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Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang A, Yang L, Wei C, Chen Y, Liu Z, Li Z. Occurrence characteristics, environmental trend, and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water environment of industrial zones. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:118053. [PMID: 38160976 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The middle reaches of the Yellow River are rich in energy resources, with the Kuye River, a first-class river in this region, serving as a vital hub for the coal chemical industry within China. This study investigated the occurrence patterns, environmental trends, and ecological risks associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Kuye River Basin, offering insights into the environmental dynamics of regions. The findings indicated that the river sediments primarily contained PAHs with medium to high-molecular weights, exhibiting levels ranging from 402.92 ng/g dw to 16,783.72 ng/g dw, while water bodies predominantly featured PAHs with low to medium molecular weights, ranging from 299.34 ng/L to 10,930.9 ng/L. The source analysis of PAHs indicated that industrial and traffic exhaust emissions were the primary contributors to PAHs in the Kuye basin, with sediments serving as a secondary release source based on fugacity fraction. The content of PAHs in sediment correlated closely with the environmental factors, and the PAHs inventory of the basin was 19.97 tons. The increased overall PAH concentration in the basin posed significant ecological and public health concerns, necessitating urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Aining Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Chunxiao Wei
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yan Xiang Road. No.97, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road. No.13, Xi'an, 710055, China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
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Liu A, Qu C, Zhang J, Sun W, Shi C, Lima A, De Vivo B, Huang H, Palmisano M, Guarino A, Qi S, Albanese S. Screening and optimization of interpolation methods for mapping soil-borne polychlorinated biphenyls. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169498. [PMID: 38154632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
There is yet no scientific consensus, and for now, on how to choose the optimal interpolation method and its parameters for mapping soil-borne organic pollutants. Take the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) for instance, we present the comparison of some classic interpolation methods using a high-resolution soil monitoring database. The results showed that empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) has the highest accuracy for predicting the total PCB concentration, while root mean squared error (RMSE) in inverse distance weighting (IDW) is among the highest in these interpolation methods. The logarithmic transformation of non-normally distributed data contributed to enhance considerably the semivariogram for modeling in kriging interpolation. The increasing of search neighborhood reduced IDW's RMSE, but slightly affected in ordinary kriging (OK), while both of them resulted in over smooth of prediction map. The existence of outliers made the difference between two points increase sharply, and thereby weakening spatial autocorrelation and decreasing the accuracy. As predicted error increased continuously, the prediction accuracy of different interpolation methods reached unanimity gradually. The attempt of the assisted interpolation algorithm did not significantly improve the prediction accuracy of the IDW method. This study constructed a standardized workflow for interpolation, which could reduce human error to reach higher interpolation accuracy for mapping soil-borne PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Annamaria Lima
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Benedetto De Vivo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China; Pegaso On-Line University, Naples 80132, Italy
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Maurizio Palmisano
- Experimental Research Center, National Research Council, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Annalise Guarino
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
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Tsiantas P, Karasali H, Pavlidis G, Kavasilis S, Doula M. The status of organochlorine pesticide contamination in Greek agricultural soils: the ghost of traditional agricultural history. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:117654-117675. [PMID: 37872334 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate information regarding pesticide contamination in Greek agricultural soils is currently available, while national soil monitoring programs have not been initiated yet. The aim of the present study was to assess the levels, compositions, and distribution of thirty three organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in Greek agricultural soils, due to the environmental threat posed by these compounds, even after decades from their abrogation from the market. Determination of the organochlorine pesticides was achieved using gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry, following a QuEChERS sample preparation method. A total of 60 soil samples, from two soil horizons (up to 60 cm), were obtained from agricultural lands in Greece throughout 2019-2020. The major findings presented DDTs, γ-HCH, alachlor, and 4,4- DCBP in the examined soil samples, with DDTs being the major compounds with their maximum cumulative concentration (ΣDDTs) reaching 1273.4 μg kg-1 d.w. Compositional profile and diagnostic ratios suggested that the occurrence of DDT residues was due to historical inputs. Most of the samples did not exceed the target values set by the Netherlands and Canadian guidelines for DDTs in soil; however, there was one exception in the case of Aegina Island. Finally, based on the environmental exposure assessment conducted, the vast majority of the analytes presented lower concentrations compared to the predicted environmental concentrations, with an exemption for DDE metabolite where the measured and predicted concentrations were almost equal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Tsiantas
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control & Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Kifissia, 14561, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Karasali
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control & Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Kifissia, 14561, Athens, Greece.
| | - George Pavlidis
- Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards and Proactive Planning & Laboratory of Reclamation Works and Water Resources Management, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou St., 15780, Zographou, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatis Kavasilis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Non-Parasitic Diseases, Soil Resources and Geoinformatics, Kifissia, 14561, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Doula
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Scientific Directorate of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Non-Parasitic Diseases, Soil Resources and Geoinformatics, Kifissia, 14561, Athens, Greece
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Simon MP, Schatz M, Böhm L, Papp I, Grossart HP, Andersen TJ, Bálint M, Düring RA. Dissent in the sediment? Lake sediments as archives of short- and long-range impact of anthropogenic activities in northeastern Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:85867-85888. [PMID: 37395875 PMCID: PMC10404210 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of lake sediment cores to reconstruct past inputs, regional pollution, and usage patterns of pesticides has been shown previously. Until now, no such data exist for lakes in eastern Germany. Therefore, 10 sediment cores (length 1 m) of 10 lakes in eastern Germany, the territory of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), were collected and cut into 5-10-mm layers. In each layer, concentrations of trace elements (TEs) As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, S, and Zn, as well as of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), i.e., dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), were analyzed. A miniaturized solid-liquid extraction technique in conjunction with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the latter. The progression of TE concentrations over time is uniform. It follows a trans-regional pattern and is indicative of activity and policy making in West Germany before 1990 instead of those in the GDR. Of OCPs, only transformation products of DDT were found. Congener ratios indicate a mainly aerial input. In the lakes' profiles, several regional features and responses to national policies and measures are visible. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) concentrations reflect the history of DDT use in the GDR. Lake sediments proved to be suitable to archive short- and long-range impacts of anthropogenic activity. Our data can be used to complement and validate other forms of environmental pollution long-term monitoring and to check for the efficiency of pollution countermeasures in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Pierre Simon
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Marlene Schatz
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Leonard Böhm
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - István Papp
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Dept. Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Zur alten Fischerhütte 2, OT Neuglobsow, 16775, Stechlin, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thorbjørn Joest Andersen
- Section for Geography, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Miklós Bálint
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rolf-Alexander Düring
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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5
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Song S, Chen B, Huang T, Ma S, Liu L, Luo J, Shen H, Wang J, Guo L, Wu M, Mao X, Zhao Y, Gao H, Ma J. Assessing the contribution of global wildfire biomass burning to BaP contamination in the Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:100232. [PMID: 36685748 PMCID: PMC9852607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have become cause for growing concern in the Arctic ecosystems, partly due to their stable levels despite global emission reduction. Wildfire is considered one of the primary sources that influence PAH levels and trends in the Arctic, but quantitative investigations of this influence are still lacking. This study estimates the global emissions of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a congener of PAHs with high carcinogenicity, from forest and grassland fires from 2001 to 2020 and simulates the contributions of wildfire-induced BaP emissions from different source regions to BaP contamination in the Arctic. We find that global wildfires contributed 29.3% to annual averaging BaP concentrations in the Arctic from 2001 to 2020. Additionally, we show that wildfires contributed significantly to BaP concentrations in the Arctic after 2011, enhancing it from 10.1% in 2011 to 83.9% in 2020. Our results reveal that wildfires accounted for 94.2% and 50.8% of BaP levels in the Asian Arctic during boreal summer and autumn, respectively, and 74.2% and 14.5% in the North American Arctic for the same seasons. The source-tagging approach identified that local wildfire biomass emissions were the largest source of BaP in the Arctic, accounting for 65.7% of its concentration, followed by those of Northern Asia (17.8%) and Northern North America (13.7%). Our findings anticipate wildfires to play a larger role in Arctic PAH contaminations alongside continually decreasing anthropogenic emissions and climate warming in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Song
