 570228, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaotuo Jin
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration of Hainan Province & Key Laboratory of A&F Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, College of Environment and Ecology, Hainan University, Renmin Ave. 58, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Fang L, Xu L, Zhang N, Shi Q, Shi T, Ma X, Wu X, Li QX, Hua R. Enantioselective degradation of the organophosphorus insecticide isocarbophos in Cupriavidus nantongensis X1 T: Characteristics, enantioselective regulation, degradation pathways, and toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126024. [PMID: 33992014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chiral pesticide enantiomers often show selective efficacy and non-target toxicity. In this study, the enantioselective degradation characteristics of the chiral organophosphorus insecticide isocarbophos (ICP) by Cupriavidus nantongensis X1T were investigated systematically. Strain X1T preferentially degraded the ICP R isomer (R-ICP) over the S isomer (S-ICP). The degradation rate constant of R-ICP was 42-fold greater than S-ICP, while the former is less bioactive against pest insects but more toxic to humans than the latter. The concentration ratio of S-ICP to R-ICP determines whether S-ICP can be degraded by strain X1T. S-ICP started to degrade only when the ratio (CS-ICP/CR-ICP) was greater than 62. Divalent metal cations could improve the degradation ability of strain X1T. The detected metabolites that were identified suggested a novel hydrolysis pathway, while the hydrolytic metabolites were less toxic to fish and green algae than those from P-O bond breakage. The crude enzyme degraded both R-ICP and S-ICP in a similar rate, indicating that enantioselective degradation was due to the transportation of strain X1T. The strain X1T also enantioselectively degraded the chiral organophosphorus insecticides isofenphos-methyl and profenofos. The enantioselective degradation characteristics of strain X1T make it suitable for remediation of chiral organophosphorus insecticide contaminated soil and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liancheng Fang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agri-Products, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Luyuan Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agri-Products, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agri-Products, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Qiongying Shi
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agri-Products, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Taozhong Shi
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agri-Products, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agri-Products, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agri-Products, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Rimao Hua
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agri-Products, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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12
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Xu G, Jia X, Wu C, Liu X, Dong F. Chiral Fungicide Famoxadone: Stereoselective Bioactivity, Aquatic Toxicity, and Environmental Behavior in Soils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8530-8535. [PMID: 34313440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the stereoselective bioactivity, acute toxicity, and environmental fate for famoxadone enantiomers were reported for the first time. Five representative pathogens (e.g., Alternaria solani) were used to investigate enantioselective activity, and three non-target organisms (e.g., Selenastrum bibraianum) were used to evaluate acute toxicity. S-Famoxadone was 3.00-6.59 times more effective than R-famoxadone. R-Famoxadone also showed 1.80-6.40 times more toxicity than S-famoxadone toward S. bibraianum and Daphnia magna. The toxicity of R-famoxadone was 100 times more toxic than S-famoxadone toward Danio rerio. Under aerobic conditions, the half-life (t1/2) for famoxadone enantiomer degradation was 46.2-126 days in different soils and the enantiomeric fraction (EF) ranged from 0.435 to 0.470 after 120 days. R-Famoxadone preferentially degraded in three soils, resulting in an enrichment of S-famoxadone. Under anaerobic conditions, t1/2 of famoxadone enantiomers was 62.4-147 days in different soils and the EF ranged from 0.489 to 0.495, indicating that famoxadone enantiomers were not enantioselective. This study will be useful for the environmental and health risk assessments for famoxadone enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Xu
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Jia
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning 125100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Li L, Sun X, Zhao X, Xiong Y, Gao B, Zhang J, Shi H, Wang M. Absolute Configuration, Enantioselective Bioactivity, and Degradation of the Novel Chiral Triazole Fungicide Mefentrifluconazole. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4960-4967. [PMID: 33877830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mefentrifluconazole is a new chiral triazole fungicide with a pair of enantiomers. However, the enantioselective differences in the biological effects and environmental behaviors of mefentrifluconazole are unclear. In the present work, a new simultaneous determination method of mefentrifluconazole enantiomers was established using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The absolute configuration of the two mefentrifluconazole enantiomers was confirmed by comparing the experimental and calculated ECD spectra. The enantioselective bioactivity to target fungi and degradation in cucumber samples were also assessed. The absolute configurations of the two enantiomers eluted on the Superchiral IG-3 column were confirmed as R-(-)-mefentrifluconazole and S-(+)-mefentrifluconazole. The R-(-)-mefentrifluconazole possessed 5-473 times higher bioactivity than S-(+)-mefentrifluconazole toward six kinds of target pathogenic fungi. In addition, R-(-)-mefentrifluconazole exhibited stronger efficacy of suppression of ergosterol biosynthesis. The molecular docking results indicated that R-(-)-mefentrifluconazole had shorter binding distances and lower energies with the target protein than S-(+)-mefentrifluconazole, which may result in the enantioselective bioactivity. The high-efficiency enantiomer of R-(-)-mefentrifluconazole has longer duration in cucumber samples due to the relatively long half-life of 4.0 days. This research has clarified the bioactivity differences and mechanism between mefentrifluconazole enantiomers against target fungi and laid the foundation for an in-depth study of mefentrifluconazole at the chiral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xuejun Zhao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yudie Xiong
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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14
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Hao W, Zhang Y, Xu P, Xie Y, Li W, Wang H. Enantioselective accumulation, elimination and metabolism of fenbuconazole in lizards (Eremias argus). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129482. [PMID: 33460889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective accumulation, elimination and metabolism of fenbuconazole in lizards were determined following a single-dose (25 mg/kgbw) exposure to racemic or enantiomeric fenbuconazole. Accumulation of fenbuconazole was found in lizard fat with rac-form > enantiopure enantiomers. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) were higher than 0.5 in the blood, while EFs were less than 0.5 in the liver, brain, skin and stomach. There was conversion from (+)-fenbuconazole to (-)-fenbuconazole in lizard liver and conversion from (-)-fenbuconazole to (+)-fenbuconazole in lizard liver and blood. The results showed that enantioselective accumulation appeared in lizards, but the direction varied among blood and different tissues. The elimination half-lives (t1/2) of (+)-fenbuconazole were higher than those of (-)-fenbuconazole in the blood and liver, suggesting that (-)-fenbuconazole eliminated faster than (+)-fenbuconazole in these tissues. In addition, both (+)-fenbuconazole and (-)-fenbuconazole eliminated faster in the liver and stomach exposed to racemate than those exposed to enantiopure enantiomers. On the contrary, the form of racemate decreased the elimination rate of fenbuconazole in lizard fat. Synergistic elimination may occur when two enantiomers coexisted in lizard liver and stomach, while the racemate produced antagonistic elimination in lizard fat. Simultaneously, three metabolites, RH-6467, RH-9029&RH-9030 and keto-mchlorophenol, were discovered in lizard liver. Only two metabolites, RH-6467 and RH-9029&RH-9030, were found in lizard blood. RH-9029&RH-9030 were the major metabolites. The discovered enantiomers of (+)-fenbuconazole metabolites were different from those of (-)-fenbuconazole. The findings of this study may provide a better understanding of the enantioselective behaviors of chiral triazole fungicides in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Hao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Yun Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Huili Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China.
