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Portugal J, Bedia C, Amato F, Juárez-Facio AT, Stamatiou R, Lazou A, Campiglio CE, Elihn K, Piña B. Toxicity of airborne nanoparticles: Facts and challenges. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108889. [PMID: 39042967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution is one of the most severe environmental healthhazards, and airborne nanoparticles (diameter <100 nm) are considered particularly hazardous to human health. They are produced by various sources such as internal combustion engines, wood and biomass burning, and fuel and natural gas combustion, and their origin, among other parameters, determines their intrinsic toxicity for reasons that are not yet fully understood. Many constituents of the nanoparticles are considered toxic or at least hazardous, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal compounds, in addition to gaseous pollutants present in the aerosol fraction, such as NOx, SO2, and ozone. All these compounds can cause oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, inflammation in the lungs and other tissues, and cellular organelles. Epidemiological investigations concluded that airborne pollution may affect the respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Moreover, particulate matter has been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer, a carcinogenic effect not related to DNA damage, but to the cellular inflammatory response to the pollutants, in which the release of cytokines promotes the proliferation of pre-existing mutated cancer cells. The mechanisms behind toxicity can be investigated experimentally using cell cultures or animal models. Methods for gathering particulate matter have been explored, but standardized protocols are needed to ensure that the samples accurately represent chemical mixtures in the environment. Toxic constituents of nanoparticles can be studied in animal and cellular models, but designing realistic exposure settings is challenging. The air-liquid interface (ALI) system directly exposes cells, mimicking particle inhalation into the lungs. Continuous research and monitoring of nanoparticles and other airborne pollutants is essential for understanding their effects and developing active strategies to mitigate their risks to human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Portugal
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carmen Bedia
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana T Juárez-Facio
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodopi Stamatiou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antigone Lazou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chiara E Campiglio
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, 24044 Dalmine, BG, Italy
| | - Karine Elihn
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Daniel J, Schönberger Alvarez AA, te Heesen P, Lehrheuer B, Pischinger S, Hollert H, Roß-Nickoll M, Du M. Air-liquid interface exposure of A549 human lung cells to characterize the hazard potential of a gaseous bio-hybrid fuel blend. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300772. [PMID: 38913629 PMCID: PMC11195957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gaseous and semi-volatile organic compounds emitted by the transport sector contribute to air pollution and have adverse effects on human health. To reduce harmful effects to the environment as well as to humans, renewable and sustainable bio-hybrid fuels are explored and investigated in the cluster of excellence "The Fuel Science Center" at RWTH Aachen University. However, data on the effects of bio-hybrid fuels on human health is scarce, leaving a data gap regarding their hazard potential. To help close this data gap, this study investigates potential toxic effects of a Ketone-Ester-Alcohol-Alkane (KEAA) fuel blend on A549 human lung cells. Experiments were performed using a commercially available air-liquid interface exposure system which was optimized beforehand. Then, cells were exposed at the air-liquid interface to 50-2000 ppm C3.7 of gaseous KEAA for 1 h. After a 24 h recovery period in the incubator, cells treated with 500 ppm C3.7 KEAA showed significant lower metabolic activity and cells treated with 50, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm C3.7 KEAA showed significant higher cytotoxicity compared to controls. Our data support the international occupational exposure limits of the single KEAA constituents. This finding applies only to the exposure scenario tested in this study and is difficult to extrapolate to the complex in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Daniel
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Pia te Heesen
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bastian Lehrheuer
- TME—Chair of Thermodynamics of Mobile Energy Conversion Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pischinger
- TME—Chair of Thermodynamics of Mobile Energy Conversion Systems, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology & Environmental Toxicology (E3T), Faculty Biological Sciences (FB15), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department Environmental Media Related Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miaomiao Du
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Karthikeyan S, Breznan D, Thomson EM, Blais E, Vincent R, Kumarathasan P. Concordance between In Vitro and In Vivo Relative Toxic Potencies of Diesel Exhaust Particles from Different Biodiesel Blends. TOXICS 2024; 12:290. [PMID: 38668513 PMCID: PMC11054440 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) contribute to air pollution exposure-related adverse health impacts. Here, we examined in vitro, and in vivo toxicities of DEPs from a Caterpillar C11 heavy-duty diesel engine emissions using ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) and biodiesel blends (20% v/v) of canola (B20C), soy (B20S), or tallow-waste fry oil (B20T) in ULSD. The in vitro effects of DEPs (DEPULSD, DEPB20C, DEPB20S, and DEPB20T) in exposed mouse monocyte/macrophage cells (J774A.1) were examined by analyzing the cellular cytotoxicity endpoints (CTB, LDH, and ATP) and secreted proteins. The in vivo effects were assessed in BALB/c mice (n = 6/group) exposed to DEPs (250 µg), carbon black (CB), or saline via intratracheal instillation 24 h post-exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts, cytokines, lung/heart mRNA, and plasma markers were examined. In vitro cytotoxic potencies (e.g., ATP) and secreted TNF-α were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with in vivo inflammatory potency (BALF cytokines, lung/heart mRNA, and plasma markers). Overall, DEPULSD and DEPB20C appeared to be more potent compared to DEPB20S and DEPB20T. These findings suggested that biodiesel blend-derived DEP potencies can be influenced by biodiesel sources, and inflammatory process- was one of the potential underlying toxicity mechanisms. These observations were consistent across in vitro and in vivo exposures, and this work adds value to the health risk analysis of cleaner fuel alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Karthikeyan
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 251, Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (D.B.); (E.M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Dalibor Breznan
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 251, Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (D.B.); (E.M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Errol M. Thomson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 251, Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (D.B.); (E.M.T.); (E.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Erica Blais
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 251, Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (D.B.); (E.M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Renaud Vincent
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 251, Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (D.B.); (E.M.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Premkumari Kumarathasan
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 251, Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada; (D.B.); (E.M.T.); (E.B.)
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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4
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Jetton TL, Galbraith OT, Peshavaria M, Bonney EA, Holmén BA, Fukagawa NK. Sex-specific metabolic adaptations from in utero exposure to particulate matter derived from combustion of petrodiesel and biodiesel fuels. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140480. [PMID: 37879369 PMCID: PMC10841900 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to particulate matter derived from diesel exhaust has been shown to cause metabolic dysregulation, neurological problems, and increased susceptibility to diabetes in the offspring. Diesel exhaust is a major source of air pollution and the use of biodiesel (BD) and its blends have been progressively increasing throughout the world; however, studies on the health impact of BD vs. petrodiesel combustion-generated exhaust have been controversial in part, due to differences in the chemical and physical nature of the associated particulate matter (PM). To explore the long-term impact of prenatal exposure, pregnant mice were exposed to PM generated by combustion of petrodiesel (B0) and a 20% soy BD blend (B20) by intratracheal instillation during embryonic days 9-17 and allowed to deliver. Offspring were then followed for 52 weeks. We found that mother's exposure to B0 and B20 PM manifested in striking sex-specific phenotypes with respect to metabolic adaptation, maintenance of glucose homeostasis, and medial hypothalamic glial cell makeup in the offspring. The data suggest PM exposure limited to a narrower critical developmental window may be compensated for by the mother and/or the fetus by altered metabolic programming in a marked sex-specific and fuel-derived PM-specific manner, leading to sex-specific risk for diseases related to environmental exposure later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Jetton
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, USA.
