1
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Cooke ME, Armstrong NC, Fankhauser AM, Chen Y, Lei Z, Zhang Y, Ledsky IR, Turpin BJ, Zhang Z, Gold A, McNeill VF, Surratt JD, Ault AP. Decreases in Epoxide-Driven Secondary Organic Aerosol Production under Highly Acidic Conditions: The Importance of Acid-Base Equilibria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10675-10684. [PMID: 38843196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Isoprene has the highest atmospheric emissions of any nonmethane hydrocarbon, and isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) are well-established oxidation products and the primary contributors forming isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Highly acidic particles (pH 0-3) widespread across the lower troposphere enable acid-driven multiphase chemistry of IEPOX, such as epoxide ring-opening reactions forming methyltetrol sulfates through nucleophilic attack of sulfate (SO42-). Herein, we systematically demonstrate an unexpected decrease in SOA formation from IEPOX on highly acidic particles (pH < 1). While IEPOX-SOA formation is commonly assumed to increase at low pH when more [H+] is available to protonate epoxides, we observe maximum SOA formation at pH 1 and less SOA formation at pH 0.0 and 0.4. This is attributed to limited availability of SO42- at pH values below the acid dissociation constant (pKa) of SO42- and bisulfate (HSO4-). The nucleophilicity of HSO4- is 100× lower than SO42-, decreasing SOA formation and shifting particulate products from low-volatility organosulfates to higher-volatility polyols. Current model parameterizations predicting SOA yields for IEPOX-SOA do not properly account for the SO42-/HSO4- equilibrium, leading to overpredictions of SOA formation at low pH. Accounting for this underexplored acidity-dependent behavior is critical for accurately predicting SOA concentrations and resolving SOA impacts on air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - N Cazimir Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Alison M Fankhauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Isabel R Ledsky
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, United States
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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Wong C, Pazienza JE, Rychnovsky SD, Nizkorodov SA. Formation of Chromophores from cis-Pinonaldehyde Aged in Highly Acidic Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11702-11710. [PMID: 38640258 PMCID: PMC11066867 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Sulfuric acid in the atmosphere can participate in acid-catalyzed and acid-driven reactions, including those within secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Previous studies have observed enhanced absorption at visible wavelengths and significant changes in the chemical composition when SOA was exposed to sulfuric acid. However, the specific chromophores responsible for these changes could not be identified. The goals of this study are to identify the chromophores and determine the mechanism of browning in highly acidified α-pinene SOA by following the behavior of specific common α-pinene oxidation products, namely, cis-pinonic acid and cis-pinonaldehyde, when they are exposed to highly acidic conditions. The products of these reactions were analyzed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array spectrophotometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry, UV-vis spectrophotometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. cis-Pinonic acid (2) was found to form homoterpenyl methyl ketone (4), which does not absorb visible radiation, while cis-pinonaldehyde (3) formed weakly absorbing 1-(4-(propan-2-ylidene)cyclopent-1-en-1-yl)ethan-1-one (5) and 1-(4-isopropylcyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl)ethan-1-one (6) via an acid-catalyzed aldol condensation. This chemistry could be relevant for environments characterized by high sulfuric acid concentrations, for example, during the transport of organic compounds from the lower to the upper atmosphere by fast updrafts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott D. Rychnovsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United
States
| | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United
States
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3
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Chen Y, Zaveri RA, Vandergrift GW, Cheng Z, China S, Zelenyuk A, Shilling JE. Nonequilibrium Behavior in Isoprene Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14182-14193. [PMID: 37708377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that instantaneous gas-particle equilibrium partitioning assumptions fail to predict SOA formation, even at high relative humidity (∼85%), and photochemical aging seems to be one driving factor. In this study, we probe the minimum aging time scale required to observe nonequilibrium partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) between the gas and aerosol phase at ∼50% RH. Seed isoprene SOA is generated by photo-oxidation in the presence of effloresced ammonium sulfate seeds at <1 ppbv NOx, aged photochemically or in the dark for 0.3-6 h, and subsequently exposed to fresh isoprene SVOCs. Our results show that the equilibrium partitioning assumption is accurate for fresh isoprene SOA but breaks down after isoprene SOA has been aged for as short as 20 min even in the dark. Modeling results show that a semisolid SOA phase state is necessary to reproduce the observed particle size distribution evolution. The observed nonequilibrium partitioning behavior and inferred semisolid phase state are corroborated by offline mass spectrometric analysis on the bulk aerosol particles showing the formation of organosulfates and oligomers. The unexpected short time scale for the phase transition within isoprene SOA has important implications for the growth of atmospheric ultrafine particles to climate-relevant sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Chen
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Gregory W Vandergrift
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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4
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Feng W, Shao Z, Wang Q, Xie M. Size-resolved light-absorbing organic carbon and organic molecular markers in Nanjing, east China: Seasonal variations and sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023:122006. [PMID: 37302787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the potential influence of light-absorbing organic carbon (OC), also termed "brown carbon" (BrC), on the planetary radiation budget, many studies have focused on its absorption in single-sized ranges of particulate matter (PM). However, the size distribution and organic tracer-based source apportionment of BrC absorption have not been extensively investigated. In this study, size-resolved PM samples were collected using multi-stage impactors from eastern Nanjing during each season in 2017. The light absorption of methanol-extractable OC at 365 nm (Abs365, Mm-1) was determined using spectrophotometry, and a series of organic molecular markers (OMMs) was measured using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Fine PM with an aerodynamic diameter <2.1 μm (PM2.1) dominated Abs365 (79.8 ± 10.4%) of the total size ranges with maxima and minima in winter and summer, respectively. The distributions of Abs365 shifted to larger PM sizes from winter to spring and summer due to lower primary emissions and increased BrC chromophores in dust. Except for low-volatility (po,*L < 10-10 atm) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the non-polar OMMs, including n-alkanes, PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, and steranes, showed a bimodal distribution pattern. Secondary products of biogenic precursors and biomass burning tracers presented a unimodal distribution peaking at 0.4-0.7 μm, while sugar alcohols and saccharides were enriched in coarse PM. Their seasonal variations in average concentrations reflected intense photochemical reactions in summer, more biomass burning emissions in winter, and stronger microbial activity in spring and summer. Positive matrix factorization was used for the source apportionment of Abs365 in fine and coarse PM samples. Biomass burning contributed an average of 53.9% to the Abs365 of PM2.1 extracts. The Abs365 of coarse PM extracts was associated with various dust-related sources where the aging processes of aerosol organics could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhijuan Shao
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology ShiHu Campus, 99 Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mingjie Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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5
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Li L, Chao B, Wang W, Luo Y, Wang L, Lin L, Yang G, Wu J. Identification and quantification of IEPOX in ambient aerosols, using electron and chemical ionization sources GC/MS as their trimethylsilyl ethers, and using H-NMR. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162186. [PMID: 36791868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is the most abundant non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emitted by vegetation, and the precursor that makes the greatest contribution to secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the troposphere. Atmospheric oxidation of isoprene produces a series of reactive intermediates, isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX). The reactive uptake of IEPOX is the significant formation pathway of atmospheric SOA. In this work, four isomers of IEPOX were synthesized, derivatized by silylation reagents, and measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The electron-impact (EI) and methane chemical ionization (CI) sources mass spectra of trimethylsilyl ester (TMS) derivatives of IEPOX isomers were obtained and the fragmentation behaviors of the derivatives were examined. Moreover, the hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectra of IEPOX isomers were also obtained and the peak intensities in the H-NMR spectra were analyzed. Based on the standard spectra, IEPOX isomers were identified in ambient PM2.5 aerosols in the Gongga Mountain (China). The peak sequence of TMS derivatives of IEPOX isomers in GC/MS chromatogram was δ4-IEPOX, δ1-IEPOX, cis-β-IEPOX and trans-β-IEPOX. The isomers with the highest concentrations were δ1-IEPOX (threo- and erythro-). The mass ratios of IEPOX to 2-methyltetrols were 0.02-6.0 and the concentrations of IEPOX were 0.8-41.6 ng/m3 in the PM2.5 aerosols. The current study verified the core roles of IEPOX as active intermediates in photo oxidation of isoprene in ambient atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Biao Chao
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yina Luo
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lilin Wang
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Rural Environment Protection Engineering & Technology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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6
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Zhang R, Song W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Fu X, Li S. Particulate nitrated aromatic compounds from corn straw burning: Compositions, optical properties and potential health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121332. [PMID: 36822313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) are important components of brown carbon (BrC), and their health and climate effects are of wide concern. Biomass burning is a major contributor to NACs in the atmosphere, yet NACs emitted from biomass burning are poorly constrained. In this study particulate NACs from open burning of corn straws were characterized in terms of their compositions, light absorption and toxic equivalents. 1, 6-dinitropyrene was the most abundant species among the measured nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) with a share of 13.4% in total NPAHs, while 4-nitrocatechol was the most abundant nitrophenol (NP) species and accounted for 25.4% of measured NPs. 2-nitropyrene, widely used as a marker of secondary formation of NPAHs, was found to be the second most abundant NPAHs (13.3% of the total NPAHs) in the particulate matter (PM) primarily emitted from corn straw burning, and thus is inappropriate to be an indicator of the secondary formation. The measured primary NACs could only explain a negligible part (0.2%) of the light absorption by BrC. Although the concentrations of 9 toxic NACs were less than one-third of the 16 USEPA priority PAHs, their benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalency quotients however were approximately 10 times that of the 16 PAHs. This study suggests that in comparison of PAHs from straw burning, NACs should be given greater attention due to their potentially higher toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xuewei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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7
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Upshur MA, Bé AG, Luo J, Varelas JG, Geiger FM, Thomson RJ. Organic synthesis in the study of terpene-derived oxidation products in the atmosphere. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:890-921. [PMID: 36938683 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1997 up to 2022Volatile biogenic terpenes involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles participate in rich atmospheric chemistry that impacts numerous aspects of the earth's complex climate system. Despite the importance of these species, understanding their fate in the atmosphere and determining their atmospherically-relevant properties has been limited by the availability of authentic standards and probe molecules. Advances in synthetic organic chemistry directly aimed at answering these questions have, however, led to exciting discoveries at the interface of chemistry and atmospheric science. Herein we provide a review of the literature regarding the synthesis of commercially unavailable authentic standards used to analyze the composition, properties, and mechanisms of SOA particles in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alice Upshur
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ariana Gray Bé
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jingyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jonathan G Varelas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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8
