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Mendes F, Miranda E, Amaral L, Carvalho C, Castro BB, Sousa MJ, Chaves SR. Novel yeast-based biosensor for environmental monitoring of tebuconazole. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:10. [PMID: 38170307 PMCID: PMC10764535 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Due to increasing demand for high and stable crop production, human populations are highly dependent on pesticide use for growing and storing food. Environmental monitoring of these agrochemicals is therefore of utmost importance, because of their collateral effects on ecosystem and human health. Even though most current-use analytical methods achieve low detection limits, they require procedures that are too complex and costly for routine monitoring. As such, there has been an increased interest in biosensors as alternative or complementary tools to streamline detection and quantification of environmental contaminants. In this work, we developed a biosensor for environmental monitoring of tebuconazole (TEB), a common agrochemical fungicide. For that purpose, we engineered S. cerevisiae cells with a reporter gene downstream of specific promoters that are expressed after exposure to TEB and characterized the sensitivity and specificity of this model system. After optimization, we found that this easy-to-use biosensor consistently detects TEB at concentrations above 5 μg L-1 and does not respond to realistic environmental concentrations of other tested azoles, suggesting it is specific. We propose the use of this system as a complementary tool in environmental monitoring programs, namely, in high throughput scenarios requiring screening of numerous samples. KEY POINTS: • A yeast-based biosensor was developed for environmental monitoring of tebuconazole. •The biosensor offers a rapid and easy method for tebuconazole detection ≥ 5 μg L-1. •The biosensor is specific to tebuconazole at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Mendes
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Miranda
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Leslie Amaral
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carla Carvalho
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno B Castro
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana R Chaves
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Mitchell HC, Warne MSJ, Mann RM, King OC, Turner RDR. Ecotoxicity threshold values for 4-hydroxychlorothalonil, carbendazim, dimethoate and methoxyfenozide in fresh and marine waters: Part 1. Derivation of threshold values. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174578. [PMID: 38981541 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Pesticide active ingredients are frequently detected in the rivers, creeks, wetlands, estuaries, and marine waters of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) region and are one of the main contributors to poor water quality. Pesticide concentrations detected in the environment through water quality monitoring programs can be compared against estimates of ecologically "safe" concentrations (i.e., water quality guidelines) to assess the potential hazard and risk posed to aquatic ecosystems. Water quality guidelines are also required to estimate the aquatic risk posed by pesticide mixtures, which is used for the Reef 2050 Water Quality Improvement Plan pesticide target. Seventy-four pesticide active ingredients and their degradates are frequently detected in GBR catchment waterways, however many do not have water quality guidelines in the Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. The current study derives ecotoxicity threshold values (ETVs) as unendorsed guideline values for active ingredients in two fungicides (4-hydroxychlorothalonil (fungicide degradate) and carbendazim) and two insecticides (dimethoate and methoxyfenozide) that are commonly detected in GBR catchment waterways. The proposed ETVs have been derived using species sensitivity distributions, as recommended in the Australian and New Zealand nationally endorsed method for deriving water quality guidelines for aquatic ecosystem protection. Four ETVs were derived for each chemical with values that should theoretically protect 99, 95, 90 and 80 % of species (i.e., PC99, PC95, PC90, PC80, respectively). The PC99 and PC95 values for 4-hydroxychlorothalonil, carbendazim, dimethoate and methoxyfenozide were 0.49 μg/L and 4 μg/L, 0.029 μg/L and 0.45 μg/L, 0.11 μg/L and 5.8 μg/L and 0.19 μg/L and 2 μg/L, respectively. The ETVs will be used in an ecological hazard and risk assessment across GBR waterways in part two of this study. The ETVs can also be used to assess potential risk across Australia and internationally where monitoring data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Mitchell
- Reef Catchments Science Partnership, School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Michael St J Warne
- Reef Catchments Science Partnership, School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Water Quality and Investigations, Queensland Department of Environment, Science and Innovation, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Reinier M Mann
- Water Quality and Investigations, Queensland Department of Environment, Science and Innovation, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Olivia C King
- Environment Protection Science Branch, New South Wales Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Sydney, New South Wales 2124, Australia
| | - Ryan D R Turner
- Reef Catchments Science Partnership, School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Water Quality and Investigations, Queensland Department of Environment, Science and Innovation, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Sun J, Xiao P, Yin X, Zhu G, Brock TCM. Aquatic and sediment ecotoxicity data of difenoconazole and its potential environmental risks in ponds bordering rice paddies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116135. [PMID: 38402793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Difenoconazole has a widespread agricultural use to control fungal diseases in crops, including rice. In edge-of-field surface waters the residues of this lipophilic fungicide may be toxic to both pelagic and benthic organisms. To allow an effect assessment we mined the regulatory and open literature for aquatic toxicity data. Since published sediment toxicity data were scarce we conducted 28 d sediment-spiked toxicity test with 8 species of benthic macroinvertebrates. Ecotoxicological threshold levels for effects were assessed by applying the species sensitivity distribution approach. Based on short-term L(E)C50's for aquatic organisms from water-only tests an acute Hazardous Concentration to 5% of the species (HC5) of 100 µg difenoconazole/L was obtained, while the HC5 based on chronic NOEC values was a factor of 104 lower (0.96 µg difenoconazole/L). For benthic macroinvertebrates the chronic HC5, based on 28d-L(E)C10 values, was 0.82 mg difenoconazole/kg dry weight sediment. To allow a risk assessment for water- and sediment-dwelling organisms, exposure concentrations were predicted for the water and sediment compartment of an edge-of-field pond bordering rice paddies treated with difenoconazole using the Chinese Top-Rice modelling approach, the Chinese Nanchang exposure scenario and the Equilibrium Partitioning theory. It appeared that in the vast majority of the 20 climate years simulated, potential risks to aquatic and sediment organisms cannot be excluded. Although the HC5 values based on laboratory toxicity data provide one line of evidence only, our evaluation suggests population- and community-level effects on these organisms due to chronic risks in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Zhe Jiang Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Advanced Agriculture Science, 666 Wu Su Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang 311300, China
| | - PengFei Xiao
- JiYang College of Zhe Jiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 77 Pu Yang road, Zhu Ji, Hang Zhou 311800, China
| | - XiaoHui Yin
- Zhe Jiang Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Advanced Agriculture Science, 666 Wu Su Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang 311300, China.
| | - GuoNian Zhu
- Zhe Jiang Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Advanced Agriculture Science, 666 Wu Su Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang 311300, China
| | - Theo C M Brock
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen 6700 AA, the Netherlands
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Nowell LH, Moran PW, Waite IR, Schmidt TS, Bradley PM, Mahler BJ, Van Metre PC. Multiple lines of evidence point to pesticides as stressors affecting invertebrate communities in small streams in five United States regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:169634. [PMID: 38272727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Multistressor studies were performed in five regions of the United States to assess the role of pesticides as stressors affecting invertebrate communities in wadable streams. Pesticides and other chemical and physical stressors were measured in 75 to 99 streams per region for 4 weeks, after which invertebrate communities were surveyed (435 total sites). Pesticides were sampled weekly in filtered water, and once in bed sediment. The role of pesticides as a stressor to invertebrate communities was assessed by evaluating multiple lines of evidence: toxicity predictions based on measured pesticide concentrations, multivariate models and other statistical analyses, and previously published mesocosm experiments. Toxicity predictions using benchmarks and species sensitivity distributions and statistical correlations suggested that pesticides were present at high enough concentrations to adversely affect invertebrate communities at the regional scale. Two undirected techniques-boosted regression tree models and distance-based linear models-identified which pesticides were predictors of (respectively) invertebrate metrics and community composition. To put insecticides in context with known, influential covariates of invertebrate response, generalized additive models were used to identify which individual pesticide(s) were important predictors of invertebrate community condition in each region, after accounting for natural covariates. Four insecticides were identified as stressors to invertebrate communities at the regional scale: bifenthrin, chlordane, fipronil and its degradates, and imidacloprid. Fipronil was particularly important in the Southeast region, and imidacloprid, bifenthrin, and chlordane were important in multiple regions. For imidacloprid, bifenthrin, and fipronil, toxicity predictions were supported by mesocosm experiments that demonstrated adverse effects on naïve aquatic communities when dosed under controlled conditions. These multiple lines of evidence do not prove causality-which is challenging in the field under multistressor conditions-but they make a strong case for the role of insecticides as stressors adversely affecting invertebrate communities in streams within the five sampled regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Nowell
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Placer Hall, 6000 J St., Sacramento, CA 95819, USA.