| | - Oban T Galbraith
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, USA
| | - Mina Peshavaria
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, USA
| | | | - Britt A Holmén
- Larner College of Medicine, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, USA
| | - Naomi K Fukagawa
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, USA; University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; USDA-ARS, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
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5
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Bai Z, Shao J, Xu W, Zhu K, Zhao L, Wang L, Chen J. An unneglected source to ambient brown carbon and VOCs at harbor area: LNG tractor truck. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165575. [PMID: 37499815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The ambient air quality of harbors area in Asia is commonly more polluted compared to other continents. The airborne pollutant is directly or indirectly related to a significant impact of traffic emissions. This study for the first time assessed the impacts on brown carbon (BrC) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from in-port liquid natural gas (LNG) tractor truck at harbor areas, via conducting real-time monitoring of VOCs characteristic and sampling for ambient air at a harbor (named as W harbor) in Shanghai, China, collecting emissions of in-port LNG tractor truck and miniCast in laboratory, as well as statistics of external container diesel trucks in the port for further validation. HPLC/DAD/Q-Tof MS was adopted for sample analysis. Results showed that many CHO compounds were associated with vehicle exhausts. Among of them, aliphatic CHO compounds with low degree of unsaturation were identified as fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters extensively existing in fuel combustion emissions. And non-aliphatic CHO compounds characterized by low O/C ratios (<0.17) identified for the harbor air came from the emissions of in-port LNG power trucks with low-speed driving and idling. The ambient average non-methane total hydrocarbons (NMHC) concentration (0.59 ppm) at W harbor was much greater than that for other areas in Shanghai. The higher ratios of toluene/benzene (3.30) and m/p-xylene/ethylbenzene (3.11) observed at W harbor implied instead of external container diesel trucks, the dominating contributing of internal LNG tractor trucks to ambient VOCs cannot be neglected. This study concluded that LNG is not as clean as it was expected. The LNG-fueled vehicles can produce strong light-absorption chromophores as well as high concentration of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Bai
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, China
| | - Jiantao Shao
- China Construction Eighth Engineering Division Corp., Ltd., Shanghai 200112, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Shanghai Jianke Environmental Techonology Co., Ltd, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, China
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6
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Vallabani NVS, Gruzieva O, Elihn K, Juárez-Facio AT, Steimer SS, Kuhn J, Silvergren S, Portugal J, Piña B, Olofsson U, Johansson C, Karlsson HL. Toxicity and health effects of ultrafine particles: Towards an understanding of the relative impacts of different transport modes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116186. [PMID: 37224945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects, but it is still unclear how particles from various transport modes differ in terms of toxicity and associations with different human health outcomes. This literature review aims to summarize toxicological and epidemiological studies of the effect of ultrafine particles (UFPs), also called nanoparticles (NPs, <100 nm), from different transport modes with a focus on vehicle exhaust (particularly comparing diesel and biodiesel) and non-exhaust as well as particles from shipping (harbor), aviation (airport) and rail (mainly subway/underground). The review includes both particles collected in laboratory tests and the field (intense traffic environments or collected close to harbor, airport, and in subway). In addition, epidemiological studies on UFPs are reviewed with special attention to studies aimed at distinguishing the effects of different transport modes. Results from toxicological studies indicate that both fossil and biodiesel NPs show toxic effects. Several in vivo studies show that inhalation of NPs collected in traffic environments not only impacts the lung, but also triggers cardiovascular effects as well as negative impacts on the brain, although few studies compared NPs from different sources. Few studies were found on aviation (airport) NPs, but the available results suggest similar toxic effects as traffic-related particles. There is still little data related to the toxic effects linked to several sources (shipping, road and tire wear, subway NPs), but in vitro results highlighted the role of metals in the toxicity of subway and brake wear particles. Finally, the epidemiological studies emphasized the current limited knowledge of the health impacts of source-specific UFPs related to different transport modes. This review discusses the necessity of future research for a better understanding of the relative potencies of NPs from different transport modes and their use in health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olena Gruzieva
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karine Elihn
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sarah S Steimer
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jana Kuhn
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José Portugal
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulf Olofsson
- Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden; Environment and Health Administration, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Rahman M, Upadhyay S, Ganguly K, Introna M, Ji J, Boman C, Muala A, Blomberg A, Sandström T, Palmberg L. Comparable Response Following Exposure to Biodiesel and Diesel Exhaust Particles in Advanced Multicellular Human Lung Models. TOXICS 2023; 11:532. [PMID: 37368632 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is considered to be a sustainable alternative for fossil fuels such as petroleum-based diesel. However, we still lack knowledge about the impact of biodiesel emissions on humans, as airways and lungs are the primary target organs of inhaled toxicants. This study investigated the effect of exhaust particles from well-characterized rapeseed methyl ester (RME) biodiesel exhaust particles (BDEP) and petro-diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) and macrophages (MQ). The advanced multicellular physiologically relevant bronchial mucosa models were developed using human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI) in the presence or absence of THP-1 cell-derived macrophages (MQ). The experimental set-up used for BDEP and DEP exposures (18 µg/cm2 and 36 µg/cm2) as well as the corresponding control exposures were PBEC-ALI, MQ-ALI, and PBEC co-cultured with MQ (PBEC-ALI/MQ). Following exposure to both BDEP and DEP, reactive oxygen species as well as the stress protein heat shock protein 60 were upregulated in PBEC-ALI and MQ-ALI. Expression of both pro-inflammatory (M1: CD86) and repair (M2: CD206) macrophage polarization markers was increased in MQ-ALI after both BDEP and DEP exposures. Phagocytosis activity of MQ and the phagocytosis receptors CD35 and CD64 were downregulated, whereas CD36 was upregulated in MQ-ALI. Increased transcript and secreted protein levels of CXCL8, as well as IL-6 and TNF-α, were detected following both BDEP and DEP exposure at both doses in PBEC-ALI. Furthermore, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway, COX-2-mediated histone phosphorylation and DNA damage were all increased in PBEC-ALI following exposure to both doses of BDEP and DEP. Valdecoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor, reduced the level of prostaglandin E2, histone phosphorylation, and DNA damage in PBEC-ALI following exposure to both concentrations of BDEP and DEP. Using physiologically relevant multicellular human lung mucosa models with human primary bronchial epithelial cells and macrophages, we found BDEP and DEP to induce comparable levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and impairment of phagocytosis. The use of a renewable carbon-neutral biodiesel fuel does not appear to be more favorable than conventional petroleum-based alternative, as regards of its potential for adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizanur Rahman
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapna Upadhyay
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Micol Introna
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Ji
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Boman
- Thermochemical Energy Conversion Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ala Muala
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lena Palmberg
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Ogbunuzor C, Fransen LFH, Talibi M, Khan Z, Dalzell A, Laycock A, Southern D, Eveleigh A, Ladommatos N, Hellier P, Leonard MO. Biodiesel exhaust particle airway toxicity and the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 259:115013. [PMID: 37182301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Renewable alternatives to fossil diesel (FD) including fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel have become more prevalent. However, toxicity of exhaust material from their combustion, relative to the fuels they are displacing has not been fully characterised. This study was carried out to examine particle toxicity within the lung epithelium and the role for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exhaust particles from a 20% (v/v) blend of FAME biodiesel had little impact on primary airway epithelial toxicity compared to FD derived particles but did result in an altered profile of PAHs, including an increase in particle bound carcinogenic B[a]P. Higher blends of biodiesel had significantly increased levels of more carcinogenic PAHs, which was associated with a higher level of stress response gene expression including CYP1A1, NQO1 and IL1B. Removal of semi-volatile material from particulates abolished effects on airway cells. Particle size difference and toxic metals were discounted as causative for biological effects. Finally, combustion of a single component fuel (Methyl decanoate) containing the methyl ester molecular structure found in FAME mixtures, also produced more carcinogenic PAHs at the higher fuel blend levels. These results indicate the use of FAME biodiesel at higher blends may be associated with an increased particle associated carcinogenic and toxicity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ogbunuzor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | | | - Midhat Talibi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Zuhaib Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Abigail Dalzell
- Toxicology Department, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Adam Laycock
- Toxicology Department, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Daniel Southern
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Aaron Eveleigh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Nicos Ladommatos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Paul Hellier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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9
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Evtyugina MG, Gonçalves C, Alves C, Corrêa SM, Daemme LC, de Arruda Penteado Neto R. Exhaust emissions of gaseous and particle size-segregated water-soluble organic compounds from diesel-biodiesel blends. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63738-63753. [PMID: 37059947 PMCID: PMC10172243 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the emissions of gaseous pollutants and particle size distributed water-soluble organics (WSO) from a diesel vehicle fuelled with ultralow sulphur diesel (B0) and 10 (B10), 20 (B20), and 30% (B30) biodiesel blends in a chassis dynamometer tested under transient mode. Particulate emission sampling was carried out in an ultraviolet (UV) test chamber using a 10-stage impactor. Samples were grouped into three size fractions and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Increasing the biofuel ratio up to 30% in the fuel reduced WSO emissions by 20.9% in comparison with conventional diesel. Organic acids accounted for 82-89% of WSO in all tested fuels. Dicarboxylic acids were the most abundant compound class, followed by hydroxy, aromatic, and linear alkanoic acids. Correlations between compounds demonstrated that adding biodiesel to diesel fuel reduces the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX), methane (CH4), total and nonmethane hydrocarbons (THC and NMHC), and dicarboxylic and hydroxy acids, but increases emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and alkanoic and aromatic acids. Emissions of dicarboxylic and hydroxy acids were strongly correlated with the biodiesel content. WSO emissions of coarse and fine (1.0-10 μm) particles decreased with the increasing biofuel content in fuel blend. The total share of ultrafine (0.18-1.0 μm) and nanoparticles (< 0.18 μm) increased in WSOs emissions from B20 and B30 blends, when compared with petrodiesel. The biodiesel content also affected the chemical profile of WSO size fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita G Evtyugina