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West CP, Mesa Sanchez D, Morales AC, Hsu YJ, Ryan J, Darmody A, Slipchenko LV, Laskin J, Laskin A. Molecular and Structural Characterization of Isomeric Compounds in Atmospheric Organic Aerosol Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1656-1674. [PMID: 36763810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed through multiphase atmospheric chemistry makes up a large fraction of airborne particles. The chemical composition and molecular structures of SOA constituents vary between different emission sources and aging processes in the atmosphere, which complicates their identification. In this work, we employ drift tube ion mobility spectrometry with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IM-MS) detection for rapid gas-phase separation and multidimensional characterization of isomers in two biogenic SOAs produced from ozonolysis of isomeric monoterpenes, d-limonene (LSOA) and α-pinene (PSOA). SOA samples were ionized using electrospray ionization (ESI) and characterized using IM-MS in both positive and negative ionization modes. The IM-derived collision cross sections in nitrogen gas (DTCCSN2 ) for individual SOA components were obtained using multifield and single-field measurements. A novel application of IM multiplexing/high-resolution demultiplexing methodology was employed to increase sensitivity, improve peak shapes, and augment mobility baseline resolution, which revealed several isomeric structures for the measured ions. For LSOA and PSOA samples, we report significant structural differences of the isomer structures. Molecular structural calculations using density functional theory combined with the theoretical modeling of CCS values provide insights into the structural differences between LSOA and PSOA constituents. The average DTCCSN2 values for monomeric SOA components observed as [M + Na]+ ions are 3-6% higher than those of their [M - H]- counterparts. Meanwhile, dimeric and trimeric isomer components in both samples showed an inverse trend with the relevant values of [M - H]- ions being 3-7% higher than their [M + Na]+ counterparts, respectively. The results indicate that the structures of Na+-coordinated oligomeric ions are more compact than those of the corresponding deprotonated species. The coordination with Na+ occurs on the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl groups leading to a compact configuration. Meanwhile, deprotonated molecules have higher DTCCSN2 values due to their elongated structures in the gas phase. Therefore, DTCCSN2 values of isomers in SOA mixtures depend strongly on the mode of ionization in ESI. Additionally, PSOA monomers and dimers exhibit larger DTCCSN2 values (1-4%) than their LSOA counterparts owing to more rigid structures. A cyclobutane ring is present with functional groups pointing in opposite directions in PSOA compounds, as compared to noncyclic flexible LSOA structures, forming more compact ions in the gas phase. Lastly, we investigated the effects of direct photolysis on the chemical transformations of selected individual PSOA components. We use IM-MS to reveal structural changes associated with aerosol aging by photolysis. This study illustrates the detailed molecular and structural descriptors for the detection and annotation of structural isomers in complex SOA mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P West
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Daniela Mesa Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ana C Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yun-Jung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jackson Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew Darmody
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Aeronautics and Aerospace Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lyudmila V Slipchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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9
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West CP, Morales AC, Ryan J, Misovich MV, Hettiyadura APS, Rivera-Adorno F, Tomlin JM, Darmody A, Linn BN, Lin P, Laskin A. Molecular investigation of the multi-phase photochemistry of Fe(III)-citrate in aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:190-213. [PMID: 35634912 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00503k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is ubiquitous in nature and found as FeII or FeIII in minerals or as dissolved ions Fe2+ or Fe3+ in aqueous systems. The interactions of soluble Fe have important implications for fresh water and marine biogeochemical cycles, which have impacts on global terrestrial and atmospheric environments. Upon dissolution of FeIII into natural aquatic systems, organic carboxylic acids efficiently chelate FeIII to form [FeIII-carboxylate]2+ complexes that undergo a wide range of photochemistry-induced radical reactions. The chemical composition and photochemical transformations of these mixtures are largely unknown, making it challenging to estimate their environmental impact. To investigate the photochemical process of FeIII-carboxylates at the molecular level, we conduct a comprehensive experimental study employing UV-visible spectroscopy, liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array and high-resolution mass spectrometry detection, and oil immersion flow microscopy. In this study, aqueous solutions of FeIII-citrate were photolyzed under 365 nm light in an experimental setup with an apparent quantum yield of (φ) ∼0.02, followed by chemical analyses of reacted mixtures withdrawn at increment time intervals of the experiment. The apparent photochemical reaction kinetics of Fe3+-citrates (aq) were expressed as two generalized consecutive reactions of with the experimental rate constants of j1 ∼ 0.12 min-1 and j2 ∼ 0.05 min-1, respectively. Molecular characterization results indicate that R and I consist of both water-soluble organic and Fe-organic species, while P compounds are a mixture of water-soluble and colloidal materials. The latter were identified as Fe-carbonaceous colloids formed at long photolysis times. The carbonaceous content of these colloids was identified as unsaturated organic species with low oxygen content and carbon with a reduced oxidation state, indicative of their plausible radical recombination mechanism under oxygen-deprived conditions typical for the extensively photolyzed mixtures. Based on the molecular characterization results, we discuss the comprehensive reaction mechanism of FeIII-citrate photochemistry and report on the formation of previously unexplored colloidal reaction products, which may contribute to atmospheric and terrestrial light-absorbing materials in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P West
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - Ana C Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - Jackson Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - Maria V Misovich
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | | | | | - Jay M Tomlin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - Andrew Darmody
- Department of Aeronautics and Aerospace Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brittany N Linn
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric & Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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10
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Wong C, Liu S, Nizkorodov SA. Highly Acidic Conditions Drastically Alter the Chemical Composition and Absorption Coefficient of α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2983-2994. [PMID: 36561193 PMCID: PMC9762236 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOA), formed through the gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can reside in the atmosphere for many days. The formation of SOA takes place rapidly within hours after VOC emissions, but SOA can undergo much slower physical and chemical processes throughout their lifetime in the atmosphere. The acidity of atmospheric aerosols spans a wide range, with the most acidic particles having negative pH values, which can promote acid-catalyzed reactions. The goal of this work is to elucidate poorly understood mechanisms and rates of acid-catalyzed aging of mixtures of representative SOA compounds. SOA were generated by the ozonolysis of α-pinene in a continuous flow reactor and then collected using a foil substrate. SOA samples were extracted and aged by exposure to varying concentrations of aqueous H2SO4 for 1-2 days. Chemical analysis of fresh and aged samples was conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array spectrophotomety and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, UV-vis spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectrophotometry were used to examine the changes in optical properties before and after aging. We observed that SOA that aged in moderately acidic conditions (pH from 0 to 4) experienced small changes in composition, while SOA that aged in a highly acidic environment (pH from -1 to 0) experienced more dramatic changes in composition, including the formation of compounds containing sulfur. Additionally, at highly acidic conditions, light-absorbing and fluorescent compounds appeared, but their identities could not be ascertained due to their small relative abundance. This study shows that acidity is a major driver of SOA aging, resulting in a large change in the chemical composition and optical properties of aerosols in regions where high concentrations of H2SO4 persist, such as upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
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11
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Armstrong NC, Chen Y, Cui T, Zhang Y, Christensen C, Zhang Z, Turpin BJ, Chan MN, Gold A, Ault AP, Surratt JD. Isoprene Epoxydiol-Derived Sulfated and Nonsulfated Oligomers Suppress Particulate Mass Loss during Oxidative Aging of Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16611-16620. [PMID: 36378716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acid-driven multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) with inorganic sulfate aerosols contributes substantially to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, which constitutes a large mass fraction of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, the atmospheric chemical sinks of freshly generated IEPOX-SOA particles remain unclear. We examined the role of heterogeneous oxidation of freshly generated IEPOX-SOA particles by gas-phase hydroxyl radical (•OH) under dark conditions as one potential atmospheric sink. After 4 h of gas-phase •OH exposure (∼3 × 108 molecules cm-3), chemical changes in smog chamber-generated IEPOX-SOA particles were assessed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HILIC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS). A comparison of the molecular-level compositional changes in IEPOX-SOA particles during aging with or without •OH revealed that decomposition of oligomers by heterogeneous •OH oxidation acts as a sink for •OH and maintains a reservoir of low-volatility compounds, including monomeric sulfate esters and oligomer fragments. We propose tentative structures and formation mechanisms for previously uncharacterized SOA constituents in PM2.5. Our results suggest that this •OH-driven renewal of low-volatility products may extend the atmospheric lifetimes of particle-phase IEPOX-SOA by slowing the production of low-molecular weight, high-volatility organic fragments and likely contributes to the large quantities of 2-methyltetrols and methyltetrol sulfates reported in PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cazimir Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Cade Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Man Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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12
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Lei Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Cooke ME, Ledsky IR, Armstrong NC, Olson NE, Zhang Z, Gold A, Surratt JD, Ault AP. Initial pH Governs Secondary Organic Aerosol Phase State and Morphology after Uptake of Isoprene Epoxydiols (IEPOX). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:10596-10607. [PMID: 35834796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol acidity increases secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from the reactive uptake of isoprene-derived epoxydiols (IEPOX) by enhancing condensed-phase reactions within sulfate-containing submicron particles, leading to low-volatility organic products. However, the link between the initial aerosol acidity and the resulting physicochemical properties of IEPOX-derived SOA remains uncertain. Herein, we show distinct differences in the morphology, phase state, and chemical composition of individual organic-inorganic mixed particles after IEPOX uptake to ammonium sulfate particles with different initial atmospherically relevant acidities (pH = 1, 3, and 5). Physicochemical properties were characterized via atomic force microscopy coupled with photothermal infrared spectroscopy (AFM-PTIR) and Raman microspectroscopy. Compared to less acidic particles (pH 3 and 5), reactive uptake of IEPOX to the most acidic particles (pH 1) resulted in 50% more organosulfate formation, clearer phase separation (core-shell), and more irregularly shaped morphologies, suggesting that the organic phase transitioned to semisolid or solid. This study highlights that initial aerosol acidity may govern the subsequent aerosol physicochemical properties, such as viscosity and morphology, following the multiphase chemical reactions of IEPOX. These results can be used in future studies to improve model parameterizations of SOA formation from IEPOX and its properties, toward the goal of bridging predictions and atmospheric observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Madeline E Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Isabel R Ledsky
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, United States
| | - N Cazimir Armstrong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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13
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Yang Z, Tsona NT, George C, Du L. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds Enhance Light Absorption of Aromatic-Derived Brown Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4005-4016. [PMID: 35192318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary brown carbon (BrC) is chemically complex, leading to an unclear relationship between its molecular composition and optical properties. Here, we present an in-depth investigation of molecular-specific optical properties and aging of secondary BrC produced from the photooxidation of ethylbenzene at varied NOx levels for the first time. Due to the pronounced formation of unsaturated products, the mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of ethylbenzene secondary organic aerosols (ESOA) at 365 nm was higher than that of biogenic SOA by a factor of 10. A high NOx level ([ethylbenzene]0/[NOx]0 < 10 ppbC ppb-1) was found to significantly increase the average MAC300-700nm of ESOA by 0.29 m2 g-1. The data from two complementary high-resolution mass spectrometers and quantum chemical calculations suggested that nitrogen-containing compounds were largely responsible for the enhanced light absorption of high-NOx ESOA, and multifunctional nitroaromatic compounds (such as C8H9NO3 and C8H9NO4) were identified as important BrC chromophores. High-NOx ESOA underwent photobleaching upon direct exposure to ultraviolet light. Photolysis did not lead to the significant decomposition of C8H9NO3 and C8H9NO4, indicating that nitroaromatic compounds may serve as relatively stable nitrogen reservoirs and would effectively absorb solar radiation during the daytime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomin Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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14
