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Lin L, Huang Y, Wang P, Chen CC, Qian W, Zhu X, Xu X. Environmental occurrence and ecotoxicity of aquaculture-derived plastic leachates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132015. [PMID: 37437480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic products such as fishing nets and foam buoys have been widely used in aquaculture. To enhance the desirable characteristics of the final equipment, plastic gear for aquaculture is mixed with a wide range of additives. Recent studies have shown that additives could be leached out to the environment with a long-term use of aquaculture plastics, forming aquaculture-derived plastic leachates. It should be emphasized that some leachates such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are endocrine disruptors, which could increase the exposure risk of aquatic products and subsequently display potential threats to human health via food chain. However, systematic studies on the release, occurrence, bioaccumulation, and toxic effects of aquaculture-derived plastic leachates are missing, overlooking their potential sources and ecotoxicological risks in aquatic environments. We have reviewed and compared the concentrations of major plastic leachates in the water environment and organisms of global aquaculture and non-farmed areas, confirming that aquaculture leachate is an important source of contaminants in the environment. Moreover, the toxic effects of aquaculture-derived plastic additives and the related mechanisms are summarized with fish as a representative, revealing their potential health risk. In addition, we proposed current challenges and future research needs, which provides scientific guidance for the use and management of plastic products in aquaculture industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuxiong Huang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ciara Chun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Laboratory of Southern Ocean Science and Engineering (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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2
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Xu X, Wang G, Li Y, Zhang Y. Biotransformation kinetics and pathways of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and its hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives (6-OH-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47) in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158934. [PMID: 36152865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a class of persistent organic pollutant, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) have been widely detected in soil environments. However, studies on the bioavailability and transformation of PBDEs and their derivatives in soil organisms remain scarce. In this study, a detailed kinetic investigation on the accumulation and biotransformations of BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to artificially contaminated soils was conducted. The uptake and elimination kinetics of BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 by earthworms were in accordance with a one-compartment first-order kinetic model. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) followed the order 6-MeO-BDE-47 > 6-OH-BDE-47 > BDE-47. All three compounds could undergo step-by-step debromination to produce lower brominated analogs in earthworms. Both BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 could be transformed to MeO-PBDEs, whereas no transformation from 6-OH-BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47 to PBDEs or from BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47 to OH-PBDEs took place in the earthworms. Methoxylation was proposed as a potential metabolic pathway to form MeO-PBDEs in earthworms, with the metabolic rates for the methoxylation of BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 being 27.7 and 5.1 times greater, respectively, than that of the debromination metabolism. The isomers of 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 were formed via the addition of methoxy/hydroxy groups or via bromine shifts on benzene ring in the earthworms. This study provides comprehensive information for a better understanding of the accumulation and biotransformation of PBDEs and their derivatives in earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Xu
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Security and Green Development at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education P.R. of China, Hohhot 010018, China.
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Security and Green Development at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yuejin Li
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Security and Green Development at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Security and Green Development at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Hohhot 010018, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Li S, Huang H, Chen Y, Wang X. A Review of Hydroxylated and Methoxylated Brominated Diphenyl Ethers in Marine Environments. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10120751. [PMID: 36548584 PMCID: PMC9781326 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) are present in the marine environment worldwide. Both OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs are known natural products, whereas OH-PBDEs may also be metabolites of PBDEs. There is growing concern regarding OH-PBDEs as these compounds seem to be biological active than PBDEs. In the present study, we reviewed the available data on the contamination of OH/MeO-PBDEs in the marine environment worldwide, including seawater, marine sediment, marine plants, invertebrates, fish, seabirds and mammals. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of OH/MeO-PBDEs in the marine food web were summarized as well. This study also proposes the future research of OH/MeO-PBDEs, including the production and the synthesis pathway of OH/MeO-PBDEs, the toxicokinetics of OH/MeO-PBDEs and the toxicology and human exposure risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Yi Li
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - He Huang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Yezi Chen
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Xutao Wang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510611, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
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Chang WH, Lu QO, Chen HL, Hsu NS, Lee CC. Insights into the long-term fates and impacts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediment samples in Taiwan: The national project for background monitoring of the environmental distribution of chemical substances (BMECs). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119417. [PMID: 35526644 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the impact factors and effectiveness of management policies on the presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment samples in Taiwan from the last 10 years. Twenty-four PBDE congeners were detected in 838 sediment samples collected from 4 stages (2006-2019) in 30 principal rivers, based on the national project for background monitoring of the environmental distribution of chemical substances. The ΣPBDE concentrations in the 4 stages ranged from 30.00 to 147.10 ng/g dw, 6.03-15.30 ng/g dw, 4.99-7.00 ng/g dw, and 1.20-2.10 ng/g dw in the northern, southern, central, and eastern areas, respectively. The concentrations of PBDEs (e.g., penta-BDE and octa-BDE) in sediment samples notably decreased (-6 to -73%) as the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration implemented policies banning PBDEs (except deca-BDE). The PBDEs levels of the sediment samples collected in the dry season were higher than those collected in the wet season. The levels of ΣPBDEs in sediment samples were affected by season, the amount of general waste present, and nearby PBDE-related factories and e-waste recycling facilities. Reducing the release of PBDEs, especially deca-BDE, through sound waste management and recycling practices is still needed to improve environmental sustainability in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Quang-Oai Lu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Syuan Hsu
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
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5