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cátia Gonçalves
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Célia Alves
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sérgio M Corrêa
- Faculty of Technology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Resende, RJ, 27537-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Daemme
- LACTEC - Technology Institute for Development, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
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10
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Valderrama A, Zapata MI, Hernandez JC, Cardona-Arias JA. Systematic review of preclinical studies on the neutrophil-mediated immune response to air pollutants, 1980-2020. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08778. [PMID: 35128092 PMCID: PMC8810373 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical evidence about the neutrophil-mediated response in exposure to air pollutants is scattered and heterogeneous. This has prevented the consolidation of this research field around relevant models that could advance towards clinical research. The purpose of this study was to systematic review the studies of the neutrophils response to air pollutants, following the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration and the PRISMA guide, through 54 search strategies in nine databases. We include 234 studies (in vitro, and in vivo), being more frequent using primary neutrophils, Balb/C and C57BL6/J mice, and Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. The most frequent readouts were cell counts, cytokines and histopathology. The temporal analysis showed that in the last decade, the use of mice with histopathological and cytokine measurement have predominated. This systematic review has shown that study of the neutrophils response to air pollutants started 40 years ago, and composed of 100 different preclinical models, 10 pollutants, and 11 immunological outcomes. Mechanisms of neutrophils-mediated immunopathology include cellular activation, ROS production, and proinflammatory effects, leading to cell-death, oxidative stress, and inflammatory infiltrates in lungs. This research will allow consolidating the research efforts in this field, optimizing the study of causal processes, and facilitating the advance to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Valderrama
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Colombia
| | - Maria Isabel Zapata
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Colombia
| | - Juan C. Hernandez
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Colombia
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11
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, Brooks P, King A, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Fuel feedstock determines biodiesel exhaust toxicity in a human airway epithelial cell exposure model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126637. [PMID: 34329109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiesel is promoted as a sustainable replacement for commercial diesel. Biodiesel fuel and exhaust properties change depending on the base feedstock oil/fat used during creation. The aims of this study were, for the first time, to compare the exhaust exposure health impacts of a wide range of biodiesels made from different feedstocks and relate these effects with the corresponding exhaust characteristics. METHOD Primary airway epithelial cells were exposed to diluted exhaust from an engine running on conventional diesel and biodiesel made from Soy, Canola, Waste Cooking Oil, Tallow, Palm and Cottonseed. Exhaust properties and cellular viability and mediator release were analysed post exposure. RESULTS The exhaust physico-chemistry of Tallow biodiesel was the most different to diesel as well as the most toxic, with exposure resulting in significantly decreased cellular viability (95.8 ± 6.5%) and increased release of several immune mediators including IL-6 (+223.11 ± 368.83 pg/mL) and IL-8 (+1516.17 ± 2908.79 pg/mL) above Air controls. In contrast Canola biodiesel was the least toxic with exposure only increasing TNF-α (4.91 ± 8.61). CONCLUSION This study, which investigated the toxic effects for the largest range of biodiesels, shows that exposure to different exhausts results in a spectrum of toxic effects in vitro when combusted under identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Brooks
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew King
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth 6000, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Yang K, Xu M, Cao J, Zhu Q, Rahman M, Holmén BA, Fukagawa NK, Zhu J. Ultrafine particles altered gut microbial population and metabolic profiles in a sex-specific manner in an obese mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6906. [PMID: 33767227 PMCID: PMC7994449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85784-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has highlighted the connection between exposure to air pollution and the increased risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and comorbidities. Given the recent interest in studying the effects of ultrafine particle (UFP) on the health of obese individuals, this study examined the effects of gastrointestinal UFP exposure on gut microbial composition and metabolic function using an in vivo murine model of obesity in both sexes. UFPs generated from light-duty diesel engine combustion of petrodiesel (B0) and a petrodiesel/biodiesel fuel blend (80:20 v/v, B20) were administered orally. Multi-omics approaches, including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based targeted metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, semi-quantitatively compared the effects of 10-day UFP exposures on obese C57B6 mouse gut microbial population, changes in diversity and community function compared to a phosphate buffer solution (PBS) control group. Our results show that sex-specific differences in the gut microbial population in response to UFP exposure can be observed, as UFPs appear to have a differential impact on several bacterial families in males and females. Meanwhile, the alteration of seventy-five metabolites from the gut microbial metabolome varied significantly (ANOVA p < 0.05) across the PBS control, B0, and B20 groups. Multivariate analyses revealed that the fuel-type specific disruption to the microbial metabolome was observed in both sexes, with stronger disruptive effects found in females in comparison to male obese mice. Metabolic signatures of bacterial cellular oxidative stress, such as the decreased concentration of nucleotides and lipids and increased concentrations of carbohydrate, energy, and vitamin metabolites were detected. Furthermore, blood metabolites from the obese mice were differentially affected by the fuel types used to generate the UFPs (B0 vs. B20).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Mengyang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Jingyi Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Monica Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Britt A Holmén
- School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Naomi K Fukagawa
- USDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 302D Wiseman Hall, 400 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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13
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Møller P, Scholten RH, Roursgaard M, Krais AM. Inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity responses to biodiesel emissions in cultured mammalian cells and animals. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:383-401. [PMID: 32543270 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a consequence of delivery of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxidative stress and inflammation. We have reviewed articles from 2002 to 2019 (50% of the articles since 2015) that have described toxicological effects in terms of genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation of biodiesel exhaust exposure in humans, animals and cell cultures. The studies have assessed first generation biodiesel from different feedstock (e.g. rapeseed and soy), certain second generation fuels (e.g. waste oil), and hydrogenated vegetable oil. It is not possible to rank the potency of toxicological effects of specific biodiesel fuels. However, exposure to biodiesel exhaust causes oxidative stress, inflammation and genotoxicity in cell cultures. Three studies in animals have not indicated genotoxicity in lung tissue. The database on oxidative stress and inflammation in animal studies is larger (13 studies); ten studies have reported increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers or inflammation, although the effects have been modest in most studies. The cell culture and animal studies have not consistently shown a different potency in effect between biodiesel and petrodiesel exhausts. Both increased and decreased potency have been reported, which might be due to differences in feedstock or combustion conditions. In conclusion, combustion products from biodiesel and petrodiesel fuel may evoke similar toxicological effects on genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Harnung Scholten
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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14
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Kaur K, Mohammadpour R, Jaramillo IC, Ghandehari H, Reilly C, Paine R, Kelly KE. Application of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance to Measure the Mass Concentration of Combustion Particle Suspensions. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2019; 137:105445. [PMID: 32863423 PMCID: PMC7448758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Researchers studying the biological effects of combustion particles typically rely on suspending particles in de-ionized (DI) water, buffer, and/or media prior to in vitro or in vivo experiments. However, the hydrophobic nature of combustion particles makes it difficult to obtain well-suspended, evenly dispersed mixtures, which also makes it difficult to obtain equivalent dosing and endpoint comparisons. This study explored the use of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to measure the mass concentration of combustion particle suspensions. It compared the QCM mass concentration to that estimated by placing a known mass of combustion particles in DI water. It also evaluated the effect of drop volume and combustion particle type on QCM measurements. The results showed that QCM is a promising direct method for measuring suspended combustion particle mass concentrations, and it is particularly effective for quantifying concentrations of difficult-to-suspend particles and for combustion particles placed in polystyrene containers, which can lead to substantial particle losses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah
| | - Christopher Reilly
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah
| | - Robert Paine
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah
| | - Kerry E. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
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15
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Godri Pollitt KJ, Chhan D, Rais K, Pan K, Wallace JS. Biodiesel fuels: A greener diesel? A review from a health perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:1036-1055. [PMID: 31726536 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesels have been promoted as a greener alternative to diesel with decreased emissions and health effects. To investigate the scientific basis of the suggested environmental and health benefits offered by biodiesel, this review examines the current state of knowledge and key uncertainties of pollutant profiles of biodiesel engine exhaust and the associated the respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. The ease and low cost of biodiesel production has facilitated greater distribution and commercial use. The pollutant profile of biodiesel engine exhaust is distinct from diesel, characterised by increased NOx and aldehyde emissions but decreased CO and CO2. Lower engine-out particulate matter mass concentrations have also been observed over a range of feedstocks. However, these reduced emissions have been attributable to a shift towards smaller sized particulate emissions. The toxicity of biodiesel engine exhaust has been investigated in vitro using various lung cell, in vivo evaluating responses induced in animals and through several human exposure studies. Discrepancies exist across results reported by in vitro and in vivo studies, which may be attributable to differences in biodiesel feedstocks, engine characteristics, operating conditions or use of aftertreatment systems across test scenarios. The limited human testing further suggests short-term exposure to biodiesel engine exhaust is associated with cardiopulmonary outcomes that are comparable to diesel. Additional information about the health effects of biodiesel engine exhaust exposure is required for effective public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 444, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Dany Chhan