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Liu S, Wang Y, Wang G, Zhang S, Li D, Du L, Wu C, Du W, Ge S. Enhancing effect of NO 2 on the formation of light-absorbing secondary organic aerosols from toluene photooxidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148714. [PMID: 34225141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic hydrocarbons are one of the major precursors of atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) and both abundantly co-exist with NOx in the urban atmosphere especially in winter haze period. However, the impact of NOx on the formation of BrC derived from aromatic hydrocarbons is still not fully understood. In this study, the yield and light absorption of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from toluene photooxidation under various nitrogen oxides (NO2) levels were investigated by using a 5 m3 photooxidation smog chamber. A trend of increase at first and then decrease in the SOA yield with an increasing NO2 concentration was observed. The acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions lead to the increase of SOA yield in the low-NO2 regime. The formation of low-volatility species might be suppressed at high-NO2 conditions is responsible for the decreased SOA yield. In contrast, light absorption and mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of the toluene-derived SOA continuously increased with the increasing NO2 concentrations. HR-ToF-AMS results showed that nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) are the main species that lead to the increase of the SOA light absorption. The ratio of CHN family to the total NOCs, which are derived from the nitro compounds, also increased dominantly with the increasing NO2 levels and accounted for more than half of the total NOCs when the NO2 concentration increased to 495 ppbv, indicating that nitro compounds rather than organic nitrates are the major light-absorbing species and preferably formed in the toluene oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ge
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
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15
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Ling J, Zheng S, Sheng F, Wu H, Chen Z, Gu C, Jin X. Effect of common inorganic anions on iron-catalyzed secondary brown carbon formation from guaiacol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145206. [PMID: 33736418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) is the important component of aerosol with strong UV-visible absorbance. However, the formation of BrC is still elusive. Inorganic anions, e.g., Cl-, NO3- and SO42-, exist ubiquitously in the atmosphere, while their effects on the formation of BrC are poorly understood. In this study, we have systematically investigated the effects of pH (1, 2 and 3), inorganic anion (Cl-, NO3- and SO42-) and ionic strength (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 M) on BrC generation process by measuring the optical, aggregation and product properties. Our results clearly show that the three factors strongly affect the BrC formation by influencing the oxidation activity and the complexation capability of different Fe(III) species. Marcus theory was used in this research to calculate the oxidation activity of different Fe(III) species. Among all the species of Fe(III), FeOH2+ is the most reactive form in the BrC formation reaction. Furthermore, the aggregation process of BrC was also studied, which is affected by different anions due to their different concentration and hydrability, and SO42- exhibits the highest efficiency to induce the aggregation of BrC. This study will deepen our understanding about the natural formation of BrC under environmentally relevant conditions, and be beneficial for controlling the production of atmospheric particulates and the subsequent health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Siheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Feng Sheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhanghao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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16
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Mahilang M, Deb MK, Pervez S, Tiwari S, Jain VK. Biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation in an urban area of eastern central India: Seasonal variation, size distribution and source characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110802. [PMID: 33516684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Samples of ambient aerosols were collected at an urban site of eastern central India from monsoon to summer 2016-17 for the characterization of biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOA). The BSOA tracers derived from isoprene, α/β-pinene and β-caryophyllene in size-distributed aerosols were studied. Concentrations of total SOAI (Isoprene secondary organic aerosols) were found more abundant than α/β-pinene in summer, while contradictory trends were found in the winter season, where SOAM (monoterpene derived SOA) and SOAS (sesquiterpenes derived SOA) were dominated. Size-distribution study revealed that most of the BSOA were formed in the aerosol phase and dominated in fine mode, except cis-pinonic acid. They were formed in the gaseous phase and partitioned onto the aerosol phase. The alkaline nature of mineral dust particles that triggered the adsorption of gaseous species onto pre-existing particles could be the reason for bimodal size distribution with major coarse mode peak and miner fine mode peak. Temporal variations suggest that the BSOA must be derived from terrestrial vegetation and biomass burning. The isoprene SOC (secondary organic carbon) contributed 0.91%, 1.38%, 0.88% and 1.04% to OC during winter, summer, post-monsoon and monsoon season, respectively. The isoprene SOC in fine mode was found to be higher than the coarse mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithlesh Mahilang
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India.
| | - Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Swapnil Tiwari
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Government Engineering College, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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17
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Dubois C, Cholleton D, Gemayel R, Chen Y, Surratt JD, George C, Rairoux P, Miffre A, Riva M. Decrease in sulfate aerosol light backscattering by reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5927-5935. [PMID: 33662067 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05468b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate aerosol is responsible for a net cooling of the Earth's atmosphere due to its ability to backscatter light. Through atmospheric multiphase chemistry, it reacts with isoprene epoxydiols leading to the formation of aerosol and organic compounds, including organosulfates and high-molecular weight compounds. In this study, we evaluate how sulfate aerosol light backscattering is modified in the presence of such organic compounds. Our laboratory experiments show that reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols on sulfate aerosol is responsible for a decrease in light backscattering compared to pure inorganic sulfate particles of up to - 12% at 355 nm wavelength and - 21% at 532 nm wavelength. Moreover, while such chemistry is known to yield a core-shell structure, the observed reduction in the backscattered light intensity is discussed with Mie core-shell light backscattering numerical simulations. We showed that the observed decrease can only be explained by considering effects from the complex optical refractive index. Since isoprene is the most abundant hydrocarbon emitted into the atmosphere, and isoprene epoxydiols are the most important isoprene secondary organic aerosol precursors, our laboratory findings can aid in quantifying the direct radiative forcing of sulfates in the presence of organic compounds, thus more clearly resolving the impact of such aerosol particles on the Earth's climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dubois
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - D Cholleton
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - R Gemayel
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA and Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C George
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - P Rairoux
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - A Miffre
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - M Riva
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France.
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18
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Yee LD, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Wernis RA, Kreisberg NM, Glasius M, Riva M, Surratt JD, de Sá SS, Martin ST, Alexander ML, Palm BB, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Day DA, Jimenez JL, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Artaxo P, Viegas J, Manzi A, de Souza RAF, Edgerton ES, Baumann K, Goldstein AH. Natural and Anthropogenically Influenced Isoprene Oxidation in Southeastern United States and Central Amazon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5980-5991. [PMID: 32271021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions alter secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation chemistry from naturally emitted isoprene. We use correlations of tracers and tracer ratios to provide new perspectives on sulfate, NOx, and particle acidity influencing isoprene-derived SOA in two isoprene-rich forested environments representing clean to polluted conditions-wet and dry seasons in central Amazonia and Southeastern U.S. summer. We used a semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (SV-TAG) and filter samplers to measure SOA tracers indicative of isoprene/HO2 (2-methyltetrols, C5-alkene triols, 2-methyltetrol organosulfates) and isoprene/NOx (2-methylglyceric acid, 2-methylglyceric acid organosulfate) pathways. Summed concentrations of these tracers correlated with particulate sulfate spanning three orders of magnitude, suggesting that 1 μg m-3 reduction in sulfate corresponds with at least ∼0.5 μg m-3 reduction in isoprene-derived SOA. We also find that isoprene/NOx pathway SOA mass primarily comprises organosulfates, ∼97% in the Amazon and ∼55% in Southeastern United States. We infer under natural conditions in high isoprene emission regions that preindustrial aerosol sulfate was almost exclusively isoprene-derived organosulfates, which are traditionally thought of as representative of an anthropogenic influence. We further report the first field observations showing that particle acidity correlates positively with 2-methylglyceric acid partitioning to the gas phase and negatively with the ratio of 2-methyltetrols to C5-alkene triols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca A Wernis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Suzane S de Sá
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - M Lizabeth Alexander
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01451, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 05508-020
| | - Juarez Viegas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 69060-001
| | - Antonio Manzi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil 69060-001
| | | | - Eric S Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Karsten Baumann
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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19
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Zhang Q, Shen Z, Zhang L, Zeng Y, Ning Z, Zhang T, Lei Y, Wang Q, Li G, Sun J, Westerdahl D, Xu H, Cao J. Investigation of Primary and Secondary Particulate Brown Carbon in Two Chinese Cities of Xi'an and Hong Kong in Wintertime. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3803-3813. [PMID: 32150391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC), an aerosol carbonaceous matter component, impacts atmospheric radiation and global climate because of its absorption in the near-ultraviolet-visible region. Simultaneous air sampling was conducted in two megacities of Xi'an (northern) and Hong Kong (southern) in China in winter of 2016-2017. The aim of this study is to determine and characterize the BrC compounds in collected filter samples. Characteristic absorption peaks corresponding to aromatic C-C stretching bands, organo-nitrates, and C═O functional groups were seen in spectra of Xi'an samples, suggesting that the BrC was derived from freshly smoldering biomass and coal combustion as well as aqueous formation of anthropogenic secondary organic carbon. In Hong Kong, the light absorption of secondary BrC accounted for 76% of the total absorbances of BrC. The high abundance of strong C═O groups, biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and atmospheric oxidants suggest secondary BrC was likely formed from photochemical oxidation of BVOCs in Hong Kong. Several representative BrC molecular markers were detected using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and their absorption properties were simulated by quantum chemistry. The results demonstrate that light absorption capacities of secondary anthropogenic BrC with nitro-functional groups were stronger than those of biogenic secondary BrC and anthropogenic primary BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Dane Westerdahl
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
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20
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Liakakou E, Kaskaoutis DG, Grivas G, Stavroulas I, Tsagkaraki M, Paraskevopoulou D, Bougiatioti A, Dumka UC, Gerasopoulos E, Mihalopoulos N. Long-term brown carbon spectral characteristics in a Mediterranean city (Athens). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:135019. [PMID: 31791764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses 4-years of continuous 7-λ Aethalometer (AE-33) measurements in an urban-background environment of Athens, to resolve the spectral absorption coefficients (babs) for black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC). An important BrC contribution (23.7 ± 11.6%) to the total babs at 370 nm is estimated for the period May 2015-April 2019, characterized by a remarkable seasonality with winter maximum (33.5 ± 13.6%) and summer minimum (18.5 ± 8.1%), while at longer wavelengths the BrC contribution is significantly reduced (6.8 ± 3.6% at 660 nm). The wavelength dependence of the total babs gives an annual-mean AAE370-880 of 1.31, with higher values in winter night-time. The BrC absorption and its contribution to babs presents a large increase reaching up to 39.1 ± 13.6% during winter nights (370 nm), suggesting residential wood burning (RWB) emissions as a dominant source for BrC. This is supported by strong correlations of the BrC absorption with OC, EC, the fragment ion m/z 60 derived from ACSM and PMF-analyzed organic fractions related to biomass burning (e.g. BBOA). In contrast, BrC absorption decreases significantly during daytime as well as in the warm period, reaching to a minimum during the early-afternoon hours in all seasons due to photo-chemical degradation. Estimated secondary BrC absorption is practically evident only during winter night-time, implying the fast oxidation of BrC species from RWB emissions. Changes in mixing-layer height do not significantly affect the BrC absorption in winter, while they play a major role in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece.