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Boqi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Shuxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Luqian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jinmu Luo
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 5180551, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
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Yao S, Huang J, Zhou H, Cao C, Ai T, Xing H, Sun J. Levels, Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides in Agricultural Soils from the Pearl River Delta of China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13171. [PMID: 36293752 PMCID: PMC9603595 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the pollution status of agricultural soils along with rapid urbanization and economic growth, a large regional survey of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in agricultural soils was conducted in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China. The results showed that the total residues of 23 OCPs were in the range of ND-946 ng/g dry weight. OCP residues showed distinct spatial distribution characteristics within the PRD. OCPs were mainly found in areas with high agricultural production and industrial activities. Higher OCP concentrations were observed in the top layer of soil, while the concentration decreases to marginal levels when the soil depth is greater than 50 cm. OCPs are mainly derived from historical use. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the top soil of the study area are mainly from the use of lindane. Soil pH was negatively and significantly correlated with total OCP concentration. The human health risk assessment showed no health risk for children, while for adults, there is a non-carcinogenic risk, which needs to be noticed. Agricultural activities and industrial production have made the region a pollution hotspot and should arouse more stringent regulation to protect the environment and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Earth and Environment Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Haijun Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Cuiting Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Tao Ai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Huanhuan Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
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The structure-function relationship of bacterial transcriptional regulators as a target for enhanced biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Microbiol Res 2022; 262:127087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ding Y, Huang H, Chen W, Zhang Y, Chen W, Xing X, Qi S. Background levels of OCPs, PCBs, and PAHs in soils from the eastern Pamirs, China, an alpine region influenced by westerly atmospheric transport. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 115:453-464. [PMID: 34969473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) plays a crucial role in the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in remote regions. When studying the LRAT of POPs on the Tibetan Plateau, westerly-controlled regions have received insufficient attention compared with regions influenced by the Indian monsoon or air flow from East Asia. We investigated the residual levels of POPs in soils from the eastern Pamirs and used air backward trajectory analysis to elucidate the influence of potential source regions via LRAT. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, mainly comprising DDTs, HCHs, and HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, mainly comprising penta- and hexa-CBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, mainly comprising three- and four-ring) were detected at low concentrations of 40-1000, <MDL-88, and 2100-34,000 pg/g, respectively. We elucidated three major geographical distribution patterns of POPs, which were influenced by (1) the distribution of total organic carbon and black carbon in soil, (2) historical use of pesticides in the Tarim Basin, and (3) continuous emissions. Central Asia and the Tarim Basin were major potential source regions of POPs reaching the eastern Pamirs via LRAT. Historical use of technical HCH or lindane and technical DDT in potential source regions may contribute to the accumulation of HCHs and DDTs in the eastern Pamirs, respectively. Local sources seem to play a more important role in the occurrence of PAHs in the study area. By being under the control of less contaminated westerly air flow, the eastern Pamirs are more pristine than the core of the Tibetan Plateau where the Indian and East Asia monsoons deliver contaminants from highly industrialized areas in East China and India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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9
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Yuan B, Rüdel H, de Wit CA, Koschorreck J. Identifying emerging environmental concerns from long-chain chlorinated paraffins towards German ecosystems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127607. [PMID: 34768030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Germany is one of several major European producers of chlorinated paraffins (CPs). This study showed that not only the legacy short-chain products (SCCPs, C10-13), but also the current-use medium- and long-chain products (MCCPs, C14-17; LCCPs, C>17) as well as the very-short-chain impurities (vSCCPs, C<10) are ubiquitous in the 72 samples collected from the coastal, terrestrial, and freshwater ecosystems across the country. The concentrations of LCCPs surpassed those of the other CPs in 40% of the biota samples. Archived bream samples collected downstream of a CP-manufacturing factory showed decreasing temporal trends of (v)SCCPs and relatively constant levels of MCCPs from 1995 to 2019; however, the overall levels of LCCPs have increased by 290%, reflecting the impact of chemical regulation policies on changes in CP production. A visualization algorithm was developed for integrating CP results from various matrices to illustrate spatial tendencies of CP pollution. Higher levels of (v)SCCPs were indicated in the former West Germany region, while MCCP and LCCP concentrations did not seem to differ between former East and West Germany, suggesting relatively equal production and use of these chemicals after the German Reunification. The results provide an early warning signal of environmental concerns from LCCPs on the eve of their booming global production and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), 14191 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Colin F, Cohen GJV, Delerue F, Chéry P, Atteia O. Status of Dieldrin in vegetable growing soils across a peri-urban agricultural area according to an adapted sampling strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118666. [PMID: 34896399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the fifties, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) had been used in agriculture to protect vegetables. Two decades after their ban by the Stockholm convention in 2001, OCPs are still present in agricultural soils inducing vegetable contamination with concentrations above Maximum Residue Level (MRL). This is a major concern for a 5 km2 peri-urban vegetable growing valley located in the south west of France. In the present work, the sampling method was developed to clarify the spatial distribution of one OCP, Dieldrin, and its relationship with soil properties at the scale of study area. A total of 99 soil samples was collected for physicochemical analyses and Dieldrin concentrations. Results show Dieldrin concentrations in soils up to 204 μg kg-1. The horizontal distribution of this pesticide is heterogeneous at the study area scale but homogeneous in each reference plot studied. About 85% of the contamination was located in the top soil layers (0-40 cm depth), but Dieldrin may still be quantified at a depth of 80 cm. Among all soil physicochemical parameters analysed, SOM was the most significantly related (P < 10-4) with Dieldrin concentrations, once different grain size fractions were considered. Moreover, results indicate a 33 times higher Dieldrin concentration and/or extractability for coarse sand than for other grain size fractions. These results show that the developed sampling method is adapted for the study area scale as it helps understanding the factors influencing the spatial distribution of Dieldrin. Historical amendments are the predominant factor for the horizontal contamination and deep ploughing for the vertical contamination. Also, the variations of coarse sand repartition in soils prevents identification of relationships between SOM and Dieldrin contamination in bulk soil. Further investigation is required to explain these relationships but these results highlight why no clear relationship between OCPs and SOM was previously identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Colin
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France; Bordeaux Métropole, Esplanade Charles de Gaulle, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Grégory J V Cohen
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Florian Delerue
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Philippe Chéry
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Olivier Atteia
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
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11
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Hu J, Yang Y, Lv X, Lao Z, Yu L. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites inhibit DNMT1 activity which confers methylation-specific modulation of the sex determination pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116828. [PMID: 33765505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) poses a significant health risk to humans which is associated with genomic DNA hypomethylation. However, the mechanism and biological consequences remain poorly understood. In vitro assays confirmed that the DDT metabolites 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-acetic acid (DDA) and 1-chloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDMU), but not other DDT metabolites, significantly inhibited DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) activity, leading to genomic hypomethylation in cell culture assays. DNMT1 as a target for DNA hypomethylation induced by DDT metabolites was also confirmed using cell cultures in which DNMT1 was silenced or highly expressed. DDA and DDMU can modify methylation markers in the promoter regions of sexual development-related genes, and change the expression of Sox9 and Oct4 in embryonic stem cells. Molecular docking indicated that DDA and DDMU bound to DNMT1 with high binding affinity. Molecular dynamic simulation revealed that DDA and DDMU acted as allosteric modulators that reshaped the conformation of the catalytic domain of DNMT1. These findings provide a new insight into DDT-induced abnormalities in sexual development and demonstrate that selective binding to DNMT1 by DDA and DDMU can interfere with human DNMT1 activity and regulate the expression of the Sox9 and Oct4 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Xiaomei Lv
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhilang Lao
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lili Yu
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, 1017 Dongmen North Road, Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China.