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15
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Liu Z, Chen D, Han J, Chen Y, Zhang K. Stereoselective degradation behavior of the novel chiral antifungal agrochemical penthiopyrad in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110680. [PMID: 33385389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Penthiopyrad is a chiral carboxamide fungicide with a broad spectrum of fungicidal activity. However, there is no report on the analysis of the enantiomers of penthiopyrad and their environmental behavior. Soil is an important carrier for pesticides to affect the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the absolute configuration, stereoselective degradation, configuration stability and potential metabolites of this agrochemical in soil under different laboratory conditions. R-(-)-penthiopyrad and S-(+)-penthiopyrad were identified by the electronic circular dichroism method. Regarding the racemic analyte, the degradation half-lives of the stereoisomers ranged from 38.9 to 97.6 days, the S-(+)-stereoisomer degraded preferentially in four types of Chinese soil. However, enantiopure R-(-)-penthiopyrad degraded faster than its antipode, a finding that might be related to the microbial activity in soil. The organic matter (OM) content influenced the stereoselective degradation of rac-penthiopyrad. No configuration conversion was observed in both enantiopure analyte degradation processes. One possible metabolite, 753-A-OH, was detected in the treated soil samples, and the degradation pathway might be a hydroxylation reaction. This is the first report of the absolute configuration of penthiopyrad stereoisomers and the first comprehensive evaluation of the stereoselective degradation of penthiopyrad in Chinese soil. Stereoselective degradation of rac-penthiopyrad was observed in the four types of soil. And the stereoselectivity might be inhibited by OM. This study provides more accurate data to investigate the environmental behavior of penthiopyrad at the stereoisomer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiahua Han
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Kankan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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16
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Gao B, Zhao S, Shi H, Zhang Z, Li L, He Z, Wen Y, Covaci A, Wang M. Enantioselective disposition and metabolic products of isofenphos-methyl in rats and the hepatotoxic effects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105940. [PMID: 32663714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isofenphos-methyl (IFP), a chiral organophosphorus pesticide, is one of the main chemicals used to control underground insects and nematodes. Recently, the use of IFP on vegetables and fruits has been prohibited due to its high toxicity. In this study, we investigated the enantioselective distribution and metabolism of IFP and its metabolites, namely, isofenphos-methyl oxon (IFPO) and isocarbophos oxon (ICPO), in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Forty eight hours (48 h) after exposure, ICPO was the main detectable compound in blood (up to 75%) and urine (up to 77%), and we found that (S)-ICPO was significantly more stable than (R)-ICPO (p < 0.05). Therefore, (S)-ICPO was proposed as a suitable candidate biomarker for the biomonitoring of IFP in human urine and blood. After 48 h exposure, 21.2-41.0%, 4.1-15.1%, and 8.6-18.7% of dosed IFP was detected in the liver of racemic, R and S enantiomer-exposed rats, respectively, and R-IFP and R-IFPO showed a faster degradation (p < 0.05). Our results showed that after one week of consecutive exposure to IFP, ICPO was accumulated in the liver of rats in both racemic and enantiopure groups (no difference between the groups, p > 0.05). We found that cytochrome P450 (CYP) (i.e. CYP2C11, CYP2D2 and CYP3A2 enzymes and carboxylesterases) is responsible for the enantioselective metabolism of IFP in liver. In addition, rats exposed to (S)-IFP exhibited hepatic lipid peroxidation, liver inflammation and hepatic fibrosis. This study provides useful information and a reference for the biomonitoring and risk assessment of IFP and organophosphorus pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxian Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zongzhe He
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yong Wen
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhao X, Gao B, He Z, Li L, Shi H, Wang M. Stereoselective uptake and metabolism of prothioconazole caused oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122756. [PMID: 32353726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Prothioconazole (PTA) is a novel, broad-spectrum, chiral triazole fungicide that is mainly used to prevent and control the disease of cereal crops. However, the adverse effects of PTA and its major metabolite on nontarget organisms have aroused wide concern. In the present work, the acute toxic of the metabolite prothioconazole-desthio (PTA-desthio), with an LC50 of 1.31 mg L-1, was 3.5-fold more toxic than the parent compound, indicating that the metabolism of PTA in zebrafish was toxic. The stereoselective uptake and metabolism of PTA and PTA-desthio in zebrafish was firstly investigated using LC-MS/MS. Remarkable enantioselectivity was observed: S-PTA and S-PTA-desthio were preferentially uptake with the uptake rate constants of 8.22 and 8.15 d-1 at exposure concentration of 0.5 mg L-1, respectively, and the R-PTA-desthio were preferentially metabolized. PTA-desthio was rapidly formed during the uptake processes. The antioxidant enzyme activities in the zebrafish changed significantly, and these effects were reversible. A metabolic pathway including 13 phase I metabolites and 2 phase II metabolites was firstly proposed. A glucuronic acid conjugate and sulfate conjugate were observed in zebrafish. The results of this work provide information that highlights and can help mitigate the potential toxicity of PTA to the ecological environment and humans health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxian Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Xuejun Zhao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Zongzhe He
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 20095, PR China.