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Khaled Rais
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kang Pan
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S Wallace
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Kaur K, Jaramillo IC, Mohammadpour R, Sturrock A, Ghandehari H, Reilly C, Paine R, Kelly KE. Effect of collection methods on combustion particle physicochemical properties and their biological response in a human macrophage-like cell line. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:1170-1185. [PMID: 31342848 PMCID: PMC6801061 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1632626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro studies are a first step toward understanding the biological effects of combustion-derived particulate matter (cdPM). A vast majority of studies expose cells to cdPM suspensions, which requires a method to collect cdPM and suspend it in an aqueous media. The consequences of different particle collection methods on particle physiochemical properties and resulting biological responses are not fully understood. This study investigated the effect of two common approaches (collection on a filter and a cold plate) and one relatively new (direct bubbling in DI water) approach to particle collection. The three approaches yielded cdPM with differences in particle size distribution, surface area, composition, and oxidative potential. The directly bubbled sample retained the smallest sized particles and the bimodal distribution observed in the gas-phase. The bubbled sample contained ∼50% of its mass as dissolved species and lower molecular weight compounds, not found in the other two samples. These differences in the cdPM properties affected the biological responses in THP-1 cells. The bubbled sample showed greater oxidative potential and cellular reactive oxygen species. The scraped sample induced the greatest TNFα secretion. These findings have implications for in vitro studies of air pollution and for efforts to better understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anne Sturrock
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah
| | - Christopher Reilly
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah
| | - Robert Paine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah
| | - Kerry E. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah
- Utah Center for Nanomedicine, Nano Institute of Utah, University of Utah
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17
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Fawaz YB, Matta JM, Moustafa ME. Effects of selenium supplementation on lung oxidative stress after exposure to exhaust emissions from pyrolysis oil, biodiesel and diesel. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:616-622. [PMID: 31237464 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1636441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to exhaust emissions from fuels as diesel and pyrolysis oil may result in adverse effects on human lungs. This study investigated the effects of exposing mice to the exhaust emissions from diesel, biodiesel or pyrolysis oil, for 1 hour/day for 3 days, on lung oxidative stress and whether selenium administration into these mice affects the oxidative stress. The levels of lung malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were increased after exposure to pyrolysis oil exhaust. The intraperitoneal injection of 1.78 μg selenium/kg body weight 15 minutes before the exposure to the pyrolysis oil exhaust (pyrolysis oil + selenium group) restored the normal levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. The catalase and SOD activities were decreased in the groups of the mice exposed to the exhaust emissions from pyrolysis oil, biodiesel or diesel. Selenium pretreatment of these groups showed no significant change in the activities of both enzymes. In conclusion, the increased lung levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide after the exposure to the exhaust emission from pyrolysis oil were restored to normal by selenium administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef B Fawaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Joseph M Matta
- Industrial Research Institute, Lebanese University Campus , Hadath , Lebanon.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Mohamed E Moustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
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18
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Liu X, Qian X, Xing J, Wang J, Sun Y, Wang Q, Li H. Particulate Matter Triggers Depressive-Like Response Associated With Modulation of Inflammatory Cytokine Homeostasis and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling Pathway in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2019; 164:278-288. [PMID: 29688525 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) exposure may contribute to depressive-like response in mice. However, few studies have evaluated the adaptive impacts of long-term PM exposure on depressive-like response associated with systemic inflammation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway. We studied the association among depressive-like behaviors, mRNA levels of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the expression of BDNF signaling pathway in mice by long-term PM exposure. C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to ambient air alongside control mice breathing air filtered through a high-efficiency air PM (HEPA) filter. Depressive-like behaviors were assessed together with proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels and the modulation of BDNF pathway in hippocampus and olfactory-bulb of mice exposed to PM for 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Exposure to HEPA-filtered air for 4 weeks may exert antidepressant like effects in mice. Proinflammatory cytokines were up-regulated while the expression of BDNF, its high-affinity receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), and the transcription factor (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)-response element-binding protein (CREB) were down-regulated in ambient air mice. However, after 8 weeks, there was no significant difference in the rate of depressive-like behaviors between the 2 groups. After 12 weeks, mice exposed to ambient air again had a higher rate of depressive-like behaviors, significant up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, down-regulation of interleukin-10, BDNF, TrkB, and CREB than HEPA mice. Ultrafine PM in brain tissues of mice exposed to ambient air was observed. Our results suggest continuous high-level PM exposure alters the depressive-like response in mice and induces a damage-repair-imbalance reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,School of the Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jing Xing
- School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yixuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Huiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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19
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Sharma N, Vanderheyden C, Klunder K, Henry CS, Volckens J, Jathar SH. Emerging investigator series: oxidative potential of diesel exhaust particles: role of fuel, engine load, and emissions control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:819-830. [PMID: 30977477 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00571k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) has been linked to adverse human health outcomes. DEPs are reactive and can directly or indirectly lead to oxidative stress, which promotes inflammation in the body. The oxidative potential (OP) of DEPs is not well understood, particularly for combustion with alternative fuels, under different engine loads, and in combination with modern emissions control devices. In this study, we measured the OP of DEPs using a dithiothreitol assay (OP-DTT) from a modern-day non-road diesel engine for two different fuels (conventional diesel and soy-based biodiesel), two different engine loads (idle and 50% load), and with and without an emissions control system. The OP-DTT of DEPs was sensitive to the fuel used and the presence of an emissions control system but not to the engine load. On average, the use of biodiesel resulted in factor of ∼6 reduction in OP-DTT normalized to the DEP mass and a factor of ∼12 reduction in OP-DTT normalized to the fuel consumed. The use of the emissions control, on average, resulted in a factor of ∼6 reduction in OP-DTT normalized to the DEP mass and a three order of magnitude decrease in OP-DTT normalized to the fuel consumed. When studied in conjunction with the DEP composition, the OP-DTT seemed to correlate most strongly with elemental carbon (EC), followed by semi-volatile organic vapors. Assays performed on DEPs where EC was deliberately filtered out suggested that the species responsible for the OP-DTT might be correlated with EC but would need to be water soluble (e.g., quinones). The semi-volatile organic vapors accounted for more than a quarter of the OP-DTT of DEPs collected on the quartz filters. Finally, sensitivity studies performed with a different filter membrane (i.e., Teflon®) and solvent (i.e., dichloromethane) tended to increase the OP-DTT value. OP-DTT is emerging as an important metric for studying the adverse effects of DEPs and PM2.5 on human health; results of this work help define the sources and components of diesel PM2.5 that contribute to OP-DTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naman Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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20
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Martin NR, Kelley P, Klaski R, Bosco A, Moore B, Traviss N. Characterization and comparison of oxidative potential of real-world biodiesel and petroleum diesel particulate matter emitted from a nonroad heavy duty diesel engine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:908-914. [PMID: 30481717 PMCID: PMC7372722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Little is known regarding the oxidative potential of biodiesel particulate matter (PM) relative to diesel PM emitted from heavy duty diesel (HDD) nonroad engines generated in real-world occupational settings. The composition of biodiesel and diesel PM can include transition metals, polar, and nonpolar organic species which can increase oxidative potential via production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Elevated ROS can lead to oxidative stress and induce antioxidant defense, inflammation, and toxicity. This study characterized the chemical composition of PM (water soluble organic carbon and elemental metals) collected in a real-world occupational setting. ROS production in a human epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) treated with biodiesel and diesel PM extracts was compared to oxidative potential measured by an acellular dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. The oxidative potential (DTT consumption rate) of diesel PM was 21% greater than biodiesel PM at the highest treatment concentration (60 μg/mL), yet the ROS generated in vitro were similar between fuel types. Average concentrations of Cu, Cr and Zn were higher in diesel PM compared to biodiesel PM. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between DTT consumption and Cu in diesel PM (r = 0.98), but not B20 PM. There was a strong correlation between WSOC content in diesel PM and ROS generated in vitro (r = 0.83), but no correlation between WSOC content in biodiesel PM and ROS. Taken together, the results indicate the influence of fuel type on the chemical composition and oxidative potential of PM generated by a nonroad HDD engine operated at a recycling center. While acknowledging the potential influence of other species of interest not measured (i.e., quinones), real-world petroleum diesel PM emissions had higher oxidative potential compared to biodiesel PM suggesting that biodiesel use may reduce risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Martin
- Department of Environmental Studies, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States of America
| | - Patrick Kelley
- Department of Environmental Studies, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States of America
| | - Rachel Klaski
- Department of Environmental Studies, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States of America; Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States of America
| | - Andrew Bosco
- Department of Environmental Studies, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States of America; Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States of America
| | - Brian Moore
- Department of Environmental Studies, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States of America; Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States of America
| | - Nora Traviss
- Department of Environmental Studies, Keene State College, Keene, NH 03431, United States of America.