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12
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Du M, Peng X, Zhang H, Ye C, Dasgupta S, Li J, Li J, Liu S, Xu H, Chen C, Jing H, Xu H, Liu J, He S, He L, Cai S, Chen S, Ta K. Geology, environment, and life in the deepest part of the world's oceans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:100109. [PMID: 34557759 PMCID: PMC8454626 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hadal zone, mostly comprising of deep trenches and constituting of the deepest part of the world’s oceans, represents the least explored habitat but one of the last frontiers on our planet. The present scientific understanding of the hadal environment is still relatively rudimentary, particularly in comparison with that of shallower marine environments. In the last 30 years, continuous efforts have been launched in deepening our knowledge regarding the ecology of the hadal trench. However, the geological and environmental processes that potentially affect the sedimentary, geochemical and biological processes in hadal trenches have received less attention. Here, we review recent advances in the geology, biology, and environment of hadal trenches and offer a perspective of the hadal science involved therein. For the first time, we release high-definition images taken by a new full-ocean-depth manned submersible Fendouzhe that reveal novel species with an unexpectedly high density, outcrops of mantle and basaltic rocks, and anthropogenic pollutants at the deepest point of the world’s ocean. We advocate that the hydration of the hadal lithosphere is a driving force that influences a variety of sedimentary, geochemical, and biological processes in the hadal trench. Hadal lithosphere might host the Earth’s deepest subsurface microbial ecosystem. Future research, combined with technological advances and international cooperation, should focus on establishing the intrinsic linkage of the geology, biology, and environment of the hadal trenches. This paper provides a comprehensive review on hadal geology, environment, and biology, as well as potential interactions among them For the first time, we release high-definition images taken by a new full-ocean-depth manned submersible Fendouzhe The hydration of the hadal lithosphere is a driving force that influences a variety of sedimentary, geochemical, and biological processes in the hadal trench The development of deep-sea technology and international cooperation will greatly promote the progress of hadal science
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Du
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Xiaotong Peng
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Haibin Zhang
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Cong Ye
- China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi 214082, China
| | - Shamik Dasgupta
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Jiwei Li
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Jiangtao Li
- State Key Lab of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Hengchao Xu
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Chuanxu Chen
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Hongmei Jing
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Hongzhou Xu
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Shunping He
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lisheng He
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Shanya Cai
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Kaiwen Ta
- Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
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13
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Dasgupta S, Peng X, Xu H, Ta K, Chen S, Li J, Du M. Deep seafloor plastics as the source and sink of organic pollutants in the northern South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144228. [PMID: 33412380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Large plastic litter (as opposed to microplastics and plastic pellets) could adsorb organic pollutants and thus pose a serious threat to the marine environment. We report high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) adsorbed to plastic litter sampled from depths of 1800-3100 m in the Xisha Trough region of the northern South China Sea (NSCS). ∑PCBs on plastics ranged from 126.9-142.1 ng/g, with tri-PCBs accounting for 92-97% of the total PCB concentrations in all samples. Levels of ∑OCPs varied from 4280 to 5351 ng/g (average 4690 ng/g), with a total of 19 compounds detected in the seven samples. While no parent DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was detected, op'-DDE (metabolite of DDT) was most abundant, with concentrations ranging from 947.5-1551.7 ng/g. ∑CHLs (heptachlor + heptachlor epoxide A + heptachlor epoxide B + cis-chlordane + trans-chlordane) ranged from 1083.1-1263.7 ng/g (mean 1153 ng/g) and accounted for 24% of ∑OCPs. Various compositional ratios of HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) and DDT metabolites improved our understanding of the sources and transport pathways of OCPs. The total absence of DDT may be a "ghost indicator" of no recent DDT inputs into the oceans. There could well be inputs of DDT, but only as the degraded metabolites DDE and DDD when they are adsorbed to seafloor plastic litter. A comparison of HCH isomer ratios in seafloor plastics with technical HCH ratios revealed that HCHs were possibly not from early residues but from later inputs. An ecological risk assessment of the contaminants indicated a high risk from ∑DDTs, p,p-DDE, and γ-HCH in all the sampled locations. Finally, we propose a descriptive model depicting the movements and transportation of PCBs and OCPs from the ocean surface to seafloor plastics in the NSCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamik Dasgupta
- Deep Sea Science Division, Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
| | - Xiaotong Peng
- Deep Sea Science Division, Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China.
| | - Hengchao Xu
- Deep Sea Science Division, Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
| | - Kaiwen Ta
- Deep Sea Science Division, Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Deep Sea Science Division, Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Jiwei Li
- Deep Sea Science Division, Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
| | - Mengran Du
- Deep Sea Science Division, Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
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14
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Koçyiğit H, Sinanoğlu F. Method validation for the analysis of pesticide residue in aqueous environment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:567. [PMID: 32767114 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to severe pollution into water resources which limits to reach safe drinking and irrigation water globally. One of the most important pollutants of environment that brought along with industrialization and technology are pesticides. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the pesticide residues in Dim Stream, due to intense touristic and agricultural activities in the region. Thus, four locations alongside the river were selected for sampling to evaluate the pesticide residue in the stream. The water samples were collected representing the rainy and dry seasons and extracted according to the Quechers method which is validated in terms of accuracy, specificity, limit of detection (LOD), and quantification (LOQ). Pesticide residues were analyzed by injecting LC-MSMS and GC-MS. The most recurrent pesticides were cypermethrin, endosulfan, deltamethrin, dicofol, metribuzin, parathion-methyl, permethrin, malathion, and tetradifon in the samples. Some of the levels of pesticides detected in water were significantly high compared with guideline values set by the Surface Water Quality Regulation of Turkey, EU, and World Health Organization, and this may be hazardous to aquatic life and human health. The obtained 18 recoveries of pesticides in the samples varied between 70 and 120%. LOD was ranged 19 from 0.23 to 9.67 μg/L. LOQ of 11 of the pesticides were higher than 1 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Koçyiğit
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey.
| | - Firdevs Sinanoğlu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
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15
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Zheng Q, Li J, Wang Y, Lin T, Xu Y, Zhong G, Bing H, Luo C, Zhang G. Levels and enantiomeric signatures of organochlorine pesticides in Chinese forest soils: Implications for sources and environmental behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114139. [PMID: 32120253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the levels and distributions of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in 159 background soil samples collected from 30 forested mountain sites across China. The sum of DDT was the most abundant OCP, with the concentrations of 0.197-207 ng/g and 0.033-122 ng/g in the O-horizon and A-horizon, respectively. High concentrations of OCPs usually occur near agricultural regions or high consumption areas. The spatial distribution was mainly influenced by the emission sources and soil total organic contents (TOC). The chiral compounds were generally nonracemic in the soils and showed preferential degradation of (-) o,p'- dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, (+) trans-chlordane, and (-) cis-chlordane in both the O- and A-horizons. The enantiomeric fraction (EF) distributions of chiral OCPs displayed no differences across the forest sites in the O-horizon or the A-horizon. Comparing the deviation of EFs from racemic (DEVrac = absolute value of 0.500 - EF) with environmental parameters, we found that DEVrac of cis-chlordane demonstrated a strong positive correlation with TOC (p < 0.05) and the C/N ratio (p < 0.01). This relationship suggests that these factors could affect the microbial activity and significantly impact the extent of enantioselective degradation of chiral compounds in the soils. Fresh and historical applications of DDT and historical chlordane and endosulfan uses may be prominent sources of OCP accumulation in Chinese forest soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Haijian Bing
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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16
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Chaber P, Gworek B. Surface horizons of forest soils for the diagnosis of soil environment contamination and toxicity caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231359. [PMID: 32287304 PMCID: PMC7156036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants that are released into soils primarily from the air, with wet and dry deposition. To assess the contamination of the forest soil environment, soil samples were collected from organic and mineral horizons from three study areas representing a gradient of pollution across Poland (the ‘pollution transect’). The soils examined varied in PAH contents, generally from 124.3 μg·kg-1 dw in the areas deemed to be the background zone to 9165.5 μk·kg-1 dw in industrial areas in the O horizon and from 12.6 μk·kg-1 dw to 4454.6 μk·kg-1 dw in the A horizon. The PAH toxicities oscillated from 20.0–2670.8 μg TEQ·kg-1 dw in the O horizon and from 1.73–694.7 μg TEQ·kg-1 dw in the A horizon. The enrichment factor values point to a more intensive accumulation of PAHs with relatively high molecular weights along the pollution transect. The PAH diagnostic ratio values indicated that the main PAH emission sources were from coal and wood combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Chaber
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Risk Assessment, Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Barbara Gworek
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Risk Assessment, Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Qi P, Qu C, Albanese S, Lima A, Cicchella D, Hope D, Cerino P, Pizzolante A, Zheng H, Li J, De Vivo B. Investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from Caserta provincial territory, southern Italy: Spatial distribution, source apportionment, and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 383:121158. [PMID: 31541950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from Caserta provincial territory, southern Italy, were systematically investigated along with their correlations with soil properties and health risk. The concentrations of ∑16PAHs ranged from 10.0 to 4191 ng/g, with a median (1 st quartile, Q1; 3rd quartile, Q3) of 28.5 (17.5-65.0) ng/g; Four-ring PAHs were the most abundant and contributed an average of ∼50.2% of the ∑16PAHs. Significant differences in the spatial distributions of PAHs in soil were observed, with higher levels of PAH contamination found in Caserta city and the surrounding areas. According to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, three sources were identified: chemical production and metal smelting, vehicle emissions, and coal/biomass combustion. Soil total organic carbon was significantly correlated with the concentration of total PAHs and the concentrations of PAHs with three-, four-, and five-rings. In contrast, only the concentration of ∑4DBPs (dibenzo(a,e)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)pyrene, dibenzo(a,i)pyrene, dibenzo(a,l)pyrene) was well correlated with population density. The soil mass inventory of ∑16PAHs was estimated to be 6.87 metric tons (geometric mean). The ecological risks posed by PAHs in the study are negligible; however, health risks of exposure to soil-borne PAHs were identified based on a probabilistic risk model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhi Qi
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80125, Italy; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80125, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lima
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, 80125, Italy
| | - Domenico Cicchella
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - David Hope
- Pacific Rim Laboratories Inc., Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Pellegrino Cerino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, 80055, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzolante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, 80055, Italy
| | - Huang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jiji Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Benedetto De Vivo
- Pegaso University, Naples 80132, Italy & Norwest Italia Srl, Naples, 80138, Italy
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18
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Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Soil PAHs and their Relationship with Anthropogenic Activities at a National Scale. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16244928. [PMID: 31817465 PMCID: PMC6950367 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution is a major concern due to its negative impact on soil quality around the world. In China, accurate data on soil PAHs and information on the relationship with anthropogenic activities are limited. In this study, about 30,800 samples from 1833 soil sample sites were reviewed from 306 published reports to build a soil PAHs database. Based on the data obtained, the results demonstrated that 24.11% of surface soils in China are heavily contaminated. Meanwhile, the concentration of soil PAHs varied, in the order of independent mining and industrial areas (IMIA) > urban areas > suburban areas > rural areas, and the spatial distribution in China demonstrated a descending trend from north to south. Moreover, the characteristic ratio and PCA-MLR (principal component analysis-multiple linear regression) analysis demonstrated that coal combustion and vehicular exhaust emissions were the main sources of soil PAH pollution in China. On the other hand, provincial total Σ16PAHs in surface soil were significantly correlated with the per square kilometer GDP (gross domestic product) of industrial land, the per capita GDP, as well as the production and consumption of energy. These results indicate that anthropogenic factors have greatly affected the levels of soil PAHs in China. This study improves our understanding on the status and sources of soil PAH contamination in China, thereby facilitating the implementation of strategies of prevention, control, and remediation of soils.