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Fang L, Shi Q, Xu L, Shi T, Wu X, Li QX, Hua R. Enantioselective Uptake Determines Degradation Selectivity of Chiral Profenofos in Cupriavidus nantongensis X1 T. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6493-6501. [PMID: 32459959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus insecticides account for approximately 28% of the global commercial insecticide market, while 40% of them are chiral enantiomers. Chiral enantiomers differ largely in their toxicities. Enantiomers that are less active or inactive do not offer the needed efficacy but pollute the environment and cause toxicities to non-target species. Cupriavidus nantongensis X1T, a recently isolated bacterial strain, could degrade S-profenofos 2.3-fold faster than R-profenofos, while the latter is the active enantiomer potently against pest insects and has greater mammalian safety. The degradation enzyme encoded by opdB was expressed via Escherichia coli and purified. The degradation kinetics of R- and S-profenofos showed that both the purified OpdB and crude enzyme extracts had no enantiomer degradation selectivity, which strongly indicated that the degradation selectivity occurred in the uptake process. Metabolite analyses suggested a novel dealkylation pathway. This is the first report of bacterial selective uptake of organophosphates. Selective degradation of S-profenofos over R-profenofos by the strain X1T suggests a concept of co-application of racemic pesticides and degradation-selective bacteria to minimize contamination and non-target toxicity problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liancheng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongying Shi
- Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Taozhong Shi
- Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Rimao Hua
- Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, School of Resource & Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
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Fu Y, Dou X, Lu Q, Qin J, Luo J, Yang M. Comprehensive assessment for the residual characteristics and degradation kinetics of pesticides in Panax notoginseng and planting soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136718. [PMID: 31982747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Incorrect and excess usage of pesticides during crop cultivation poses a serious threat to human health and ecosystems. In this study, we tested for the presence of 201 pesticide residues in 90 batches of Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) and 10 batches of planting soil. Pesticide residue characteristics and the relationship between pesticides present in P. notoginseng and the soil were discussed. Twenty-nine pesticides were detected in P. notoginseng samples and 15 pesticides were found in the soil samples. In P. notoginseng samples, the 68.9% of the identified pesticides were fungicides, and six fungicides (procymidone, iprodione, pyrimethanil, propiconazole, dimethomorph and tebuconazole) were found in >90% of the samples. Nine insecticides were found, with one insecticide, chlorpyrifos, detected in 93.3% of the P. notoginseng samples. The residual concentrations of 17 pesticides were found at levels exceeded the "non-Chinese" maximum residue levels (MRLs) for Ginseng and 17 pesticides were found at levels exceeding the MRLs set by China for "pollution-free" P. notoginseng. We observed no significant differences in pesticide residues were found on P. notoginseng from different cultivation areas. We also analyzed the degradation kinetics of pesticides in the soil, as well as their bioconcentration factors (BCFs), and found that the fungicides iprodione and myclobutanil displayed strong uptake from the soil to the root of P. notoginseng. Together, our data suggest that fungicides should be considered as key monitoring substances in P. notoginseng and planting soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaowen Dou
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaoyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Kaziem AE, Gao B, Li L, Zhang Z, He Z, Wen Y, Wang MH. Enantioselective bioactivity, toxicity, and degradation in different environmental mediums of chiral fungicide epoxiconazole. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 386:121951. [PMID: 31895998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the environmental behaviour and bioactivity of epoxiconazole enantiomers, an integrated assessment has been done. The degradation in soil, water, and river-sediments were studied. The toxicity to Chlorella vulgaris and Daphnia magna was also examined. The bioactivity to plant-pathogens and molecular docking to CYP51 were investigated. The obtained results showed that the half-lives of R,S-(+)- and S,R-(-)-epoxiconazole were 38.8 and 21.2 days in Jiangsu soil, 43.2 and 22.7 days in Jiangxi soil, 29.1 and 21.3 days in Jilin soil, 43.5 and 32.7 days in anaerobic Jilin soil, 12.3 and 10.1 days in river sediments, and 33.2 and 9.3 days in river water, respectively. Maximum EF was 0.36 in Yangzi-river water. No enantioselective degradation was found in sterilized conditions. The EC50 to C. vulgaris after 48 h was 27.78 mg L-1, and 18.93 mg L-1 for R,S-(+)-, and S,R-(-)-epoxiconazole, respectively. The LC50 to D. magna was 4.16 mg L-1, and 8.49 mg L-1 for R,S-(+)-, and S,R-(-)-epoxiconazole, respectively. R,S-(+)-epoxiconazole bioactivity was 1.3-7.25 times higher than S,R-(-)-epoxiconazole. In conclusion, R,S-(+)- has higher bioactivity and higher environmental toxicity. In opposite, S,R-(-)- has lower environmental toxicity and lower bioactivity. R,S-(+)-epoxiconazole use is recommended with lower concentrations, which is appropriate for environment safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir E Kaziem
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxian Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zongzhe He
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong Wen
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ming-Hua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China.
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21
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Wang Z, Tian Z, Chen L, Zhang W, Zhang L, Li Y, Diao J, Zhou Z. Stereoselective metabolism and potential adverse effects of chiral fungicide triadimenol on Eremias argus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:7823-7834. [PMID: 31889267 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reptiles are an important part of vertebrates and are the primitive terrestrial vertebrates. However, lots of reptile species are endangered or susceptible to extinction. It is no doubt that contaminants are one of the important reasons for the decline of the lizard population. In this study, the selective metabolism of triadimenol (TN) in the male Eremias argus lizards and the toxic effects of TN on lizards were studied. TN chiral isomers were separated and detected by HPLC-MS/MS system with Lux Cellulose-1 column. Tissue distribution experiments showed the existence of stereoselectivity biotransformation of TN enantiomers among organs in lizards, and RR-TN preferentially emerged over the other enantiomers. The antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GST) activities and MDA content assays demonstrated that TN induced oxidative stress in most organs, especially in the liver, and the histopathology analysis showed the severe liver and testis damage caused by 14-day continuous TN gavage. The reproductive effects of TN-induced reflected in the increased sex hormone testosterone. This research confirms that TN could induce hepatic and reproductive toxicity of E. argus lizard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongnan Tian
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Zhang Z, Gao B, He Z, Li L, Zhang Q, Kaziem AE, Wang M. Stereoselective bioactivity of the chiral triazole fungicide prothioconazole and its metabolite. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 160:112-118. [PMID: 31519245 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chiral triazole fungicides have played a significant role in plant pathogen control. Although their enantiomers often exhibit different bioactivity, the mechanism of the stereoselectivity has not been well studied. The stereoselective bioactivity and mechanisms of prothioconazole and its chiral metabolite against plant pathogenic fungi were investigated. The results indicated that the metabolite exerted more fungicidal activities than the activities of the parent compound. R-Prothioconazole and R-prothioconazole-desthio were 6-262 and 19-954 times more potent against pathogenic fungi than the S-enantiomers, respectively. The R-enantiomers were more effective than in inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol the S-enantiomer. Homology modeling and molecular docking suggested that the R-enantiomers of prothioconazole and prothioconazole-desthio possessed better binding modes than S-enantiomers to CYP51B. Moreover, exposure to prothioconazole and its metabolite enantiomers significantly changed the transcription levels of the CYP51 (CYP 51A, CYP51B, CYP 51C) and Tri (Tri5, Tri6, Tri12) genes. The results showed that application of the R-prothioconazole could require a smaller application amount to eliminate the carcinogenic mycotoxins and any environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxian Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zongzhe He
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Amir E Kaziem