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Sun H, Li Y, Wang P, Yang R, Pei Z, Zhang Q, Jiang G. First report on hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in terrestrial environment from the Arctic and Antarctica. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127644. [PMID: 34749998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial plants, which account for the world's largest biomass and constitute the basis of most food webs, take up, transform, and accumulate organic chemical contaminants from the ambient environment. In this study, we determined the concentrations and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) in surface soil and vegetation samples collected from the Arctic (Svalbard) and Antarctica (King George Island) during the Chinese Scientific Research Expeditions. The concentrations of total PBDEs (∑PBDEs) in soil and vegetation samples collected from the Arctic (5.6-270 pg/g dry weight) were higher than those from Antarctica (2.3-33 pg/g dw), whereas the concentrations of ∑MeO-PBDEs and ∑OH-PBDEs were lower in Arctic terrestrial samples (n.d.-0.75 and 0.0008-1.1 ng/g dw, respectively) than in samples from Antarctica (0.007-4.0 and 0.034-25 ng/g dw, respectively). Long-range atmospheric transport and human activities were potential sources of PBDEs in polar regions, whereas the dominance of ortho-substituted MeO-PBDE and OH-PBDE congeners in terrestrial matrices indicated the importance of natural sources. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report on the levels and behaviors of MeO-PBDEs and OH-PBDEs in terrestrial environment of polar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Wu Q, Müller M, Hammerschick T, Mitschang W, Kuhlenkamp R, Vetter W. Fast isolation of the environmentally relevant halogenated natural product MHC-1 by means of countercurrent chromatography. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131310. [PMID: 34214928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally relevant halogenated natural products (HNPs) are frequently similarly high concentrated in marine biota as major anthropogenic persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The lack of widely available reference standards, however, hampers the in-depth research of several HNPs. For instance, (1R,2S,4R,5R,1'E)-2-bromo-1-bromomethyl-1,4-dichloro-5-(2'-chloroethenyl)-5-methylcyclohexane (MHC-1), which is produced by species referred to the red seaweed Plocamium cartilagineum has not yet been synthesized due to its complex structure and stereochemistry. For this reason, we aimed to establish a method for fast isolation of mg-amounts of MHC-1 from its natural producer based on countercurrent chromatography (CCC). Five biphasic solvent systems were tested and finally, the solvent system acetonitrile/n-hexane/toluene (9:9:2, v/v/v) was selected for the separations due to its suitable partition coefficient of MHC-1 (KU/L = 0.52). n-Hexane extracts of dried P. cartilagineum were directly injected into the CCC system. Four subsequent CCC runs from three samples of Plocamium cartilagineum (two from Heligoland, Germany and one from Brittany, France) could be performed with high reproducibility. Together, the main fraction provided ~16 mg MHC-1 in a purity of >97% according to GC/FID, GC/ECNI-MS and NMR analysis. This amount could be used to prepare ~1600 quantitative standard solutions of MHC-1. The high MHC-1 content in the seaweed sample collected at Brittany indicated that this area was another hotspot of MHC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marco Müller
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim Hammerschick
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wilfried Mitschang
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstraße 28, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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7
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Wei J, Xiang L, Cai Z. Emerging environmental pollutants hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers: From analytical methods to toxicology research. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:255-279. [PMID: 32608069 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous distribution and adverse health effects. Significant progress has been made in the characterization of OH-PBDEs by using mass spectrometry (MS). In this review, we summarize applications of MS-based techniques in detection, environmental and biota distribution, and potential health risk effects, hoping to unfold an overall picture on account of current knowledge of OH-PBDEs. The analytical methodologies are discussed from sample pretreatment to MS analysis. The methods including gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS), and ion mobility spectrometry-MS (IMS-MS) are discussed. GC-MS is the most frequently adopted method in the analysis of OH-PBDEs due to its excellent chromatographic resolution, high sensitivity, and strong ability for unknown identification. LC-MS has been widely used for its high sensitivity and capability of direct analysis. As a newly developed technique, IMS-MS provides high specificity, which greatly facilitates the identification of isomers. OH-PBDEs pervasively existed in both abiotic and biotic samples, including humans, animals, and environmental matrices. Multiple adverse health effects have been reported, such as thyroid hormone disruption, estrogen effects, and neurotoxicity. The reported potential pathological mechanisms are also reviewed. Additionally, MS-based metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics have been shown as promising tools to unveil the molecular mechanisms of the toxicity of OH-PBDEs. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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8
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Han Y, Cheng J, He L, Zhang M, Ren S, Sun J, Xing X, Tang Z. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils from Tianjin, North China: distribution, health risk, and temporal trends. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1177-1191. [PMID: 32607699 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Available information is still insufficient for a comprehensive understanding of the global distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment. In particular, little is known about the changing trend of their distribution in urban soils. We conducted a survey of 21 PBDEs in urban soils from Tianjin, China. The chemicals were widely present in the area and summed concentrations ranged from 0.65 to 108 ng/g in soil, indicating low to moderate levels of pollution relative to other areas. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, contributing 88.9% of the concentrations of total soil PBDEs. Source assessment indicated that soil PBDEs in the area were mainly derived from the release of commercial deca-BDE from local industrial production processes and consumer products. We found that the soil concentrations of PBDEs appear to have declined in recent years, compared with other previous reports in this region. However, more studies are needed on this possible change trend of PBDE pollution, especially its impact on human health, although their calculated non-carcinogenic health risks in this study were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei He
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610101, China
| | - Minna Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shan Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiazheng Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiangyang Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Yao Y, Zhou Y, Wang W, Zhou D, Wang L, Corvini PFX, Ji R. Fate of lower-brominated diphenyl ethers (LBDEs) in a red soil - Application of 14C-labelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137735. [PMID: 32169647 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lower-brominated diphenyl ethers (LBDEs) occur ubiquitously in soil, however their fate there has not been well evaluated, mainly owing to that the unavailability of commercial radioactively labelled LBDE congeners hampers the investigation on fate of LBDEs in the environment with complex matrixes, such as soil and sediment. Here, we successfully synthesized three congeners of LBDEs, i.e., 4-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE3), 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE15), and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), with 14C-labelling on one aromatic ring, starting from commercially available 14C-labelled phenol in two steps with high yields and high radiochemical purities. Using the 14C-labelled congeners, we studied the fate of LBDEs in a red soil under oxic conditions, where LBDEs have been frequently detected in high levels. The major fate of the LBDE congeners in the soil was formation of NERs, followed by mineralization to CO2, while no transformation product was detected in the soil after incubation for 105 days. The mineralization strongly decreased with increasing number of the bromine atom on the congener molecule, amounting to 10.4 ± 0.3%, 2.45 ± 0.04%, and 0.51 ± 0.05% for BDE3, BDE15, and BDE47, respectively, at the end of incubation, while mineralization rate constant was independent of the molecular structure, suggesting that solubility of LBDEs is the limit factor for their persistence in soil. The mineralization was positively linearly correlated with the formation of NERs (22.5 ± 1.9%, 11.0 ± 3.6%, and 6.7 ± 2.7% for BDE3, BDE15, and BDE47, respectively), which was mainly located in humin fraction and formed also in sterilized soil, suggesting a binding of transformation intermediates to soil humic substances and a physico-chemical entrapment of LBDEs in soil. The results provide new insights into fate of LBDE congeners in soil, and suggest a need to elucidate nature of the NERs of LBDEs, especially the stability of NERs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dashun Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210089, China
| | - Lianhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Philippe F-X Corvini
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Quanzhou Institute for Environment Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Beifeng Road, 362000 Quanzhou, China.