| | - D G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - G Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - I Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - M Tsagkaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - D Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - A Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - U C Dumka
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263 001, India
| | - E Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece.
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21
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Riva M, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Lei Z, Olson NE, Boyer HC, Narayan S, Yee LD, Green HS, Cui T, Zhang Z, Baumann K, Fort M, Edgerton E, Budisulistiorini SH, Rose CA, Ribeiro IO, e Oliveira RL, dos Santos EO, Machado CMD, Szopa S, Zhao Y, Alves EG, de Sá SS, Hu W, Knipping EM, Shaw SL, Duvoisin S, de Souza RAF, Palm BB, Jimenez JL, Glasius M, Goldstein AH, Pye HOT, Gold A, Turpin BJ, Vizuete W, Martin ST, Thornton JA, Dutcher CS, Ault AP, Surratt JD. Increasing Isoprene Epoxydiol-to-Inorganic Sulfate Aerosol Ratio Results in Extensive Conversion of Inorganic Sulfate to Organosulfur Forms: Implications for Aerosol Physicochemical Properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8682-8694. [PMID: 31335134 PMCID: PMC6823602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Acid-driven multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), key isoprene oxidation products, with inorganic sulfate aerosol yields substantial amounts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through the formation of organosulfur compounds. The extent and implications of inorganic-to-organic sulfate conversion, however, are unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that extensive consumption of inorganic sulfate occurs, which increases with the IEPOX-to-inorganic sulfate concentration ratio (IEPOX/Sulfinorg), as determined by laboratory measurements. Characterization of the total sulfur aerosol observed at Look Rock, Tennessee, from 2007 to 2016 shows that organosulfur mass fractions will likely continue to increase with ongoing declines in anthropogenic Sulfinorg, consistent with our laboratory findings. We further demonstrate that organosulfur compounds greatly modify critical aerosol properties, such as acidity, morphology, viscosity, and phase state. These new mechanistic insights demonstrate that changes in SO2 emissions, especially in isoprene-dominated environments, will significantly alter biogenic SOA physicochemical properties. Consequently, IEPOX/Sulfinorg will play an important role in understanding the historical climate and determining future impacts of biogenic SOA on the global climate and air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicole E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hallie C. Boyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shweta Narayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lindsay D. Yee
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hilary S. Green
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Mike Fort
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Eric Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC 27513, USA
| | - Sri H. Budisulistiorini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Caitlin A. Rose
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Igor O. Ribeiro
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Rafael L. e Oliveira
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Erickson O. dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067, Brazil
| | - Cristine M. D. Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69067, Brazil
| | - Sophie Szopa
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-IPSL, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eliane G. Alves
- Environment Dynamics Department, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, 69067, Brazil
| | - Suzane S. de Sá
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | | - Sergio Duvoisin
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo A. F. de Souza
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69050, Brasil
| | - Brett B. Palm
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jose-Luis Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Barbara J. Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Scot T. Martin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cari S. Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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22
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Bikkina S, Sarin M. Brown carbon in the continental outflow to the North Indian Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:970-987. [PMID: 31089643 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00089e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we synthesize the size distribution and optical properties of the atmospheric water-soluble fraction of light-absorbing organic carbon (brown carbon; BrC) in the continental outflow from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) in South Asia to the North Indian Ocean. A comparison of the mass absorption coefficient of water-soluble BrC (babs-WSBrC-365nm) in PM2.5 with that in PM10 sampled over the Bay of Bengal reveals the dominance of BrC in fine mode. Furthermore, the babs-BrC-365nm shows a significant linear relationship with mass concentrations of airborne particulate matter, water-soluble organic carbon and non-sea-salt-K+ in the continental outflow from the IGP. This observation emphasizes the ubiquitous nature and significant contribution of water-soluble BrC from biomass burning emissions (BBEs). Comparing the absorption properties from this study with global datasets, it is discernible that BBEs dominate BrC absorption. Furthermore, the imaginary refractive index of water-soluble BrC (kWSBrC-365nm) in marine aerosols sampled over the North Indian Ocean during November is significantly higher than during December to January. Thus, significant temporal variability is associated with crop-residue burning emissions in the IGP on the composition of BrC over the North Indian Ocean. Our estimates show that the babs-WSBrC-365nm and kWSBrC-365nm from post-harvest crop-residue burning emissions in the IGP are much higher than the BBEs from the southeastern United States and Amazonian forest fires. Another major finding of this study is the lack of significant relationship between kWSBrC-365nm and the mass ratio of elemental carbon to particulate organic matter, as previously suggested by chamber experiments to model varying BrC absorption properties in ambient aerosols. Therefore, considerable spatio-temporal variability prevails among emission sources (wood burning vs. crop-residue burning), which needs to be considered when assessing the regional radiative forcing of BrC relative to major absorbing elemental carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Bikkina
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad-380 009, India.
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23
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Wang K, Zhang Y, Huang RJ, Wang M, Ni H, Kampf CJ, Cheng Y, Bilde M, Glasius M, Hoffmann T. Molecular Characterization and Source Identification of Atmospheric Particulate Organosulfates Using Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6192-6202. [PMID: 31083926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) have been observed as substantial constituents of atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) in a wide range of environments; however, the chemical composition, sources, and formation mechanism of OSs are still not well understood. In this study, we first created an "OS precursor map" based on the elemental composition of previous OS chamber experiments. Then, according to this "OS precursor map", we estimated the possible sources and molecular structures of OSs in atmospheric PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) samples, which were collected in urban areas of Beijing (China) and Mainz (Germany) and analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. On the basis of the "OS precursor map", together with the polarity information provided by UHPLC, OSs in Mainz samples are suggested to be mainly derived from isoprene/glyoxal or other unknown small polar organic compounds, while OSs in Beijing samples were generated from both isoprene/glyoxal and anthropogenic sources (e.g., long-chain alkanes and aromatics). The nitrooxy-OSs in the clean aerosol samples were mainly derived from monoterpenes, while much fewer monoterpene-derived nitrooxy-OSs were obtained in the polluted aerosol samples, showing that nitrooxy-OS formation is affected by different precursors in clean and polluted air conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, and Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, and Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes , Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266061 , China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, and Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, and Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an 710061 , China
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany
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24
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Xie M, Chen X, Holder AL, Hays MD, Lewandowski M, Offenberg JH, Kleindienst TE, Jaoui M, Hannigan MP. Light absorption of organic carbon and its sources at a southeastern U.S. location in summer. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:38-46. [PMID: 30321710 PMCID: PMC6697000 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing organic carbon (OC), also referred to as "brown carbon" (BrC), has been intensively investigated in atmospheres impacted by biomass burning. However, other BrC sources (e.g., secondary formation in the atmosphere) are rarely studied in ambient aerosols. In the current work, forty-five PM2.5 filter samples were collected in Research Triangle Park (RTP), NC, USA from June 1st to July 15th, 2013. The bulk carbonaceous components, including OC, elemental carbon (EC), water soluble OC (WSOC), and an array of organic molecular markers were measured; an ultraviolet/visible spectrometer was used to measure the light absorption of methanol extractable OC and WSOC. The average light absorption per OC and WSOC mass of PM2.5 samples in summer RTP are 0.36 ± 0.16 m2 gC-1 and 0.29 ± 0.13 m2 gC-1, respectively, lower than the ambient aerosol samples impacted by biomass burning and/or fossil fuel combustion (0.7-1.6 m2 gC-1) from other places. Less than 1% of the aqueous extracts absorption is attributed to the light-absorbing chromophores (nitroaromatic compounds) identified in this work. To identify the major sources of BrC absorption in RTP in the summer, Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to a dataset containing optical properties and chemical compositions of carbonaceous components in PM2.5. The results suggest that the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) containing organosulfates is an important BrC source, contributing up to half of the BrC absorption in RTP during the summertime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA; National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Xi Chen
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Amara L Holder
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Michael D Hays
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - John H Offenberg
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Tadeusz E Kleindienst
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Mohammed Jaoui
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Michael P Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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25
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Xie M, Chen X, Hays MD, Holder AL. Composition and light absorption of N-containing aromatic compounds in organic aerosols from laboratory biomass burning. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:2899-2915. [PMID: 31501655 PMCID: PMC6733279 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-2899-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study seeks to understand the compositional details of N-containing aromatic compounds (NACs) emitted during biomass burning (BB) and their contribution to light-absorbing organic carbon (OC), also termed brown carbon (BrC). Three laboratory BB experiments were conducted with two U.S. pine forest understory fuels typical of those consumed during prescribed fires. During the experiments, submicron aerosol particles were collected on filter media and subsequently extracted with methanol and examined for their optical and chemical properties. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between BrC absorption and elemental carbon (EC)/OC ratios for individual burns data. However, the pooled experimental data indicated that the BB BrC absorption depends on more than the BB fire conditions as represented by the EC/OC ratio. Fourteen NAC formulas were identified in the BB samples, most of which were also observed in simulated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from photo-oxidation of aromatic VOCs with NOX. However, the molecular structures associated with the identical NAC formula from BB and SOA are different. In this work, the identified NACs from BB are featured by methoxy and cyanate groups, and are predominately generated during the flaming phase. The mass concentrations of identified NACs were quantified using authentic and surrogate standards, and their contributions to bulk light absorption of solvent extractable OC were also calculated. The contributions of identified NACs to organic matter (OM) and BrC absorption were significantly higher in flaming-phase samples than those in smoldering-phase samples, and correlated with EC/OC ratio (p < 0.05) for both individual burns and pooled experimental data, indicating that the formation of NACs from BB largely depends on burn conditions. The average contributions of identified NACs to overall BrC absorption at 365 nm ranged from 0.087 ± 0.024 to 1.22 ± 0.54%, 3 - 10 times higher than their mass contributions to OM (0.023 ± 0.0089 to 0.18 ± 0.067%), so the NACs with light absorption identified in this work from BB are likely strong BrC chromophores. Further studies are warranted to identify more light-absorbing compounds to explain the unknown fraction (> 98%) of BB BrC absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Pak, NC 27711, USA
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Pak, NC 27711, USA
- Correspondence to: Mingjie Xie, ; ; Tel: +86-18851903788;, Fax: +86-25-58731051, Mailing address: 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Pak, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michael D. Hays
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Pak, NC 27711, USA
| | - Amara L. Holder
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Pak, NC 27711, USA
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26