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Environmental Agricultural Science, Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Pan X, Cheng Y, Dong F, Liu N, Xu J, Liu X, Wu X, Zheng Y. Stereoselective bioactivity, acute toxicity and dissipation in typical paddy soils of the chiral fungicide propiconazole. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:194-202. [PMID: 30036749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Propiconazole is a widely used systemic agricultural triazole fungicide with two chiral centers. In the present study, systemic assessments of propiconazole stereoisomers are reported for the first time, including absolute configuration, stereoselective bioactivity toward pathogens (Ustilaginoidea virens, Magnaporthe oryzae, Fusarium moniliforme, Thanatephorus cucumeris, and Rhizoctonia solani), and stereoselective acute toxicity toward aquatic organisms (Scenedesmus obliquus, and Daphnia magna). Moreover, the stereoselective dissipation of propiconazole in three types of paddy soil under laboratory-controlled conditions (aerobic, anaerobic and sterile) was investigated. The degree of bioactivity and acute toxicity of the propiconazole stereoisomers differed depending on the type of target pathogens and non-target organisms. There were 2.43-23.47 and 1.48-2.13 fold differences between the best and worst stereoisomer in bioactivity and toxicity, respectively. Under aerobic conditions, (2S,4S)-propiconazole and (2S,4R)-propiconazole were preferentially degraded in the three types of soils. However, no significant stereoselectivity was observed under anaerobic and sterile conditions. Propiconazole was configurationally stable throughout the study. In comprehensive consideration of bioactivity, toxicity and environmental behavior, using stereoisomer mixture rather than pure stereoisomer may help to control more species of disease in practical application, and the stereoselectivity should be taken into consideration in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Youpu Cheng
- Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Wang L, Zhao J, Delgado-Moreno L, Cheng J, Wang Y, Zhang S, Ye Q, Wang W. Degradation and metabolic profiling for benzene kresoxim-methyl using carbon-14 tracing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:1221-1229. [PMID: 29801215 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzene kresoxim-methyl (BKM) is an effective strobilurin fungicide for controlling fungal pathogens but limited information is available on its degradation and metabolism. This study explored the degradation and metabolic profiling for BKM in soils by carbon-14 tracing and HPLC-TOF-MS2 analyzing. Results indicated that 88%-98% of 14C-BKM remained as parent or incomplete intermediates after 100 days. Three main radioactive metabolites (M1 to M3, ≥90%) and three subordinate radioactive metabolites (Ma to Mc, ≤2%) were observed, along with a non-radioactive metabolite M4. The main intermediates were further confirmed by self-synthesizing their authentic standards, and BKM was proposed to degrade via pathways including: 1) the oxidative cleavage of the acrylate double bond to give BKM-enol (M1); 2) the hydrolysis of the methyl ester to give BKM acid (M2); 3) the cleavage of M1 and M2 to yield Mc, which could be decarboxylated to give M3; and 4) the ether cleavage between aromatic rings to form M4. This study builds a solid metabolic profiling method for strobilurins and gives a deeper insight into the eventual fate of BKM by demonstrating its transformation pathways for the first time, which may also be beneficial for understanding the risks of other analogous strobilurins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of PRC, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jinhao Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Laura Delgado-Moreno
- Environmental Protection Department, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC) Granada, Spain
| | - Jingli Cheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Hangzhou Research Institute of Garden Science, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Sufen Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of PRC, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of PRC, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture of PRC, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
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Zhang Z, Gao B, Li L, Zhang Q, Xia W, Wang M. Enantioselective degradation and transformation of the chiral fungicide prothioconazole and its chiral metabolite in soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:875-883. [PMID: 29660882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Prothioconazole is a widely used chiral triazole fungicide. In this work, the enantioselective degradation and transformation of prothioconazole and its chiral metabolite prothioconazole-desthio in five kinds of soils were investigated under native and sterile conditions using reversed phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with a Lux-cellulose-1 column. The results showed that an enantioselective degradation was observed with R-prothioconazole preferentially degraded in the five soils and enantiomeric fraction values that ranged from 0.32 to 0.41 under native conditions. Furthermore, the major metabolite prothioconazole-desthio was formed rapidly during prothioconazole dissipation. The prothioconazole-desthio enantiomers were degraded slowly, and there was a slight enantioselectivity with enantiomeric fraction values that ranged from 0.45 to 0.51 in the Nanjing and Jilin soils. Under sterile conditions, prothioconazole and its metabolite enantiomers were more slowly degraded with no enantioselectivity. The result of the incubation experiment with single enantiomers verified that R- and S-prothioconazole were transformed to R- and S-prothioconazole-desthio, respectively. No enantiomerization for prothioconazole and its chiral metabolite was observed. In addition, the excellent correlation between organic matter content and degradation rate indicated that organic matter could promote the degradation of prothioconazole and its metabolite enantiomers. The data in this study provide the experimental evidence of the stereoselective degradation and metabolism of both prothioconazole and its chiral metabolite in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxian Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weitong Xia
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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26
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Hao W, Hu X, Zhu F, Chang J, Li J, Li W, Wang H, Guo B, Li J, Xu P, Zhang Y. Enantioselective Distribution, Degradation, and Metabolite Formation of Myclobutanil and Transcriptional Responses of Metabolic-Related Genes in Rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8830-8837. [PMID: 29957933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Myclobutanil (MT), a chiral fungicide, can be metabolized enantioselectively in organisms. In this work, the associated absorption, distribution, metabolism and transcriptional responses of MT in rats were determined following a single-dose (10 mg·kg-1 body weight) exposure to rac-, (+)- or (-)-MT. The enantiomer fractions (EFs) were less than 0.5 with time in the liver, kidney, heart, lung, and testis, suggesting preferential enrichment of (-)-MT in these tissues. Furthermore, there was conversion of (+)-form to (-)-form in the liver and kidney after 6 h exposure to enantiopure (+)-MT. Enrichment and degradation of the two enantiomers differed between rac-MT and MT-enantiomers groups, suggesting that MT bioaccumulation is enantiomer-specific. Interestingly, the degradation half-life of MT in the liver with rac-MT treatment was shorter than that with both MT-enantiomer treatments. One reason may be that the gene expression levels of cytochrome P450 1a2 ( cyp1a2) and cyp3a2 genes in livers treated with rac-MT were the highest among the three exposure groups. In addition, a positive correlation between the expression of cyp2e1 and cyp3a2 genes and rac-MT concentration was found in livers exposed to rac-MT. Simultaneously, five chiral metabolites were detected, and the enantiomers of three metabolites, RH-9090, RH-9089, and M2, were separated. The detected enantiomers of (+)-MT metabolites were in complete contrast with those of (-)-MT metabolites. According to the results, a metabolic pathway of MT in male rats was proposed, which included the following five metabolites: RH-9089, RH-9090, RH-9090 Sulfate, M1, and M2. The possible metabolic enzymes were marked in the pathway. The findings of this study provide more specific insights into the enantioselective metabolic mechanism of chiral triazole fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Hao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan RD 19 a , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan RD 19 a , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Feilong Zhu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan RD 19 a , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan RD 19 a , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jitong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Wei Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Huili Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Baoyuan Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shuangqing RD 18 , Beijing 100085 , China