| | - Patrick W Moran
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, 934 Broadway, Suite 300, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Ian R Waite
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Water Science Center, 601 SW 2nd Ave. Suite 1950, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
| | - Travis S Schmidt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center, 3162 Bozeman Ave., Helena, MT 59601, USA
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, 720 Gracern Rd., Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210, USA
| | - Barbara J Mahler
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, USA
| | - Peter C Van Metre
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, USA
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5
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Raths J, Schnurr J, Bundschuh M, Pinto FE, Janfelt C, Hollender J. Importance of Dietary Uptake for in Situ Bioaccumulation of Systemic Fungicides Using Gammarus pulex as a Model Organism. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1993-2006. [PMID: 36946554 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of organic contaminants from contaminated food sources might pose an underestimated risk toward shredding invertebrates. This assumption is substantiated by monitoring studies observing discrepancies of predicted tissue concentrations determined from laboratory-based experiments compared with measured concentrations of systemic pesticides in gammarids. To elucidate the role of dietary uptake in bioaccumulation, gammarids were exposed to leaf material from trees treated with a systemic fungicide mixture (azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, fluopyram, and tebuconazole), simulating leaves entering surface waters in autumn. Leaf concentrations, spatial distribution, and leaching behavior of fungicides were characterized using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometric imaging. The contribution of leached fungicides and fungicides taken up from feeding was assessed by assembling caged (no access) and uncaged (access to leaves) gammarids. The fungicide dynamics in the test system were analyzed using LC-HRMS/MS and toxicokinetic modeling. In addition, a summer scenario was simulated where water was the initial source of contamination and leaves contaminated by sorption. The uptake, translocation, and biotransformation of systemic fungicides by trees were compound-dependent. Internal fungicide concentrations of gammarids with access to leaves were much higher than in caged gammarids of the autumn scenario, but the difference was minimal in the summer scenario. In food choice and dissectioning experiments gammarids did not avoid contaminated leaves and efficiently assimilated contaminants from leaves, indicating the relevance of this exposure pathway in the field. The present study demonstrates the potential impact of dietary uptake on in situ bioaccumulation for shredders in autumn, outside the main application period. The toxicokinetic parameters obtained facilitate modeling of environmental exposure scenarios. The uncovered significance of dietary uptake for detritivores warrants further consideration from scientific as well as regulatory perspectives. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1993-2006. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Raths
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology-Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jacob Schnurr
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fernanda E Pinto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Janfelt
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology-Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Gonçalves S, Post R, Konschak M, Zubrod J, Feckler A, Bundschuh M. Leaf Species-Dependent Fungicide Effects on the Function and Abundance of Associated Microbial Communities. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 110:92. [PMID: 37160617 PMCID: PMC10169882 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbially-mediated leaf litter decomposition is a critical ecosystem function in running waters within forested areas, which can be affected by fungicides. However, fungicide effects on leaf litter decomposition have been investigated almost exclusively with black alder leaves, a leaf species with traits favourable to consumers (i.e., low recalcitrance and high nutrient content). At the same time, little is known about fungicide effects on microbial colonisation and decomposition of other leaf species with less favourable traits. In this 21 day lasting study, we explore the effects of increasing fungicide sum concentrations (0-3000 µg/L) on microbial colonisation and decomposition of three leaf species (black alder, Norway maple and European beech) differing in terms of recalcitrance and nutrient content. Leaf litter decomposition rate, leaf-associated fungal biomass and bacterial density were quantified to observe potential effects at the functional level. Beech, as the species with the least favourable leaf traits, showed a substantially lower decomposition rate (50%) in absence of fungicides than alder and maple. In the presence of high fungicide concentrations (300-3000 µg/L), beech showed a concentration-related decrease not only in microbial leaf litter decomposition but also fungal biomass. This suggests that favourable traits of leaf litter (as for alder and maple) enable leaf-associated microorganisms to acquire leaf-bound energy more easily to withstand potential effects induced by fungicide exposure. Our results indicate the need to deepen our understanding on how leaf species' traits interact with the impact of chemical stressors on the leaf decomposition activity of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gonçalves
- iES Landau, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Ruben Post
- iES Landau, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Marco Konschak
- iES Landau, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Jochen Zubrod
- iES Landau, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
- Zubrod Environmental Data Science, Friesenstrasse 20, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Alexander Feckler
- iES Landau, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
- Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, 76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Wang Y, Ni K, Zhang Z, Xu N, Lei C, Chen B, Zhang Q, Sun L, Chen Y, Lu T, Qian H. Metatranscriptome deciphers the effects of non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents on antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in freshwater microcosms. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 258:106513. [PMID: 37001199 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) pose health risks to the ecosystem and humans. Understanding how non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents drive the expression of ARGs and VFs in freshwater ecosystems, however, remains large challenges. Here, we employed freshwater microcosms and performed metatranscriptomic analysis to investigate the expression profiles of ARGs and VFs in response to pollutants of non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents, including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and azoxystrobin. Results showed that AgNPs significantly inhibited the total expression of ARGs and VFs and decreased the number of pathogenic microorganisms expressing these genes. Azoxystrobin increased the total expression of ARGs and VFs, as well as the number of pathogens expressing VFs, but concomitantly reduced the number of pathogens expressing ARGs. Two tested pollutants dramatically changed the expression profiles of ARGs and VFs, with distinct patterns: AgNPs displayed a negative effect, while azoxystrobin showed a positive effect on their expression profiles. Our findings provided a systematical insight to demonstrate that non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents with different mechanisms of action showed various effects on ARGs and VFs, and therefore represented different ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Kepin Ni
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Nuohan Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chaotang Lei
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Bingfeng Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yiling Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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8
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Jiang J, He B, Liu X, Liu D, Zhou Z, Wang P. Influence of co-exposure to sulfamethazine on the toxicity and bioaccumulation kinetics of chlorpyrifos in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136317. [PMID: 36075364 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides and antibiotics are frequently present in aquatic environment which may pose potential risks to aquatic organisms. However, the interaction of pesticides and antibiotics in co-exposure model remains unclear. Here, the effects of the co-exposure of sulfamethazine (SMZ) on the toxicity and bioaccumulation of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) were explored. The 96-h LC50 of chlorpyrifos to zebrafish was 1.36 mg/L and sulfamethazine at 1 mg/L slightly increased the acute toxicity with the 96-h LC50 of 1.20 mg/L which was not significant. The 30-day co-exposure of chlorpyrifos with sulfamethazine at 1 mg/L aggravated the oxidative stress, decreased CarE and AChE activity, and increased CYP450 activity significantly. Furthermore, the co-exposure reduced the accumulation of chlorpyrifos and sulfamethazine while prolonged their depuration duration. The results demonstrated the exposure risk of chlorpyrifos to zebrafish may be enhanced in the presence of sulfamethazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangong Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Bingying He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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9
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Machado C, Cuco AP, Cássio F, Wolinska J, Castro BB. Antiparasitic potential of agrochemical fungicides on a non-target aquatic model (Daphnia × Metschnikowia host-parasite system). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155296. [PMID: 35429554 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are a major anthropogenic threat to the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems, having the potential to affect non-target aquatic organisms and disrupt the processes in which they intervene. Important knowledge gaps have been recognised concerning the ecological effects of synthetic fungicides on non-target symbiotic aquatic fungi and the ecological processes where they intervene. The goal of this work was to assess the influence of three commonly used fungicides (myclobutanil, metalaxyl and cymoxanil), which differ in their mode of action, on a host (the crustacean Daphnia magna) × parasite (the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata) experimental model. Using a set of life history experiments, we evaluated the effect of each fungicide on the outcome of this relationship (disease) and on the fitness of both host and parasite. Contrasting results were observed: (i) cymoxanil and metalaxyl were overall innocuous to host and parasite at the tested concentrations, although host reproduction was occasionally reduced in the simultaneous presence of parasite and fungicide; (ii) on the contrary, myclobutanil displayed a clear antifungal effect, decreasing parasite prevalence and alleviating infection signs in the hosts. This antiparasitic effect of myclobutanil was further investigated with a follow-up experiment that manipulated the timing of application of the fungicide, to understand which stage of parasite development was most susceptible: while myclobutanil did not interfere in the early stages of infection, its antifungal activity was clearly observable at a later stage of the disease (by impairing the production of transmission stages of the parasite). More research is needed to understand the broader consequences of this parasite-clearance effect, especially in face of increasing evidence that parasites are ecologically more important than their cryptic nature might suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Machado
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) & Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana P Cuco
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) & Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) & Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno B Castro
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) & Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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10
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Jabiol J, Chauvet E, Guérold F, Bouquerel J, Usseglio-Polatera P, Artigas J, Margoum C, Le Dréau M, Moreira A, Mazzella N, Gouy V. The combination of chemical, structural, and functional indicators to evaluate the anthropogenic impacts on agricultural stream ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29296-29313. [PMID: 34647214 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater contamination by pesticides in agricultural landscapes is of increasing concern worldwide, with strong pesticide impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and ultimately human health (drinking water, fishing). In addition, the excessively large number of substances, as well as their low - and temporally variable - concentrations in water, make the chemical monitoring by grab sampling very demanding and not fully representative of the actual contamination. Tools that integrate temporal variations and that are ecologically relevant are clearly needed to improve the monitoring of freshwater contamination and assess its biological effects. Here, we studied pesticide contamination and its biological impacts in 10 stream sections (sites) belonging to 3 agricultural catchments in France. In each site, we deployed a combination of pesticide integrative samplers, biocenotic indicators based on benthic macroinvertebrates, and functional indicators based on leaf litter decomposition and associated fungal communities. The 3 approaches largely proved complementary: structural and functional indicators did not respond equally to different agricultural impacts such as pesticide contamination (as revealed by integrative samplers), nutrients, or oxygen depletion. Combining chemical, structural, and functional indicators thus seems an excellent strategy to provide a comprehensive picture of agricultural impacts on stream ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Jabiol
- HYFE (Hydrobiologie Et Fonctionnement Des Ecosystèmes), Elven, France.
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, Toulouse, France.
- LIEC (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Des Environnements Continentaux), Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome Et Environnement (LMGE), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Eric Chauvet
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, Toulouse, France
| | - François Guérold
- LIEC (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Des Environnements Continentaux), Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Metz, France
| | - Jonathan Bouquerel
- LIEC (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Des Environnements Continentaux), Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Metz, France
| | - Philippe Usseglio-Polatera
- LIEC (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Des Environnements Continentaux), Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Metz, France
| | - Joan Artigas
- Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome Et Environnement (LMGE), Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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11
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Wijntjes C, Weber Y, Höger S, Hollert H, Schäffer A. Effects of algae and fungicides on the fate of a sulfonylurea herbicide in a water-sediment system. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133234. [PMID: 34902390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The impact of pesticide mixtures on various soil parameters has been extensively studied, whereas research on effects in the aquatic environment is scarce. Furthermore, investigations on the consequences of chemical mixtures on the biodegradation kinetics of parent compounds remain deficient. Our research intended to evaluate potential effects by combined application of an agriculturally employed tank mixture to aquatic sediment systems under controlled laboratory conditions. The mixture contained two fungicides and one radiolabeled herbicide of which the route and rate of degradation was followed. One set of aquatic sediment vessels was incubated in the dark. A second set of vessels was controlled under identical conditions, except for being continuously irradiated to promote algal growth. In addition, the algal biomass in irradiated aquatic sediment was monitored to determine its effects and a potential role in the biodegradation of iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium. The study results showed that the herbicide, although hydro- and photolytically stable throughout the study, metabolized faster (DT50 1.1-1.2-fold and DT90 2.8-4.5-fold) when continuously irradiated in comparison to dark aquatic sediment. Both fungicides had a significant prolonging effect on the biodegradation rate of the herbicide. In the presence of fungicides, DT90 values increased 1.5-fold in the irradiated, and 2.5-fold in the dark systems. Additionally, algae may have influenced the metabolization of the herbicide in the irradiated systems, where shorter DT90 values were evaluated. Even so, the algal influence was concluded to be indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan Wijntjes
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Innovative Environmental Services (IES) Ltd, Benkenstrasse 260, 4108, Witterswil, Switzerland.
| | - Yanik Weber
- Innovative Environmental Services (IES) Ltd, Benkenstrasse 260, 4108, Witterswil, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Höger
- Innovative Environmental Services (IES) Ltd, Benkenstrasse 260, 4108, Witterswil, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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12
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Nowell LH, Moran PW, Bexfield LM, Mahler BJ, Van Metre PC, Bradley PM, Schmidt TS, Button DT, Qi SL. Is there an urban pesticide signature? Urban streams in five U.S. regions share common dissolved-phase pesticides but differ in predicted aquatic toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148453. [PMID: 34182445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides occur in urban streams globally, but the relation of occurrence to urbanization can be obscured by regional differences. In studies of five regions of the United States, we investigated the effect of region and urbanization on the occurrence and potential toxicity of dissolved pesticide mixtures. We analyzed 225 pesticide compounds in weekly discrete water samples collected during 6-12 weeks from 271 wadable streams; development in these basins ranged from undeveloped to highly urbanized. Sixteen pesticides were consistently detected in 16 urban centers across the five regions-we propose that these pesticides comprise a suite of urban signature pesticides (USP) that are all common in small U.S. urban streams. These USPs accounted for the majority of summed maximum pesticide concentrations at urban sites within each urban center. USP concentrations, mixture complexity, and potential toxicity increased with the degree of urbanization in the basin. Basin urbanization explained the most variability in multivariate distance-based models of pesticide profiles, with region always secondary in importance. The USPs accounted for 83% of pesticides in the 20 most frequently occurring 2-compound unique mixtures at urban sites, with carbendazim+prometon the most common. Although USPs were consistently detected in all regions, detection frequencies and concentrations varied by region, conferring differences in potential aquatic toxicity. Potential toxicity was highest for invertebrates (benchmarks exceeded in 51% of urban streams), due most often to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid and secondarily to organophosphate insecticides and fipronil. Benchmarks were rarely exceeded in urban streams for plants (at 3% of sites) or fish (<1%). We propose that the USPs identified here would make logical core (nonexclusive) constituents for monitoring dissolved pesticides in U.S. urban streams, and that unique mixtures containing imidacloprid, fipronil, and carbendazim are priority candidates for mixtures toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Nowell
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Placer Hall, 6000 J St., Sacramento, CA 95819, United States of America.