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21
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Selley L, Phillips DH, Mudway I. The potential of omics approaches to elucidate mechanisms of biodiesel-induced pulmonary toxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:4. [PMID: 30621739 PMCID: PMC6504167 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combustion of biodiesels in place of fossil diesel (FD) has been proposed as a method of reducing transport-related toxic emissions in Europe. While biodiesel exhaust (BDE) contains fewer hydrocarbons, total particulates and carbon monoxide than FD exhaust (FDE), its high nitrogen oxide and ultrafine particle content may still promote pulmonary pathophysiologies. MAIN BODY Using a complement of in vitro and in vivo studies, this review documents progress in our understanding of pulmonary responses to BDE exposure. Focusing initially on hypothesis-driven, targeted analyses, the merits and limitations of comparing BDE-induced responses to those caused by FDE exposure are discussed within the contexts of policy making and exploration of toxicity mechanisms. The introduction and progression of omics-led workflows are also discussed, summarising the novel insights into mechanisms of BDE-induced toxicity that they have uncovered. Finally, options for the expansion of BDE-related omics screens are explored, focusing on the mechanistic relevance of metabolomic profiling and offering rationale for expansion beyond classical models of pulmonary exposure. CONCLUSION Together, these discussions suggest that molecular profiling methods have identified mechanistically informative, novel and fuel-specific signatures of pulmonary responses to biodiesel exhaust exposure that would have been difficult to detect using traditional, hypothesis driven approaches alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Selley
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN UK
| | - David H. Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
- NIHR HPRU in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Ian Mudway
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
- NIHR HPRU in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
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22
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Dziendzikowska K, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Mruk R, Oczkowski M, Żyła E, Królikowski T, Stachoń M, Øvrevik J, Myhre O, Kruszewski M, Wojewódzka M, Lankoff A, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J. The effects of 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel exhaust exposure on hematological and biochemical blood indices of Fisher344 male rats - The FuelHealth project. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 63:34-47. [PMID: 30142495 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust emissions (DEE), being one of the main causes of ambient air pollution, exert a detrimental effect on human health and increase morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate potential adverse effects of exhausts emissions from B7 fuel, the first-generation biofuel containing 7% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and SHB20 fuel, the second-generation biofuel containing 20% FAME/hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), after a whole-body exposure with and without diesel particle filter (DPF). The experiment was performed on 95 male Fischer 344 rats, divided into 10 groups (8 experimental, 2 control). Animals were exposed to DEE (diluted with charcoal-filtered room air to 2.1-2.2% (v/v)) for 7 or 28 days (6 h/day, 5 days/week) in an inhalation chamber. DEE originated from Euro 5 engine with or without DPF treatment, run on B7 or SHB20 fuel. Animals in the control groups were exposed to clean air. Our results showed that the majority of haematological and biochemical parameters examined in blood were at a similar level in the exposed and control animals. However, exposure to DEE from the SHB20 fuel caused an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBC) and haemoglobin concentration. Moreover, 7 days exposure to DEE from SHB20 fuel induced genotoxic effects manifested by increased levels of DNA single-strand breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, inhalation of both types of DEE induced oxidative stress and caused imbalance of anti-oxidant defence enzymes. In conclusion, exposure to DEE from B7, which was associated with higher exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, resulted in decreased number of T and NK lymphocytes, while DEE from SHB20 induced a higher level of DNA single-strand breaks, oxidative stress and increased red blood cells parameters. Additionally, DPF technology generated increased number of smaller PM and made the DEE more reactive and more harmful, manifested as deregulation of redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dziendzikowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland.
| | - M Gajewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - J Wilczak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - R Mruk
- Department of Production Organization and Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - M Oczkowski
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - E Żyła
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - T Królikowski
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - M Stachoń
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - J Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infectious Disease Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - O Myhre
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Division of Infectious Disease Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Kruszewski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Wojewódzka
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Lankoff
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - J Gromadzka-Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
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23
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de Brito JM, Mauad T, Cavalheiro GF, Yoshizaki K, de André PA, Lichtenfels AJFC, Guimarães ET, Rivero DHRF, Antonangelo L, Oliveira LB, Pedroso LRM, Macchione M, Saldiva PHN. Acute exposure to diesel and sewage biodiesel exhaust causes pulmonary and systemic inflammation in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1223-1233. [PMID: 30045544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a renewable energy source that reduces particle emission, but few studies have assessed its effects. To assess the effects of acute inhalation of two doses (600 and 1200 μg/m3) of diesel (DE) and biodiesel (BD) fuels on the inflammatory pulmonary and systemic profile of mice. Animals were exposed for 2 h in an inhalation chamber inside the Container Laboratory for Fuels. Heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure were determined 30 min after exposure. After 24 h, we analyzed the lung inflammation using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); neutrophil and macrophage quantification in the lung parenchyma was performed, and blood and bone marrow biomarkers as well as receptor of endothelin-A (ET-Ar), receptor of endothelin-B (ET-Br), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) and isoprostane (ISO) levels in the pulmonary vessels and bronchial epithelium were evaluated. HRV increased for BD600, D600 and D1200 compared to filtered air (FA). Both fuels (DE and BD) produced alterations in red blood cells independent of the dose. BALF from the BD600 and BD1200 groups showed an increase in neutrophils compared to those of the FA group. Numeric density of the polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells was elevated with BD600 compared to FA. In the peribronchiolar vessels, there was an increase in ET-Ar and ET-Br expression following BD600 compared to FA; and there was a reduction in the iNOs expression for BD1200 and the VCAM-1 for D1200 compared to FA. In the bronchial epithelium, there was an increase in ETAr at BD600, ET-Br at two doses (600 and 1200 μg/m3) of DE and BD, iNOs at D600 and VCAM-1 at BD1200 and D600; all groups were compared to the FA group. Acute exposure to DE and BD derived from sewage methyl esters triggered pulmonary and cardiovascular inflammatory alterations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jôse Mára de Brito
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Franco Cavalheiro
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Yoshizaki
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Afonso de André
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Julia F C Lichtenfels
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eliane Tigre Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Leila Antonangelo
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, LIM 03 - Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Basto Oliveira
- Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Eco 100 Sustained Development LTDA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Mariangela Macchione
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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24
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Douki T, Corbière C, Preterre D, Martin PJ, Lecureur V, André V, Landkocz Y, Pottier I, Keravec V, Fardel O, Moreira-Rebelo S, Pottier D, Vendeville C, Dionnet F, Gosset P, Billet S, Monteil C, Sichel F. Comparative study of diesel and biodiesel exhausts on lung oxidative stress and genotoxicity in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:514-524. [PMID: 29324381 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of diesel exhaust to atmospheric pollution is a major concern for public health, especially in terms of occurrence of lung cancers. The present study aimed at addressing the toxic effects of a repeated exposure to these emissions in an animal study performed under strictly controlled conditions. Rats were repeatedly exposed to the exhaust of diesel engine. Parameters such as the presence of a particle filter or the use of gasoil containing rapeseed methyl ester were investigated. Various biological parameters were monitored in the lungs to assess the toxic and genotoxic effects of the exposure. First, a transcriptomic analysis showed that some pathways related to DNA repair and cell cycle were affected to a limited extent by diesel but even less by biodiesel. In agreement with occurrence of a limited genotoxic stress in the lungs of diesel-exposed animals, small induction of γ-H2AX and acrolein adducts was observed but not of bulky adducts and 8-oxodGuo. Unexpected results were obtained in the study of the effect of the particle filter. Indeed, exhausts collected downstream of the particle filter led to a slightly higher induction of a series of genes than those collected upstream. This result was in agreement with the formation of acrolein adducts and γH2AX. On the contrary, induction of oxidative stress remained very limited since only SOD was found to be induced and only when rats were exposed to biodiesel exhaust collected upstream of the particle filter. Parameters related to telomeres were identical in all groups. In summary, our results point to a limited accumulation of damage in lungs following repeated exposure to diesel exhausts when modern engines and relevant fuels are used. Yet, a few significant effects are still observed, mostly after the particle filter, suggesting a remaining toxicity associated with the gaseous or nano-particular phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Douki