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Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Tang B, Gao B, Tian M, Sanganyado E, Shi H, Wang M. Mechanistic Insights into Stereospecific Bioactivity and Dissipation of Chiral Fungicide Triticonazole in Agricultural Management. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7286-7293. [PMID: 29944368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Research interest in chiral pesticides has increased probably because enantiomers often exhibit different environmental fate and toxicity. An investigation into the enantiomer-specific bioactivity of chiral triticonazole enantiomers in agricultural systems revealed intriguing experimental and theoretical evidence. For nine of the phytopathogens studied ( Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium verticillioide, Botrytis cinerea (strawberry and tomato), Rhizoctonia cereali, Alternaria solani, Gibberella zeae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Pyricularia grisea), the fungicidal activity data showed ( R)-triticonazole was 3.11-82.89 times more potent than the ( S) enantiomer. Furthermore, ( R)-triticonazole inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis and cell membrane synthesis 1.80-7.34 times higher than its antipode. Homology modeling and molecular docking studies suggested the distinct bioactivities of the enantiomers of triticonazole were probably due to their different binding modes and affinities to CYP51b. However, field studies demonstrated that ( S)-triticonazole was more persistent than ( R)-triticonazole in fruits and vegetables. The results showed that application of pure ( R)-triticonazole, with its high bioactivity and relatively low resistance risk, instead of the racemate in agricultural management would reduce the application dosage required to eliminate carcinogenic mycotoxins and any environmental risks associated with this fungicide, yielding benefits in food safety and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P. R. China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing 210095 , P. R. China
| | - Zhaoxian Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P. R. China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing 210095 , P. R. China
| | - Bowen Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361102 , P. R. China
| | - Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P. R. China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing 210095 , P. R. China
| | - Mingming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , P. R. China
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Marine Biology Institute , Shantou University , Shantou 515063 , P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P. R. China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing 210095 , P. R. China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , P. R. China
- State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application , Nanjing 210095 , P. R. China
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Supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry-assisted methodology for rapid enantiomeric analysis of fenbuconazole and its chiral metabolites in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and soil. Food Chem 2018; 241:32-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chiral Analysis of Pesticides and Drugs of Environmental Concern: Biodegradation and Enantiomeric Fraction. Symmetry (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/sym9090196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Chen Z, Chen H, Zou Y, Wen Y. Stomatal behaviors reflect enantioselective phytotoxicity of chiral herbicide dichlorprop in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:73-80. [PMID: 27092421 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stomata in plants play vital roles in water transpiration and gas exchange necessary for photosynthesis, which are critical for the plants growth. Until now, however, the effect of chiral herbicides on the response of stomata was poorly understood. To unveil this puzzle, the enantioselective effect of chiral herbicide dichloroprop (DCPP) on stomata in Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. It was found that (R)-DCPP preferentially promoted the extent of stomatal opening in Arabidopsis leaves, resulting in 59.84% enhancement at 0.3μmol·L(-1) comparing to the control, where (S)- and (Rac)-DCPP exhibited no significant differences. Enantioselectivity was also observed in the response of stomata to DCPP. To better understand the mechanism involved, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant system defense were measured. Interestingly, the ROS production in Arabidopsis leaves was also enantioselective. The (R)-DCPP treatments resulted in 6.08-fold enhancement compared with the control, whereas 1.35- and 2.51-fold increases occurred in (S)-DCPP and (Rac)-DCPP treatments, respectively. The promoting of stomatal opening was positively correlated with ROS production. In addition, the antioxidant system response provided evidence of oxidative stress and damage caused by DCPP. This study confirmed that the ROS produced by DCPP promoted stomatal opening and suggested a potential sight to elucidate the phytotoxicity of chiral herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunwei Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuqin Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Gámiz B, Facenda G, Celis R. Evidence for the effect of sorption enantioselectivity on the availability of chiral pesticide enantiomers in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:966-973. [PMID: 27060281 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although enantioselective sorption to soil particles has been proposed as a mechanism that can potentially influence the availability of individual chiral pesticide enantiomers in the environment, environmental fate studies generally overlook this possibility and assume that only biotic processes can be enantioselective, whereas abiotic processes, such as sorption, are non-enantioselective. In this work, we present direct evidence for the effect of the enantioselective sorption of a chiral pesticide in a natural soil on the availability of the single pesticide enantiomers for transport. Batch sorption experiments, with direct determination of the sorbed amounts, combined with column leaching tests confirmed previous observations that from non-racemic aqueous solutions the sorption of the chiral fungicide metalaxyl on the soil appeared to be enantioselective, and further demonstrated that the enantiomer that was sorbed to a greater extent (R-metalaxyl, Kd = 1.73 L/kg) exhibited retarded leaching compared to its optical isomer (S-metalaxyl, Kd = 1.15 L/kg). Interconversion and degradation of the pesticide enantiomers, which are potential experimental artifacts that can lead to erroneous estimates of sorption and its enantioselectivity, were discarded as possible causes of the observed enantioselective behavior. The results presented here may have very important implications for a correct assessment of the environmental fate of chiral pesticides that are incorporated into the environment as non-racemic mixtures, and also of aged chiral pesticide residues that have been transformed from racemic to non-racemic by biologically-mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gámiz
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gracia Facenda
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rafael Celis
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Chen Z, Chen H, Zou Y, Qiu J, Wen Y, Xu D. Are Nutrient Stresses Associated with Enantioselectivity of the Chiral Herbicide Imazethapyr in Arabidopsis thaliana? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10209-10217. [PMID: 26566036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth can be inhibited by herbicides and is strongly limited by the availability of nutrients, which can influence human health through the food chain. Until now, however, cross talk between the enantioselectivity of herbicides and nutrient stresses has been poorly understood. We analyzed trace element and macroelement contents in shoots of Arabidopsis thaliana treated by the chiral herbicide imazethapyr (IM) and observed that multiple-nutrient stress (trace elements Mn, Cu, and Fe and macroelements P, K, Ca, and Mg) was enantioselective. The (R)-IM treatments resulted in Mn 23.37%, Cu 63.53%, P 30.61%, K 63.70%, Ca 34.32%, and Mg 36.14% decreases compared with the control. Interestingly, it was also found that herbicidally active (R)-IM induced notable aggregation of nutrient elements in leaves and roots compared with the control and (S)-IM. Through gene expression analyses, it was found that herbicidally active (R)-IM induced the up- or down-regulation of genes involved in the transport of nutrient elements. We propose that (R)-IM affected the uptake and translocation of nutrient elements in A. thaliana, which destroyed the balance of nutrient elements in the plant. This finding reminds us to reconsider the effect of nutrient stresses in risk assessment of herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunwei Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuqin Zou
- Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiguo Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University , Hangzhou 310015, China
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He Z, Peng Y, Wang L, Luo M, Liu X. Unequivocal Enantiomeric Identification and Analysis of 10 Chiral Pesticides in Fruit and Vegetables by QuEChERS Method Combined With Liquid Chromatography-Quadruple/Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Determination. Chirality 2015; 27:958-64. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeying He