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19
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Zhou Y, Zhu G, Li M, Liu J, Li Z, Sun J, Gong H, Wang L, Wu C, Zhou X, Yin G. Method development for analyzing ultratrace polyhalogenated carbazoles in soil and sediment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109470. [PMID: 31352212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been of increasing concern because their structure is similar to that of legacy POPs. In the present study, an analytical method, including intensive cleanup and fractionation procedures in combination with instrumental parameters, was developed to determine ultratrace polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in soil and sediment. The eluting sorbents, volume and packing of the column were optimized. Our results showed that 5 g of florisil and 4 g of silica gel under 150 mL of hexane/DCM = 3:1 presented good performance in terms of recovery and repeatability. GC-HRMS, GC-MS/MS (EI-MRM) and GC-MS (EI-SIM) were applied to compare the performance of PHCZ analysis. For sensitivity, EI-MRM presents method detection limits comparable to those of GC-HRMS and much lower than those of EI-SIM. Regarding selectivity, GC-HRMS performed better than the other two techniques since GC-HRMS can reduce interference from perfluorokerosene (PFK) and DDX (DDT, DDE, and DDD) due to its high resolution. GC-HRMS was then further optimized by shortening the run time and modifying the SIM ion. The final method was successfully applied to determine PHCZs in soil and sediment, and the target compounds had almost 100% detection frequency in the samples. The ubiquitous presence of PHCZ in soil and sediment calls for a further investigation of its source, distribution and degradation in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Guohua Zhu
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Mufei Li
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Junjun Sun
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Hongping Gong
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Chenwang Wu
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Ge Yin
- Shimadzu (China) Co., LTD. Shanghai, 200233, China
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20
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Qu C, Albanese S, Li J, Cicchella D, Zuzolo D, Hope D, Cerino P, Pizzolante A, Doherty AL, Lima A, De Vivo B. Organochlorine pesticides in the soils from Benevento provincial territory, southern Italy: Spatial distribution, air-soil exchange, and implications for environmental health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 674:159-170. [PMID: 31004892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study comprehensively interprets the contamination status of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the soils from Benevento provincial territory, southern Italy, and its implications for environmental health by means of a systematic grid sampling method and geostatistics. The total concentrations of OCPs in the soils ranged from 0.058 to 16.9 ng/g, with a geometric mean (GM) of 0.72 ng/g and an arithmetic mean (AM) of 1.71 ng/g. The levels of OCPs were dominated by p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, HCB, contributing together to 73.5% of the total OCPs. The higher levels of HCB, DDTs, and HCHs found in southwestern, central and east Benevento provincial territory, all occurring adjacent to landfill sites. The residues of OCPs in soil are largely ascribed to their historical use. The OCP inventories in soils of Benevento provincial territory ranged from 0.13 to 4.84 metric tons, with GM = 0.42 metric tons and AM = 0.44 metric tons. The soil is likely to be a sink for DDTs under the influence of regional air transport from pollution hotspots and has the potential to release other chemicals with a high vapor pressure, e.g., HCB, HCHs, and α-Endosulfan. And the mean level of the air-soil exchange flux of HCB, HCHs, and DDTs is estimated to be -1.59, -0.72, and 0.10 ng/m2/day respectively. The potential ecological and human health risks caused by OCPs in the soils are deemed essentially negligible in Benevento provincial territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Jiji Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| | - Domenico Cicchella
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - Daniela Zuzolo
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy
| | - David Hope
- Pacific Rim Laboratories Inc., Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Pellegrino Cerino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzolante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Angela L Doherty
- Auckland Emergency Management, Auckland Council, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Annamaria Lima
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Benedetto De Vivo
- Pegaso University, Naples 80132, Italy; Norwest Italia Srl, Naples 80138, Italy
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21
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Qu C, Albanese S, Lima A, Hope D, Pond P, Fortelli A, Romano N, Cerino P, Pizzolante A, De Vivo B. The occurrence of OCPs, PCBs, and PAHs in the soil, air, and bulk deposition of the Naples metropolitan area, southern Italy: Implications for sources and environmental processes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:89-97. [PMID: 30640133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
I am often reminded of the famous saying of Goethe: "Vedi Napoli e poi muori! - See Naples and die!". Sadly, Naples is now confronted with a number of serious, ongoing problems with a need to alleviate pressure on the worsening environment. One serious problem facing the environment is the presence of the potentially hazardous persistent organic pollutants (POPs), although few systematic studies at regional scale have been conducted. In this study, samples of soil, air, and bulk deposition were collected in Naples metropolitan area (NMA) to characterize the status of POPs, including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results obtained showed that most of these compounds are pervasive in all the studied environmental matrices, especially in some hotspot areas, such as the Bagnoli Brownfield Site and the infamous "Triangle of the Death", where unwanted ecological risk conditions for PAHs and Endosulfan were determined, respectively. The interactional complexity between urban and the surrounding rural areas was also confirmed, as is the role that urban areas play in the migration and transformation process of POPs. High urban-rural gradients for atmospheric PAHs and PCBs were observed in the NMA, and the urban areas were identified as the emission source of these contaminants. Similarly, the OCP residues, historically originated from the nearby agricultural regions, experience long-term soil re-emission and continuously influence the connected urban environment via atmospheric transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Annamaria Lima
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Dave Hope
- Pacific Rim Laboratories Inc., Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Pat Pond
- Pacific Rim Laboratories Inc., Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Alberto Fortelli
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Nunzio Romano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Cerino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici 80055, Italy
| | - Antonio Pizzolante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici 80055, Italy
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Zoboli O, Clara M, Gabriel O, Scheffknecht C, Humer M, Brielmann H, Kulcsar S, Trautvetter H, Kittlaus S, Amann A, Saracevic E, Krampe J, Zessner M. Occurrence and levels of micropollutants across environmental and engineered compartments in Austria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 232:636-653. [PMID: 30522069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and concentration of a broad spectrum of micropollutants are investigated in Austrian river catchments, namely polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organotin compounds, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and metals. The parallel analysis across multiple environmental and engineered compartments sheds light on the ratio of dissolved and particulate transport and on differences in concentration levels between point and diffuse emission pathways. It is found that some PAHs and organotins are present in rivers, groundwater and bulk deposition at higher concentrations than in municipal wastewater effluents. Among PFAAs and metals, highest concentrations were recorded either in atmospheric deposition or in discharges from wastewater treatment plants. The relevance of the analysis across compartments is best shown by the case of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Despite municipal wastewater effluents being the emission pathway with highest concentrations, this study reveals that not only rivers, but also atmospheric deposition and groundwater sometimes exceed the environmental quality standard for surface waters. Moreover, this work reveals partially counterintuitive patterns. In rivers with treated wastewater discharges, increasing levels of dissolved compounds were measured at rising flow conditions, whereas the opposite would be expected owing to the dilution effect. This might derive from the mobilisation from soil or suspended particulate matter or rather find its explanation in high concentrations in atmospheric deposition. These hypotheses require however being tested through targeted studies. Additional future research includes the analysis of how regional or catchment specific characteristics might alter the relative importance of different emission pathways, and the modelling of emission and river loads to assess their relative contribution to river pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Zoboli
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Manfred Clara
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Gabriel
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Scheffknecht
- Institute for Environment and Food Safety of Vorarlberg, Montfortstraße 4, 6901, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Monika Humer
- Institute for Environment and Food Safety of Vorarlberg, Montfortstraße 4, 6901, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Heike Brielmann
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Kulcsar
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Trautvetter
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steffen Kittlaus
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arabel Amann
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernis Saracevic
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Krampe
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zessner
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13/226, 1040, Vienna, Austria