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SyMMES/CIBEST, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cécile Corbière
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen et 76000, Rouen, France
| | - David Preterre
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen et 76000, Rouen, France; CERTAM, 1 Rue Joseph Fourier, 76800 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Perrine J Martin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, EA4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Valérie Lecureur
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Véronique André
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen et 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Yann Landkocz
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, EA4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Ivannah Pottier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen et 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Veronika Keravec
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen et 76000, Rouen, France; CERTAM, 1 Rue Joseph Fourier, 76800 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35043 Rennes, France; Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rennes, France
| | | | - Didier Pottier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen et 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Cathy Vendeville
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen et 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Frédéric Dionnet
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen et 76000, Rouen, France; CERTAM, 1 Rue Joseph Fourier, 76800 Saint-Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Pierre Gosset
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, EA4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Sylvain Billet
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, EA4492, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | - Christelle Monteil
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen et 76000, Rouen, France
| | - François Sichel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen et 76000, Rouen, France; Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France.
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25
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Jaramillo IC, Sturrock A, Ghiassi H, Woller DJ, Deering-Rice CE, Lighty JS, Paine R, Reilly C, Kelly KE. Effects of fuel components and combustion particle physicochemical properties on toxicological responses of lung cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:295-309. [PMID: 29227181 PMCID: PMC5815945 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1400793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of combustion particles that promote lung toxicity are not fully understood, hindered by the fact that combustion particles vary based on the fuel and combustion conditions. Real-world combustion-particle properties also continually change as new fuels are implemented, engines age, and engine technologies evolve. This work used laboratory-generated particles produced under controlled combustion conditions in an effort to understand the relationship between different particle properties and the activation of established toxicological outcomes in human lung cells (H441 and THP-1). Particles were generated from controlled combustion of two simple biofuel/diesel surrogates (methyl decanoate and dodecane/biofuel-blended diesel (BD), and butanol and dodecane/alcohol-blended diesel (AD)) and compared to a widely studied reference diesel (RD) particle (NIST SRM2975/RD). BD, AD, and RD particles exhibited differences in size, surface area, extractable chemical mass, and the content of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Some of these differences were directly associated with different effects on biological responses. BD particles had the greatest surface area, amount of extractable material, and oxidizing potential. These particles and extracts induced cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 enzyme mRNA in lung cells. AD particles and extracts had the greatest total PAH content and also caused CYP1A1 and 1B1 mRNA induction. The RD extract contained the highest relative concentration of 2-ring PAHs and stimulated the greatest level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) cytokine secretion. Finally, AD and RD were more potent activators of TRPA1 than BD, and while neither the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 nor the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) affected CYP1A1 or 1B1 mRNA induction, both inhibitors reduced IL-8 secretion and mRNA induction. These results highlight that differences in fuel and combustion conditions affect the physicochemical properties of particles, and these differences, in turn, affect commonly studied biological/toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C. Jaramillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Anne Sturrock
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Hossein Ghiassi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Diana J. Woller
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Cassandra E. Deering-Rice
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - JoAnn S. Lighty
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
| | - Robert Paine
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Christopher Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Kerry E. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Address correspondence to Kerry E. Kelly, Assistant Professor, University of Utah 2282 MEB, 50 S. Central Campus Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Phone: (801) 587-7601; Fax: (801) 585-9297; kerry,
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26
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Bugarski AD, Hummer JA, Vanderslice SE. Effects of FAME biodiesel and HVORD on emissions from an older-technology diesel engine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 69:43-49. [PMID: 29348698 DOI: 10.19150/me.7918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The results of laboratory evaluations were used to compare the potential of two alternative, biomass-derived fuels as a control strategy to reduce the exposure of underground miners to aerosols and gases emitted by diesel-powered equipment. The effects of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil renewable diesel (HVORD) on criteria aerosol and gaseous emissions from an older-technology, naturally aspirated, mechanically controlled engine equipped with a diesel oxidation catalytic converter were compared with those of widely used petroleum-derived, ultralow-sulfur diesels (ULSDs). The emissions were characterized for four selected steady-state conditions. When fueled with FAME biodiesel and HVORD, the engine emitted less aerosols by total particulate mass, total carbon mass, elemental carbon mass and total number than when it was fueled with ULSDs. Compared with ULSDs, FAME biodiesel and HVORD produced aerosols that were characterized by single modal distributions, smaller count median diameters, and lower total and peak concentrations. For the majority of test cases, FAME biodiesel and HVORD favorably affected nitric oxide (NO) and adversely affected nitrogen dioxide (NO2) generation. Therefore, the use of these alternative fuels appears to be a viable tool for the underground mining industry to address the issues related to emissions from diesel engines, and to transition toward more universal solutions provided by advanced engines with integrated exhaust after treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Bugarski
- A.D. Bugarski, member SME, J.A. Hummer and S.E. Vanderslice are senior research engineer, engineering technician and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Mining Research Division (PMRD), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J A Hummer
- A.D. Bugarski, member SME, J.A. Hummer and S.E. Vanderslice are senior research engineer, engineering technician and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Mining Research Division (PMRD), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S E Vanderslice
- A.D. Bugarski, member SME, J.A. Hummer and S.E. Vanderslice are senior research engineer, engineering technician and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Mining Research Division (PMRD), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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27
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Zhong F, Xu M, Schelli K, Rutowski J, Holmén BA, Zhu J. Comparing the impact of ultrafine particles from petrodiesel and biodiesel combustion to bacterial metabolism by targeted HPLC-MS/MS metabolic profiling. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:164-170. [PMID: 28410499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of gut bacterial metabolism play an important role in their host metabolism, and can result in diseases such as obesity and diabetes. While many factors were discovered influencing the gut bacterial metabolism, exposure to ultrafine particles (UFPs) from engine combustions were recently proposed to be a potential risk factor for the perturbation of gut bacterial metabolism, and consequentially to obesity and diabetes development. This study focused on evaluation of how UFPs from diesel engine combustions impact gut bacterial metabolism. We hypothesize that UFPs from different type of diesel (petrodiesel vs. biodiesel) will both impact bacterial metabolism, and the degree of impact is also diesel type-dependent. Targeted metabolic profiling of 221 metabolites were applied to three model gut bacteria in vitro, Streptococcus salivarius, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus fermentum. UFPs from two types of fuels, petrodiesel (B0) and a biodiesel blend (B20: 20% soy biodiesel/80% B0 by volume), were exposed to the bacteria and their metabolic changes were compared. For each bacterial strain, metabolites with significantly changed abundance were observed in both perturbations, and all three strains have increased number of altered metabolites detected from B20 UFPs perturbation in comparison to B0 UFPs. Multivariate statistical analysis further confirmed that the metabolic profiles were clearly different between testing groups. Metabolic pathway analyses also demonstrated several important metabolic pathways, including pathways involves amino acids biosynthesis and sugar metabolism, were significantly impacted by UFPs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyi Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Mengyang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Katie Schelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Joshua Rutowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States
| | - Britt A Holmén
- School of Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, United States.