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute; Ministry of Agriculture; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Yi Peng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute; Ministry of Agriculture; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute; Ministry of Agriculture; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Ming Luo
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute; Ministry of Agriculture; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute; Ministry of Agriculture; Tianjin P.R. China
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Kang G, Kim J, Park H, Kim TH. Crystal structure of fenbuconazole. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:o680-1. [PMID: 26396902 PMCID: PMC4555419 DOI: 10.1107/s205698901501542x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C19H17ClN4 [systematic name: (RS)-4-(4-chloro-phen-yl)-2-phenyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmeth-yl)butyro-nitrile], which is the conazole fungicide fenbuconazole, the dihedral angles between the planes of the central benzene and the terminal chloro-phenyl and triazole rings are 32.77 (5) and 32.97 (5)°, respectively. The C-C-C-C linkage between the tertiary C atom and the benzene ring has an anti orientation [torsion angle = 174.47 (12)°]. In the crystal, C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and very weak C-Cl⋯π inter-actions [Cl⋯π = 3.7892 (9) Å] link adjacent mol-ecules, forming two-dimensional networks lying parellel to the (101) plane. The planes are linked by weak π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid separation = 3.8597 (9) Å], resulting in a three-dimensional architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihaeng Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang, National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jineun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang, National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Park
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang, National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang, National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Lassalle Y, Nicol E, Genty C, Bourcier S, Bouchonnet S. Isomerization of fenbuconazole under UV-visible irradiation - chemical and toxicological approaches. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1335-1342. [PMID: 26405795 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fenbuconazole is a fungicide commonly used for the protection of vineyards, vegetables and grain crops. Under UV-visible irradiation, it undergoes isomerization through various cyclization processes. Isomeric structures were elucidated by liquid chromatography/high-resolution multiple-stage mass spectrometry (LC/HR-MS(n) ) coupling. The potential toxicities of these isomers were estimated by in silico tests. METHODS Aqueous solutions of fenbuconazole and grapes treated with this fungicide were irradiated in a self-made reactor equipped with a mercury vapor lamp. Analyses were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICRMS). High-resolution m/z measurements, multiple-stage mass spectrometry and isotopic labeling experiments allowed structural elucidation of the isomers of fenbuconazole. In silico toxicity estimations were carried out using the T.E.S.T. RESULTS Seven isomers of fenbuconazole were detected after irradiation of the fungicide in aqueous solution; the major ones were also detected in the flesh of treated grapes irradiated under laboratory conditions. Elucidation of their chemical structures owing to high resolution measurements and multi-stage collision induced dissociation experiments allowed confirmation of photo-transformation pathways mainly dominated by cyclization processes. Photo-induced isomers exhibited higher potential toxicities than fenbuconazole for Daphnia magna and fathead minnow species. CONCLUSIONS UV-visible irradiation of fenbuconazole in aqueous solution and on grapes leads to the formation of isomers, all of which being potentially much more toxic than the parent fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Lassalle
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR-9168, École Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Edith Nicol
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR-9168, École Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Genty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR-9168, École Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Bourcier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR-9168, École Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR-9168, École Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
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Zhang Q, Zhou L, Yang Y, Hua X, Shi H, Wang M. Study on the stereoselective degradation of three triazole fungicides in sediment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 117:1-6. [PMID: 25814463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselective degradation behaviors of chiral triazole fungicides (hexaconazole, flutriafol and tebuconazole) in sediment were investigated under laboratory conditions. The enantiomers were completely separated by high-performance liquid chromatography on a cellulose tris(3-chloro-4-methylphenylcarbamate) (Lux Cellulose-2) column. The mean recoveries of hexaconazole, flutriafol and tebuconazole in sediment ranged from 86.7% to 105.9%. The methods were successfully applied for the enantioselective degradation analysis of fungicides in sediment. The results showed that the dissipation of hexaconazole, flutriafol and tebuconazole stereoisomers in sediment followed first-order kinetics (R(2)>0.95). The degradation rate of the enantiomers was different in sediment, and the (-)-enantiomer (t(1/2) was 86 days for hexaconazole, 139 for flutriafol and 136 for tebuconazole) degraded faster than the (+)-enantiomer (t(1/2) was 94 days for hexaconazole, 144 for flutriafol and 151 for tebuconazole) in native condition. The fungicides were degraded slowly, and no significant enantioselective degradation were observed under sterilized conditions. The results may hold promising implications for the environmental and ecological risk assessment of three important chiral triazole fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Liangliang Zhou
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiude Hua
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Chen X, Dong F, Xu J, Liu X, Wang Y, Zheng Y. Enantioselective Degradation of Chiral Insecticide Dinotefuran in Greenhouse Cucumber and Soil. Chirality 2014; 27:137-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
- Shanghai Agriculture Technology Extension and Service Center; Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Yunhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing P.R. China
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Cai X, Xiong W, Xia T, Chen J. Probing the stereochemistry of successive sulfoxidation of the insecticide fenamiphos in soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11277-11285. [PMID: 25162486 DOI: 10.1021/es502834v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Successive sulfoxidation is widely recognized as a general characteristic of the metabolism of chiral or prochiral thioethers, producing sulfoxides, and sulfones. However, information related to the stereochemistry of this process in soils is rare. In this study, the biotic transformation of the insecticide fenamiphos (a model thioether) was followed over two months in three soils, through separate incubations with fenamiphos parent, the sulfoxide intermediate (FSO), the sulfone intermediate (FSO2), and their respective stereoisomers. The results showed that the successive sulfoxidation involved oxidation of fenamiphos to FSO and subsequently to FSO2 as well as diastereomerization/enantiomerization of FSO, all of which were primarily biotic and stereoselective. The concomitant hydrolysis of fenamiphos, FSO, and FSO2 to phenols that occurred at lower rates was biotically favorable, but not stereoselective. The stereochemistry of this successive sulfoxidation transferred principally through two parallel systems, R(+)-fenamiphos → SRPR(+)-/SSPR(-)-FSO → R(+)-FSO2 and S(-)-fenamiphos → SRPS(+)-/SSPS(-)-FSO → S(-)-FSO2, between which unidirectional intersystem crossing occurred at FSO via isomeric conversions and created a system of S(-)-fenamiphos → SRPR(+)-/SSPR(-)-FSO → R(+)-FSO2. This pattern accounts for the enrichment of the intermediates SSPR(-)-/SSPS(-)-FSO and R(+)-FSO2 that are toxicologically close to the highly toxic S(-)-fenamiphos, associated with soil application of fenamiphos. Selective formation/depletion of these intermediate stereoisomers leads to dramatic variations in the ecotoxicological effects of the thioether insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