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Dreyer A, Nickel S, Schröder W. (Persistent) Organic pollutants in Germany: results from a pilot study within the 2015 moss survey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:43. [PMID: 30524917 PMCID: PMC6244560 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1990, every 5 years, moss sampling is conducted within the European moss monitoring programme to assess the atmospheric deposition of airborne pollutants. Besides many other countries, Germany takes regularly part at these evaluations. Within the European moss monitoring 2015, more than 400 moss samples across Germany were taken according to a harmonized methodology for the assessment heavy metal and nitrogen input. In a pilot programme, eight of these sites were chosen for additional investigations on a broad range of organic contaminants to evaluate their accumulation in moss and thereby their presence in atmospheric deposition in Germany. Target compound classes comprised polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PCDD/F), dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB, ndl-PCB), polyfluorinated alkyl substances, classical flame retardants as well as emerging chlorinated and brominated flame retardants. In total, 120 target compounds were analysed. For some analytes, comparisons of accumulation in moss and tree leave samples were possible. RESULTS Except for certain flame retardants, PFAS, and ndl-PCB, substances of all other compound classes could be quantified in moss samples of all sites. Concentrations were highest for PAH (40-268 ng g-1) followed by emerging flame retardants (0.5-7.7 ng g-1), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE; 0.3-3.7 ng g-1), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD; 0.3-1.2 ng g-1), dl-PCB (0.04-0.4 ng g-1) and PCDD/F (0.008-0.06 ng g-1). CONCLUSIONS Results show the widespread atmospheric distribution and deposition of organic contaminants across Germany as well as the suitability of moss as bioaccumulation monitor for most of these compound classes. Compared to nearby tree leaf samples, accumulation potential of moss appeared to be higher for pollutants of high octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA) and octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekatrin Dreyer
- Eurofins GfA GmbH, Air Monitoring, Stenzelring 14b, 21107 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Nickel
- University of Vechta, P.O.B. 1553, 49364 Vechta, Germany
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Devi NL, Yadav IC, Chakraborty P, Shihua Q. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Surface Soil from North-East India: Implication for Sources Apportionment and Health-Risk Assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:377-389. [PMID: 29713743 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although India never manufactured polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), evidence suggests the prevalence of PCBs in multi-environmental matrices. Despite the high level of PCBs that has been detailed in the major urban areas of India, little is known about the fate and sources of PCBs in Northeast India (NEI). This motivated us to investigate the contamination level and sources of PCBs in the surface soil. In this study, the environmental concentration and sources of 25 PCBs were investigated in surface soil (n = 60) from three states of NEI (lower Assam, Manipur, and Tripura). Additionally, the relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) and PCBs was studied to investigate the role of SOC in the distribution of PCBs. Overall, the concentration of ∑25PCBs ranged from 2950 to 16,700 pg/g dw (median 7080 pg/g dw), 3580-21,100 pg/g dw (median 11,500 pg/g dw), and 2040-11,000 pg/g dw (median 4270 pg/g dw) in Assam, Manipur, and Tripura, respectively. Low-chlorinated PCBs were more prevalent than highly chlorinated PCBs. PCB-49 was identified as the most abundant in soil, followed by PCB-52, and accounted for 13% and 12.9% of ∑25PCBs, respectively. With respect to land use categories, high ∑25PCBs were related to grassland areas and proximity to the roadside soil. The principal component analysis indicated emissions from technical PCB mixtures, combustion of municipal wastes/residential wood, incineration of hospital wastes, and e-waste recycling/disposal sites are the real sources of PCBs. Marginally, a moderate-to-weak correlation of SOC with ∑25PCBs (R2 = 0.144, p < 0.05) and their homologs (R2 = 0.280-0.365, p < 0.05) indicated the little role of SOC in the dispersion of PCBs. The estimated toxic equivalency of dioxin-like PCBs suggested that PCB-126 is the most toxic contaminant to endanger the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, BIT Campus, Patna, Bihar, 800014, India
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-geology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Qi Shihua
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-geology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388, Lumo Road, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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25
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Harmsen J, Rietra RPJJ. 25 years monitoring of PAHs and petroleum hydrocarbons biodegradation in soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:229-238. [PMID: 29800823 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in sediment and soil has been monitored on seven experimental fields during periods up to 25 years. With this unique dataset, we investigated long-term very slow biodegradation under field conditions. . The data show that three biodegradation rates can be distinguished for PAHs: 1) rapid degradation during the first year, 2) slow degradation during the following 6 years and 3), subject of this paper, a very slow degradation after 7 years until at least 25 years. Beside 2-, 3- and 4-ring PAHs, also 5- and 6-ring PAHs (aromatic rings) were degraded, all at the same rate during very slow degradation. In the period of very slow degradation, 6% yr-1 of the PAHs present were removed in five fields and 2% yr-1 in two other fields, while in the same period no very slow degradation of TPH could be observed. The remaining petroleum hydrocarbons were high boiling and non-toxic. Using the calculated degradation rates and the independently measured bioavailability of the PAHs (Tenax-method), the PAHs degradation curves of all seven monitored fields could be modelled. Applying the model and data obtained with the Tenax-method for fresh contaminated material, results of long-term biodegradation can be predicted, which can support the use of bioremediation in order to obtain a legally acceptable residual concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joop Harmsen
- Wageningen Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - René P J J Rietra
- Wageningen Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Bandowe BAM, Bigalke M, Kobza J, Wilcke W. Sources and fate of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated PAHs and azaarenes) in forest soil profiles opposite of an aluminium plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:83-95. [PMID: 29475116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) and azaarenes (AZAs) in forest soils. We sampled all horizons of forest soils from five locations at increasing distances from an Al plant in Slovakia, and determined their polycyclic aromatic compound (PACs) concentrations. The ∑29PAHs concentrations were highest in the Oa and lowest in the Oi horizon, while the ∑14OPAHs and ∑4AZAs concentrations did not show a consistent vertical distribution among the organic horizons. The concentration ratios of PAHs and OPAHs between deeper O horizons and their overlying horizon (enrichment factors) were positively correlated with the octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW) at several locations. This is attributed to the slower degradation of the more hydrophobic PACs during organic matter decomposition. PACs concentrations decreased from the organic layer to the mineral horizons. The concentrations of ∑29PAHs (2400-17,000 ng g-1), ∑14OPAHs (430-2900 ng g-1) and ∑4AZAs (27-280 ng g-1) in the mineral A horizon generally decreased with increasing distance from the Al plant. In the A horizons, the concentrations of ∑29PAHs were correlated with those of ∑14OPAHs (r = 0.95, p = 0.02) and ∑4AZAs (r = 0.93, p = 0.02) suggesting that bioturbation was the main transport process of PACs from the organic layer into the mineral soil. At each location, the concentrations of PACs generally decreased with increasing depth of the mineral soil. Enrichment factors of PAHs in the mineral horizons were not correlated with KOW, pointing at colloid-assisted transport and bioturbation. The enrichment factors of OPAHs (in mineral horizons) at a site were negatively correlated with their KOW values indicating that these compounds were leached in dissolved form. Compared to a study 13 years before, the concentrations of PAHs had decreased in the O horizons but increased in the A and B horizons because of soil-internal redistribution after emissions had been reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Organic Geochemistry Unit (OGU), School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom; Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Moritz Bigalke
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jozef Kobza
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute (SSCRI) Bratislava, Regional working place Banská Bystrica, Mládežnícka 36, 97404 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Zhang Y, Virjamo V, Du W, Yin Y, Nissinen K, Nybakken L, Guo H, Julkunen-Tiitto R. Effects of soil pyrene contamination on growth and phenolics in Norway spruce (Picea abies) are modified by elevated temperature and CO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12788-12799. [PMID: 29473139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
With the constant accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and increasing temperature and CO2 levels, plants will inevitably be exposed to combined stress. Studies on the effects of such combined stresses are needed to develop mitigation and adaptation measures. Here, we investigated the effects of soil pyrene contamination (50 mg kg-1) on growth and phenolics of 1-year-old Norway spruce seedlings from five different origins in Finland at elevated temperature (+ 2 °C) and CO2 (+ 360 ppm). Pyrene significantly decreased spruce height growth (0-48%), needle biomass (0-44%), stem biomass (0-43%), and total phenolic concentrations in needles (2-13%) and stems (1-19%) compared to control plants. Elevated temperature alone did not affect growth but led to lower concentrations of total phenolics in needles (5-29%) and stems (5-18%) in both soil treatments. By contrast, elevated CO2 led to higher needle biomass (0-39%) in pyrene-spiked soils and higher concentrations of stem phenolics (0-18%) in pyrene-spiked and control soils compared to ambient treatments. The decrease in height growth and phenolic concentrations caused by pyrene was greater at elevated temperature, while elevated CO2 only marginally modified the response. Seedlings from different origins showed different responses to the combined environmental stressors. The changes in growth and in the quantity and quality of phenolics in this study suggest that future climate changes will aggravate the negative influence of soil pyrene pollution on northern conifer forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Virpi Virjamo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Wenchao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Katri Nissinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Line Nybakken