| | - Patrick W Moran
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, 934 Broadway, Suite 300, Tacoma, WA 98402, United States of America
| | - Laura M Bexfield
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Water Science Center, 6700 Edith Blvd NE, Bldg E, Albuquerque, NM 87113, United States of America
| | - Barbara J Mahler
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, United States of America
| | - Peter C Van Metre
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, United States of America
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, 720 Gracern Rd., Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210, United States of America
| | - Travis S Schmidt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center, 3162 Bozeman Ave., Helena, MT 59601, United States of America
| | - Daniel T Button
- U.S. Geological Survey, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center, 6460 Busch Blvd., Suite 100, Columbus, OH 43229, United States of America
| | - Sharon L Qi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Laboratory, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct, Vancouver, WA 98683, United States of America
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13
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Baudy P, Zubrod JP, Konschak M, Röder N, Nguyen TH, Schreiner VC, Baschien C, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Environmentally relevant fungicide levels modify fungal community composition and interactions but not functioning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117234. [PMID: 33962304 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic hyphomycetes (AHs), a group of saprotrophic fungi adapted to submerged leaf litter, play key functional roles in stream ecosystems as decomposers and food source for higher trophic levels. Fungicides, controlling fungal pathogens, target evolutionary conserved molecular processes in fungi and contaminate streams via their use in agricultural and urban landscapes. Thus fungicides pose a risk to AHs and the functions they provide. To investigate the impacts of fungicide exposure on the composition and functioning of AH communities, we exposed four AH species in monocultures and mixed cultures to increasing fungicide concentrations (0, 5, 50, 500, and 2500 μg/L). We assessed the biomass of each species via quantitative real-time PCR. Moreover, leaf decomposition was investigated. In monocultures, none of the species was affected at environmentally relevant fungicide levels (5 and 50 μg/L). The two most tolerant species were able to colonize and decompose leaves even at very high fungicide levels (≥500 μg/L), although less efficiently. In mixed cultures, changes in leaf decomposition reflected the response pattern of the species most tolerant in monocultures. Accordingly, the decomposition process may be safeguarded by tolerant species in combination with functional redundancy. In all fungicide treatments, however, sensitive species were displaced and interactions between fungi changed from complementarity to competition. As AH community composition determines leaves' nutritional quality for consumers, the data suggest that fungicide exposures rather induce bottom-up effects in food webs than impairments in leaf decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Baudy
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Marco Konschak
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Nina Röder
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Thu Huyen Nguyen
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Verena C Schreiner
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Christiane Baschien
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms Väg 9, SWE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Bundschuh M, Zubrod JP, Konschak M, Baudy P, Frombold B, Schulz R. Photoactive titanium dioxide nanoparticles modify heterotrophic microbial functioning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49550-49558. [PMID: 33934305 PMCID: PMC8445855 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (nTiO2) is frequently applied, raising concerns about potential side effects on the environment. While various studies have assessed structural effects in aquatic model ecosystems, its impact on ecosystem functions provided by microbial communities (biofilms) is not well understood. This is all the more the case when considering additional stressors, such as UV irradiation - a factor known to amplify nTiO2-induced toxicity. Using pairwise comparisons, we assessed the impact of UV (UV-A = 1.6 W/m2; UV-B = 0.7 W/m2) at 0, 20 or 2000 μg nTiO2/L on two ecosystem functions provided by leaf-associated biofilms: while leaf litter conditioning, important for detritivorous invertebrate nutrition, seems unaffected, microbial leaf decomposition was stimulated (up to 25%) by UV, with effect sizes being higher in the presence of nTiO2. Although stoichiometric and microbial analyses did not allow for uncovering the underlying mechanism, it seems plausible that the combination of a shift in biofilm community composition and activity together with photodegradation as well as the formation of reactive oxygen species triggered changes in leaf litter decomposition. The present study implies that the multiple functions a microbial community performs are not equally sensitive. Consequently, relying on one of the many functions realized by the same microbial community may be misleading for environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany.
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
- Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Marco Konschak
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Patrick Baudy
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Bianca Frombold
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
- Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857, Eußerthal, Germany
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15
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Konschak M, Zubrod JP, Baudy P, Fink P, Kenngott KGJ, Englert D, Röder N, Ogbeide C, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Chronic effects of the strobilurin fungicide azoxystrobin in the leaf shredder Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea; Amphipoda) via two effect pathways. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111848. [PMID: 33421672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides pose a risk for crustacean leaf shredders serving as key-stone species for leaf litter breakdown in detritus-based stream ecosystems. However, little is known about the impact of strobilurin fungicides on shredders, even though they are presumed to be the most hazardous fungicide class for aquafauna. Therefore, we assessed the impact of the strobilurin azoxystrobin (AZO) on the survival, energy processing (leaf consumption and feces production), somatic growth (growth rate and molting activity), and energy reserves (neutral lipid fatty and amino acids) of the amphipod crustacean Gammarus fossarum via waterborne exposure and food quality-mediated (through the impact of leaf colonizing aquatic microorganisms) and thus indirect effects using 2 × 2-factorial experiments over 24 days. In a first bioassay with 30 µg AZO/L, waterborne exposure substantially reduced survival, energy processing and affected molting activity of gammarids, while no effects were observed via the dietary pathway. Furthermore, a negative growth rate (indicating a body mass loss in gammarids) was induced by waterborne exposure, which cannot be explained by a loss in neutral lipid fatty and amino acids. These energy reserves were increased indicating a disruption of the energy metabolism in G. fossarum caused by AZO. Contrary to the first bioassay, no waterborne AZO effects were observed during a second experiment with 15 µg AZO/L. However, an altered energy processing was determined in gammarids fed with leaves microbially colonized in the presence of AZO, which was probably caused by fungicide-induced effects on the microbial decomposition efficiency ultimately resulting in a lower food quality. The results of the present study show that diet-related strobilurin effects can occur at concentrations below those inducing waterborne toxicity. However, the latter seems to be more relevant at higher fungicide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Konschak
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany.
| | - J P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, Eußerthal D-76857, Germany
| | - P Baudy
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany
| | - P Fink
- Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, Köln D-50674, Germany; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department River Ecology and Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Brückstrasse 3a, Magdeburg 39114 D, Germany
| | - K G J Kenngott
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany
| | - D Englert
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany
| | - N Röder
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany
| | - C Ogbeide
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany
| | - R Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, Eußerthal D-76857, Germany
| | - M Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau D-76829, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, Uppsala SWE-75007, Sweden.
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16
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Konschak M, Zubrod JP, Baudy P, Fink P, Pietz S, Duque A TS, Bakanov N, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Mixture effects of a fungicide and an antibiotic: Assessment and prediction using a decomposer-detritivore system. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 232:105762. [PMID: 33561742 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials, such as fungicides and antibiotics, pose a risk for microbial decomposers (i.e., bacteria and aquatic fungi) and invertebrate detritivores (i.e., shredders) that play a pivotal role in the ecosystem function of leaf litter breakdown. Although waterborne toxicity and diet-related effects (i.e., dietary exposure and microorganism-mediated alterations in food quality for shredders) of fungicides and antibiotics on decomposer-detritivore systems have been increasingly documented, their joint effect is unknown. We therefore assessed waterborne and dietary effects of an antimicrobial mixture consisting of the fungicide azoxystrobin (AZO) and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) on microbial decomposers and the shredder Gammarus fossarum using a tiered approach. We compared effect sizes measured in the present study with model predictions (i.e., independent action) based on published data. During a 7-day feeding activity assay quantifying waterborne toxicity in G. fossarum, the leaf consumption of gammarids was reduced by ∼60 % compared to the control when subjected to the mixture at concentrations of each component causing a 20 % reduction in the same response variable when applied individually. Moreover, the selective feeding of gammarids during the food choice assay indicated alterations in food quality induced by the antimicrobial mixture. The food selection and, in addition, the decrease in microbial leaf decomposition is likely linked to changes in leaf-associated bacteria and fungi. During a long-term assay, energy processing, growth and energy reserves of gammarids were increased in presence of 15 and 500 μg/L of AZO and CIP, respectively, through the dietary pathway. These physiological responses were probably driven by CIP-induced alterations in the gut microbiome or immune system of gammarids. In general, model predictions matched observed effects caused by waterborne exposure on the leaf consumption, energy processing and growth of gammarids during short- and long-term assays, respectively. However, when complex horizontal (bacteria and aquatic fungi) and vertical (leaf-associated microorganisms and shredders) interactions were involved, model predictions partly over- or underestimated mixture effects. Therefore, the present study identifies uncertainties of mixture effect predictions for complex biological systems calling for studies targeting the underlying processes and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Konschak
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany.