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10
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Bidleman TF, Andersson A, Haglund P, Tysklind M. Will Climate Change Influence Production and Environmental Pathways of Halogenated Natural Products? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6468-6485. [PMID: 32364720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of halogenated natural products (HNPs) pervade the terrestrial and marine environment. HNPs are generated by biotic and abiotic processes and range in complexity from low molecular mass natural halocarbons (nHCs, mostly halomethanes and haloethanes) to compounds of higher molecular mass which often contain oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms in addition to halogens (hHNPs). nHCs have a key role in regulating tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, while some hHNPs bioaccumulate and have toxic properties similar those of anthropogenic-persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Both chemical classes have common sources: biosynthesis by marine bacteria, phytoplankton, macroalgae, and some invertebrate animals, and both may be similarly impacted by alteration of production and transport pathways in a changing climate. The nHCs scientific community is advanced in investigating sources, atmospheric and oceanic transport, and forecasting climate change impacts through modeling. By contrast, these activities are nascent or nonexistent for hHNPs. The goals of this paper are to (1) review production, sources, distribution, and transport pathways of nHCs and hHNPs through water and air, pointing out areas of commonality, (2) by analogy to nHCs, argue that climate change may alter these factors for hHNPs, and (3) suggest steps to improve linkage between nHCs and hHNPs science to better understand and predict climate change impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, UmU, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, UmU, SE-905 71 Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University (UmU), SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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11
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Yao Y, Wang L, Corvini PFX, Ji R. Accumulation and Transformation of 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabrominated Diphenyl Ether (BDE47) by the Earthworm Metaphire vulgaris in Soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:701-706. [PMID: 32236703 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and transformation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE47), one congener of the flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in soil-feeding fauna are still unknown. Using radioactivity tracer, we incubated 14C-labelled BDE47 in soil for 21 days in the presence and absence of the geophagous earthworm Metaphire vulgaris. BDE47 accumulated in the earthworm predominantly via oral ingestion of soil, giving a biota-soil accumulation factor (BSAF) value of 1.3 for radioactivity at the end of incubation, and was mostly located in intestine, followed by clitellum (organs region) and skin of earthworms. Accumulation was accompanied by significant decrease of BDE47 concentration in soil porewater and BDE47 mineralization in soil. BDE47 was transformed in the earthworm gut into two metabolites with higher polarities than BDE47. The results provide for the first time insights into accumulation and transformation of lower-brominated congeners of PBDEs in geophagous earthworms, being helpful for environmental risk assessment of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Philippe F-X Corvini
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Quanzhou Institute for Environment Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Beifeng Road, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
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12
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Wu Z, Han W, Yang X, Li Y, Wang Y. The occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination in soil, water/sediment, and air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:23219-23241. [PMID: 31270770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used in different types of electronic equipment, furniture, plastics, and textiles. PBDEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that may impact human health and ecosystems. Here we highlight recent findings on the occurrence, contamination status, and transport of PBDEs in soil, water/sediment, and air. Four aspects are discussed in detail: (1) sources of PBDEs to the environment; (2) occurrence and transport of PBDEs in soil; (3) PBDEs in aquatic ecosystems (water/sediment) and their water-sediment partitioning; and (4) the occurrence of PBDEs in the atmosphere and their gas-particle partitioning. Future prospects for the investigation on PBDEs occurrence are also discussed based on current scientific and practical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wei Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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13
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Cetin B, Yurdakul S, Odabasi M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) pollution in soil of a highly industrialized region (Dilovasi) in Turkey: concentrations, spatial and temporal variations and possible sources. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:474. [PMID: 31256268 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) levels in soil were studied for a whole year in highly industrialized region of Turkey (Dilovasi) at 23 sampling sites. Σ8PBDE concentrations were between 0.15 and 286 μg kg-1 and the overall average concentration was 14.45 ± 25.07 μg kg-1 (average ± SD). BDE-209 was the most abundant compound. PBDEs concentrations decreased spatially as follows: industrial/urban > urban > suburban > rural. However, there was not any significant seasonal trend except for some industrial/urban sites. In the region, calm weather conditions prevailed during the sampling periods, enhancing the impact of the industrial emissions on nearby soil concentrations by atmospheric deposition without being diluted by winds. All congeners had significant but weak correlations with soil organic matter content indicating the impact of nearby sources rather than soil properties on soil PBDEs concentrations at the sampling sites. Positive matrix factorization method was also used for the apportionment of the PBDEs sources in Dilovasi soil. Industrial activities (i.e., iron-steel production, metallurgical processes, and recycling of plastics), traffic, and residential areas were found to be the primary sources of the measured PBDEs in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Cetin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Gebze Technical University (GTU), 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
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14
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Choo G, Lee IS, Oh JE. Species and habitat-dependent accumulation and biomagnification of brominated flame retardants and PBDE metabolites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 371:175-182. [PMID: 30849572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, species- and habitat-dependent distribution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and PBDE metabolites comprising 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 3 hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), 17 methoxylated (MeO-) BDEs, and 8 hydroxylated (OH-) BDEs were determined in marine environments (sediment and seawater) and 20 biota species in food web in the southern part of Korea. The concentration of HBCDs was statistically higher in both pelagic (5.73-60.1 ng/g lipid weight [lw]) and demersal fish (2.45-31.3 ng/g lw), whereas a higher level of OH-BDEs was observed in benthic invertebrates (2.48-40.7 ng/g lw), suggesting different composition of BFRs and PBDE metabolites between species. The concentrations of TBBPA and MeO-BDEs were significantly higher in pelagic fish (1.31-11.3, 6.15-61.5 ng/g lw) than in demersal fish (not detected [N.D.]-4.45, 0.956-8.52 ng/g lw) and benthic invertebrates (N.D.-8.11, 0.182-4.65 ng/g lw), reflecting a dependence on habitat. Additionally, analogue distribution of PBDEs in pelagic fish was similar to that in seawater, whereas the distribution in demersal fish and benthic invertebrates was similar to the distribution in sediment. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and trophic magnification factor (TMF) of α-HBCD, some of PBDEs, and 6-MeO-BDE47 were up to 5000 and 1, respectively, suggesting strong bioaccumulation and biomagnification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216, GijangHaean-ro, Gijang-Eup, Gijang-Gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Chu Z, Li Y. Designing modified polybrominated diphenyl ether BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-183, and BDE-209 molecules with decreased estrogenic activities using 3D-QSAR, pharmacophore models coupled with resolution V of the 2 10-3 fractional factorial design and molecular docking. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 364:151-162. [PMID: 30343177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 3D-QSAR model was constructed to predict polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) estrogenic activities expressed as median effective concentrations (pEC50), and resolution V of the 210-3 fractional factorial design and a pharmacophore model were used to modify the target PBDE molecules BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-183, and BDE-209 to decrease the estrogenic activities. The persistent-organic-pollutant-related and flame-retardant properties of the modified molecules were evaluated. The mechanisms involved in decreasing PBDE estrogenic activities were explored through molecular docking. The 3D-QSAR model gave a cross-validated correlation coefficient (q2) of 0.682 (i.e., >0.5) and a non-cross-validated correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.980 (i.e., >0.9). Mono- and di-substitutions and hydrophobic substituent groups gave 40 modified molecules with decreased estrogenic activities, including modified BDE-47 and BDE-99 with pEC50 decreased by >10% and modified BDE-100, BDE-183, and BDE-209 with pEC50 decreased by >20%. The modified molecules had similar flame-retardancy to the unmodified molecules, and lower biotoxicities (by a maximum of 17.27%), persistences (by a maximum of 55.68%), bioconcentration (by 4.28%-23.91%), and long-range transport potentials (by 0.72%-18.47%). Docking indicated that hydrophobic interactions were the main factors affecting PBDE estrogenic activities. The results provide a theoretical basis for designing less estrogenic flame retardants than are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; The Moe Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; The Moe Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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16