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
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28
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Ali U, Sweetman AJ, Riaz R, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC, Malik RN. Sedimentary black carbon and organochlorines in Lesser Himalayan Region of Pakistan: Relationship along the altitude. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:1568-1580. [PMID: 29126639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) and total organic carbon (TOC) along with their relationship with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were assessed in Lesser Himalayan Region (LHR) in different altitudinal zones based on anthropogenic influence/source proximity under the scope of this study. Results revealed the concentrations of BC, TOC, OCPs and PCBs varied between 0.3 and 43.5mgg-1, 1.7-65.4mgg-1, 0.59-3.64ngg-1 and 0.01-1.31ngg-1, respectively. Spatial distribution trends have shown higher levels of OCPs and PCBs contamination near populated and urban areas along the altitude. It is implicated that upslope, short and long-range transport and local emission sources contribute to the contamination of different altitudinal zones of LHR. The relationship of BC and TOC with OCPs and PCBs was evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis that indicated higher sorptive influence of BC over TOC in distribution status of organochlorines in LHR. Further research is required to find relationship of BC and TOC in surface riverine sediments, particularly in aquatic systems along the altitude in mountain regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Andrew James Sweetman
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Rahat Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Mertes F, Mumbo J, Pandelova M, Bernhöft S, Corsten C, Henkelmann B, Bussian BM, Schramm KW. Comparative study of dioxin contamination from forest soil samples (BZE II) by mass spectrometry and EROD bioassay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3977-3984. [PMID: 27613629 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds can be analyzed by bioanalytical screening methods to evaluate their biotoxicity. In vitro bioassays, based on 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and the activity of cytochrome P450 1A1 and the aryl hydrogen receptor (AhR) pathway, are employed for the evaluation of bioanalytical equivalents (BEQ) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from a wide variety of sample matrices. Here, we present the evaluation of 11 humic soil samples derived from forest stands across Germany and a comparison of the BEQ values against toxic equivalents (TEQ, PCDD/Fs+PCBs) derived by chemical analysis. BEQ values ranged from 8.8 to 34.1 while TEQ values from 13.9 to 60.5 pg/g dry weight. Additional two subsequent mineral layers were analyzed to identify the BEQ/TEQ gradient vertically, showing a TEQ decrease of 85.1 and 93.8 % from the humic to the first and second mineral layers, respectively. For BEQ values, a decrease as well as an increase was detected. BEQ measurements were performed with and without sample clean-up. Omitting clean-up revealed about 20 times increased BEQ values presumably due to non-persistent bioactive compounds not detected by chemical analysis. The results we present suggest that the EROD assay can be used for the screening of large sample quantities for the identification of samples showing dioxin and dioxin-like contaminations even at low levels, which can then be further analyzed by chemical analysis to identify the congener composition. The study also shows that EROD results give a qualitative image of the contamination. EROD seems to be interfered with cross-contaminants specifically for soils with high biological activity as forest layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mertes
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - John Mumbo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marchela Pandelova
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Silke Bernhöft
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Corsten
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernd M Bussian
- Department of Waters and Soil, Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department für Biowissenschaftliche Grundlagen, TUM, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350, Freising, Germany
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Pandelova M, Henkelmann B, Bussian BM, Schramm KW. Results of the second national forest soil inventory in Germany - Interpretation of level and stock profiles for PCDD/F and PCB in terms of vegetation and humus type. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:1-9. [PMID: 28802104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected in 86 humic topsoil layers and in a subset of 11 randomly selected top mineral forest soils at the depths of 0-5cm and 5-10cm collected from different federal states of Germany. The distribution of these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in humic topsoils with respect to vegetation cover (coniferous vs. deciduous vs. mixed), total organic carbon (TOC), altitude and latitude data was investigated. There is cross correlation between the contents and TOC while the correlation with latitude indicates higher abundances of POPs in central Germany where there is high population density accompanied with industrial activities. The calculated stocks suggest that humus type (mor, mull, or moder) in conjunction with forest type can explain the relative POPs abundances in different soil layers. Generally, humic topsoils show highest contents of POPs compare to the two mineral soils with a ratio of 100:10:1. However, the stock humic layers of coniferous stands contribute about 50% to the total stock, whereas at deciduous stands the stock is mainly located in the upper mineral soil layer (0-5cm). The soil-water distribution coefficients (Kd) were calculated to estimate the potential translocation in the different soil types. The Kd values vary among the PCBs and PCDD/Fs congeners and are most variable for humic topsoils. There is pronounced chemical abundance in the top mineral soils with increasing Kd and this points to non-water bound transport processes for superlipophilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marchela Pandelova
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernd M Bussian
- Federal Environment Agency, Am Wörlitzer Platz, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department für Biowissenschaftliche Grundlagen, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany
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31
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Qu C, Albanese S, Lima A, Li J, Doherty AL, Qi S, De Vivo B. Residues of hexachlorobenzene and chlorinated cyclodiene pesticides in the soils of the Campanian Plain, southern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1497-1506. [PMID: 28964601 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A systematic grid sampling method and geostatistics were employed to investigate the spatial distribution, inventory, and potential ecological and human health risks of the residues of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and chlorinated cyclodiene pesticides in soils of the Campanian Plain, Italy, and explore their relationship with the soils properties. The geometric mean (Gmean) concentrations of HCB and cyclodiene compounds followed the order CHLs (heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, trans-chlordane, and cis-chlordane) > DRINs (aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin) > SULPHs (α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate) > HCB. The residual levels of most cyclodienes in agricultural soils were generally higher than those of corresponding counterparts in the other land uses. Significant differences in the concentration of HCB and cyclodienes in the soils across the region are observed, and the Acerra-Marigliano conurbation (AMC) and Sarno River Basin (SRB) areas exhibit particularly high residual concentrations. Some legacy cyclodienes in the Campanian Plain may be attributed to a secondary distribution. The Gmean inventory of HCB, SULPHs, CHLs, and DRINs in the soil is estimated to be 0.081, 0.41, 0.36, and 0.41 metric tons, respectively. The non-cancer and cancer risks of HCB and cyclodienes for exposed populations are deemed essentially negligible, however, endosulfan poses significant ecological risks to some terrestrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Qu
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources (DiSTAR), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources (DiSTAR), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Lima
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources (DiSTAR), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Jiji Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | | | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Benedetto De Vivo
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Resources (DiSTAR), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