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Patrick Baudy
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Patrick Fink
- Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674, Köln, Germany; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department River Ecology and Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, Brückstrasse 3a, 39114 D, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pietz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Tomás S Duque A
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Nikita Bakanov
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Zhang M, Liu W, Qu Q, Ke M, Zhang Z, Zhou Z, Lu T, Qian H. Metabolomic modulations in a freshwater microbial community exposed to the fungicide azoxystrobin. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:102-109. [PMID: 32933724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An effective broad-spectrum fungicide, azoxystrobin (AZ), has been widely detected in aquatic ecosystems, potentially affecting the growth of aquatic microorganisms. In the present study, the eukaryotic alga Monoraphidium sp. and the cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena sp. were exposed to AZ for 7 days. Our results showed that 0.2-0.5 mg/L concentrations of AZ slightly inhibited the growth of Monoraphidium sp. but stimulated Pseudanabaena sp. growth. Meanwhile, AZ treatment effectively increased the secretion of total organic carbon (TOC) in the culture media of the two species, and this phenomenon was also found in a freshwater microcosm experiment (containing the natural microbial community). We attempted to assess the effect of AZ on the function of aquatic microbial communities through metabolomic analysis and further explore the potential risks of this compound. The metabonomic profiles of the microcosm indicated that the most varied metabolites after AZ treatment were related to the citrate cycle (TCA), fatty acid biosynthesis and purine metabolism. We thereby inferred that the microbial community increased extracellular secretions by adjusting metabolic pathways, which might be a stress response to reduce AZ toxicity. Our results provide an important theoretical basis for further study of fungicide stress responses in aquatic microcosm microbial communities, as well as a good start for further explorations of AZ detoxification mechanisms, which will be valuable for the evaluation of AZ environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; Department of Jianhu, Zhejiang Industry Polytechnic College, Shaoxing 31200, China
| | - Wanyue Liu
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Qian Qu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Mingjing Ke
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhenyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhigao Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Tao Lu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
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18
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Cuco AP, Wolinska J, Santos JI, Abrantes N, Gonçalves FJM, Castro BB. Can parasites adapt to pollutants? A multigenerational experiment with a Daphnia × Metschnikowia model system exposed to the fungicide tebuconazole. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 226:105584. [PMID: 32795838 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence about negative effects of fungicides on non-target organisms, including parasitic species, which are key elements in food webs. Previous experiments showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of fungicide tebuconazole are toxic to the microparasite Metschnikowia bicuspidata, a yeast species that infects the planktonic crustacean Daphnia spp. However, due to their short-term nature, this and other experimental studies were not able to test if parasites could potentially adapt to these contaminants. Here, we tested if M. bicuspidata parasite can adapt to tebuconazole selective pressure. Infected D. magna lineages were reared under control conditions (no tebuconazole) and environmentally realistic tebuconazole concentrations, for four generations, and their performance was compared in a follow-up reciprocal assay. Additionally, we assessed whether the observed effects were transient (phenotypic) or permanent (genetic), by reassessing parasite fitness after the removal of selective pressure. Parasite fitness was negatively affected throughout the multigenerational exposure to the fungicide: prevalence of infection and spore load decreased, whereas host longevity increased, in comparison to control (naive) parasite lineages. In a follow-up reciprocal assay, tebuconazole-conditioned (TEB) lineages performed worse than naive parasite lineages, both in treatments without and with tebuconazole, confirming the cumulative negative effect of tebuconazole. The underperformance of TEB lineages was rapidly reversed after removing the influence of the selective pressure (tebuconazole), demonstrating that the costs of prolonged exposure to tebuconazole were phenotypic and transient. The microparasitic yeast M. bicuspidata did not reveal potential for rapid evolution to an anthropogenic selective pressure; instead, the long-term exposure to tebuconazole was hazardous to this non-target species. These findings highlight the potential environmental risks of azole fungicides on non-target parasitic fungi. The underperformance of these microbes and their inability to adapt to such stressors can interfere with the key processes where they intervene. Further research is needed to rank fungicides based on the hazard to non-target fungi (parasites, but also symbionts and decomposers), towards more effective management and protective legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Cuco
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joana I Santos
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nelson Abrantes
- CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando J M Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno B Castro
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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19
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Cornejo A, Pérez J, Alonso A, López-Rojo N, Monroy S, Boyero L. A common fungicide impairs stream ecosystem functioning through effects on aquatic hyphomycetes and detritivorous caddisflies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 263:110425. [PMID: 32179487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides can reach streams through runoff or adhered to leaf litter, and have the potential to adversely affect processes such as litter decomposition and associated communities. This study investigated the effects of chlorothalonil, a widely used fungicide, on litter decomposition, detritivorous invertebrates (larvae of the insect Sericostoma pyrenaicum) and aquatic hyphomycetes (AHs), using stream microcosms. We considered the single and combined effects of two exposure modes: waterborne fungicide (at two concentrations: 0.125 μg L-1 and 1.25 μg L-1) and litter previously sprayed with the fungicide (i.e., pre-treated litter, using the application dose concentration of 1250 μg L-1). We also assessed whether fungicide effects on invertebrates, AHs and decomposition varied among litter types (i.e., different plant species), and whether plant diversity mitigated any of those effects. Invertebrate survival and AH sporulation rate and taxon richness were strongly reduced by most combinations of fungicide exposure modes; however, invertebrates were not affected by the low waterborne concentration, whereas AHs suffered the highest reduction at this concentration. Total decomposition was slowed down by both exposure modes, and microbial decomposition was reduced by litter pre-treatment, while the waterborne fungicide had different effects depending on plant species. In general, with the exception of microbial decomposition, responses varied little among litter types. Moreover, and contrary to our expectation, plant diversity did not modulate the fungicide effects. Our results highlight the severity of fungicide inputs to streams through effects on invertebrate and microbial communities and ecosystem functioning, even in streams with well-preserved, diverse riparian vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydeé Cornejo
- Freshwater Macroinvertebrate Laboratory. Zoological Collection Dr. Eustorgio Mendez, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies (COZEM-ICGES), Ave. Justo Arosemena and Calle 35, 0816-02593, Panama City, Panama; Doctoral Program in Natural Sciences with emphasis in Entomology, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama.
| | - Javier Pérez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alberto Alonso
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Naiara López-Rojo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Silvia Monroy
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Luz Boyero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
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20
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Konschak M, Zubrod JP, Baudy P, Fink P, Kenngott K, Lüderwald S, Englert K, Jusi C, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. The importance of diet-related effects of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin on the leaf-shredding invertebrate Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea; Amphipoda). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 222:105461. [PMID: 32171118 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics may constitute a risk for aquatic detritivorous macroinvertebrates (i.e., shredders) via waterborne and dietary antibiotic exposure. In addition, antibiotics can alter the food quality for shredders mediated by shifts in leaf-associated decomposer (i.e., aquatic fungi and bacteria) communities. However, little is known about the relative importance of the waterborne and dietary effect pathway. Therefore, we followed a tiered testing approach aimed at assessing the relative importance of these effect pathways. We employed the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) and the shredder Gammarus fossarum as model stressor and test species, respectively. In a first step, we assessed the short-term waterborne toxicity of CIP using survival and leaf consumption of G. fossarum as response variables. Alterations in the leaf-associated decomposer community, which may be reflected by their palatability, were assessed using food choice assays. Finally, we conducted a 2 × 2-factorial experiment over 24 days assessing the pathways individually and combined using energy processing (i.e., leaf consumption and feces production), growth and energy storage (i.e., neutral lipid fatty acids) as variables. Short term waterborne exposure indicated low toxicity with LC50 and EC50 values of 13.6 and 6.4 mg CIP/L, respectively. At the same time, shredders did not prefer any leaf material during the food choice assay. However, the fungal community was significantly affected in the highest CIP-treatments (0.5 and 2.5 mg/L) suggesting an altered food quality for shredders. This assumption is supported by the results of the long-term assay. At 0.5 mg CIP/L, gammarids' leaf consumption, growth and energy storage were increased when subjected via the dietary pathway, which was linked to changes in the leaf-associated microbial community. Our data highlight the importance of dietary effect pathways for effects on shredders, potentially impacting energy dynamics in detritus-based stream ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Konschak
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany.
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Patrick Baudy
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Patrick Fink
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology, Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674, Köln, Germany; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department River Ecology and Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Brückstrasse 3a, 39114 D, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kilian Kenngott
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Simon Lüderwald
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Katja Englert
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Cynthia Jusi
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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21
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Pimentão AR, Pascoal C, Castro BB, Cássio F. Fungistatic effect of agrochemical and pharmaceutical fungicides on non-target aquatic decomposers does not translate into decreased fungi- or invertebrate-mediated decomposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:135676. [PMID: 31787296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf litter decomposition is a key ecological process in freshwater ecosystems. Fungi, particularly aquatic hyphomycetes, play a major role in organic matter turnover and constitute a pivotal node in detrital food webs. The extensive use of antifungal formulations, which include agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, is a threat to biodiversity and may affect non-target microbial and invertebrate decomposer communities. Using a laboratory approach, we assessed the effects of tebuconazole (agrochemical), clotrimazole and terbinafine (pharmaceuticals) on aquatic communities and on the decomposition of plant litter. Alder leaves were colonized by natural microbiota in a clean stream, and then exposed in microcosms to 8 concentrations of each fungicide (10 to 1280 μg L-1). Fungicides led to shifts in species dominance in all tested concentrations, but no effects on leaf decomposition were observed. In addition, tebuconazole and clotrimazole strongly reduced fungal biomass and reproduction, whilst terbinafine stimulated fungal reproduction at lower concentrations but had no measurable effects on fungal biomass. Subsequently, the indirect effects of the fungicides were assessed on the next trophic level (detritivore invertebrates), by evaluating leaf consumption by a specialist (Allogamus sp.) and a generalist (Chironomus riparius) species, when feeding on fungicide-preconditioned leaves. The feeding activity of C. riparius and Allogamus sp. was not affected, and as expected, specialists were more efficient than generalists in exploring leaves as a dietary resource. However, results indicated that these fungicides have direct negative effects on microbial decomposers, and thus may compromise ecosystem functions on the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Pimentão
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pascoal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno B Castro
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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22
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Liu K, Cai M, Hu C, Sun X, Cheng Q, Jia W, Yang T, Nie M, Zhao X. Selenium (Se) reduces Sclerotinia stem rot disease incidence of oilseed rape by increasing plant Se concentration and shifting soil microbial community and functional profiles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113051. [PMID: 31450117 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), a soil-borne plant disease, cause the yield loss of oilseed rape. Selenium (Se), a beneficial element of plant, improves plant resistance to pathogens, and regulates microbial communities in soil. Soil microbial communities has been identified to play an important role in plant health. We studied whether the changes in soil microbiome under influence of Se associated with oilseed rape health. SSR disease incidence of oilseed rape and soil biochemical properties were investigated in Enshi district, "The World Capital of Selenium", and soil bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed by 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing, respectively. Results showed that Se had a strong effect on SSR incidence, and disease incidence inversely related with plant Se concentration. Besides, soil Se enhanced the microbiome diversities and the relative abundance of PGPR (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria), such as Bryobacter, Nitrospirae, Rhizobiales, Xanthobacteraceae, Nitrosomonadaceae and Basidiomycota. Furthermore, Soil Se decreased the relative abundance of pathogenic fungi, such as Olpidium, Armillaria, Coniosporium, Microbotryomycetes and Chytridiomycetes. Additionally, Se increased nitrogen metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and cell processes related functional profiles in soil. The enrichment of Se in plants and improvement of soil microbial community were related to increased plant resistance to pathogen infection. These findings suggested that Se has potential to be developed as an ecological fungicide for biological control of SSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Miaomiao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Min Nie
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New Fertilizers/Research Center of Trace Elements, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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23
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Rico A, Brock TCM, Daam MA. Is the Effect Assessment Approach for Fungicides as Laid Down in the European Food Safety Authority Aquatic Guidance Document Sufficiently Protective for Freshwater Ecosystems? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2279-2293. [PMID: 31211455 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, the European Food Safety Authority aquatic guidance document describes the procedures for the derivation of regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) for pesticides in edge-of-field surface waters on the basis of tier-1 (standard test species), tier-2 (geometric mean and species sensitivity distributions [SSDs]), and tier-3 (model ecosystem studies) approaches. In the present study, the protectiveness of such a tiered approach was evaluated for fungicides. Acute and chronic RACs for tier-1 and tier-2B (SSDs) were calculated using toxicity data for standard and additional test species, respectively. Tier-3 RACs based on ecological thresholds (not considering recovery) could be derived for 18 fungicides. We show that tier-1 RACs, in the majority of cases, are more conservative than RACs calculated based on model ecosystem experiments. However, acute tier-2B RACs do not show a sufficient protection level compared with tier-3 RACs from cosm studies that tested a repeated pulsed exposure regime or when relatively persistent compounds were tested. Chronic tier-2B RACs showed a sufficient protection level, although they could only be evaluated for 6 compounds. Finally, we evaluated the suitability of the calculated RACs for 8 compounds with toxicity data for fungi. The comparison shows that the current RACs for individual fungicides, with a few exceptions (e.g., tebuconazole), show a sufficient protection level for structural and functional fungal endpoints. However, more data are needed to extend this comparison to other fungicides with different modes of action. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2279-2293. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Rico
- Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies on Water (IMDEA Water Institute), Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Theo C M Brock
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A Daam
- Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
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24
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Zubrod JP, Bundschuh M, Arts G, Brühl CA, Imfeld G, Knäbel A, Payraudeau S, Rasmussen JJ, Rohr J, Scharmüller A, Smalling K, Stehle S, Schulz R, Schäfer RB. Fungicides: An Overlooked Pesticide Class? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3347-3365. [PMID: 30835448 PMCID: PMC6536136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are indispensable to global food security and their use is forecasted to intensify. Fungicides can reach aquatic ecosystems and occur in surface water bodies in agricultural catchments throughout the entire growing season due to their frequent, prophylactic application. However, in comparison to herbicides and insecticides, the exposure to and effects of fungicides have received less attention. We provide an overview of the risk of fungicides to aquatic ecosystems covering fungicide exposure (i.e., environmental fate, exposure modeling, and mitigation measures) as well as direct and indirect effects of fungicides on microorganisms, macrophytes, invertebrates, and vertebrates. We show that fungicides occur widely in aquatic systems, that the accuracy of predicted environmental concentrations is debatable, and that fungicide exposure can be effectively mitigated. We additionally demonstrate that fungicides can be highly toxic to a broad range of organisms and can pose a risk to aquatic biota. Finally, we outline central research gaps that currently challenge our ability to predict fungicide exposure and effects, promising research avenues, and shortcomings of the current environmental risk assessment for fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen P. Zubrod
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
- Eußerthal
Ecosystem Research Station, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße
13, D-76857 Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gertie Arts
- Wageningen
Environmental Research, Wageningen University
and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten A. Brühl
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Laboratoire
d’Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Université de Strasbourg/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Anja Knäbel
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Laboratoire
d’Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Université de Strasbourg/ENGEES, CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jes J. Rasmussen
- Aarhus
University, Dept. of Bioscience, Vejlsoevej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jason Rohr
- University
of South Florida, Department of Integrative
Biology, Tampa, Florida, United States
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Environmental Change Initiative, and Eck Institute
for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United
States
| | - Andreas Scharmüller
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Kelly Smalling
- U.S.
Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science
Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, United States
| | - Sebastian Stehle
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
- Eußerthal
Ecosystem Research Station, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße
13, D-76857 Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
- Eußerthal
Ecosystem Research Station, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße
13, D-76857 Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Ralf B. Schäfer
- Institute
for Environmental Sciences, University of
Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße
7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
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25
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Moreyra LD, Garanzini DS, Medici S, Menone ML. Evaluation of Growth, Photosynthetic Pigments and Genotoxicity in the Wetland Macrophyte Bidens laevis Exposed to Tebuconazole. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:353-357. [PMID: 30659299 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fungicide tebuconazole (TBZ) has been used to prevent terrestrial fungi in agroecosystems, but it can also induce negative effects to non-targeted aquatic organisms, such as plants. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the potential cyto- and genotoxicity of TBZ in the aquatic macrophyte Bidens laevis, exposed to a range of concentrations of 0.1-100 µg/L. Mitosis in root tips were analyzed showing decreased mitotic index and an increase of chromosomal aberrations at 10 and 100 µg/L. The regression of TBZ concentration vs. aneugenic aberrations was significant, indicating the mechanism of genotoxicity. The specific growth rate (Gr) for total length decreased in plants exposed to 0.1, 10 and 100 µg/L. Gr for root decreased in plants exposed at 0.1 and 10 µg/L, reaching a maximum percent inhibition root growth rate (Ir) of 68.8%. These results show that TBZ resulted cyto- and genotoxic to B. laevis at environmentally relevant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia D Moreyra
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 3350, 7600, Funes, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela S Garanzini
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMYC)-UNMDP, CONICET, Fac. Cs. Ex. y Nat, 3350, 7600, Funes, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Medici
- Fares Taie Biotecnología-CONICET, 3019, 7600, Magallanes, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Mirta L Menone
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMYC)-UNMDP, CONICET, Fac. Cs. Ex. y Nat, 3350, 7600, Funes, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Rossi F, Mallet C, Portelli C, Donnadieu F, Bonnemoy F, Artigas J. Stimulation or inhibition: Leaf microbial decomposition in streams subjected to complex chemical contamination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:1371-1383. [PMID: 30340282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leaf litter decomposition is a key mechanism in headwater streams, allowing the transfer of nutrients and energy into the entire food web. However, chemical contamination resulting from human activity may exert a high pressure on the process, possibly threatening the structure of heterotrophic microbial communities and their decomposition abilities. In this study, the rates of microbial Alnus glutinosa (Alnus) leaf decay were assessed in six French watersheds displaying different land use (agricultural, urbanized, forested) and over four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). In addition, for each watershed at each sampling time, both upstream (less-contaminated) and downstream (more-contaminated) sections were monitored. Toxicities (estimated as toxic units) predicted separately for pesticides and pharmaceuticals as well as environmental parameters (including nutrient levels) were related to microbial decay rates corrected for temperature and a range of fungal and bacterial community endpoints, including biomass, structure, and activity (extracellular ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymatic activities). Results showed that agricultural and urbanized watersheds were more contaminated for nutrients and xenobiotics (higher pesticides and pharmaceuticals predicted toxicity) than forested watersheds. However, Alnus decay rates were higher in agricultural and urbanized watersheds, suggesting compensatory effects of nutrients over xenobiotics. Conversely, fungal biomass in leaves was 2-fold and 1.4-fold smaller in urbanized and agricultural watersheds than in the forested watersheds, respectively, which was mostly related to pesticide toxicity. However, no clear pattern was observed for extracellular enzymatic activities except that β-glucosidase activity positively correlated with Alnus decay rates. Together, these results highlight microbial communities being more efficient for leaf decomposition in polluted watersheds than in less contaminated ones, which is probably explained by changes in microbial community structure. Overall, our study showed that realistic chemical contamination in stream ecosystems may affect the biomass of Alnus-associated microbial communities but that these communities can adapt themselves to xenobiotics and maintain ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Rossi
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Clarisse Mallet
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Portelli
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florence Donnadieu
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédérique Bonnemoy
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Joan Artigas
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Metcalfe CD, Helm P, Paterson G, Kaltenecker G, Murray C, Nowierski M, Sultana T. Pesticides related to land use in watersheds of the Great Lakes basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:681-692. [PMID: 30125850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the distribution and concentrations of a range of neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) and other insecticides, fungicides, biocides and selected herbicides in watersheds that drain into the lower Great Lakes in Ontario, Canada. Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) were deployed in 18 watersheds during late May to late June of 2016. Grab samples were also collected in 7 of these watersheds. There was generally good agreement between the time-weighted average concentrations of pesticides estimated from the POCIS and the concentrations detected in grab samples. The NNIs, thiamethoxam, clothianidin and imidacloprid, were present in several watersheds at concentrations that exceeded the Canadian Water Quality Guideline for imidacloprid of 0.23 μg/L. The new generation insecticides, flonicamid and flupyradifurone were also detected in some watersheds, which is the first report of these pesticides in the peer-reviewed literature. Atrazine, 2,4-D, dicamba, carbendazim, thiophanate methyl and several azole-based fungicides were also widely detected. Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) indicated that a high proportion (i.e. >80%) of the watersheds could be discriminated from each other on the basis of the pattern of pesticides detected in surface waters, and the proportion of field crops in the watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Metcalfe
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada.
| | - Paul Helm
- Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gordon Paterson
- Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | | | - Craig Murray
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Monica Nowierski
- Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tamanna Sultana
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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Konschak M, Zubrod JP, Baudy P, Englert D, Herrmann B, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Waterborne and diet-related effects of inorganic and organic fungicides on the insect leaf shredder Chaetopteryx villosa (Trichoptera). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 206:33-42. [PMID: 30445370 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well-documented that fungicides can affect crustacean leaf shredders via two effect pathways, namely waterborne exposure and their diet (i.e., via dietary uptake of fungicides adsorbed to leaf material and an altered microorganism-mediated food quality). As a consequence of different life history strategies, the relevance of these effect pathways for aquatic shredders belonging to other taxonomic classes, for instance insects, remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated waterborne and diet-related effects in larvae of the caddisfly leaf shredder Chaetopteryx villosa (Insecta: Trichoptera) and compared our observations to previous reports on effects in adults of the crustacean leaf shredder Gammarus fossarum (Malacostraca: Amphipoda). We assessed acute waterborne effects of an organic fungicide mixture (OFM) and the inorganic fungicide copper (Cu) on the leaf consumption (n = 30) of the fourth-/fifth-instar larvae of C. villosa and their food choice (n = 49) when offered leaf material, which was either conditioned in presence or in absence of the respective fungicide(s). Moreover, the larval leaf consumption (n = 50) and physiological fitness (i.e., growth as well as lipid and protein content) were examined after subjecting C. villosa for 24 days towards the combination of both effect pathways at environmentally relevant concentrations. G. fossarum and C. villosa exhibited similar sensitivities and the same effect direction when exposed to the OFM (either waterborne or dietary pathways). Both shredders also showed the same effect direction when exposed to dietary Cu, while with regards to mortality and leaf consumption C. villosa was less sensitive to waterborne Cu than G. fossarum. Finally, as observed for G. fossarum, the combined exposure to OFM over 24 days negatively affected leaf consumption and the physiology (i.e., growth and lipid reserves) of C. villosa. While no combined Cu effects were observed for larval leaf consumption, contrasting to the observations for G. fossarum, the physiology of both shredders was negatively affected, despite partly differing effect sizes and directions. Our results suggest that C. villosa and G. fossarum are of comparable sensitivity towards waterborne and diet-related organic fungicide exposure, whereas the trichopteran is less sensitive to Cu-based waterborne fungicide exposure. However, when both pathways act jointly, organic and inorganic fungicides can affect the physiology of shredder species with completely different life history strategies. As caddisflies represent a subsidy for terrestrial consumers, these observations indicate that fungicide exposure might not only affect aquatic ecosystem functioning but also the flux of energy across ecosystem boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Konschak
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - J P Zubrod
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857 Eußerthal, Germany
| | - P Baudy
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - D Englert
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - B Herrmann
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - R Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857 Eußerthal, Germany
| | - M Bundschuh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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29
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Rossi F, Pesce S, Mallet C, Margoum C, Chaumot A, Masson M, Artigas J. Interactive Effects of Pesticides and Nutrients on Microbial Communities Responsible of Litter Decomposition in Streams. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2437. [PMID: 30386312 PMCID: PMC6199466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Global contamination of streams by a large variety of compounds, such as nutrients and pesticides, may exert a high pressure on aquatic organisms, including microbial communities and their activity of organic matter decomposition. In this study, we assessed the potential interaction between nutrients and a fungicide and herbicide [tebuconazole (TBZ) and S-metolachlor (S-Met), respectively] at realistic environmental concentrations on the structure (biomass, diversity) and decomposition activity of fungal and bacterial communities (leaf decay rates, extracellular enzymatic activities) associated with Alnus glutinosa (Alnus) leaves. A 40-day microcosm experiment was used to combine two nutrient conditions (mesotrophic and eutrophic) with four pesticide treatments at a nominal concentrations of 15 μg L-1 (control, TBZ and S-Met, alone or mixed) following a 2 × 4 full factorial design. We also investigated resulting indirect effects on Gammarus fossarum feeding rates using leaves previously exposed to each of the treatments described above. Results showed interactive effects between nutrients and pesticides, only when nutrient (i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus) concentrations were the highest (eutrophic condition). Specifically, slight decreases in Alnus leaf decomposition rates were observed in channels exposed to TBZ (0.01119 days-1) and S-Met (0.01139 days-1) than in control ones (0.01334 days-1) that can partially be explained by changes in the structure of leaf-associated microbial communities. However, exposition to both TBZ and S-Met in mixture (MIX) led to comparable decay rates to those exposed to the pesticides alone (0.01048 days-1), suggesting no interaction between these two compounds on microbial decomposition. Moreover, stimulation in ligninolytic activities (laccase and phenol oxidase) was observed in presence of the fungicide, possibly highlighting detoxification mechanisms employed by microbes. Such stimulation was not observed for laccase activity exposed to the MIX, suggesting antagonistic interaction of these two compounds on the ability of microbial communities to cope with stress by xenobiotics. Besides, no effects of the treatments were observed on leaf palatability for macroinvertebrates. Overall, the present study highlights that complex interactions between nutrients and xenobiotics in streams and resulting from global change can negatively affect microbial communities associated with leaf litter, although effects on higher trophic-level organisms remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Rossi
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Pesce
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clarisse Mallet
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Arnaud Chaumot
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Matthieu Masson
- Irstea, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Joan Artigas
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Newton K, Zubrod JP, Englert D, Lüderwald S, Schell T, Baudy P, Konschak M, Feckler A, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. The evil within? Systemic fungicide application in trees enhances litter quality for an aquatic decomposer-detritivore system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:549-556. [PMID: 29883956 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne exposure towards fungicides is known to trigger negative effects in aquatic leaf-associated microbial decomposers and leaf-shredding macroinvertebrates. We expected similar effects when these organisms use leaf material from terrestrial plants that were treated with systemic fungicides as a food source since the fungicides may remain within the leaves when entering aquatic systems. To test this hypothesis, we treated black alder (Alnus glutinosa) trees with a tap water control or a systemic fungicide mixture (azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, quinoxyfen, and tebuconazole) at two worst-case application rates. Leaves of these trees were used in an experiment targeting alterations in two functions provided by leaf-associated microorganisms, namely the decomposition and conditioning of leaf material. The latter was addressed via the food-choice response of the amphipod shredder Gammarus fossarum. During a second experiment, the potential impact of long-term consumption of leaves from trees treated with systemic fungicides on G. fossarum was assessed. Systemic fungicide treatment altered the resource quality of the leaf material resulting in trends of increased fungal spore production and an altered community composition of leaf-associated fungi. These changes in turn caused a significant preference of Gammarus for microbially conditioned leaves that had received the highest fungicide treatment over control leaves. This higher food quality ultimately resulted in a higher gammarid growth (up to 300% increase) during the long-term feeding assay. Although the underlying mechanisms still need to be addressed, the present study demonstrates a positive indirect response in aquatic organisms due to systemic pesticide application in a terrestrial system. As the effects from the introduction of plant material treated with systemic fungicides strongly differ from those mediated via other pathways (e.g., waterborne exposure), our study provides a novel perspective of fungicide-triggered effects in aquatic detritus-based food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kymberly Newton
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857 Eußerthal, Germany.