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Wu Z, Han W, Xie M, Han M, Li Y, Wang Y. Occurrence and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils from an e-waste recycling area in northern China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:467-475. [PMID: 30368140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because of their extensive use in diverse electronic products, which have posed great threats to human health and ecosystem. In this study, a total of 54 soil samples were collected from an e-waste recycling area in Tianjin, northern China for analyzing the occurrence and distribution of 14 PBDE congeners. The concentrations of BDE 209, ∑13PBDEs and ∑14PBDEs in the soils from Ziya e-waste recycling area were 2.9-2666 ng/g dw (dry weight) (average 90 ng/g dw), 3.0-41 ng/g dw (average 13 ng/g dw) and 5.9-2699 ng/g dw (average 103 ng/g dw), respectively. The ∑14PBDEs concentration showed a dramatic decrease from the central area to the surrounding area. Generally, PBDEs in the northern part showed higher levels than the southern part of the e-waste recycling area due to the wind direction in Tianjin. Deep soil was less polluted by PBDEs, which largely comes from the deposition, migration and infiltration of PBDEs in the surface soils. Overall, PBDEs level in the studied area was much lower than some typical e-waste recycling areas in south China, such as Guiyu and Qingyuan, but significantly higher than the non-e-waste recycling areas. BDE 209, BDE 138 and BDE 28 were the three dominant PBDE congeners in the soil. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the commercial penta-BDEs and deca-BDE could be considered as the main sources of PBDEs pollution in this region. Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested that the local PBDEs sources rather than soil properties influenced the PBDEs distribution in Ziya e-waste recycling area. This study systematically revealed the occurrence and distribution of PBDEs in soils from the biggest established circular economy park in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Miaomiao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Min Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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17
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Ding J, Long G, Luo Y, Sun R, Chen M, Li Y, Zhou Y, Xu X, Zhao W. Formation of 1,3,8-tribromodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,4,6,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran in the oxidation of synthetic hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers by iron and manganese oxides under dry conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30160-30169. [PMID: 30151788 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) are ubiquitous and highly toxic emerging endocrine disruptors found in surface and subsurface soils and clay deposits. Seriously, they could be easily transformed to the more toxic dioxins (PBDD/Fs) in photochemical processes and incineration, but the spontaneous formation of PBDD/Fs has rarely been reported. This study focused on the formation of 1,3,8-tribromodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,3,8-TrBDD) and 2,4,6,8-tetrabromodibenzofuran (2,4,6,8-TeBDF) from 2'-OH-BDE-68 and 2,2'-diOH-BB-80 under the oxidization of iron and manganese oxides (goethite and MnOx). Approximately 0.09 μmol/kg (2.33%) and 0.17 μmol/kg (4.15%) were transformed to 1,3,8-TrBDD and 2,4,6,8-TeBDF by goethite in 8 days and a higher conversion 0.15 μmol/kg (3.77%) and 0.23 μmol/kg (5.74%) were observed for MnOx in 4 days. However, the formation of PBDD/Fs, probably proceeding via Smiles rearrangements and bromine elimination processes, was greatly inhibited by the presence of water. Transformation of OH-PBDEs by goethite and MnOx was accompanied by release of Fe and Mn ions and the possible pathways for the formation of reaction products were proposed. In view of the ubiquity of OH-PBDEs and metal oxides in the environment, oxidation of OH-PBDEs mediated by goethite and MnOx is likely an abiotic route for the formation of PBDD/Fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Ding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Gaoyuan Long
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Runze Sun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mengxia Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yajun Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanfang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weirong Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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18
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Kim UJ, Oh JE. Mass-flow-based removal and transformation potentials for TBBPA, HBCDs and PBDEs during wastewater treatment processes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 355:82-88. [PMID: 29775881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
At a sewage treatment plant, 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 17 methoxylated brominated diphenyl ethers, nine hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers, three hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers, and tetrabromobisphenol A were monitored at five major treatment stages (the influent, primary settlement stage, biological reaction stage, secondary settlement stage, and the UV irradiation disinfection stage). Hexabromocyclododecanes were the dominant chemicals, contributing 40% of the total concentrations of the chemicals in the dissolved phase of the sewage. Brominated flame retardant mass flow in the wastewater was lower after than before the biological reaction stage, and more than 70% of the inflowing mass load was removed from the mainstream wastewater by becoming associated with the sludge. More than half of mass loads of parent brominated flame retardants in the wastewater were removed after the treatments, but up to 10% of the initial mass loads remained in the final effluent and was expected to be released into the aquatic environment. The hydroxylated and methoxylated brominated diphenyl ether concentrations decreased by <25%, much less than the polybrominated diphenyl ethers. It is possible that hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers formed through the transformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers during the biological reactions of treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Li X, Dong S, Zhang W, Fan X, Li Y, Wang R, Su X. Global occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated structural analogues in an important animal feed (fishmeal). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:620-629. [PMID: 29223819 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated (OH) and methoxylated (MeO) structural analogues have been found widely distributed in aquatic ecosystems, and may exhibit potential adverse effects to humans due to their bioaccumulative behavior through food chain. Fishmeal is an important animal feed applied around the world and is generally of marine origin. However, the levels and sources of PBDEs in fishmeal have not been thoroughly evaluated and their structural analogues have not been reported to date. The present study collected ninety-two fishmeal samples from world main fishmeal producing area to determine 27 PBDEs, 10 MeO-PBDEs and 11 OH-PBDEs. The concentrations of Σ27PBDEs, Σ10MeO-PBDEs and Σ11OH-PBDEs were in the ranges of 0.1-1498 (mean: 75.8), 1.14-881 (37.4) and 1.00-47.5 (8.17) ng/g lipid, respectively. PBDEs were found primarily correlated with the historically commercial production, meaning higher production of certain commercial product in a country, higher corresponding PBDE congeners in local fishmeal. A market shift from penta- and octa-formulations toward deca-formulation was observed. BDE209 was identified as a major congener in fishmeal. Both the MeO-PBDEs and the OH-PBDEs were influenced by fishmeal producing areas (p < 0.001). High MeO-PBDEs were identified in the Southeast Asian fishmeal, which might be due to the suitable environmental conditions for the generation of bromoperoxidase-contained algae in local area. The ratio of two major MeO-PBDE congeners, 6-MeO-BDE47/2'-MeO-BDE68, were generally >1 in the northern hemisphere and <1 in the southern hemisphere in the present study, which was consistent with the results obtained from previous published papers. Both MeO-PBDEs and OH-PBDEs were in accordance with the specialties of naturally produced halogenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xia Fan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China.