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Syed JH, Iqbal M, Zhong G, Katsoyiannis A, Yadav IC, Li J, Zhang G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chinese forest soils: profile composition, spatial variations and source apportionment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2692. [PMID: 28578395 PMCID: PMC5457447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported that forest ecosystems can play a vital role in scavenging anthropogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and act as primary reservoirs of these environmental pollutants. The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence, spatial pattern and source apportionment of PAHs across Chinese background forest soils (O- & A-horizons). The 143 soils collected from 30 mountains showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of ∑15PAHs (ng g−1 dw) in O-horizon (222 ± 182) than A-horizon (168 ± 161). A progressive increase in the levels of lighter PAHs was observed along altitudinal gradient, however heavier PAHs did not show any variations. Carbon contents (TOC & BC) of forest soils were found weakly correlated (p < 0.01) with low molecular weight (LMW)-PAHs but showed no relation with high molecular weight (HMW)-PAHs. Source apportionment results using PMF and PCA revealed that PAHs in forest soils mainly come from local biomass burning and/or coal combustion and attributed that forest soils may become a potential sink for PAHs in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mehreen Iqbal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) - FRAM High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14, NO - 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Mumbo J, Pandelova M, Mertes F, Henkelmann B, Bussian BM, Schramm KW. The fingerprints of dioxin-like bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles in selected forest soils in Germany. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 162:64-72. [PMID: 27479457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles was studied in 86 forest soil samples from different regions in Germany. Carbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3-bromocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were qualitatively detected in the humic layer of 59 soil samples with bromocarbazoles reported here for the first time in soil. Furthermore, the halogenated carbazoles, PCDD/Fs and PCBs were detected in the humic and mineral soil horizons (0-5 cm and 5-10 cm) of a subset of 11 soil samples subjected to quantitative analysis. Concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 267.6 ng/g (carbazole); 0.2-7.2 ng/g (3-bromocarbazole); 0.0-9.1 ng/g (3-chlorocarbazole); 0.2-19.8 ng/g (3,6-dibromocarbazole); 0.4-67.6 ng/g (3,6-dichlorocarbazole); 0.0-0.7 ng/g (PCDDs); 0.0-0.3 ng/g (PCDFs) and 0.0-33.7 ng/g (PCBs). Concentrations decreased with depth and correlated positively to total organic carbon (TOC). When it was based on TOC%, an increase in concentration with depth was observed in most soil samples. With respect to dioxin-like toxicity, 3-bromocarbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3,6-dibromocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazoles caused induction of CYP1A1-dependent EROD activity in HII4E rat hepatoma cell line. Their relative effect potency after 72 h exposure ranged from 0.00005 to 0.00013 and was directly related to the degree of halogenation with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as reference. Furthermore, their contribution to overall soil dioxin-like toxicity was not significant in comparison to PCDD/Fs and PCBs though the sum toxic equivalency was limited to three halogenated carbazole congeners. Bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles are emerging dioxin-like toxic environmental contaminants with potential for wide distribution occurring simultaneously with PCDD/Fs and PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mumbo
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Biosciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany; National Environment Management Authority, P.O. Box 67839-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Marchela Pandelova
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Mertes
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernd M Bussian
- Federal Environment Agency, Section Soil Quality and Soil Monitoring, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Biosciences, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany
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Camenzuli L, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. Local organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soil put into a global perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 217:11-18. [PMID: 26341663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, agricultural and background soil concentrations of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, HCB, α-, β- and γ-HCH from 1993 to 2012 were collected from 73 peer-reviewed publications, and analysed statistically. For the period 2003-2012 and for all chemicals, the mean concentration in agricultural soil is significantly higher than the concentration in background soil. In addition to the statistical analysis, concentrations of p,p'-DDT and α-HCH in soils were calculated with a global environmental fate and transport model. A decrease in the mean soil concentration from the first decade to the second was observed with the model, but this decrease is not visible in the measured concentrations, which could result from ongoing use of p,p'-DDT and α-HCH Furthermore, modelled background soil concentrations are generally lower than measurements. This implies that background soil may have received p,p'-DDT and α-HCH through additional routes not described by the model such as spray drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Camenzuli
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Scheringer
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Leuphana University Lüneburg, Institute of Sustainable Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Scharnhorststrasse 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Bussian BM, Pandelova M, Lehnik-Habrink P, Aichner B, Henkelmann B, Schramm KW. Persistent endosulfan sulfate is found with highest abundance among endosulfan I, II, and sulfate in German forest soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:661-666. [PMID: 26319511 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan - an agricultural insecticide and banned by Stockholm Convention - is produced as a 2:1 to 7:3 mixture of isomers endosulfan I (ESI) and endosulfan II (ESII). Endosulfan is transformed under aerobic conditions into endosulfan sulfate (ESS). The study shows for 76 sampling locations in German forests that endosulfan is abundant in all samples with an opposite ratio between the ESI and ESII than the technical product, where the main metabolite ESS is found with even higher abundance. The ratio between ESI/ESII and ESS show clear dependence on the type of stands (coniferous vs. deciduous) and humus type and increases from deciduous via mixed to coniferous forest stands. The study argues for a systematic monitoring of ESI, ESII, and ESS and underlines the need for further research, specifically on the fate of endosulfan including biomagnifications and bioaccumulation in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd M Bussian
- Federal Environment Agency, Section Soil State and Soil Monitoring, Am Wörlitzer Platz, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Marchela Pandelova
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Petra Lehnik-Habrink
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Aichner
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Molecular EXposomics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; TUM - Technische Universität München, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Department für Bio-wissenschaftliche Grundlagen, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany
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Xu Y, Li J, Zheng Q, Pan S, Luo C, Zhu H, Nizzetto L, Zhang G. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in Chinese forest soil: Will combustion become a major source? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 204:124-132. [PMID: 25935613 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We collected O- and A-horizon soil samples in 26 Chinese mountainous forests to investigate the content, spatial pattern, and potential sources of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). Spatial patterns were influenced mainly by the approximation to sources and soil organic contents. High concentrations often occurred close to populated or industrialized areas. Combustion-related activities contributed to PCN pollution. Relatively high proportions of CN-73 in northern China may be attributed to coke consumption, while CN-51 could be an indicator of biomass burning in Southwest China. There are evidences that PCNs may largely derived from unintentional production. If uncontrolled, UP-PCN (unintentionally produced PCNs) emissions could increase with industrial development. The abnormally high concentrations at Gongga and Changbai Mountains appear to be associated with the high efficient of forest filter of atmospheric contaminants at these densely forested sites. We question whether this is caused by ecotones between forests, and raise additional questions for future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Suhong Pan
- Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environment and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haolin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in The Environment, Brno, Czech Republic; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Jennings AA, Li Z. Residential surface soil guidance values applied worldwide to the original 2001 Stockholm Convention POP pesticides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 160:16-29. [PMID: 26081305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface soil contamination is a worldwide problem. Many regulatory jurisdictions attempt to control human exposures with regulatory guidance values (RGVs) that specify a soil's maximum allowable concentration. Pesticides are important soil contaminants because of their intentional toxicity and widespread surface soil application. Worldwide, at least 174 regulatory jurisdictions from 54 United Nations member states have published more than 19,400 pesticide RGVs for at least 739 chemically unique pesticides. This manuscript examines the variability of the guidance values that are applied worldwide to the original 2001 Stockholm Convention persistent organic pollutants (POP) pesticides (Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Mirex, and Toxaphene) for which at least 1667 RGVs have been promulgated. Results indicate that the spans of the RGVs applied to each of these pesticides vary from 6.1 orders of magnitude for Toxaphene to 10.0 orders of magnitude for Mirex. The distribution of values across these value spans resembles the distribution of lognormal random variables, but also contain non-random value clusters. Approximately 40% of all the POP RGVs fall within uncertainty bounds computed from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) RGV cancer risk model. Another 22% of the values fall within uncertainty bounds computed from the USEPA's non-cancer risk model, but the cancer risk calculations yield the binding (lowest) value for all POP pesticides except Endrin. The results presented emphasize the continued need to rationalize the RGVs applied worldwide to important soil contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Jennings
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Civil Engineering, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland OH 44106-7201, USA.
| | - Zijian Li
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Civil Engineering, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland OH 44106-7201, USA.