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Chen H, Zou Y, Zhang L, Wen Y, Liu W. Enantioselective toxicities of chiral ionic liquids 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate to aquatic algae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 154:114-20. [PMID: 24880783 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With the wide application of chiral ionic liquids (CILs) as green solvents, their threats to the aquatic environment cannot be ignored. Thus, risk assessment and the prospective design of inherently safe CILs have become more urgent. However, whether enantioselectivity is a feature of the aquatic toxicity of CILs is poorly understood. Herein, we describe the first investigation into the ecotoxicities of CILs toward green algae Scenedesmus obliquus and Euglena gracilis. A series of methylimidazolium lactic ionic liquids, which cation parts with different alkyl chains and anion part is enantiomers of lactate, are used as representative CILs. The results of S. obliquus showed that the EC50 value of L-(+)-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate (L-(+)-EMIM L) was more than 5000 μM, while the EC50 value of D-(-)-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate (D-(-)-EMIM L) was 2255.21 μM. Such a distinct difference indicates the enantioselective toxicity of CILs to algae. This enantioselectivity initially persisted with increasing carbon chain length, but no longer exhibited when with greater carbon chain lengths, due to changes in the toxicity weightings of the cation parts. Further research showed that the enantioselective effects of CILs resulted from the differences in the production of reactive oxygen species, the damage to cell membrane integrity and cell wall after exposure to CILs. Results from this study showed that monitoring for the racemate CILs will give an inadequate or misleading environmental risk assessment. Thus, we should improve our ability to predict their effects in natural environments. In the meantime, non-selective use of CILs will do harm to aquatic organisms. Therefore, to minimize their potential for environmental impact, the enantioselective toxicities of CILs with short alkyl chains should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuqin Zou
- Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Li Y, Dong F, Liu X, Xu J, Han Y, Zheng Y. Chiral fungicide triadimefon and triadimenol: Stereoselective transformation in greenhouse crops and soil, and toxicity to Daphnia magna. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 265:115-123. [PMID: 24342051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Various chiral pesticides are used in greenhouses to ensure high crop yields. However, detailed knowledge on the environmental behavior of such chiral contaminants with respect to enantioselectivity in the greenhouse has received little attention so far. Here, the widely used fungicide triadimefon was chosen as a "chiral probe" to investigate its enantioselective degradation and formation of triadimenol in greenhouse tomato, cucumber, and soil under different application modes. In addition, the stereoselectivity of individual isomers of triadimefon and triadimenol in aquatic toxicity were first studied. Significant differences in their acute toxicity to Daphnia magna were observed among the isomers. Under foliage application or soil irrigation application, S-(+)-triadimefon was preferentially degraded, resulting in relative enrichment of the more toxic R-(-)-enantiomer in tomato, cucumber, and soil. Further enantioselective analysis of converted triadimenol showed that the compositions of the four product stereoisomers were different and closely dependent on environmental conditions: the most toxic RS-(+)-triadimenol was the most preferentially produced isomer in tomato under foliage treatment, while the RR-(+)-triadimenol was proved to be the highest amount of metabolite isomer in cucumber and soil under both treatment modes and in tomato under soil treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, China
| | - Yongtao Han
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, China.
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Chai T, Jia Q, Yang S, Qiu J. Simultaneous stereoselective detection of chiral fungicides in soil by LC-MS/MS with fast sample preparation. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:595-601. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chai
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing China
- College of Science; China Agricultural University; Beijing China
| | - Qi Jia
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products; Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Agri-food Quality and Safety; Ministry of Agriculture; Beijing China
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Huang Q, Wang Z, Wang C, Peng X. Chiral profiling of azole antifungals in municipal wastewater and recipient rivers of the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8890-8899. [PMID: 23749368 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomeric compositions and fractions (EFs) of three chiral imidazole (econazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole) and one chiral triazole (tebuconazole) antifungals were investigated in wastewater, river water, and bed sediment of the Pearl River Delta, South China. The imidazole pharmaceuticals in the untreated wastewater were racemic to weakly nonracemic (EFs of 0.450-0.530) and showed weak enantioselectivity during treatment in the sewage treatment plant. The EFs of the dissolved azole antifungals were usually different from those of the sorbed azoles in the suspended particulate matter, suggesting different behaviors for the enantiomers of the chiral azole antifungals in the dissolved and particulate phases of the wastewater. The azole antifungals were widely present in the rivers. The bed sediment was a sink for the imidazole antifungals. The imidazoles were prevalently racemic, whereas tebuconazole was widely nonracemic in the rivers. Seasonal effects were observed on distribution and chirality of the azole antifungals. Concentrations of the azole antifungals in the river water were relatively higher in winter than in spring and summer while the EF of miconazole in the river water was higher in summer. The mechanism of enantiomeric behavior of the chiral azole antifungals in the environment warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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43
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Sun D, Pang J, Qiu J, Li L, Liu C, Jiao B. Enantioselective degradation and enantiomerization of indoxacarb in soil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11273-11277. [PMID: 24160676 DOI: 10.1021/jf4045952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the enantioselective degradation and enantiomerizaton of indoxacarb were investigated in two soils under nonsterilized and sterilized conditions using a chiral OD-RH column on a reversed-phase HPLC. Under nonsterilized conditions, the degradation of indoxacarb in two soils was enantioselective. In acidic soil, the half-lives of R-(-)- and S-(+)-indoxacarb were 10.43 and 14.00 days, respectively. Acidic soil was preferential to the degradation of R-(-)-indoxacarb. In alkaline soil, the half-lives of R-(-)- and S-(+)-indoxacarb were 12.14 and 4.88 days, respectively. S-(+)-Indoxacarb was preferentially degraded. Under sterilized conditions, approximately 5-10% of the initial concentration degraded after 75 days of incubation in acidic soil, whereas in alkaline soil, approximately half of the initial concentration degraded due to chemical hydrolysis under alkaline conditions. Enantiomerization was also discovered in acidic and alkaline soils. The results showed that mutual transformation existed between two enantiomers and that S-(+)-indoxacarb had a significantly higher inversion rate to R-(-)-indoxacarb than its antipode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, China
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Li Y, Dong F, Liu X, Xu J, Chen X, Han Y, Cheng Y, Jian Q, Zheng Y. Enantioselective separation and transformation of metalaxyl and its major metabolite metalaxyl acid in tomato and cucumber. Food Chem 2013; 141:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gámiz B, Celis R, Hermosín MC, Cornejo J. Effect of olive-mill waste addition to agricultural soil on the enantioselective behavior of the chiral fungicide metalaxyl. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 128:92-99. [PMID: 23722178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Certain soil management practices can affect the enantioselective behavior of chiral pesticide enantiomers in agricultural soils. In this work, laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effects of olive-mill waste (OMW) addition to a Mediterranean agricultural soil on the enantioselectivity of sorption, degradation, and leaching processes of the chiral fungicide metalaxyl. Sorption-desorption isotherms indicated that the sorption of metalaxyl enantiomers by unamended and OMW-amended soil (2% w/w) was non-enantioselective and that OMW addition had little effect on the extent of sorption of metalaxyl enantiomers by the soil. Soil incubation experiments revealed that the degradation of metalaxyl in unamended soil was highly enantioselective, with R-metalaxyl being degraded faster (t1/2 = 12 days) than S-metalaxyl (t1/2 = 39 days). OMW addition to the soil increased the half-life of the biologically-active R-metalaxyl enantiomer from 12 to 28 days, and decreased the half-life of the non-active S-metalaxyl enantiomer from 39 to 33 days. Consequently, the enantioselectivity of metalaxyl degradation in the soil was greatly reduced upon OMW addition. Column leaching data were consistent with batch sorption and incubation results, showing similar retardation of S- and R-metalaxyl in unamended and OMW-amended soil and enantioselective leaching of the fungicide only in unamended soil. The results have important implications regarding the biological efficacy and environmental impact of the fungicide when applied as a mixture of enantiomers or racemate to OMW-treated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gámiz
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, P.O. Box 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain.