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20
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Wu Z, Xie M, Li Y, Gao G, Bartlam M, Wang Y. Biodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) by a newly isolated bacterium from an e-waste recycling area. AMB Express 2018; 8:27. [PMID: 29478232 PMCID: PMC6890894 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have become widespread environmental pollutants all over the world. A newly isolated bacterium from an e-waste recycling area, Stenotrophomonas sp. strain WZN-1, can degrade decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) effectively under aerobic conditions. Orthogonal test results showed that the optimum conditions for BDE 209 biodegradation were pH 5, 25 °C, 0.5% salinity, 150 mL minimal salt medium volume. Under the optimized condition, strain WZN-1 could degrade 55.15% of 65 μg/L BDE 209 under aerobic condition within 30 day incubation. Moreover, BDE 209 degradation kinetics was fitted to a first-order kinetics model. The biodegradation mechanism of BDE 209 by strain WZN-1 were supposed to be three possible metabolic pathways: debromination, hydroxylation, and ring opening processes. Four BDE 209 degradation genes, including one hydrolase, one dioxygenase and two dehalogenases, were identified based on the complete genome sequencing of strain WZN-1. The real-time qPCR demonstrated that the expression level of four identified genes were significantly induced by BDE 209, and they played an important role in the degradation process. This study is the first to demonstrate that the newly isolated Stenotrophomonas strain has an efficient BDE 209 degradation ability and would provide new insights for the microbial degradation of PBDEs.
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21
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Choo G, Kim DH, Kim UJ, Lee IS, Oh JE. PBDEs and their structural analogues in marine environments: Fate and expected formation mechanisms compared with diverse environments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 343:116-124. [PMID: 28942184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and relative distributions of 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 17 methoxylated (MeO-) and 8 hydroxylated (OH-) BDEs were determined in marine environments including sediments, bivalves, and seawater along the southern coast of South Korea to understand their fates and possible formation mechanisms. The relative and substituent distributions of the PBDEs and their structural analogues varied according to the characteristics of the media. PBDEs were dominant in marine sediments and seawater, whereas MeO-BDEs made the highest contributions in bivalves. Similar patterns were previously identified in inland environments in Korea, except in river water where OH-BDEs were dominant. The natural formation of structural analogues might be the main mechanism in marine, as ortho-substituted naturally occurring MeO- and OH-BDEs were dominant in all media and seemed to be more produced than in inland environments. In addition, the higher concentrations of meta-substituted MeO-BDEs nearshore than offshore was observed. This is the first study comparing marine (near- and offshore) and inland to understand the differences in their fate and possible formation mechanisms in each environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Un-Jung Kim
- Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216, GijangHaean-ro, Gijang-Eup, Gijang-Gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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22
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McGrath TJ, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Critical review of soil contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs); concentrations, sources and congener profiles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:741-757. [PMID: 28732337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used in a broad array of polymeric materials such as plastics, foams, resins and adhesives to inhibit the spread of fires since the 1970s. The widespread environmental contamination and well documented toxic effects of PBDEs have led to bans and voluntary withdrawals in many jurisdictions. Replacement novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have, however, exhibited many of the same toxic characteristics as PBDEs and appear to share similar environmental fate. This paper presents a critical review of the scientific literature regarding PBDE and NBFR contamination of surface soils internationally, with the secondary objective of identifying probable pollution sources. An evaluation of NBFR distribution in soil was also conducted to assess the suitability of the newer compounds as replacements for PBDEs, with respect to their land contamination potential. Principle production of PBDEs and NBFRs and their consequent use in secondary polymer manufacture appear to be processes with strong potential to contaminate surrounding soils. Evidence suggests that PBDEs and NBFRs are also released from flame retarded products during disposal via landfill, dumping, incineration and recycling. While the land application of sewage sludge represents another major pathway of soil contamination it is not considered in this review as it is extensively covered elsewhere. Both PBDEs and NBFRs were commonly detected at background locations including Antarctica and northern polar regions. PBDE congener profiles in soil were broadly representative of the major constituents in Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE commercial mixtures and related to predicted market place demand. BDE-209 dominated soil profiles, followed by BDE-99 and BDE-47. Although further research is required to gain baseline data on NBFRs in soil, the current state of scientific literature suggests that NBFRs pose a similar risk to land contamination as PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia.