| | - Dominic Englert
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Simon Lüderwald
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Theresa Schell
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Patrick Baudy
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Marco Konschak
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Alexander Feckler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SWE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857 Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SWE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Wang Y, Dai D, Yu Y, Yang G, Shen W, Wang Q, Weng H, Zhao X. Evaluation of joint effects of cyprodinil and kresoxim-methyl on zebrafish, Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 352:80-91. [PMID: 29574263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are usually exposed to a mixture of pesticides instead of individual chemicals. However, risk assessment of pesticides is traditionally based on toxicity data of individual compounds. In this study, we aimed to examine the joint toxicity of two fungicides cyprodinil (CYP) and kresoxim-methyl (KRM) to zebrafish (Danio rerio) using a systematic experimental approach. Results from 96-h semi-static test indicated that the LC50 values of KRM to D. rerio at multiple life stages (embryonic, larval, juvenile and adult stages) ranged from 0.034 (0.015-0.073) to 0.61 (0.39-0.83) mg a.i. L-1, which were higher than those of CYP ranging from 1.05 (0.88-1.52) to 4.42 (3.24-6.02) mg a.i. L-1. Pesticide mixtures of CYP and KRM exhibited synergistic effect on embryonic zebrafish. The activities of carboxylesterase (CarE) and cytochrome P450 (Cyp450) were significantly altered in most of the individual and combined exposures compared with the control group. The expressions of seven genes (Mnsod, cyp17, crhr 2, crh, gnrhr 4, gnrhr 1 and hmgrb) were significantly altered upon exposure to combined pesticides compared with their individual pesticides. Collectively, these findings suggested joint effects should be considered in the risk assessment of pesticides and development of water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dejiang Dai
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310020, China
| | - Yijun Yu
- Administration for Farmland Quality and Fertilizer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310020, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weifeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongbiao Weng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xueping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture/Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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Saraiva AS, Sarmento RA, Golovko O, Randak T, Pestana JLT, Soares AMVM. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of cyproconazole on freshwater organisms: a case study with Chironomus riparius and Dugesia tigrina. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12169-12176. [PMID: 29455353 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fungicide cyproconazole (CPZ) inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an essential sterol component in fungal cell membrane and can also affect non-target organisms by its inhibitory effects on P450 monooxygenases. The predicted environmental concentration of CPZ is up to 49.05 μg/L and 145.89 μg/kg in surface waters and sediments, respectively, and information about CPZ toxicity towards non-target aquatic organisms is still limited. This study aimed to address the lack of ecotoxicological data for CPZ, and thus, an evaluation of the lethal and sub-lethal effects of CPZ was performed using two freshwater invertebrates (the midge Chironomus riparius and the planarian Dugesia tigrina). The estimated CPZ 48 h LC50 (95% CI) was 17.46 mg/L for C. riparius and 47.38 mg/L for D. tigrina. The emergence time (EmT50) of C. riparius was delayed by CPZ exposure from 0.76 mg/L. On the other hand, planarians showed higher tolerance to CPZ exposure. Sub-lethal effects of CPZ on planarians included reductions in locomotion (1.8 mg/L), delayed photoreceptors regeneration (from 0.45 mg/L), and feeding inhibition (5.6 mg/L). Our results confirm the moderate toxicity of CPZ towards aquatic invertebrates but sub-lethal effects observed also suggest potential chronic effects of CPZ with consequences for population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Althiéris S Saraiva
- Departamento de Agropecuária (Conservação de Agroecossistemas e Ecotoxicologia), Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano - campus Campos Belos, Campos Belos, Goiás, 73840-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, 77402-970, Brazil
| | - Renato A Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, 77402-970, Brazil.
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Randak
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - João L T Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, 77402-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Feckler A, Goedkoop W, Konschak M, Bundschuh R, Kenngott KGJ, Schulz R, Zubrod JP, Bundschuh M. History matters: Heterotrophic microbial community structure and function adapt to multiple stressors. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e402-e415. [PMID: 28787754 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem functions in streams (e.g., microbially mediated leaf litter breakdown) are threatened globally by the predicted agricultural intensification and its expansion into pristine areas, which is associated with increasing use of fertilizers and pesticides. However, the ecological consequences may depend on the disturbance history of microbial communities. To test this, we assessed the effects of fungicides and nutrients (four levels each) on the structural and functional resilience of leaf-associated microbial communities with differing disturbance histories (pristine vs. previously disturbed) in a 2 × 4 × 4-factorial design (n = 6) over 21 days. Microbial leaf breakdown was assessed as a functional variable, whereas structural changes were characterized by the fungal community composition, species richness, biomass, and other factors. Leaf breakdown by the pristine microbial community was reduced by up to 30% upon fungicide exposure compared with controls, whereas the previously disturbed microbial community increased leaf breakdown by up to 85%. This significant difference in the functional response increased in magnitude with increasing nutrient concentrations. A pollution-induced community tolerance in the previously disturbed microbial community, which was dominated by a few species with high breakdown efficacies, may explain the maintained function under stress. Hence, the global pressure on pristine ecosystems by agricultural expansion is expected to cause a modification in the structure and function of heterotrophic microbial communities, with microbially mediated leaf litter breakdown likely becoming more stable over time as a consequence of fungal community adaptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Feckler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Willem Goedkoop
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marco Konschak
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Rebecca Bundschuh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Kilian G J Kenngott
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Cuco AP, Santos JI, Abrantes N, Gonçalves F, Wolinska J, Castro BB. Concentration and timing of application reveal strong fungistatic effect of tebuconazole in a Daphnia-microparasitic yeast model. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 193:144-151. [PMID: 29096087 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance of pollutant effects on host-parasite relationships and disease spread, the main goal of this study was to assess the influence of different exposure scenarios for the fungicide tebuconazole (concentration×timing of application) on a Daphnia-microparasitic yeast experimental system. Previous results had demonstrated that tebuconazole is able to suppress Metschnikowia bicuspidata infection at ecologically-relevant concentrations; here, we aimed to obtain an understanding of the mechanism underlying the anti-parasitic (fungicidal or fungistatic) action of tebuconazole. We exposed the Daphnia-yeast system to four nominal tebuconazole concentrations at four timings of application (according to the predicted stage of parasite development), replicated on two Daphnia genotypes, in a fully crossed experiment. An "all-or-nothing" effect was observed, with tebuconazole completely suppressing infection from 13.5μgl-1 upwards, independent of the timing of tebuconazole application. A follow-up experiment confirmed that the suppression of infection occurred within a narrow range of tebuconazole concentrations (3.65-13.5μgl-1), although a later application of the fungicide had to be compensated for by a slight increase in concentration to elicit the same anti-parasitic effect. The mechanism behind this anti-parasitic effect seems to be the inhibition of M. bicuspidata sporulation, since tebuconazole was effective in preventing ascospore production even when applied at a later time. However, this fungicide also seemed to affect the vegetative growth of the yeast, as demonstrated by the enhanced negative effect of the parasite (increasing mortality in one of the host genotypes) at a later time of application of tebuconazole, when no signs of infection were observed. Fungicide contamination can thus affect the severity and spread of disease in natural populations, as well as the inherent co-evolutionary dynamics in host-parasite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Cuco
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Joana I Santos
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nelson Abrantes
- CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno B Castro
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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De Castro-Català N, Muñoz I, Riera JL, Ford AT. Evidence of low dose effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine and the fungicide prochloraz on the behavior of the keystone freshwater invertebrate Gammarus pulex. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:406-414. [PMID: 28822331 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, behavior-related endpoints have been proposed as rapid and reliable ecotoxicological tools for risk assessment. In particular, the use of detritivores to test the toxicity of pollutants through feeding is currently becoming a well-known method. Experiments combining feeding with other behavioral endpoints can provide relevant information about direct and indirect toxicological effects of chemicals. We carried out a feeding experiment with the shredder Gammarus pulex in order to detect indirect (through leaf conditioning) and direct effects (through water exposure) of two pollutants at environmentally relevant concentrations: the fungicide prochloraz (6 μg/L) and the antidepressant fluoxetine (100 ng/L). Prochloraz inhibited fungal growth on leaves, but it did not affect either the microbial breakdown rates or the C:N ratio of the leaves. Individuals of G. pulex that were fed with treated leaves presented lower consumption rates, not only those fed with prochloraz-treated leaves, but also those fed with fluoxetine-treated leaves, and those fed with the mixture-treated leaves. Mixed-effects models revealed that the swimming velocity of the amphipods after the experiment was modulated by the exposure to fluoxetine, and also by the exposure to prochloraz. We demonstrate that both the antidepressant and the fungicide may cause significant sublethal effects at low concentrations. The combination of behavioral endpoints together with the application of mixed models provided a useful tool for early detection of the effects of toxicity mixtures in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N De Castro-Català
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - I Muñoz
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J L Riera
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A T Ford
- Institute of Marine Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Ferry Road, P04 9LY, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Kunz JL, Ingersoll CG, Smalling KL, Elskus AA, Kuivila KM. Chronic toxicity of azoxystrobin to freshwater amphipods, midges, cladocerans, and mussels in water-only exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2308-2315. [PMID: 28181697 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of fungicides on nontarget organisms at realistic concentrations and exposure durations is vital for determining potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Environmental concentrations of the fungicide azoxystrobin have been reported up to 4.6 μg/L in the United States and 30 μg/L in Europe. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the chronic toxicity of azoxystrobin in water-only exposures with an amphipod (Hyalella azteca; 42-d exposure), a midge (Chironomus dilutus; 50-d exposure), a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia; 7-d exposure), and a unionid mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea; 28-d exposure) at environmentally relevant concentrations. The potential photo-enhanced toxicity of azoxystrobin accumulated by C. dubia and L. siliquoidea following chronic exposures to azoxystrobin was also evaluated. The 20% effect concentrations (EC20s) based on the most sensitive endpoint were 4.2 μg/L for H. azteca reproduction, 12 μg/L for C. dubia reproduction and C. dilutus emergence, and >28 μg/L for L. siliquoidea. Hyalella azteca was more sensitive to azoxystrobin compared with the other 3 species in the chronic exposures. No photo-enhanced toxicity was observed for either C. dubia or L. siliquoidea exposed to ultraviolet light in control water following azoxystrobin tests. The results of the present study indicate chronic effects of azoxystrobin on 3 of 4 invertebrates tested at environmentally relevant concentrations. The changes noted in biomass and reproduction have the potential to alter the rate of ecological processes driven by aquatic invertebrates. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2308-2315. Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Zubrod JP, Englert D, Wolfram J, Rosenfeldt RR, Feckler A, Bundschuh R, Seitz F, Konschak M, Baudy P, Lüderwald S, Fink P, Lorke A, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Long-term effects of fungicides on leaf-associated microorganisms and shredder populations-an artificial stream study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2178-2189. [PMID: 28160498 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf litter is a major source of carbon and energy for stream food webs, while both leaf-decomposing microorganisms and macroinvertebrate leaf shredders can be affected by fungicides. Despite the potential for season-long fungicide exposure for these organisms, however, such chronic exposures have not yet been considered. Using an artificial stream facility, effects of a chronic (lasting up to 8 wk) exposure to a mixture of 5 fungicides (sum concentration 20 μg/L) on leaf-associated microorganisms and the key leaf shredder Gammarus fossarum were therefore assessed. While bacterial density and microorganism-mediated leaf decomposition remained unaltered, fungicide exposure reduced fungal biomass (≤71%) on leaves from day 28 onward. Gammarids responded to the combined stress from consumption of fungicide-affected leaves and waterborne exposure with a reduced abundance (≤18%), which triggered reductions in final population biomass (18%) and in the number of precopula pairs (≤22%) but could not fully explain the decreased leaf consumption (19%), lipid content (≤43%; going along with an altered composition of fatty acids), and juvenile production (35%). In contrast, fine particulate organic matter production and stream respiration were unaffected. Our results imply that long-term exposure of leaf-associated fungi and shredders toward fungicides may result in detrimental implications in stream food webs and impairments of detrital material fluxes. These findings render it important to understand decomposer communities' long-term adaptational capabilities to ensure that functional integrity is safeguarded. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2178-2189. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen P Zubrod