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46
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Buerge IJ, Müller MD, Poiger T. The chiral herbicide beflubutamid (II): Enantioselective degradation and enantiomerization in soil, and formation/degradation of chiral metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6812-6818. [PMID: 23009603 DOI: 10.1021/es301877n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Beflubutamid is a chiral soil herbicide currently marketed as racemate against dicotyledonous weeds in cereals. Biotests have shown that (-)-beflubutamid is at least 1000× more active than (+)-beflubutamid. Potential substitution of the racemate by (-)-beflubutamid should therefore be further considered. Here, we investigated the degradation behavior in soils and formation and degradation of two chiral metabolites. Laboratory incubation experiments were performed with an alkaline and an acidic soil. The compounds were analyzed by enantioselective GC-MS. Degradation rate constants were determined by kinetic modeling. In the alkaline soil, degradation of beflubutamid was slightly enantioselective, with slower degradation of the herbicidally active (-)-enantiomer. In the acidic soil, however, both enantiomers were degraded at similar rates. In contrast, degradation of a phenoxybutanamide metabolite was highly enantioselective. Chiral stability of beflubutamid and its metabolites was studied in separate incubations with the pure enantiomers in the same soils. In these experiments, (-)-beflubutamid was not converted to the nonactive (+)-enantiomer and vice versa. Significant enantiomerization was, however, observed for the major metabolite, a phenoxybutanoic acid. With regard to biological activity and behavior in soils, enantiopure (-)-beflubutamid definitively has the potential to substitute for the racemic herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignaz J Buerge
- Plant Protection Chemistry, Swiss Federal Research Station (Agroscope), CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland.
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47
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Ábrányi-Balogh P, Milen M, Dancsó A, Frigyes D, Pongó L, Keglevich G. Synthesis of Dihydrothienopyridine Derivatives Fused with Triazole Rings. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; 1521; Budapest; Hungary
| | | | - András Dancsó
- EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC.; Division for Chemical Research; 1475; Budapest; Hungary
| | - Dávid Frigyes
- EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC.; Division for Chemical Research; 1475; Budapest; Hungary
| | - László Pongó
- EGIS Pharmaceuticals PLC.; Division for Chemical Research; 1475; Budapest; Hungary
| | - György Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; 1521; Budapest; Hungary
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Dong F, Li J, Chankvetadze B, Cheng Y, Xu J, Liu X, Li Y, Chen X, Bertucci C, Tedesco D, Zanasi R, Zheng Y. Chiral triazole fungicide difenoconazole: absolute stereochemistry, stereoselective bioactivity, aquatic toxicity, and environmental behavior in vegetables and soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3386-3394. [PMID: 23451708 DOI: 10.1021/es304982m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the systemic assessments of the stereoisomers of triazole fungicide difenoconazole are reported for the first time, including absolute stereochemistry, stereoselective bioactivity toward pathogens (Alternaria sonali, Fulvia fulva, Botrytis cinerea, and Rhizoctonia solani), and toxicity toward aquatic organisms (Scenedesmus obliquus, Daphnia magna, and Danio rerio). Moreover, the stereoselective degradation of difenoconazole in vegetables (cucumber, Cucumis sativus and tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum) under field conditions and in soil under laboratory-controlled conditions (aerobic and anaerobic) was investigated. There were 1.33-24.2-fold and 1.04-6.78-fold differences in bioactivity and toxicity, respectively. Investigations on the stereoselective degradation of difenoconazole in vegetables showed that the highest-toxic and lowest-bioactive (2S,4S)-stereoisomer displays a different enrichment behavior in different plant species. Under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, (2R,4R)- and (2R,4S)-difenoconazole were preferentially degraded in the soil. Moreover, difenoconazole was configurationally stable in the test soil matrices. On the basis of biological activity, ecotoxicity, and environmental behavior, it is likely that the use of pure (2R,4S)-difenoconazole instead of the commercial stereoisomer mix may help to increase the bioactivity and reduce environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Wu C, Sun J, Zhang A, Liu W. Dissipation and enantioselective degradation of plant growth retardants paclobutrazol and uniconazole in open field, greenhouse, and laboratory soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:843-849. [PMID: 23252595 DOI: 10.1021/es3041972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouses are increasingly important in human food supply. Pesticides used in greenhouses play important roles in horticulture; however, little is known about their behavior in greenhouse environments. This work investigates the dissipation and enantioselctive degradation of plant growth retardants including paclobutrazol and uniconazole in soils under three conditions (i.e., open field, greenhouse, and laboratory). The dissipation and enantioselective degradation of paclobutrazol and uniconazole in greenhouse were different from those in open field; they were more persistent in greenhouse than in open field soil. Leaching produced by rainfall is responsible for the difference in dissipation. Thus, local environmental impacts may occur more easily inside greenhouses, while groundwater may be more contaminated in open field. Spike concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 times the concentrations of native residues were tested for the enantioselective dissipation of the two pesticides; the most potent enantioselective degradation of paclobutrazol and uniconazole occurred at the 10 times that of the native residues in the greenhouse environments and at 20 times native residues in open field environments. The higher soil activity in greenhouses than in open fields was thought to be responsible for such a difference. The environmental risk and regulation of paclobutrazol and uniconazole should be considered at the enantiomeric level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwang Wu
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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Mashtare ML, Green DA, Lee LS. Biotransformation of 17α- and 17β-estradiol in aerobic soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:647-652. [PMID: 23084590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Considerable research has focused on the fate of 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) given its high estrogenic potency and frequent detection in the environment; however, little is known about the fate behavior of 17α-estradiol (17α-E2) although it often dominates in some animal feces, and recently has been shown to have similar impacts as the β-isomer. In this study, the aerobic biotransformation rates of 17α-E2 and 17β-E2 applied at 50 μg kg(-1) soil and metabolite trends were quantified in batch microcosms at ~21°C and 70-85% field capacity using two soils with different taxonomic properties. Soils were extracted at designated times over a 3-week period and analyzed over time using negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. For a given soil type, the two isomers degraded at the same rate with half lives across soils ranging between 4 and 12h. Estrone (E1) was the only metabolite detected and in all cases subsequent dissipation patterns of E1 are statistically different between isomers. Autoclaved-sterilized controls support that E2 dissipation is dominated by microbial processes. A first order exponential decay model that assumed sorption did not limit bioavailability was not able to accurately predict hormone residuals at later times, which indicates caution is required when trying to model fate and transport of hormones in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Mashtare
- Ecological Sciences and Engineering Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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