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23
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Bidleman TF, Brorström-Lundén E, Hansson K, Laudon H, Nygren O, Tysklind M. Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Bromoanisoles Along a Temperate to Arctic Gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10974-10982. [PMID: 28885011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bromoanisoles (BAs) arise from O-methylation of bromophenols, produced by marine algae and invertebrates. BAs undergo sea-air exchange and are transported over the oceans. Here we report 2,4-DiBA and 2,4,6-TriBA in air and deposition on the Swedish west coast (Råö) and the interior of arctic Finland (Pallas). Results are discussed in perspective with previous measurements in the northern Baltic region in 2011-2013. BAs in air decreased from south to north in the order Råö > northern Baltic > Pallas. Geometric mean concentrations at Pallas increased significantly (p < 0.05) between 2002 and 2015 for 2,4-DiBA but not for 2,4,6-TriBA. The logarithm of BA partial pressures correlated significantly to reciprocal air temperature at the coastal station Råö and over the Baltic, but only weakly (2,4-DiBA) or not significantly (2,4,6-TriBA) at inland Pallas. Deposition fluxes of BAs were similar at both sites despite lower air concentrations at Pallas, due to greater precipitation scavenging at lower temperatures. Proportions of the two BAs in air and deposition were related to Henry's law partitioning and source regions. Precipitation concentrations were 10-40% of those in surface water of Bothnian Bay, northern Baltic Sea. BAs deposited in the bay catchment likely enter rivers and provide an unexpected source to northern estuaries. BAs may be precursors to higher molecular weight compounds identified by others in Swedish inland lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University , SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva Brorström-Lundén
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) , Aschebergsgatan 44, SE-411 33 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Hansson
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) , Aschebergsgatan 44, SE-411 33 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olle Nygren
- Building Office, Umeå University , SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University , SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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24
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Jiang L, Qiu Y, Li Y. Effects analysis of substituent characteristics and solvents on the photodegradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:737-745. [PMID: 28734210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet spectra and electron transition information of 209 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in gas were first calculated via time-dependent density functional theory using Gaussian 09 software. The main and second-order interactional effects of substituent characteristics on the photodegradation of PBDEs were then analysed using a full factorial experimental design. Solvent effects were considered to research the effect and promotion mechanism of solvent molecules on the photodegradation of PBDEs compared with that in gas. The results showed that the introduction of substituents at each position promoted excitation of PBDEs from their ground states to excited states to induce photodegradation. The different positions affected the photodegradation of PBDEs with magnitudes of para > meta > ortho. The congeners with a concentrated distribution of substituents can always be photodegraded more easily than those with separated substituents. From the viewpoint of light-induced reactions, the electron transfer reactions between molecules of PBDE* T1 and Solvent* T1 are the main driving force for the enhanced photodegradation of PBDEs in solvents compared with that in gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China; North China Electric Power Research Institute Co Ltd., Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Youli Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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25
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Kim SK, Kim KS, Sang HH. Overview on relative importance of house dust ingestion in human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): International comparison and Korea as a case. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:82-91. [PMID: 27471979 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure studies to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have reached different results about the relative importance of diet intake and house dust ingestion. In the present study, concentrations of PBDEs in Korean house dust (n=15) from geographically different cities were measured, which were in agreement with a previous result, and compared with those for 22 countries of five continents collected from the most recent scientific literature. Compared with other exposure pathways, diet intake was the most important contributor to total PBDEs exposure of Korean adults (i.e., 71% of overall intake). On global comparison, total PBDE levels in house dust differed by two to three orders of magnitude among the countries investigated, with a significant relationship with gross domestic product (GDP). Whereas, dietary daily intakes exhibited a narrow difference within one order of magnitude worldwide and no relationship with GDP. Consequently, the relative importance of major two pathways depended on the contamination extent of PBDEs in house dust, which may be associated with the amount of PBDE products in use. In most countries except for UK and USA, the contribution of house dust ingestion was less important than diet intake in the current and are expected to much more mitigate in the future. However, how fast the effect of regulation will be reflected to house dust and human exposure is necessary to be monitored steadily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro (Songdo-dong), Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro (Songdo-dong), Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Soo Kim
- Battey R&D, Samsung SDI, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Gyeonggi-do, Suwon 443-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Hong Sang
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korean Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje-shi 656-834, Republic of Korea
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26
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Bidleman TF, Agosta K, Andersson A, Haglund P, Liljelind P, Hegmans A, Jantunen LM, Nygren O, Poole J, Ripszam M, Tysklind M. Sea-air exchange of bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers in the Northern Baltic. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:58-64. [PMID: 27575397 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated natural products in biota of the Baltic Sea include bromoanisoles (BAs) and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). We identified biogenic 6-MeO-BDE47 and 2'-MeO-BDE68 in Baltic water and air for the first time using gas chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry. Partial pressures in air were related to temperature by: log p/Pa=m/T(K)+b. We determined Henry's law constants (HLCs) of 2,4-dibromoanisole (2,4-DiBA) and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (2,4,6-TriBA) from 5 to 30°C and revised our assessment of gas exchange in the northern Baltic. The new water/air fugacity ratios (FRs) were lower, but still indicated net volatilization in May-June for 2,4-DiBA and May - September for 2,4,6-TriBA. The net flux (negative) of BAs from Bothnian Bay (38,000km2) between May - September was revised from -1319 to -532kg. FRs of MeO-BDEs were >1, suggesting volatilization, although this is tentative due to uncertainties in their HLCs and binding to dissolved organic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Kathleen Agosta
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Liljelind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alyse Hegmans
- Department of Environmental Science, Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC, V9B 5Y2, Canada
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, ON L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Olle Nygren
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Justen Poole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Matyas Ripszam
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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27
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Kim UJ, Lee IS, Oh JE. Occurrence, removal and release characteristics of dissolved brominated flame retardants and their potential metabolites in various kinds of wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:551-557. [PMID: 27524250 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The dissolved phase compound and congener specific distribution characteristics of three widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs) comprising 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 12 hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolites (OH- and MeO-BDEs), 3 hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in influents and effluents of various kinds of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with varying source of wastewater and type of treatment, and nearby rivers in Korea. The concentration of total BFRs were the highest in industrial WWTPs nearby large industrial complexes specialized in heavy chemicals. The distribution of BFRs was differed according to composition of wastewater, with predominance of TBBPA in WWTPs with higher portion of inflowing industrial wastewater. Among HBCD diastereomers, γ-HBCD was dominant in industrial wastewater as consistent to the previous reports, however, similar contribution of α- and γ-HBCD was found in sewage and human wastewater. Through treatment process, PBDEs were the most effectively removed with a mean removal efficiency of 68.3%. HBCDs and TBBPA had removal efficiencies of 41.3% and 48.7%, respectively. The lowest removal efficiency (10.3%) was observed for PBDE metabolites and their concentration in effluent of human wastewater was even increased at maximum 1.9 fold compared with influent, implying the possibility of transformation during treatment. The estimated dissolved phase daily load of PBDEs was highest in sewage while that of TBBPA was highest in industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Kim UJ, Kim BC. DNA aptamers for selective identification and separation of flame retardant chemicals. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 936:208-15. [PMID: 27566357 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are group of chemicals which are representative persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and used as brominated flame retardants for many consumer products. PBDEs were phased out since 2009 but are still frequently observed in various environmental matrices and human body. Here, we report ssDNA aptamers which bind to BDE47, one of the PBDE congeners commonly found in various environmental matrices, and show affinity to other major tri-to hepta- BDE congeners. The PBDE specific aptamers were isolated from random library of ssDNA using Mag-SELEX. Two out of 15 sequences, based on their alignment and hairpin loop structures, were chosen to determine dissociation constant with BDE47 and showed from picomolar to nanomolar affinities (200 pM and 1.53 nM). The aptamers displayed high selectivity to the original target, BDE47, and implying general specificity to PBDE backbone with varying affinities to other congeners. Further, we showed that the use of two aptamers together could enhance the separation efficiency of BDE47 and other BDE congeners when dissolved in a solvent compared to use of single aptamer. These aptamers are expected to provide a tool for preliminary screening or quick separation of PBDEs in environmental samples prior to trace quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Chan Kim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Xue W, Chen J, Xie Q. Direct and dissolved oxygen involved photodegradation of MeO-PBDEs in water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 307:344-349. [PMID: 26802632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photodegradation has been proved to be a crucial way of elimination for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDEs (HO-PBDEs). However, it is still unknown whether methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) can also undergo photodegradation. In this study, 4'-MeO-BDE-17, 5-MeO-BDE-47, 5'-MeO-BDE-99, 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-85 were selected as targets to investigate their photodegradation in water. Meanwhile, the effects of dissolved oxygen on the photoreactions of MeO-PBDEs were also unveiled. Simulated sunlight experiments indicate that 6-MeO-BDE-47 resisted photodegradation for 20h, while other MeO-PBDEs underwent relatively fast photodegradation, which was greatly susceptible to the substitution patterns of methoxyl and bromine. Photo-excited MeO-PBDEs (except 6-MeO-BDE-47) can sensitize dissolved oxygen to generate singlet oxygen ((1)O2) and superoxide anion radical (O2(-)). The generated (1)O2 cannot degrade the MeO-PBDEs, whereas O2(-) was reactive with MeO-PBDEs. The contribution of dissolved oxygen to the photodegradation of 4'-MeO-BDE-17 and 6-MeO-BDE-85 was negligible; while the negative contribution was observed for 5-MeO-BDE-47 and 5'-MeO-BDE-99. Hydrodebromination was a crucial photodegradation pathway for MeO-PBDEs (excluding 4'-MeO-BDE-17 and 6-MeO-BDE-47). Eventually, direct photolysis half-lives of MeO-PBDEs except 6-MeO-BDE-47 in the surface waters at 40 N latitude were calculated to be 1.35-3.46d in midsummer and 6.39-17.47d in midwinter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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30
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Xu X, Wen B, Huang H, Wang S, Han R, Zhang S. Uptake, translocation and biotransformation kinetics of BDE-47, 6-OH-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47 in maize (Zea mays L.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:714-722. [PMID: 26561454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a detailed kinetic investigation on the uptake, acropetal translocation and transformation of BDE-47, 6-OH-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47 in maize (Zea mays L.) by hydroponic exposure. Root uptake followed the order: BDE-47 > 6-MeO-BDE-47 > 6-OH-BDE-47, while 6-OH-BDE-47 was the most prone to acropetal translocation. Debromination rates of BDE-47 were 1.31 and 1.46 times greater than the hydroxylation and methoxylation rates, respectively. Transformation from BDE-47 to lower brominated OH/MeO-PBDEs occurred mainly through debromination first followed by hydroxylation or methoxylation. There was no transformation from 6-OH-BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47 to PBDEs. Methylation rate of 6-OH-BDE-47 was twice as high as that of 6-MeO-BDE-47 hydroxylation, indicating methylation of 6-OH-BDE-47 was easier and more rapid than hydroxylation of 6-MeO-BDE-47. Debromination and isomerization were potential metabolic pathways for 6-OH-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47 in maize. This study provides important information for better understanding the mechanism on plant uptake and transformation of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Bei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Honglin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710027, China
| | - Ruixia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
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31
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Zhao H, Jiang J, Wang Y, Lehmler HJ, Buettner GR, Quan X, Chen J. Monohydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (OH-PBDEs) and Dihydroxylated Polybrominated Biphenyls (Di-OH-PBBs): Novel Photoproducts of 2,6-Dibromophenol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14120-14128. [PMID: 26545041 PMCID: PMC4717839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybromodiphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) are emerging aquatic pollutants, but their origins in the environment are not fully understood. There is evidence that OH-PBDEs are formed from bromophenols, but the underlying transformation processes remain unknown. Here, we investigate if the photoformation of OH-PBDEs from 2,6-dibromophenol in aqueous solution involves 2,6-bromophenoxyl radicals. After the UV irradiation of an aqueous 2,6-dibromophenol solution, HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS and GC-MS analysis revealed the formation of a OH-PBDE and a dihydroxylated polybrominated biphenyl (di-OH-PBB). Both dimeric photoproducts were tentatively identified as 4'-OH-BDE73 and 4,4'-di-OH-PBB80. In addition, three debromination products (4-OH-BDE34, 4'-OH-BDE27, and 4,4'-di-OH-PBBs) were observed. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the presence of a 2,6-dibromophenoxyl radical with a six-line spectrum (a(H) (2 meta) = 3.45 G, a(H) (1 para) = 1.04 G, g = 2.0046) during irradiation of a 2,6-dibromophenol solution in water. The 2,6-dibromophenoxyl radical had a relatively long half-life (122 ± 5 μs) according to laser flash photolysis experiments. The para-para C-C and O-para-C couplings of these 2,6-dibromophenoxyl radicals are consistent with the observed formation of both dimeric OH-PBDE and di-OH-PBB photoproducts. These findings show that bromophenoxyl radical-mediated phototransformation of bromophenols is a source of OH-PBDEs and di-OH-PBBs in aqueous environments that requires further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology Linggong Road 2; Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingqiu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology Linggong Road 2; Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology Linggong Road 2; Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Garry R. Buettner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program & ESR Facility, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Xie Quan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology Linggong Road 2; Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology Linggong Road 2; Dalian 116024, China
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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33
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Xue W, Chen J, Xie Q, Zhao H. Direct photolysis of MeO-PBDEs in water and methanol: focusing on cyclization product MeO-PBDFs. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:518-524. [PMID: 26298690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated PBDEs can transform into polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) via photocyclization. However, it is unclear whether methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) can photocyclize to form MeO-PBDFs. In this study, 5-MeO-BDE-47, 5'-MeO-BDE-99 and 6-MeO-BDE-85 were selected as models to investigate their direct photolysis, especially photocyclization in two solvent environments (water and methanol) using simulated photochemical experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The experimental results showed that MeO-PBDEs had faster direct photolysis reactions and higher quantum yields in methanol, and MeO-PBDFs could only be formed in a methanol solution of 5-MeO-BDE-47. The DFT results indicated that the lowest excited triplet state MeO-PBDEs can form dibenzofurans via direct cyclization pathways. Intra-annular H-elimination was found to be the rate-determining step for most cyclization pathways with high reaction barriers (⩾19.7kcal/mol), while 5-MeO-BDE-47 was found to have a distinct pathway for which the rate-determining step is ring closure with a low barrier (13.8kcal/mol) in a methanol environment. For this pathway, H-elimination assisted by Br cleaved from an ortho-C-Br bond was observed with a 2.0kcal/mol barrier. Thus, the DFT results reasonably explained the experimental findings, and the photocyclization of MeO-PBDEs depended on the specific Br-substitution patterns and specific effects of the environmental media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Yu B, Zhang R, Liu P, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Bai Y. Determination of nine hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water by precolumn derivatization-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1419:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kerrigan JF, Engstrom DR, Yee D, Sueper C, Erickson PR, Grandbois M, McNeill K, Arnold WA. Quantification of Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (OH-BDEs), Triclosan, and Related Compounds in Freshwater and Coastal Systems. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138805. [PMID: 26466159 PMCID: PMC4605494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-BDEs) are a new class of contaminants of emerging concern, but the relative roles of natural and anthropogenic sources remain uncertain. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as brominated flame retardants, and they are a potential source of OH-BDEs via oxidative transformations. OH-BDEs are also natural products in marine systems. In this study, OH-BDEs were measured in water and sediment of freshwater and coastal systems along with the anthropogenic wastewater-marker compound triclosan and its photoproduct dioxin, 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The 6-OH-BDE 47 congener and its brominated dioxin (1,3,7-tribromodibenzo-p-dioxin) photoproduct were the only OH-BDE and brominated dioxin detected in surface sediments from San Francisco Bay, the anthropogenically impacted coastal site, where levels increased along a north-south gradient. Triclosan, 6-OH-BDE 47, 6-OH-BDE 90, 6-OH-BDE 99, and (only once) 6’-OH-BDE 100 were detected in two sediment cores from San Francisco Bay. The occurrence of 6-OH-BDE 47 and 1,3,7-tribromodibenzo-p-dioxin sediments in Point Reyes National Seashore, a marine system with limited anthropogenic impact, was generally lower than in San Francisco Bay surface sediments. OH-BDEs were not detected in freshwater lakes. The spatial and temporal trends of triclosan, 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, OH-BDEs, and brominated dioxins observed in this study suggest that the dominant source of OH-BDEs in these systems is likely natural production, but their occurrence may be enhanced in San Francisco Bay by anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill F. Kerrigan
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Engstrom
- St. Croix Watershed Research Station, Science Museum of Minnesota, Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Donald Yee
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Sueper
- Pace Analytical Services Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Erickson
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Grandbois
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William A. Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim UJ, Jo H, Lee IS, Joo GJ, Oh JE. Investigation of bioaccumulation and biotransformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives in varying trophic level freshwater fishes. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:108-114. [PMID: 26092317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives (OH- and MeO-BDEs) were determined in seven representative fish species from a river in the Republic of Korea. The PBDEs and their derivatives were found to be accumulated in the internal organs of the fish to different extents. PBDEs were preferentially accumulated in the internal organs rather than muscle tissue, and especially, showed increasing accumulation tendencies with increasing bromination level in liver. The OH-BDEs and MeO-BDEs were preferentially accumulated in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, respectively. MeO-BDE concentrations were found to increase according to relative trophic level, suggesting that the PBDE derivatives can be biomagnified to a greater extent than the parent PBDEs in freshwater food webs. In a comparison with the dissolved analyte concentrations in the water that were measured by using semi-permeable membrane devices, the greater uptake of non-ortho substituted MeO-BDEs by fish was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea; Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute Science and Technology (KIST), 39-1, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbin Jo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI), 216, Gijanghaeanro, Gijang-Eup, Gijang-Gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Gea-Jae Joo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao Q, Zhao H, Quan X, He X, Chen S. Photochemical Formation of Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (OH-PBDEs) from Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Aqueous Solution under Simulated Solar Light Irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9092-9099. [PMID: 26134578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) are of great concern due to their higher toxicity compared to PBDEs. However, the abiologic process whereby PBDEs are converted to OH-PBDEs in the aquatic environment is not well understood. To explore the possibility of OH-PBDEs photoformation in natural water, the photohydroxylation of BDE-47 has been investigated in aqueous Fe(III) and/or fulvic acid (FA) solutions and in natural lake water under simulated solar light irradiation. The results showed that 6-OH-BDE-47 and 2'-OH-BDE-68 were generated from BDE-47 under these conditions. Based on the identification of derivatives and reactive radicals, OH-PBDEs formation can be ascribed to an addition reaction of ortho-tetra-BDE radical and hydroxyl radical ((•)OH), with or without a subsequent Smiles rearrangement reaction. Since the ortho-tetra-BDE radical could be readily produced by the photolysis of BDE-47, even in pure water, (•)OH production was considered as critical for the photoformation of OH-PBDEs. Thus, it is reasonable to deduce that the photoreactive components (Fe(III), FA) in aqueous solution played an important role through influencing (•)OH generation. Although the yields of OH-PBDEs did not increase regularly with increasing concentration of these photoreactive components in solution, this study suggests a possible abiotic origin of OH-PBDEs formation in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xie Quan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Gross MS, Butryn DM, McGarrigle BP, Aga DS, Olson JR. Primary role of cytochrome P450 2B6 in the oxidative metabolism of 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100) to hydroxylated BDEs. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:672-81. [PMID: 25629761 DOI: 10.1021/tx500446c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through various routes poses deleterious health effects. PBDEs are biotransformed into hydroxylated metabolites (OH-BDEs) via cytochrome P450s (P450s), which may add to their neurotoxic effects. This study characterizes the in vitro metabolism of 2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-100), one of the most abundant PBDE congeners found in humans, by recombinant human P450s and pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs). Ten recombinant P450s were individually incubated with BDE-100 to monitor P450-specific metabolism. P450 2B6 was found to be the predominant enzyme responsible for nearly all formation of six mono-OH-pentaBDE and two di-OH-pentaBDE metabolites. Four metabolites were identified as 3-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (3-OH-BDE-100), 5'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (5'-OH-BDE-100), 6'-hydroxy-2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (6'-OH-BDE-100), and 4'-hydroxy-2,2',4,5',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (4'-OH-BDE-103) through use of reference standards. The two remaining mono-OH-pentaBDE metabolites were hypothesized using mass spectral fragmentation characteristics of derivatized OH-BDEs, which allowed prediction of an ortho-OH-pentaBDE and a para-OH-pentaBDE positional isomer. Additional information based on theoretical boiling point calculations using COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Realistic Solvents (COSMO-RS) and experimental chromatographic retention times were used to identify the hypothesized metabolites as 2'-hydroxy-2,3',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (2'-OH-BDE-119) and 4-hydroxy-2,2',4',5,6-pentabromodiphenyl ether (4-OH-BDE-91), respectively. Kinetic studies of BDE-100 metabolism using P450 2B6 and HLMs revealed Km values ranging from 4.9 to 7.0 μM and 6-10 μM, respectively, suggesting a high affinity toward the formation of OH-BDEs. Compared to the metabolism of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) reported in previous studies, BDE-100 appears to be more slowly metabolized by P450s due to the presence of a third ortho-substituted bromine atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Gross
- †Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Deena M Butryn
- †Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Barbara P McGarrigle
- ‡Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- †Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - James R Olson
- ‡Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, United States
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39
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Xu X, Huang H, Wen B, Wang S, Zhang S. Phytotoxicity of Brominated Diphenyl Ether-47 (BDE-47) and Its Hydroxylated and Methoxylated Analogues (6-OH-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47) to Maize (Zea mays L.). Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:510-7. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500484m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Honglin Huang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bei Wen
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sen Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710027, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research
Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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