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Nestorowicz K, Jaoui M, Rudzinski KJ, Lewandowski M, Kleindienst TE, Spólnik G, Danikiewicz W, Szmigielski R. Chemical composition of isoprene SOA under acidic and non-acidic conditions: effect of relative humidity. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:18101-18121. [PMID: 32158471 PMCID: PMC7063744 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-18101-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of acidity and relative humidity on bulk isoprene aerosol parameters has been investigated in several studies; however, few measurements have been conducted on individual aerosol compounds. The focus of this study has been the examination of the effect of acidity and relative humidity on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) chemical composition from isoprene photooxidation in the presence of nitrogen oxide (NO x ). A detailed characterization of SOA at the molecular level was also investigated. Experiments were conducted in a 14.5 m3 smog chamber operated in flow mode. Based on a detailed analysis of mass spectra obtained from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of silylated derivatives in electron impact and chemical ionization modes, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry, and collision-induced dissociation in the negative ionization modes, we characterized not only typical isoprene products but also new oxygenated compounds. A series of nitroxy-organosulfates (NOSs) were tentatively identified on the basis of high-resolution mass spectra. Under acidic conditions, the major identified compounds include 2-methyltetrols (2MT), 2-methylglyceric acid (2mGA), and 2MT-OS. Other products identified include epoxydiols, mono- and dicarboxylic acids, other organic sulfates, and nitroxy- and nitrosoxy-OS. The contribution of SOA products from isoprene oxidation to PM2.5 was investigated by analyzing ambient aerosol collected at rural sites in Poland. Methyltetrols, 2mGA, and several organosulfates and nitroxy-OS were detected in both the field and laboratory samples. The influence of relative humidity on SOA formation was modest in non-acidic-seed experiments and stronger under acidic seed aerosol. Total secondary organic carbon decreased with increasing relative humidity under both acidic and non-acidic conditions. While the yields of some of the specific organic compounds decreased with increasing relative humidity, others varied in an indeterminate manner from changes in the relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Nestorowicz
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mohammed Jaoui
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Krzysztof Jan Rudzinski
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | | | - Grzegorz Spólnik
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Danikiewicz
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Szmigielski
- Environmental Chemistry Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Cui T, Zeng Z, Dos Santos EO, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Rose CA, Budisulistiorini SH, Collins LB, Bodnar WM, de Souza RAF, Martin ST, Machado CMD, Turpin BJ, Gold A, Ault AP, Surratt JD. Development of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method for the chemical characterization of water-soluble isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX)-derived secondary organic aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1524-1536. [PMID: 30259953 PMCID: PMC10537084 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00308d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acid-catalyzed multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) on sulfate aerosol produces substantial amounts of water-soluble secondary organic aerosol (SOA) constituents, including 2-methyltetrols, methyltetrol sulfates, and oligomers thereof in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5). These constituents have commonly been measured by gas chromatography interfaced to electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) with prior derivatization or by reverse-phase liquid chromatography interfaced to electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (RPLC/ESI-HR-MS). However, both techniques have limitations in explicitly resolving and quantifying polar SOA constituents due either to thermal degradation or poor separation. With authentic 2-methyltetrol and methyltetrol sulfate standards synthesized in-house, we developed a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)/ESI-HR-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS) protocol that can chromatographically resolve and accurately measure the major IEPOX-derived SOA constituents in both laboratory-generated SOA and atmospheric PM2.5. 2-Methyltetrols were simultaneously resolved along with 4-6 diastereomers of methyltetrol sulfate, allowing efficient quantification of both major classes of SOA constituents by a single non-thermal analytical method. The sum of 2-methyltetrols and methyltetrol sulfates accounted for approximately 92%, 62%, and 21% of the laboratory-generated β-IEPOX aerosol mass, laboratory-generated δ-IEPOX aerosol mass, and organic aerosol mass in the southeastern U.S., respectively, where the mass concentration of methyltetrol sulfates was 171-271% the mass concentration of methyltetrol. Mass concentrations of methyltetrol sulfates were 0.39 and 2.33 μg m-3 in a PM2.5 sample collected from central Amazonia and the southeastern U.S., respectively. The improved resolution clearly reveals isomeric patterns specific to methyltetrol sulfates from acid-catalyzed multiphase chemistry of β- and δ-IEPOX. We also demonstrate that conventional GC/EI-MS analyses overestimate 2-methyltetrols by up to 188%, resulting (in part) from the thermal degradation of methyltetrol sulfates. Lastly, C5-alkene triols and 3-methyltetrahydrofuran-3,4-diols are found to be largely GC/EI-MS artifacts formed from thermal degradation of 2-methyltetrol sulfates and 3-methyletrol sulfates, respectively, and are not detected with HILIC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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28
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Xie M, Shen G, Holder AL, Hays MD, Jetter JJ. Light absorption of organic carbon emitted from burning wood, charcoal, and kerosene in household cookstoves. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:60-67. [PMID: 29729570 PMCID: PMC6715134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Household cookstove emissions are an important source of carbonaceous aerosols globally. The light-absorbing organic carbon (OC), also termed brown carbon (BrC), from cookstove emissions can impact the Earth's radiative balance, but is rarely investigated. In this work, PM2.5 filter samples were collected during combustion experiments with red oak wood, charcoal, and kerosene in a variety of cookstoves mainly at two water boiling test phases (cold start CS, hot start HS). Samples were extracted in methanol and extracts were examined using spectrophotometry. The mass absorption coefficients (MACλ, m2 g-1) at five wavelengths (365, 400, 450, 500, and 550 nm) were mostly inter-correlated and were used as a measurement proxy for BrC. The MAC365 for red oak combustion during the CS phase correlated strongly to the elemental carbon (EC)/OC mass ratio, indicating a dependency of BrC absorption on burn conditions. The emissions from cookstoves burning red oak have an average MACλ 2-6 times greater than those burning charcoal and kerosene, and around 3-4 times greater than that from biomass burning measured in previous studies. These results suggest that residential cookstove emissions could contribute largely to ambient BrC, and the simulation of BrC radiative forcing in climate models for biofuel combustion in cookstoves should be treated specifically and separated from open biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Amara L Holder
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michael D Hays
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - James J Jetter
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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29
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Liu J, Mo Y, Ding P, Li J, Shen C, Zhang G. Dual carbon isotopes ( 14C and 13C) and optical properties of WSOC and HULIS-C during winter in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:1571-1578. [PMID: 29758907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble brown carbon (ws-BrC) exerts an important influence on climate change, but its emission sources and optical properties remain poorly understood. In this study, we isolated two ws-BrC proxies, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and humic-like substance carbon (HULIS-C), from particulate matter collected in Guangzhou, China, during December 2012 for the measurement of dual carbon isotopes (14C and 13C) and light absorption. The mass absorption efficiencies of WSOC and HULIS-C at 365nm were 0.81±0.16 and 1.33±0.21m2g-1C, respectively. The 14C results showed that two-thirds of WSOC and HULIS-C were derived from non-fossil sources (e.g., biomass burning and biogenic emission), and the remaining third was derived from fossil sources. The δ13C values of WSOC and HULIS-C were -23.7±1.2‰ and -24.2±0.9‰, respectively, underlining the limited influences of C4 plants and natural gas on ws-BrC. Fitting the data to a multiple linear regression, we further concluded that approximately 80% and 10% of the light absorption at 365nm was due to non-fossil and fossil carbon, respectively. Non-fossil sources of ws-BrC, such as the burning of agricultural residue, were responsible for the light absorption recorded in Guangzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangzhi Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chengde Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Chow JC, Watson JG, Green MC, Wang X, Chen LWA, Trimble DL, Cropper PM, Kohl SD, Gronstal SB. Separation of brown carbon from black carbon for IMPROVE and Chemical Speciation Network PM 2.5 samples. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:494-510. [PMID: 29341854 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1426653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The replacement of the Desert Research Institute (DRI) model 2001 with model 2015 thermal/optical analyzers (TOAs) results in continuity of the long-term organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) database, and it adds optical information with no additional carbon analysis effort. The value of multiwavelength light attenuation is that light absorption due to black carbon (BC) can be separated from that of brown carbon (BrC), with subsequent attribution to known sources such as biomass burning and secondary organic aerosols. There is evidence of filter loading effects for the 25% of all samples with the highest EC concentrations based on the ratio of light attenuation to EC. Loading corrections similar to those used for the seven-wavelength aethalometer need to be investigated. On average, nonurban Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) samples show higher BrC fractions of short-wavelength absorption than urban Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) samples, owing to greater influence from biomass burning and aged aerosols, as well as to higher primary BC contributions from engine exhaust at urban sites. Sequential samples taken during an Everglades National Park wildfire demonstrate the evolution from flaming to smoldering combustion, with the BrC fraction increasing as smoldering begins to dominate the fire event. IMPLICATIONS The inclusion of seven wavelengths in thermal/optical carbon analysis of speciated PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) samples allows contributions from biomass burning and secondary organic aerosols to be estimated. This separation is useful for evaluating control strategy effectiveness, identifying exceptional events, and determining natural visibility conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Chow
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
- b State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - John G Watson
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
- b State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark C Green
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
| | - L-W Antony Chen
- c Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
| | - Dana L Trimble
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Paul M Cropper
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Steven D Kohl
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Steven B Gronstal
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
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31
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De Haan DO, Tapavicza E, Riva M, Cui T, Surratt JD, Smith AC, Jordan MC, Nilakantan S, Almodovar M, Stewart TN, de Loera A, De Haan AC, Cazaunau M, Gratien A, Pangui E, Doussin JF. Nitrogen-Containing, Light-Absorbing Oligomers Produced in Aerosol Particles Exposed to Methylglyoxal, Photolysis, and Cloud Cycling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4061-4071. [PMID: 29510022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous methylglyoxal chemistry has often been implicated as an important source of oligomers in atmospheric aerosol. Here we report on chemical analysis of brown carbon aerosol particles collected from cloud cycling/photolysis chamber experiments, where gaseous methylglyoxal and methylamine interacted with glycine, ammonium, or methylammonium sulfate seed particles. Eighteen N-containing oligomers were identified in the particulate phase by liquid chromatography/diode array detection/electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chemical formulas were determined and, for 6 major oligomer products, MS2 fragmentation spectra were used to propose tentative structures and mechanisms. Electronic absorption spectra were calculated for six tentative product structures by an ab initio second order algebraic-diagrammatic-construction/density functional theory approach. For five structures, matching calculated and measured absorption spectra suggest that they are dominant light-absorbing species at their chromatographic retention times. Detected oligomers incorporated methylglyoxal and amines, as expected, but also pyruvic acid, hydroxyacetone, and significant quantities of acetaldehyde. The finding that ∼80% (by mass) of detected oligomers contained acetaldehyde, a methylglyoxal photolysis product, suggests that daytime methylglyoxal oligomer formation is dominated by radical addition mechanisms involving CH3CO*. These mechanisms are evidently responsible for enhanced browning observed during photolytic cloud events.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O De Haan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park , San Diego California 92110 , United States
| | - Enrico Tapavicza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University Long Beach , 1250 Bellflower Boulevard , Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Adam C Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University Long Beach , 1250 Bellflower Boulevard , Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