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38
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Aichner B, Bussian BM, Lehnik-Habrink P, Hein S. Regionalized concentrations and fingerprints of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in German forest soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 203:31-39. [PMID: 25863006 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Samples of 474 forest stands in Germany were analysed for concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three sampling depths. Enhanced concentrations were mainly found at spots relatively close to densely industrialized and urbanized regions and at some topographically elevated areas. Average enrichment factors between mineral soil and humic layer depend on humus type i.e. decrease from mull via moder to mor. Based on their compound-patterns, the observed samples could be assigned to three main clusters. For some parts of our study area a uniform assignment of samples to clusters over larger regions could be identified. For instance, samples taken at vicinity to brown-coal strip-mining districts are characterized by high relative abundances of low-molecular-weight PAHs. These results suggest that PAHs are more likely originated from local and regional emitters rather than from long-range transport and that specific source-regions can be identified based on PAH fingerprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Aichner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division of Organic Environmental Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Bernd M Bussian
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Section II 2.7 Soil Quality, Soil Monitoring, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Petra Lehnik-Habrink
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division of Organic Environmental Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hein
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division of Organic Environmental Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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39
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Sazykin IS, Sazykina MA, Khammami MI, Kostina NV, Khmelevtsova LE, Trubnik RG. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of lower reaches of the Don River (Russia) and their ecotoxicologic assessment by bacterial lux-biosensors. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:277. [PMID: 25893752 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The lower Don River in the south of the European part of Russia was studied to determine the concentration, spatial distribution, and sources of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 14.2 to 529 ng/g-dw. Sedimentary PAH concentrations were higher in the delta of the Don River and in the estuaries of rivers Sal and Aksai compared to the main channel of the Don. Analysis of the PAHs sources showed that PAHs came mostly from pyrogenic sources as a result of incomplete combustion of coal. Bioluminescent bacterial sensors were used for ecotoxicological assessment of surface sediments. The surface sediments of all the investigated stations of lower reaches of the Don River were toxic and genotoxic. The maximum concentration of PAHs and the high genotoxicity effect caused by the presence of genotoxicants were found in the surface sediments of the same stations. Significant correlations between the concentrations of individual PAHs in sediments and the genotoxic effect were found. Correlation between genotoxicity of surface sediments and concentration of phenanthrene and benz(k)fluoranthene was the most significant both with and without application of metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Sazykin
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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40
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Pose-Juan E, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Andrades MS, Rodríguez-Cruz MS, Herrero-Hernández E. Pesticide residues in vineyard soils from Spain: Spatial and temporal distributions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 514:351-358. [PMID: 25679815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal evaluations of seventeen pesticides and some of their degradation products were carried out in seventeen vineyard soils from La Rioja region (Spain). The soils were sampled in March, June and October 2012, and the pesticides were selected among those previously detected in surface and ground waters from the same area. All pesticides were detected in some of the soils in the three different areas of La Rioja at the different sampling times, with only the metalaxyl metabolite, CGA-62826, not being detected in any of the soils sampled in October. The highest concentrations were determined for the fungicides metalaxyl (11.5 μg kg(-1)) and triadimenol (26.1 μg kg(-1)), the herbicides fluometuron (174.6 μg kg(-1)) and terbuthylazine (403.3 μg kg(-1)), and the insecticide methoxyfenozide (4.61 μg kg(-1)). While the highest total concentration of pesticides was detected in March, the highest number of positive detections was recorded in June (46), as opposed to 26 and 19 in March and October, respectively. Significant differences were detected in the concentrations of herbicides in soils from the three areas in La Rioja, but this was not the case for the fungicides and the insecticides. The study revealed a more intensive use of herbicides in March, while the use of insecticides and fungicides probably depended on the specific needs of crops and/or the onset of diseases. The results are consistent with the residues found in waters in the region, and highlight the need to implement strategies for more efficient application of these compounds to avoid risk of water contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pose-Juan
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - María J Sánchez-Martín
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Soledad Andrades
- Departamento de Agricultura y Alimentación, Universidad de La Rioja, 51 Madre de Dios, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - M Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eliseo Herrero-Hernández
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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41
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Zheng Q, Nizzetto L, Li J, Mulder MD, Sáňka O, Lammel G, Bing H, Liu X, Jiang Y, Luo C, Zhang G. Spatial distribution of old and emerging flame retardants in Chinese forest soils: sources, trends and processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2904-2911. [PMID: 25661400 DOI: 10.1021/es505876k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) in soils and their dependence on environmental and anthropological factors were investigated in 159 soil samples from 30 background forested mountain sites across China. Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) was the most abundant flame retardant (25-18,000 pg g(-1) and 5-13,000 pg g(-1) in O-horizon and A-horizon, respectively), followed by BDE 209 (nd-5900 pg g(-1) and nd-2400 pg g(-1) in O-horizon and A-horizon, respectively). FRs distributions were primarily controlled by source distribution. The distributions of most phasing-out PBDEs, DP isomers and TBPH were in fact correlated to a population density-based index used as proxy of areas with elevated usage and waste of FR containing products. High concentrations of some NBFRs were however observed in industrialized regions and FR manufacturing plants. Strongly positive correlations were observed between PBDEs and their replacement products suggesting similar emission pattern and environmental behavior. Exposure of mineral subsoils depended on precipitations driving leaching of FRs into the soil core. This was especially evident for some emerging BFRs (TBE, TBPH, and TBB etc.) possibly indicating potential for diffuse groundwater contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
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42
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Wenning RJ, Martello LB. Levels and Trends of Dioxins, PCBs, and Other POPs in Abiotic Compartments. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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43
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Liu X, Li J, Zheng Q, Bing H, Zhang R, Wang Y, Luo C, Liu X, Wu Y, Pan S, Zhang G. Forest filter effect versus cold trapping effect on the altitudinal distribution of PCBs: a case study of Mt. Gongga, eastern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14377-14385. [PMID: 25377619 DOI: 10.1021/es5041688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mountains are observed to preferentially accumulate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at higher altitude due to the cold condensation effect. Forest soils characterized by high organic carbon are important for terrestrial storage of POPs. To investigate the dominant factor controlling the altitudinal distribution of POPs in mountainous areas, we measured concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in different environmental matrices (soil, moss, and air) from nine elevations on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga, the highest mountain in Sichuan Province on the Tibetan Plateau. The concentrations of 24 measured PCBs ranged from 41 to 510 pg/g dry weight (dw) (mean: 260 pg/g dw) in the O-horizon soil, 280 to 1200 pg/g dw (mean: 740 pg/g dw) in moss, and 33 to 60 pg/m(3) (mean: 47 pg/m(3)) in air. Soil organic carbon was a key determinant explaining 75% of the variation in concentration along the altitudinal gradient. Across all of the sampling sites, the average contribution of the forest filter effect (FFE) was greater than that of the mountain cold trapping effect based on principal components analysis and multiple linear regression. Our results deviate from the thermodynamic theory involving cold condensation at high altitudes of mountain areas and highlight the importance of the FFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
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44
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Zheng Q, Nizzetto L, Mulder MD, Sáňka O, Lammel G, Li J, Bing H, Liu X, Jiang Y, Luo C, Zhang G. Does an analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) distribution in mountain soils across China reveal a latitudinal fractionation paradox? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:115-122. [PMID: 25215455 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic and mineral soil horizons from forests in 30 mountains across China were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Soil total organic carbon (TOC) content was a key determinant of PCB distribution explaining over 90% of the differences between organic and mineral soils, and between 30% and 60% of the variance along altitudinal and regional transects. The residual variance (after normalization by TOC) was small. Tri- to tetra-CB levels were higher in the South in relation to high source density and precipitation. Heavier congeners were instead more abundant at mid/high-latitudes where the advection pattern was mainly from long range transport. This resulted in a latitudinal fractionation opposite to theoretical expectations. The study showed that exposure to sources with different characteristics, and possibly accumulation/degradation trends of different congeners in soils being out-of-phase at different latitudes, can lead to an unsteady large scale distribution scenario conflicting with the thermodynamic equilibrium perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic; Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marie D Mulder
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haijian Bing
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yishan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chunlin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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