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Dominic Englert
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Jakob Wolfram
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Ricki R Rosenfeldt
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
- nEcoTox, Schifferstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Feckler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Bundschuh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Frank Seitz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
- nEcoTox, Schifferstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Konschak
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Patrick Baudy
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Simon Lüderwald
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Patrick Fink
- Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Lorke
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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38
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Englert D, Zubrod JP, Link M, Mertins S, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Does Waterborne Exposure Explain Effects Caused by Neonicotinoid-Contaminated Plant Material in Aquatic Systems? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5793-5802. [PMID: 28447782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are increasingly applied on trees as protection measure against insect pests. Consequently, neonicotinoids are inevitably transferred into aquatic environments either via spray drift or surface runoff or (due to neonicotinoids' systemic nature) via senescent leaves. There particularly leaf-shredding invertebrates may be exposed to neonicotinoids through both the water phase and the consumption of contaminated leaves. In 7 day bioassays (n = 30), we examined ecotoxicological differences between these two exposure scenarios for an amphipod and an insect nymph with their feeding rate as the response variable. Organisms either experienced waterborne neonicotinoid (i.e., imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and acetamiprid) exposure only or a combined exposure (waterborne and dietary) through both the consumption of contaminated leaves and neonicotinoids leaching from leaves into water. The amphipod (7 day EC50s from 0.3 to 8.4 μg/L) was more sensitive than the insect nymph (7 day EC50s from 7.0 to 19.4 μg/L). Moreover, for both species, concentration-response models derived from water concentrations indicated higher effects under the combined exposure. Together with the observed inability of shredders to avoid neonicotinoid-contaminated leaves, our results emphasize the relevance of dietary exposure (e.g., via leaves) for systemic insecticides. Thus, it would be prudent to consider dietary exposure during the registration of systemic insecticides to safeguard ecosystem integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Englert
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Landau Campus, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Landau Campus, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Moritz Link
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Landau Campus, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Saskia Mertins
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Landau Campus, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau , Landau Campus, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Dawoud M, Bundschuh M, Goedkoop W, McKie BG. Interactive effects of an insecticide and a fungicide on different organism groups and ecosystem functioning in a stream detrital food web. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 186:215-221. [PMID: 28324829 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are often affected by cocktails of multiple pesticides targeting different organism groups. Prediction and evaluation of the ecosystem-level effects of these mixtures is complicated by the potential not only for interactions among the pesticides themselves, but also for the pesticides to alter biotic interactions across trophic levels. In a stream microcosm experiment, we investigated the effects of two pesticides targeting two organism groups (the insecticide lindane and fungicide azoxystrobin) on the functioning of a model stream detrital food web consisting of a detritivore (Ispoda: Asellus aquaticus) and microbes (an assemblage of fungal hyphomycetes) consuming leaf litter. We assessed how these pesticides interacted with the presence and absence of the detritivore to affect three indicators of ecosystem functioning - leaf decomposition, fungal biomass, fungal sporulation - as well as detritivore mortality. Leaf decomposition rates were more strongly impacted by the fungicide than the insecticide, reflecting especially negative effects on leaf processing by detritivores. This result most like reflects reduced fungal biomass and increased detritivore mortality under the fungicide treatment. Fungal sporulation was elevated by exposure to both the insecticide and fungicide, possibly representing a stress-induced increase in investment in propagule dispersal. Stressor interactions were apparent in the impacts of the combined pesticide treatment on fungal sporulation and detritivore mortality, which were reduced and elevated relative to the single stressor treatments, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of trophic and multiple stressor interactions to modulate the ecosystem-level impacts of chemicals, highlighting important challenges in predicting, understanding and evaluating the impacts of multiple chemical stressors on more complex food webs in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohab Dawoud
- Department of Aquatic Sciences & Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Low Emission Capacity Building Project, 53 Misr- Helwan Elzerayea Rd., Lo'Lo'at Elmaadi Tower, Entrance C, Floor 5, Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Department of Aquatic Sciences & Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Willem Goedkoop
- Department of Aquatic Sciences & Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brendan G McKie
- Department of Aquatic Sciences & Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Artigas J, Rossi F, Gerphagnon M, Mallet C. Sensitivity of laccase activity to the fungicide tebuconazole in decomposing litter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:1084-1092. [PMID: 28159304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the sensitivity of laccase activity to the fungicide tebuconazole (TBZ) in order to seek for new functional toxicity descriptors in aquatic microbial communities associated to decomposing litter. With this aim, we analyzed the sensitivity of laccase from the different microbial components (fungi and bacteria growing separately and in co-existence), as well as that of their corresponding enzyme fractions (cell bound and diffusible), forming microbial communities in Alnus glutinosa leaves. Results show that fungi are pivotal for laccase activity in leaves and that their activity is repressed when they co-exist with bacteria. The sensitivity of laccase activity to the TBZ was only detectable in leaves colonized by fungi separately (Alatospora acuminata populations), but absent in those colonized by bacteria separately and/or mixed fungi plus bacteria. Specifically, the increase of TBZ concentration enhances laccase activity in Alatospora acuminata populations but decreases ergosterol concentration as well as the amount of 18S RNA gene copies. This activity response suggests a detoxification mechanism employed by the fungus in order to reduce TBZ toxicity. Besides, enzyme fractioning showed that laccase activity in the cell bound fraction (76% of the total activity) was sensitive to the fungicide, but not that in the diffusible fraction (24% of total activity). Hence, TBZ would influence laccase activity in the presence of fungal cells but not in enzymes already synthesized in the extracellular space. The present study highlights the importance of the biological complexity level (i. e. population, community, ecosystem) when seeking for appropriate functional ecotoxicity descriptors in aquatic microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Artigas
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - F Rossi
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Gerphagnon
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - C Mallet
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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41
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Feckler A, Schrimpf A, Bundschuh M, Bärlocher F, Baudy P, Cornut J, Schulz R. Quantitative real-time PCR as a promising tool for the detection and quantification of leaf-associated fungal species - A proof-of-concept using Alatospora pulchella. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174634. [PMID: 28384166 PMCID: PMC5383034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional methods to identify aquatic hyphomycetes rely on the morphology of released conidia, which can lead to misidentifications or underestimates of species richness due to convergent morphological evolution and the presence of non-sporulating mycelia. Molecular methods allow fungal identification irrespective of the presence of conidia or their morphology. As a proof-of-concept, we established a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay to accurately quantify the amount of DNA as a proxy for the biomass of an aquatic hyphomycete species (Alatospora pulchella). Our study showed discrimination even among genetically closely-related species, with a high sensitivity and a reliable quantification down to 9.9 fg DNA (3 PCR forming units; LoD) and 155.0 fg DNA (47 PCR forming units; LoQ), respectively. The assay's specificity was validated for environmental samples that harboured diverse microbial communities and likely contained PCR-inhibiting substances. This makes qPCR a promising tool to gain deeper insights into the ecological roles of aquatic hyphomycetes and other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Feckler
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne Schrimpf
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Felix Bärlocher
- Department of Biology, Mt. Allison University, Sackville, Canada
| | - Patrick Baudy
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Julien Cornut
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, UMR CNRS 7360, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Stechlin, Germany
- MARE–Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
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Feckler A, Goedkoop W, Zubrod JP, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. Exposure pathway-dependent effects of the fungicide epoxiconazole on a decomposer-detritivore system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:992-1000. [PMID: 27450951 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Shredders play a central role in the breakdown of leaf material in aquatic systems. These organisms and the ecological function they provide may, however, be affected by chemical stressors either as a consequence of direct waterborne exposure or through alterations in food-quality (indirect pathway). To unravel the biological relevance of these effect pathways, we applied a 2×2-factorial test design. Leaf material was microbially colonized for 10days in absence or presence of the fungicide epoxiconazole (15μg/L) and subsequently fed to the shredder Asellus aquaticus under exposure to epoxiconazole (15μg/L) or in fungicide-free medium over a 28-day period (n=40). Both effect pathways caused alterations in asselids' food processing, physiological fitness, and growth, although not always statistically significantly: assimilation either increased or remained at a similar level relative to the control suggesting compensatory behavior of A. aquaticus to cope with the enhanced energy demand for detoxification processes and decreased nutritional quality of the food. The latter was driven by lowered microbial biomasses and the altered composition of fatty acids associated with the leaf material. Even with increased assimilation, direct and indirect effects caused decreases in the growth and lipid (fatty acid) content of A. aquaticus with relative effect sizes between 10 and 40%. Moreover, the concentrations of two essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (i.e., arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) were non-significantly reduced (up to ~15%) in asselids. This effect was, however, independent of the exposure pathway. Although waterborne effects were generally stronger than the diet-related effects, results suggest impaired functioning of A. aquaticus via both effect pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Feckler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Willem Goedkoop
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, 76829 Landau, Germany
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43
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Elskus AA, Smalling KL, Hladik ML, Kuivila KM. Effects of two fungicide formulations on microbial and macroinvertebrate leaf decomposition under laboratory conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2834-2844. [PMID: 27110671 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic fungi contribute significantly to the decomposition of leaves in streams, a key ecosystem service. Little is known, however, about the effects of fungicides on aquatic fungi and macroinvertebrates involved with leaf decomposition. Red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves were conditioned in a stream to acquire microbes (bacteria and fungi) or leached in tap water (unconditioned) to simulate potential reduction of microbial biomass by fungicides. Conditioned leaves were exposed to fungicide formulations QUILT (azoxystrobin + propiconazole) or PRISTINE (boscalid + pyraclostrobin) in the presence and absence of the leaf shredder, Hyalella azteca (amphipods; 7-d old at start of exposures) for 14 d at 23 °C. The QUILT formulations (∼0.3 μg/L, 1.8 μg/L, and 8 μg/L) tended to increase leaf decomposition by amphipods (not significant) without a concomitant increase in amphipod biomass, indicating potential increased consumption of leaves with reduced nutritional value. The PRISTINE formulation (∼33 μg/L) significantly reduced amphipod growth and biomass (p < 0.05), effects similar to those observed with unconditioned controls. The significant suppressive effects of PRISTINE on amphipod growth and the trend toward increased leaf decomposition with increasing QUILT concentration indicate the potential for altered leaf decay in streams exposed to fungicides. Further work is needed to evaluate fungicide effects on leaf decomposition under conditions relevant to stream ecosystems, including temperature shifts and pulsed exposures to pesticide mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2834-2844. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria A Elskus
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Maine Field Office, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.