| | - Mary-Caitlin Jordan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University Long Beach , 1250 Bellflower Boulevard , Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
| | - Shiva Nilakantan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University Long Beach , 1250 Bellflower Boulevard , Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
| | - Marisol Almodovar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University Long Beach , 1250 Bellflower Boulevard , Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
| | - Tiffany N Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park , San Diego California 92110 , United States
| | - Alexia de Loera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park , San Diego California 92110 , United States
| | - Audrey C De Haan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park , San Diego California 92110 , United States
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , 94010 Créteil , France
| | - Aline Gratien
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , 94010 Créteil , France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , 94010 Créteil , France
| | - Jean-François Doussin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , 94010 Créteil , France
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32
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Nakayama T, Sato K, Imamura T, Matsumi Y. Effect of Oxidation Process on Complex Refractive Index of Secondary Organic Aerosol Generated from Isoprene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2566-2574. [PMID: 29385329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of isoprene by hydroxyl radical (OH), ozone (O3), or nitrate radical (NO3) leads to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere. This SOA contributes to the radiation balance by scattering and absorbing solar radiation. In this study, the effect of oxidation processes on the wavelength-dependent complex refractive index (RI) of SOA generated from isoprene was examined. Oxidation conditions did not have a large effect on magnitude and wavelength dependence of the real part of the RI. In the case of SOA generated in the presence of sulfur dioxide (SO2), significant light absorption at short visible and ultraviolet wavelengths with the imaginary part of the RI, up to 0.011 at 375 nm, was observed during oxidation with OH. However, smaller and negligible values were observed during oxidation with O3 and NO3, respectively. Moreover, in the absence of SO2, light absorption was not observed regardless of the oxidation process. There was an empirical correlation between the imaginary part of the RI and the average degree of unsaturation of organic molecules. The results obtained herein demonstrate that oxidation processes should be considered for estimating the radiative effect of isoprene-derived SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nakayama
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 , Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2, Onogawa , Tsukuba 305-8506 , Japan
| | - Takashi Imamura
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2, Onogawa , Tsukuba 305-8506 , Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsumi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 , Japan
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33
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Liu P, Li YJ, Wang Y, Bateman AP, Zhang Y, Gong Z, Bertram AK, Martin ST. Highly Viscous States Affect the Browning of Atmospheric Organic Particulate Matter. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4. [PMID: 29532020 PMCID: PMC5832997 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Initially transparent organic particulate matter (PM) can become shades of light-absorbing brown via atmospheric particle-phase chemical reactions. The production of nitrogen-containing compounds is one important pathway for browning. Semisolid or solid physical states of organic PM might, however, have sufficiently slow diffusion of reactant molecules to inhibit browning reactions. Herein, organic PM of secondary organic material (SOM) derived from toluene, a common SOM precursor in anthropogenically affected environments, was exposed to ammonia at different values of relative humidity (RH). The production of light-absorbing organonitrogen imines from ammonia exposure, detected by mass spectrometry and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, was kinetically inhibited for RH < 20% for exposure times of 6 min to 24 h. By comparison, from 20% to 60% RH organonitrogen production took place, implying ammonia uptake and reaction. Correspondingly, the absorption index k across 280 to 320 nm increased from 0.012 to 0.02, indicative of PM browning. The k value across 380 to 420 nm increased from 0.001 to 0.004. The observed RH-dependent behavior of ammonia uptake and browning was well captured by a model that considered the diffusivities of both the large organic molecules that made up the PM and the small reactant molecules taken up from the gas phase into the PM. Within the model, large-molecule diffusivity was calculated based on observed SOM viscosity and evaporation. Small-molecule diffusivity was represented by the water diffusivity measured by a quartz-crystal microbalance. The model showed that the browning reaction rates at RH < 60% could be controlled by the low diffusivity of the large organic molecules from the interior region of the particle to the reactive surface region. The results of this study have implications for accurate modeling of atmospheric brown carbon production and associated influences on energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yong Jie Li
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yan Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- T. H.
Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Adam P. Bateman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yue Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Aerodyne
Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Zhaoheng Gong
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Allan K. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scot T. Martin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Sciences and Department
of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- E-mail:
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34
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Arashiro M, Lin YH, Zhang Z, Sexton KG, Gold A, Jaspers I, Fry RC, Surratt JD. Effect of secondary organic aerosol from isoprene-derived hydroxyhydroperoxides on the expression of oxidative stress response genes in human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:332-339. [PMID: 29292423 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00439g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which comprise a large portion of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5), can be formed through various gaseous precursors, including isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), methacrylic acid epoxide (MAE), and isoprene hydroxyhydroperoxides (ISOPOOH). The composition of the isoprene-derived SOA affects its reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation potential and its ability to alter oxidative stress-related gene expression. In this study we assess effects of isoprene SOA derived solely from ISOPOOH oxidation on human bronchial epithelial cells by measuring the gene expression changes in 84 oxidative stress-related genes. In addition, the thiol reactivity of ISOPOOH-derived SOA was measured through the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Our findings show that ISOPOOH-derived SOA alter more oxidative-stress related genes than IEPOX-derived SOA but not as many as MAE-derived SOA on a mass basis exposure. More importantly, we found that the different types of SOA derived from the various gaseous precursors (MAE, IEPOX, and ISOPOOH) have unique contributions to changes in oxidative stress-related genes that do not total all gene expression changes seen in exposures to atmospherically relevant compositions of total isoprene-derived SOA mixtures. This study suggests that amongst the different types of known isoprene-derived SOA, MAE-derived SOA are the most potent inducer of oxidative stress-related gene changes but highlights the importance of considering isoprene-derived SOA as a total mixture for pollution controls and exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Arashiro
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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35
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Following Particle-Particle Mixing in Atmospheric Secondary Organic Aerosols by Using Isotopically Labeled Terpenes. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Jiang K, Hill DR, Elrod MJ. Assessing the Potential for Oligomer Formation from the Reactions of Lactones in Secondary Organic Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:292-302. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kallie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074 United States
| | - Daniel R. Hill
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074 United States
| | - Matthew J. Elrod
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074 United States
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37
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Laskin A, Lin P, Laskin J, Fleming LT, Nizkorodov S. Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Brown Carbon. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1299.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Lauren T. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sergey Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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38
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Xie M, Chen X, Hays MD, Lewandowski M, Offenberg J, Kleindienst TE, Holder AL. Light Absorption of Secondary Organic Aerosol: Composition and Contribution of Nitroaromatic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11607-11616. [PMID: 28930472 PMCID: PMC7372712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can affect the atmospheric radiation balance through absorbing light at shorter visible and UV wavelengths. However, the composition and optical properties of light-absorbing SOA is poorly understood. In this work, SOA filter samples were collected during individual chamber experiments conducted with three biogenic and eight aromatic volatile organic compound (VOC) precursors in the presence of NOX and H2O2. Compared with the SOA generated using the aromatic precursors, biogenic SOA generally exhibits negligible light absorption above 350 nm; the aromatic SOA generated in the presence of NOX shows stronger light absorption than that generated with H2O2. Fifteen nitroaromatic compound (NAC) chemical formulas were identified and quantified in SOA samples. Their contributions to the light absorption of sample extracts were also estimated. On average, the m-cresol/NOX SOA sample has the highest mass contribution from NACs (10.4 ± 6.74%, w/w), followed by naphthalene/NOX (6.41 ± 2.08%) and benzene/NOX (5.81 ± 3.82%) SOA. The average contributions of NACs to total light absorption were at least two times greater than their average mass contributions at 365 and 400 nm, revealing the potential use of chromophoric NACs as brown carbon (BrC) tracers in source apportionment and air quality modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
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39
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Aiona PK, Lee HJ, Lin P, Heller F, Laskin A, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA. A Role for 2-Methyl Pyrrole in the Browning of 4-Oxopentanal and Limonene Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11048-11056. [PMID: 28858499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of ammonia or ammonium sulfate (AS) with carbonyls in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced from limonene are known to form brown carbon (BrC) with a distinctive absorption band at 505 nm. This study examined the browning processes in aqueous solutions of AS and 4-oxopentanal (4-OPA), which has a 1,4-dicarbonyl structural motif present in many limonene SOA compounds. Aqueous reactions of 4-OPA with AS were found to produce 2-methyl pyrrole (2-MP), which was detected by gas chromatography. While 2-MP does not absorb visible radiation, it can further react with 4-OPA eventually forming BrC compounds. This was demonstrated by reacting 2-MP with 4-OPA or limonene SOA, both of which produced BrC with absorption bands at 475 and 505 nm, respectively. The formation of BrC in the reaction of 4-OPA with AS and ammonium nitrate was greatly accelerated by evaporation of the solution suggesting an important role of the dehydration processes in BrC formation. 4-OPA was also found to produce BrC in aqueous reactions with a broad spectrum of amino acids and amines. These results suggest that 4-OPA may be the smallest atmospherically relevant compound capable of browning by the same mechanism as limonene SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige K Aiona
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Hyun Ji Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Forrest Heller
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Energy and Environment Directorate, , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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40
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Light-absorbing organic carbon from prescribed and laboratory biomass burning and gasoline vehicle emissions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7318. [PMID: 28779152 PMCID: PMC5544734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06981-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-absorbing organic carbon (OC), also termed brown carbon (BrC), from laboratory-based biomass burning (BB) has been studied intensively to understand the contribution of BB to radiative forcing. However, relatively few measurements have been conducted on field-based BB and even fewer measurements have examined BrC from anthropogenic combustion sources like motor vehicle emissions. In this work, the light absorption of methanol-extractable OC from prescribed and laboratory BB and gasoline vehicle emissions was examined using spectrophotometry. The light absorption of methanol extracts showed a strong wavelength dependence for both BB and gasoline vehicle emissions. The mass absorption coefficients at 365 nm (MAC365, m2 g-1C) - used as a measurement proxy for BrC - were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) to the elemental carbon (EC)/OC ratios when examined by each BB fuel type. No significant correlation was observed when pooling fuels, indicating that both burn conditions and fuel types may impact BB BrC characteristics. The average MAC365 of gasoline vehicle emission samples is 0.62 ± 0.76 m2 g-1C, which is similar in magnitude to the BB samples (1.27 ± 0.76 m2 g-1C). These results suggest that in addition to BB, gasoline vehicle emissions may also be an important BrC source in urban areas.