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28
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Lankoff A, Brzoska K, Czarnocka J, Kowalska M, Lisowska H, Mruk R, Øvrevik J, Wegierek-Ciuk A, Zuberek M, Kruszewski M. A comparative analysis of in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particles from combustion of 1st- and 2nd-generation biodiesel fuels in relation to their physicochemical properties-the FuelHealth project. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:19357-19374. [PMID: 28674953 PMCID: PMC5556143 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesels represent more carbon-neutral fuels and are introduced at an increasing extent to reduce emission of greenhouse gases. However, the potential impact of different types and blend concentrations of biodiesel on the toxicity of diesel engine emissions are still relatively scarce and to some extent contradictory. The objective of the present work was to compare the toxicity of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) from combustion of two 1st-generation fuels: 7% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME; B7) and 20% FAME (B20) and a 2nd-generation 20% FAME/HVO (synthetic hydrocarbon biofuel (SHB)) fuel. Our findings indicate that particulate emissions of each type of biodiesel fuel induce cytotoxic effects in BEAS-2B and A549 cells, manifested as cell death (apoptosis or necrosis), decreased protein concentrations, intracellular ROS production, as well as increased expression of antioxidant genes and genes coding for DNA damage-response proteins. The different biodiesel blend percentages and biodiesel feedstocks led to marked differences in chemical composition of the emitted DEP. The different DEPs also displayed statistically significant differences in cytotoxicity in A549 and BEAS-2B cells, but the magnitude of these variations was limited. Overall, it seems that increasing biodiesel blend concentrations from the current 7 to 20% FAME, or substituting 1st-generation FAME biodiesel with 2nd-generation HVO biodiesel (at least below 20% blends), affects the in vitro toxicity of the emitted DEP to some extent, but the biological significance of this may be moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lankoff
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 15 Swietokrzyska Str., 25-406, Kielce, Poland.
- Center for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Brzoska
- Center for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Czarnocka
- Automotive Industry Institute, 55 Jagiellońska Str., 03-301, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kowalska
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 15 Swietokrzyska Str., 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Halina Lisowska
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 15 Swietokrzyska Str., 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 166 Nowoursynowska Str., 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division of Environmental Medicine Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aneta Wegierek-Ciuk
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 15 Swietokrzyska Str., 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Mariusz Zuberek
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Center for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
- Independent Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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Magnusson P, Oczkowski M, Øvrevik J, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Biedrzycki J, Dziendzikowska K, Kamola D, Królikowski T, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Mruk R, Brunborg G, Instanes C, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Myhre O. No adverse lung effects of 7- and 28-day inhalation exposure of rats to emissions from petrodiesel fuel containing 20% rapeseed methyl esters (B20) with and without particulate filter – the FuelHealth project. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:206-218. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1339149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Magnusson
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michał Oczkowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malgorzata Gajewska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kamola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Królikowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Instanes
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Oddvar Myhre
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Skuland TS, Refsnes M, Magnusson P, Oczkowski M, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Kruszewski M, Mruk R, Myhre O, Lankoff A, Øvrevik J. Proinflammatory effects of diesel exhaust particles from moderate blend concentrations of 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel in BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells-The FuelHealth project. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 52:138-142. [PMID: 28412649 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel fuel fuels are introduced at an increasing extent as a more carbon-neutral alternative to reduce CO2-emissions, compared to conventional diesel fuel. In the present study we have investigated the impact of increasing the use of 1st generation fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel from current 7% blend (B7) to 20% blend (B20), or by increasing the biodiesel content by adding 2nd generation hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) based biodiesel (SHB; Synthetic Hydrocarbon Biofuel) on toxicity of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) in an in vitro system. Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed for 4 and 20h to DEP from B7, B20 and SHB at different concentrations, and examined for effects on gene expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), CXCL8 (IL-8), CYP1A1 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The results show that both B20 and SHB were more potent inducers of IL-6 expression compared to B7. Only B20 induced statistically significant increases in CXCL8 expression. By comparison the rank order of potency to induce CYP1A1 was SHB>B7>B20. No statistically significant difference were observed form HO-1 expression, suggesting that the differences in cytokine responses were not due to oxidative stress. The results show that even moderate increases in biodiesel blends, from 7% to 20%, may increase the proinflammatory potential of emitted DEP in BEAS-2B cells. This effect was observed for both addition of 1st generation FAME and 2nd generation HVO biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonje S Skuland
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Magnusson
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michał Oczkowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oddvar Myhre
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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31
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Martin N, Lombard M, Jensen KR, Kelley P, Pratt T, Traviss N. Effect of biodiesel fuel on "real-world", nonroad heavy duty diesel engine particulate matter emissions, composition and cytotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:409-418. [PMID: 28236480 PMCID: PMC7372720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is regarded by many as a "greener" alternative fuel to petroleum diesel with potentially lower health risk. However, recent studies examining biodiesel particulate matter (PM) characteristics and health effects are contradictive, and typically utilize PM generated by passenger car engines in laboratory settings. There is a critical need to analyze diesel and biodiesel PM generated in a "real-world" setting where heavy duty-diesel (HDD) engines and commercially purchased fuel are utilized. This study compares the mass concentrations, chemical composition and cytotoxicity of real-world PM from combustion of both petroleum diesel and a waste grease 20% biodiesel blend (B20) at a community recycling center operating HDD nonroad equipment. PM was analyzed for metals, elemental/organic carbon (EC/OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs). Cytotoxicity in a human lung epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) following 24h exposure to the real-world particles was also evaluated. On average, higher concentrations for both EC and OC were measured in diesel PM. B20 PM contained significantly higher levels of Cu and Mo whereas diesel PM contained significantly higher concentrations of Pb. Principal component analysis determined Mo, Cu, and Ni were the metals with the greatest loading factor, suggesting a unique pattern related to the B20 fuel source. Total PAH concentration during diesel fuel use was 1.9 times higher than during B20 operations; however, total N-PAH concentration was 3.3 times higher during B20 use. Diesel PM cytotoxicity was 8.5 times higher than B20 PM (p<0.05) in a BEAS-2B cell line. This study contributes novel data on real-world, nonroad engine sources of metals, PAH and N-PAH species, comparing tailpipe PM vs. PM collected inside the equipment cabin. Results suggest PM generated from burning petroleum diesel in nonroad engines may be more harmful to human health, but the links between exposure, composition and toxicity are not straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Martin
- Department of Environmental Studies, Keene State College, Keene, NH, 03431, United States
| | - Melissa Lombard
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, United States
| | - Kirk R Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, United States
| | - Patrick Kelley
- Department of Environmental Studies, Keene State College, Keene, NH, 03431, United States
| | - Tara Pratt
- Department of Environmental Studies, Keene State College, Keene, NH, 03431, United States
| | - Nora Traviss
- Department of Environmental Studies, Keene State College, Keene, NH, 03431, United States.