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41
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D'Ambro EL, Møller KH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Schobesberger S, Liu J, Shilling JE, Lee BH, Kjaergaard HG, Thornton JA. Isomerization of Second-Generation Isoprene Peroxy Radicals: Epoxide Formation and Implications for Secondary Organic Aerosol Yields. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4978-4987. [PMID: 28388039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report chamber measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene photochemical oxidation, in which radical concentrations were systematically varied and the molecular composition of semi- to low-volatility gases and SOA were measured online. Using a detailed chemical kinetics box model, we find that to explain the behavior of low-volatility products and SOA mass yields relative to input H2O2 concentrations, the second-generation dihydroxy hydroperoxy peroxy radical (C5H11O6·) must undergo an intramolecular H-shift with a net forward rate constant of order 0.1 s-1 or higher. This finding is consistent with quantum chemical calculations that suggest a net forward rate constant of 0.3-0.9 s-1. Furthermore, these calculations suggest that the dominant product of this isomerization is a dihydroxy hydroperoxy epoxide (C5H10O5), which is expected to have a saturation vapor pressure ∼2 orders of magnitude higher, as determined by group-contribution calculations, than the dihydroxy dihydroperoxide, ISOP(OOH)2(C5H12O6), a major product of the peroxy radical reacting with HO2. These results provide strong constraints on the likely volatility distribution of isoprene oxidation products under atmospheric conditions and, thus, on the importance of nonreactive gas-particle partitioning of isoprene oxidation products as an SOA source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian H Møller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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42
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Budisulistiorini SH, Riva M, Williams M, Chen J, Itoh M, Surratt JD, Kuwata M. Light-Absorbing Brown Carbon Aerosol Constituents from Combustion of Indonesian Peat and Biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4415-4423. [PMID: 28318234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing brown carbon (BrC) constituents of organic aerosol (OA) have been shown to significantly absorb ultraviolet (UV) and visible light and thus impact radiative forcing. However, molecular identification of the BrC constituents is still limited. In this study, we characterize BrC constituents at the molecular level in (i) aerosols emitted by combustion of peat, fern/leaf, and charcoal from Indonesia and (ii) ambient aerosols collected in Singapore during the 2015 haze episode. Aerosols were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography instrument interfaced to a diode array detector and electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer operated in the negative ion mode. In the laboratory-generated aerosols, we identified 41 compounds that can potentially absorb near-UV and visible wavelengths, such as oxygenated-conjugated compounds, nitroaromatics, and S-containing compounds. The sum of BrC constituents in peat, fern/leaf, and charcoal burning aerosols are 16%, 35%, and 28% of the OA mass, respectively, giving an average contribution of 24%. On average, the BrC constituents account for 0.4% of the ambient OA mass; however, large uncertainties in mass closure remain because of the lack of authentic standards. This study highlights the potential of light-absorbing BrC OA constituents from peat, fern/leaf, and charcoal burning and their importance in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University , Kyoto 6068501, Japan
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University , Kyoto 6068501, Japan
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43
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Di Lorenzo RA, Washenfelder RA, Attwood AR, Guo H, Xu L, Ng NL, Weber RJ, Baumann K, Edgerton E, Young CJ. Molecular-Size-Separated Brown Carbon Absorption for Biomass-Burning Aerosol at Multiple Field Sites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3128-3137. [PMID: 28199090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a known source of brown carbon aerosol in the atmosphere. We collected filter samples of biomass-burning emissions at three locations in Canada and the United States with transport times of 10 h to >3 days. We analyzed the samples with size-exclusion chromatography coupled to molecular absorbance spectroscopy to determine absorbance as a function of molecular size. The majority of absorption was due to molecules >500 Da, and these contributed an increasing fraction of absorption as the biomass-burning aerosol aged. This suggests that the smallest molecular weight fraction is more susceptible to processes that lead to reduced light absorption, while larger-molecular-weight species may represent recalcitrant brown carbon. We calculate that these large-molecular-weight species are composed of more than 20 carbons with as few as two oxygens and would be classified as extremely low volatility organic compounds (ELVOCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University , St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Rebecca A Washenfelder
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Alexis R Attwood
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Karsten Baumann
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis Inc. , Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Eric Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis Inc. , Cary, North Carolina 27513, United States
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University , St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X5, Canada
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Rattanavaraha W, Chu K, Budisulistiorini SH, Riva M, Lin YH, Edgerton ES, Baumann K, Shaw SL, Guo H, King L, Weber RJ, Neff ME, Stone EA, Offenberg JH, Zhang Z, Gold A, Surratt JD. Assessing the impact of anthropogenic pollution on isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol formation in PM 2.5 collected from the Birmingham, Alabama, ground site during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 16:4897-4914. [PMID: 30245702 PMCID: PMC6145830 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-4897-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the southeastern US, substantial emissions of isoprene from deciduous trees undergo atmospheric oxidation to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA) that contributes to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Laboratory studies have revealed that anthropogenic pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), and aerosol acidity, can enhance SOA formation from the hydroxyl radical (OH)-initiated oxidation of isoprene; however, the mechanisms by which specific pollutants enhance isoprene SOA in ambient PM2.5 remain unclear. As one aspect of an investigation to examine how anthropogenic pollutants influence isoprene-derived SOA formation, high-volume PM2.5 filter samples were collected at the Birmingham, Alabama (BHM), ground site during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS). Sample extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) with prior trimethylsilylation and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS) to identify known isoprene SOA tracers. Tracers quantified using both surrogate and authentic standards were compared with collocated gas- and particle-phase data as well as meteorological data provided by the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization (SEARCH) network to assess the impact of anthropogenic pollution on isoprene-derived SOA formation. Results of this study reveal that isoprene-derived SOA tracers contribute a substantial mass fraction of organic matter (OM) (~ 7 to ~ 20 %). Isoprene-derived SOA tracers correlated with sulfate ( SO42- ) (r2 = 0.34, n = 117) but not with NO x . Moderate correlations between methacrylic acid epoxide and hydroxymethyl-methyl-α-lactone (together abbreviated MAE/HMML)-derived SOA tracers with nitrate radical production (P[NO3]) (r2 = 0.57, n = 40) were observed during nighttime, suggesting a potential role of the NO3 radical in forming this SOA type. However, the nighttime correlation of these tracers with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (r2 = 0.26, n = 40) was weaker. Ozone (O3) correlated strongly with MAE/HMML-derived tracers (r2 = 0.72, n = 30) and moderately with 2-methyltetrols (r2 = 0.34, n = 15) during daytime only, suggesting that a fraction of SOA formation could occur from isoprene ozonolysis in urban areas. No correlation was observed between aerosol pH and isoprene-derived SOA. Lack of correlation between aerosol acidity and isoprene-derived SOA is consistent with the observation that acidity is not a limiting factor for isoprene SOA formation at the BHM site as aerosols were acidic enough to promote multiphase chemistry of isoprene-derived epoxides throughout the duration of the study. All in all, these results confirm previous studies suggesting that anthropogenic pollutants enhance isoprene-derived SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weruka Rattanavaraha
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Chu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- now at: Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- now at: Michigan Society of Fellows, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hongyu Guo
- Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura King
- Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rodney J Weber
- Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miranda E Neff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - John H Offenberg
- Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Cash JM, Heal MR, Langford B, Drewer J. A review of stereochemical implications in the generation of secondary organic aerosol from isoprene oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:1369-1380. [PMID: 27762408 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00354k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric reactions leading to the generation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the oxidation of isoprene are generally assumed to produce only racemic mixtures, but aspects of the chemical reactions suggest this may not be the case. In this review, the stereochemical outcomes of published isoprene-degradation mechanisms contributing to high amounts of SOA are evaluated. Despite evidence suggesting isoprene first-generation oxidation products do not contribute to SOA directly, this review suggests the stereochemistry of first-generation products may be important because their stereochemical configurations may be retained through to the second-generation products which form SOA. Specifically, due to the stereochemistry of epoxide ring-opening mechanisms, the outcome of the reactions involving epoxydiols of isoprene (IEPOX), methacrylic acid epoxide (MAE) and hydroxymethylmethyl-α-lactone (HMML) are, in principle, stereospecific which indicates the stereochemistry is predefined from first-generation precursors. The products from these three epoxide intermediates oligomerise to form macromolecules which are proposed to form chiral structures within the aerosol and are considered to be the largest contributors to SOA. If conditions in the atmosphere such as pH, aerosol water content, relative humidity, pre-existing aerosol, aerosol coatings and aerosol cation/anion content (and other) variables acting on the reactions leading to SOA affect the tacticity (arrangement of chiral centres) in the SOA then they may influence its physical properties, for example its hygroscopicity. Chamber studies of SOA formation from isoprene encompass particular sets of controlled conditions of these variables. It may therefore be important to consider stereochemistry when upscaling from chamber study data to predictions of SOA yields across the range of ambient atmospheric conditions. Experiments analysing the stereochemistry of the reactions under varying conditions of the above variables would help elucidate whether there is stereoselectivity in SOA formation from isoprene and if the rates of SOA formation are affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Cash
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK. and School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Mathew R Heal
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Ben Langford
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK.
| | - Julia Drewer
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK.