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32
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Karavalakis G, Gysel N, Schmitz DA, Cho AK, Sioutas C, Schauer JJ, Cocker DR, Durbin TD. Impact of biodiesel on regulated and unregulated emissions, and redox and proinflammatory properties of PM emitted from heavy-duty vehicles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:1230-1238. [PMID: 28148458 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The emissions and the potential health effects of particulate matter (PM) were assessed from two heavy-duty trucks with and without emission control aftertreatment systems when operating on CARB ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and three different biodiesel blends. The CARB ULSD was blended with soy-based biodiesel, animal fat biodiesel, and waste cooking oil biodiesel at 50vol%. Testing was conducted over the EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) in triplicate for both trucks. The aftertreatment controls effectively decreased PM mass and number emissions, as well as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compared to the uncontrolled truck. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) exhibited increases with the biodiesel blends, showing some feedstock dependency for the controlled truck. The oxidative potential of the emitted PM, measured by means of the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, showed reductions with the use of biodiesel blends relative to CARB ULSD for the uncontrolled truck. Overall, the cellular responses to the particles from each fuel were reflective of the chemical content, i.e., particles from CARB ULSD were the most reactive and exhibited the highest cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Karavalakis
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Nicholas Gysel
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Debra A Schmitz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arthur K Cho
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David R Cocker
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Thomas D Durbin
- University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Blair SL, MacMillan AC, Drozd GT, Goldstein AH, Chu RK, Paša-Tolić L, Shaw JB, Tolić N, Lin P, Laskin J, Laskin A, Nizkorodov SA. Molecular Characterization of Organosulfur Compounds in Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:119-127. [PMID: 28005381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA), formed in the photooxidation of diesel fuel, biodiesel fuel, and 20% biodiesel fuel/80% diesel fuel mixture, are prepared under high-NOx conditions in the presence and absence of sulfur dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3), and relative humidity (RH). The composition of condensed-phase organic compounds in SOA is measured using several complementary techniques including aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS), high-resolution nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nano-DESI/HRMS), and ultrahigh resolution and mass accuracy 21T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (21T FT-ICR MS). Results demonstrate that sulfuric acid and condensed organosulfur species formed in photooxidation experiments with SO2 are present in the SOA particles. Fewer organosulfur species are formed in the high humidity experiments, performed at RH 90%, in comparison with experiments done under dry conditions. There is a strong overlap of organosulfur species observed in this study with previous field and chamber studies of SOA. Many MS peaks of organosulfates (R-OS(O)2OH) previously designated as biogenic or of unknown origin in field studies might have originated from anthropogenic sources, such as photooxidation of hydrocarbons present in diesel and biodiesel fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Blair
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Amanda C MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Greg T Drozd
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Madden MC. A paler shade of green? The toxicology of biodiesel emissions: Recent findings from studies with this alternative fuel. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2856-62. [PMID: 27261091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiesel produced primarily from plants and algal feedstocks is believed to have advantages for production and use compared to petroleum and to some other fuel sources. There is some speculation that exposure to biodiesel combustion emissions may not induce biological responses or health effects or at a minimum reduce the effects relative to other fuels. In evaluating the overall environmental and health effects of biodiesel production to end use scenario, empirical data or modeling data based on such data are needed. SCOPE OF REVIEW This manuscript examines the available toxicology reports examining combustion derived biodiesel emissions since approximately 2007, when our last review of the topic occurred. Toxicity derived from other end uses of biodiesel - e.g., spills, dermal absorption, etc. - are not examined. Findings from biodiesel emissions are roughly divided into three areas: whole non-human animal model exposures; in vitro exposures of mammalian and bacterial cells (used for mutation studies primarily); and human exposures in controlled or other exposure fashions. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Overall, these more current studies clearly demonstrate that biodiesel combustion emission exposure- to either 100% biodiesel or a blend in petroleum diesel- can induce biological effects. There are reports that show biodiesel exposure generally induces more effects or a greater magnitude of effect than petroleum diesel, however there are also a similar number of reports showing the opposite trend. It is unclear whether effects induced by exposure to a blend are greater than exposure to 100% biodiesel. Taken together, the evidence suggest biodiesel emissions can have some similar effects as diesel emissions on inflammatory, vascular, mutagenic, and other responses. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE While acute biodiesel exposures can show toxicity with a variety of endpoints, the potential effects on human health need further validation. Additionally there are few or no findings to date on whether biodiesel emissions can induce effects or even a weaker response that petroleum diesel with repeated exposure scenarios such as in an occupational setting. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Air Pollution, edited by Wenjun Ding, Andrew J. Ghio and Weidong Wu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Madden
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States.
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35
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Bugarski AD, Hummer JA, Vanderslice S. Effects of hydrotreated vegetable oil on emissions of aerosols and gases from light-duty and medium-duty older technology engines. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:293-302. [PMID: 26588029 PMCID: PMC5481996 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1116695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the potential of hydrotreated vegetable oil renewable diesel (HVORD) as a control strategy to reduce exposure of workers to diesel aerosols and gases. The effects of HVORD on criteria aerosol and gaseous emissions were compared with those of ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD). The results of comprehensive testing at four steady-state conditions and one transient cycle were used to characterize the aerosol and gaseous emissions from two older technology engines: (1) a naturally aspirated mechanically controlled and (2) a turbocharged electronically controlled engine. Both engines were equipped with diesel oxidation catalytic converters (DOCs). For all test conditions, both engines emitted measurably lower total mass concentrations of diesel aerosols, total carbon, and elemental carbon when HVORD was used in place of ULSD. For all test conditions, the reductions in total mass concentrations were more substantial for the naturally aspirated than for the turbocharged engine. In the case of the naturally aspirated engine, HVORD also favorably affected total surface area of aerosols deposited in the alveolar region of human lungs (TSAADAR) and the total number concentrations of aerosols. In the case of the turbocharged electronically controlled engine, for some of the test conditions HVORD adversely affected the TSAADAR and total number concentrations of aerosols. In the majority of the test cases involving the naturally aspirated mechanically controlled engine, HVORD favorably affected carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, but adversely affected NO2 and total hydrocarbon concentrations, while the effects of the fuels on carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were masked by the effects of DOC. In the case of the turbocharged electronically controlled engine, the CO2, CO, NOX, NO, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were generally lower when HVORD was used in place of ULSD. The effects of the fuels on NO2 concentrations were masked by the more prominent effects of DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar D Bugarski
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania
| | - Jon A Hummer
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania
| | - Shawn Vanderslice
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania
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36
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Rohr A, McDonald J. Health effects of carbon-containing particulate matter: focus on sources and recent research program results. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:97-137. [PMID: 26635181 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a complex mixture of gas-, vapor-, and particulate-phase materials comprised of inorganic and organic species. Many of these components have been associated with adverse health effects in epidemiological and toxicological studies, including a broad spectrum of carbonaceous atmospheric components. This paper reviews recent literature on the health impacts of organic aerosols, with a focus on specific sources of organic material; it is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all the available literature. Specific emission sources reviewed include engine emissions, wood/biomass combustion emissions, biogenic emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), resuspended road dust, tire and brake wear, and cooking emissions. In addition, recent findings from large toxicological and epidemiological research programs are reviewed in the context of organic PM, including SPHERES, NPACT, NERC, ACES, and TERESA. A review of the extant literature suggests that there are clear health impacts from emissions containing carbon-containing PM, but difficulty remains in apportioning responses to certain groupings of carbonaceous materials, such as organic and elemental carbon, condensed and gas phases, and primary and secondary material. More focused epidemiological and toxicological studies, including increased characterization of organic materials, would increase understanding of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Rohr
- a Electric Power Research Institute , Palo Alto , CA , USA
| | - Jacob McDonald
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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37
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Mehus AA, Reed RJ, Lee VST, Littau SR, Hu C, Lutz EA, Burgess JL. Comparison of Acute Health Effects From Exposures to Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel Emissions. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 57:705-12. [PMID: 26147538 PMCID: PMC4479787 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the comparative acute health effects associated with exposures to diesel and 75% biodiesel/25% diesel (B75) blend fuel emissions. METHODS We analyzed multiple health endpoints in 48 healthy adults before and after exposures to diesel and B75 emissions in an underground mine setting-lung function, lung and systemic inflammation, novel biomarkers of exposure, and oxidative stress were assessed. RESULTS B75 reduced respirable diesel particulate matter by 20%. Lung function declined significantly more after exposure to diesel emissions. Lung inflammatory cells along with sputum and plasma inflammatory mediators increased significantly to similar levels with both exposures. Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress, was not significantly changed after either exposure. CONCLUSIONS Use of B75 lowered respirable diesel particulate matter exposure and some associated acute health effects, although lung and systemic inflammation were not reduced compared with diesel use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Mehus
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Rustin J. Reed
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Vivien S. T. Lee
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Sally R. Littau
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Chengcheng Hu
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Eric A. Lutz
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Jefferey L. Burgess
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
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