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Riva M, Budisulistiorini SH, Chen Y, Zhang Z, D'Ambro EL, Zhang X, Gold A, Turpin BJ, Thornton JA, Canagaratna MR, Surratt JD. Chemical Characterization of Secondary Organic Aerosol from Oxidation of Isoprene Hydroxyhydroperoxides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9889-99. [PMID: 27466979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation of isoprene under low-NOx conditions leads to the formation of isoprene hydroxyhydroperoxides (ISOPOOH). Subsequent oxidation of ISOPOOH largely produces isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), which are known secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. Although SOA from IEPOX has been previously examined, systematic studies of SOA characterization through a non-IEPOX route from 1,2-ISOPOOH oxidation are lacking. In the present work, SOA formation from the oxidation of authentic 1,2-ISOPOOH under low-NOx conditions was systematically examined with varying aerosol compositions and relative humidity. High yields of highly oxidized compounds, including multifunctional organosulfates (OSs) and hydroperoxides, were chemically characterized in both laboratory-generated SOA and fine aerosol samples collected from the southeastern U.S. IEPOX-derived SOA constituents were observed in all experiments, but their concentrations were only enhanced in the presence of acidified sulfate aerosol, consistent with prior work. High-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-AMS) reveals that 1,2-ISOPOOH-derived SOA formed through non-IEPOX routes exhibits a notable mass spectrum with a characteristic fragment ion at m/z 91. This laboratory-generated mass spectrum is strongly correlated with a factor recently resolved by positive matrix factorization (PMF) of aerosol mass spectrometer data collected in areas dominated by isoprene emissions, suggesting that the non-IEPOX pathway could contribute to ambient SOA measured in the Southeastern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Sri H Budisulistiorini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Emma L D'Ambro
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Manjula R Canagaratna
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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47
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Liu J, D'Ambro EL, Lee BH, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Zaveri RA, Rivera-Rios JC, Keutsch FN, Iyer S, Kurten T, Zhang Z, Gold A, Surratt JD, Shilling JE, Thornton JA. Efficient Isoprene Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from a Non-IEPOX Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9872-80. [PMID: 27548285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
With a large global emission rate and high reactivity, isoprene has a profound effect upon atmospheric chemistry and composition. The atmospheric pathways by which isoprene converts to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and how anthropogenic pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur affect this process are subjects of intense research because particles affect Earth's climate and local air quality. In the absence of both nitrogen oxides and reactive aqueous seed particles, we measure SOA mass yields from isoprene photochemical oxidation of up to 15%, which are factors of 2 or more higher than those typically used in coupled chemistry climate models. SOA yield is initially constant with the addition of increasing amounts of nitric oxide (NO) but then sharply decreases for input concentrations above 50 ppbv. Online measurements of aerosol molecular composition show that the fate of second-generation RO2 radicals is key to understanding the efficient SOA formation and the NOx-dependent yields described here and in the literature. These insights allow for improved quantitative estimates of SOA formation in the preindustrial atmosphere and in biogenic-rich regions with limited anthropogenic impacts and suggest that a more-complex representation of NOx-dependent SOA yields may be important in models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiumeng Liu
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | | | | | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jean C Rivera-Rios
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Theo Kurten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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48
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Tang M, Alexander JM, Kwon D, Estillore AD, Laskina O, Young MA, Kleiber PD, Grassian VH. Optical and Physicochemical Properties of Brown Carbon Aerosol: Light Scattering, FTIR Extinction Spectroscopy, and Hygroscopic Growth. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4155-66. [PMID: 27253434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b03425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of attention has been paid to brown carbon aerosol in the troposphere because it can both scatter and absorb solar radiation, thus affecting the Earth's climate. However, knowledge of the optical and chemical properties of brown carbon aerosol is still limited. In this study, we have investigated different aspects of the optical properties of brown carbon aerosol that have not been previously explored. These properties include extinction spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region and light scattering at two different visible wavelengths, 532 and 402 nm. A proxy for atmospheric brown carbon aerosol was formed from the aqueous reaction of ammonium sulfate with methylglyoxal. The different optical properties were measured as a function of reaction time for a period of up to 19 days. UV/vis absorption experiments of bulk solutions showed that the optical absorption of aqueous brown carbon solution significantly increases as a function of reaction time in the spectral range from 200 to 700 nm. The analysis of the light scattering data, however, showed no significant differences between ammonium sulfate and brown carbon aerosol particles in the measured scattering phase functions, linear polarization profiles, or the derived real parts of the refractive indices at either 532 or 402 nm, even for the longest reaction times with greatest visible extinction. The light scattering experiments are relatively insensitive to the imaginary part of the refractive index, and it was only possible to place an upper limit of k ≤ 0.01 on the imaginary index values. These results suggest that after the reaction with methylglyoxal the single scattering albedo of ammonium sulfate aerosol is significantly reduced but that the light scattering properties including the scattering asymmetry parameter, which is a measure of the relative amount of forward-to-backward scattering, remain essentially unchanged from that of unprocessed ammonium sulfate. The optical extinction properties in the mid-IR range (800 to 7000 cm(-1)) also showed no significant changes in either the real or the imaginary parts of the refractive indices for brown carbon aerosol particles when compared to ammonium sulfate. Therefore, changes in the optical properties of ammonium sulfate in the mid-IR spectral range due to reaction with methylglyoxal appear to be insignificant. In addition to these measurements, we have characterized additional physicochemical properties of the brown carbon aerosol particles including hygroscopic growth using a tandem-differential mobility analyzer. Compared to ammonium sulfate, brown carbon aerosol particles are found to have lower deliquescence relative humidity (DRH), efflorescence relative humidity (ERH), and hygroscopic growth at the same relative humidities. Overall, our study provides new details of the optical and physicochemical properties of a class of secondary organic aerosol which may have important implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Tang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jennifer M Alexander
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Deokhyeon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Armando D Estillore
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Olga Laskina
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mark A Young
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Paul D Kleiber
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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49
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Hinrichs RZ, Buczek P, Trivedi JJ. Solar Absorption by Aerosol-Bound Nitrophenols Compared to Aqueous and Gaseous Nitrophenols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5661-5667. [PMID: 27176618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrophenols are well-known absorbers of near-UV/blue radiation and are considered to be a component of solar-absorbing organic aerosol material commonly labeled brown carbon. Nitrophenols have been identified in a variety of phases in earth's atmosphere, including the gaseous, aqueous, and aerosol bound, and these different environments alter their UV-vis absorption spectra, most dramatically when deprotonated forming nitrophenolates. We quantify the impact of these different absorption profiles by calculating the solar power absorbed per molecule for several nitrophenols. For instance, aqueous 2,4-dinitrophenol absorption varies dramatically over the pH range of cloud droplets with pH = 5.5 solutions absorbing three times the solar power compared to pH = 3.5 solutions. We also measured the UV-vis spectra of 2-nitrophenol adsorbed on several aerosol substrates representative of mineral dust, inorganic salts, and organic aerosol and compare these spectra to gaseous and aqueous 2-nitrophenol. 2-Nitrophenol adsorbed on mineral and chloride aerosol substrates exhibits a red-shifted absorption band (∼450-650 nm) consistent with 2-nitrophenolate and absorbs twice the solar power per molecule compared to gaseous, aqueous, and organic aerosol-bound 2-nitrophenol. We also discuss how different nitrophenol absorption profiles alter important atmospheric photolysis rate constants [e.g., J(NO2) and J(O3)] by attenuating solar flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Z Hinrichs
- Department of Chemistry, Drew University , Madison, New Jersey 07940, United States
| | - Pawel Buczek
- Department of Chemistry, Drew University , Madison, New Jersey 07940, United States
| | - Jal J Trivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Drew University , Madison, New Jersey 07940, United States
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50
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Riva M, Bell DM, Hansen AMK, Drozd GT, Zhang Z, Gold A, Imre D, Surratt JD, Glasius M, Zelenyuk A. Effect of Organic Coatings, Humidity and Aerosol Acidity on Multiphase Chemistry of Isoprene Epoxydiols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5580-8. [PMID: 27176464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase chemistry of isomeric isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) has been shown to be the dominant source of isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Recent studies have reported particles composed of ammonium bisulfate (ABS) mixed with model organics exhibit slower rates of IEPOX uptake. In the present study, we investigate the effect of atmospherically relevant organic coatings of α-pinene (AP) SOA on the reactive uptake of trans-β-IEPOX onto ABS particles under different conditions and coating thicknesses. Single particle mass spectrometry was used to characterize in real-time particle size, shape, density, and quantitative composition before and after reaction with IEPOX. We find that IEPOX uptake by pure sulfate particles is a volume-controlled process, which results in particles with uniform concentration of IEPOX-derived SOA across a wide range of sizes. Aerosol acidity was shown to enhance IEPOX-derived SOA formation, consistent with recent studies. The presence of water has a weaker impact on IEPOX-derived SOA yield, but significantly enhanced formation of 2-methyltetrols, consistent with offline filter analysis. In contrast, IEPOX uptake by ABS particles coated with AP-derived SOA is lower compared to that of pure ABS particles, strongly dependent on particle composition, and therefore on particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - David M Bell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Greg T Drozd
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Dan Imre
- Imre Consulting , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400, United States
| | - Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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