| | - Kelly L Smalling
- US Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- US Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, California
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Talk A, Kublik S, Uksa M, Engel M, Berghahn R, Welzl G, Schloter M, Mohr S. Effects of multiple but low pesticide loads on aquatic fungal communities colonizing leaf litter. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 46:116-125. [PMID: 27521943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the first tier risk assessment (RA) of pesticides, risk for aquatic communities is estimated by using results from standard laboratory tests with algae, daphnids and fish for single pesticides such as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. However, fungi as key organisms for nutrient cycling in ecosystems as well as multiple pesticide applications are not considered in the RA. In this study, the effects of multiple low pesticide pulses using regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) on the dynamics of non-target aquatic fungi were investigated in a study using pond mesocosm. For that, fungi colonizing black alder (Alnus glutinosa) leaves were exposed to multiple, low pulses of 11 different pesticides over a period of 60days using a real farmer's pesticide application protocol for apple cropping. Four pond mesocosms served as treatments and 4 as controls. The composition of fungal communities colonizing the litter material was analyzed using a molecular fingerprinting approach based on the terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (t-RFLP) of the fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) gene(s). Our data indicated a clear fluctuation of fungal communities based on the degree of leaf litter degradation. However significant effects of the applied spraying sequence were not observed. Consequently also degradation rates of the litter material were not affected by the treatments. Our results indicate that the nutrient rich environment of the leaf litter material gave fungal communities the possibility to express genes that induce tolerance against the applied pesticides. Thus our data may not be transferred to other fresh water habitats with lower nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Talk
- Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Kublik
- Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marie Uksa
- Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Engel
- Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Welzl
- Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Silvia Mohr
- Umweltbundesamt, Schichauweg 58, 12307, Berlin, Germany
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45
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Sauer FG, Bundschuh M, Zubrod JP, Schäfer RB, Thompson K, Kefford BJ. Effects of salinity on leaf breakdown: Dryland salinity versus salinity from a coalmine. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 177:425-432. [PMID: 27393920 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Salinization of freshwater ecosystems as a result of human activities represents a global threat for ecosystems' integrity. Whether different sources of salinity with their differing ionic compositions lead to variable effects in ecosystem functioning is unknown. Therefore, the present study assessed the impact of dryland- (50μS/cm to 11,000μS/cm) and coalmine-induced (100μS/cm to 2400μS/cm) salinization on the leaf litter breakdown, with focus on microorganisms as main decomposer, in two catchments in New South Wales, Australia. The breakdown of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves decreased with increasing salinity by up to a factor of three. Coalmine salinity, which is characterised by a higher share of bicarbonates, had a slightly but consistently higher breakdown rate at a given salinity relative to dryland salinity, which is characterised by ionic proportions similar to sea water. Complementary laboratory experiments supported the stimulatory impact of sodium bicarbonates on leaf breakdown when compared to sodium chloride or artificial sea salt. Furthermore, microbial inoculum from a high salinity site (11,000μS/cm) yielded lower leaf breakdown at lower salinity relative to inoculum from a low salinity site (50μS/cm). Conversely, inoculum from the high salinity site was less sensitive towards increasing salinity levels relative to inoculum from the low salinity site. The effects of the different inoculum were the same regardless of salt source (sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and artificial sea salt). Finally, the microorganism-mediated leaf litter breakdown was most efficient at intermediate salinity levels (≈500μS/cm). The present study thus points to severe implications of increasing salinity intensities on the ecosystem function of leaf litter breakdown, while the underlying processes need further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix G Sauer
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf B Schäfer
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Kristie Thompson
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland, 4108, Australia
| | - Ben J Kefford
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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46
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Fernández D, Tummala M, Schreiner VC, Duarte S, Pascoal C, Winkelmann C, Mewes D, Muñoz K, Schäfer RB. Does nutrient enrichment compensate fungicide effects on litter decomposition and decomposer communities in streams? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 174:169-178. [PMID: 26963520 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient and pesticide pollution are widespread agricultural stressors. Fungicides may affect freshwater fungi, which play an important role in litter decomposition (LD), whereas moderate nutrient enrichment can stimulate LD. We examined potential interaction effects of nutrients and fungicides on decomposer communities and LD in a 14-day two-factorial (fungicide and nutrient treatments) mesocosm experiment. Fungicide exposure was limited to 4days to simulate episodic contamination. Only the microbial community responded significantly to the experimental factors, though non-significant increases >20% were found for invertebrate decomposer weight gain and LD under high-nutrient conditions. Fungal community structure responded more strongly to fungicides than sporulation. Sporulation responded strongest to nutrients. Bacterial community structure was affected by both factors, although only nutrients influenced bacterial density. Our results suggest effects from fungicides at field-relevant levels on the microbial community. Whether these changes propagate to invertebrate communities and LD remains unclear and should be analysed under longer and recurrent fungicide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fernández
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany.
| | - Mallikarjun Tummala
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Verena C Schreiner
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Sofia Duarte
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pascoal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Carola Winkelmann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Universitätstraße 1, 56070 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Daniela Mewes
- Department of Biology, Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Universitätstraße 1, 56070 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Katherine Muñoz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Ralf B Schäfer
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
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47
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Willming MM, Maul JD. Direct and indirect toxicity of the fungicide pyraclostrobin to Hyalella azteca and effects on leaf processing under realistic daily temperature regimes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 211:435-42. [PMID: 26827148 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides in aquatic environments can impact non-target bacterial and fungal communities and the invertebrate detritivores responsible for the decomposition of allochthonous organic matter. Additionally, in some aquatic systems daily water temperature fluctuations may influence these processes and alter contaminant toxicity, but such temperature fluctuations are rarely examined in conjunction with contaminants. In this study, the shredding amphipod Hyalella azteca was exposed to the fungicide pyraclostrobin in three experiments. Endpoints included mortality, organism growth, and leaf processing. One experiment was conducted at a constant temperature (23 °C), a fluctuating temperature regime (18-25 °C) based on field-collected data from the S. Llano River, Texas, or an adjusted fluctuating temperature regime (20-26 °C) based on possible climate change predictions. Pyraclostrobin significantly reduced leaf shredding and increased H. azteca mortality at concentrations of 40 μg/L or greater at a constant 23 °C and decreased leaf shredding at concentrations of 15 μg/L or greater in the fluctuating temperatures. There was a significant interaction between temperature treatment and pyraclostrobin concentration on H. azteca mortality, body length, and dry mass under direct aqueous exposure conditions. In an indirect exposure scenario in which only leaf material was exposed to pyraclostrobin, H. azteca did not preferentially feed on or avoid treated leaf disks compared to controls. This study describes the influence of realistic temperature variation on fungicide toxicity to shredding invertebrates, which is important for understanding how future alterations in daily temperature regimes due to climate change may influence the assessment of ecological risk of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Willming
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA
| | - Jonathan D Maul
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA.
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48
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Pesce S, Zoghlami O, Margoum C, Artigas J, Chaumot A, Foulquier A. Combined effects of drought and the fungicide tebuconazole on aquatic leaf litter decomposition. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 173:120-131. [PMID: 26859779 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Loss of biodiversity and altered ecosystem functioning are driven by the cumulative effects of multiple natural and anthropogenic stressors affecting both quantity and quality of water resources. Here we performed a 40-day laboratory microcosm experiment to assess the individual and combined effects of drought and the model fungicide tebuconazole (TBZ) on leaf litter decomposition (LLD), a fundamental biogeochemical process in freshwater ecosystems. Starting out from a worst-case scenario perspective, leaf-associated microbial communities were exposed to severe drought conditions (four 5-day drought periods alternated with 4-day immersion periods) and/or a chronic exposure to TBZ (nominal concentration of 20μgL(-1)). We assessed the direct effects of drought and fungicide on the structure (biomass, diversity) and activity (extracellular enzymatic potential) of fungal and bacterial assemblages colonizing leaves. We also investigated indirect effects on the feeding rates of the amphipod Gammarus fossarum on leaves previously exposed to drought and/or TBZ contamination. Results indicate a stronger effect of drought stress than fungicide contamination under the experimental conditions applied. Indeed, the drought stress strongly impacted microbial community structure and activities, inhibiting the LLD process and leading to cascading effects on macroinvertebrate feeding. However, despite the lack of significant effect of TBZ applied alone, the effects of drought on microbial functions (i.e., decrease in LLD and in enzymatic activities) and on Gammarus feeding rates were more pronounced when drought and TBZ stresses were applied together. In a perspective of ecological risk assessment and ecosystem management for sustainability, these findings stress the need for deeper insight into how multiple stressors can affect the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and associated services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Pesce
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Olfa Zoghlami
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Christelle Margoum
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Joan Artigas
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, Aubiere, France.
| | - Arnaud Chaumot
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Arnaud Foulquier
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, UMR 5553CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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49
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Abelho M, Martins TF, Shinn C, Moreira-Santos M, Ribeiro R. Effects of the fungicide pyrimethanil on biofilm and organic matter processing in outdoor lentic mesocosms. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:121-131. [PMID: 26496930 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the fungicide pyrimethanil (0.7 mg L(−1)) on biofilm development and alder leaf litter decomposition in aquatic ecosystems was assessed in outdoor lentic mesocosms immediately and 274 days after pyrimethanil application. Pyrimethanil decreased ergosterol concentrations (an indicator of fungal biomass) and the abundance and richness of the macroinvertebrate community associated with decomposing leaves. However, because neither fungi nor macroinvertebrates were main factors contributing to decomposition in this particular system, organic matter processing rates were not affected. After 274 days, pyrimethanil concentration in the water column was ≤0.004 mg L(−1) but richness, biomass and composition of the invertebrate community associated with decomposing leaf-litter still showed the effect. The comparison of ergosterol (a molecule existing on both algae and fungal cell membranes), with chlorophyll (an indicator of algal biomass) associated with biofilm suggests that pyrimethanil may decrease fungal biomass and alter the relative abundance of algae and fungi on biofilm developing in control- and treated-mesocosms.
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50
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Münze R, Orlinskiy P, Gunold R, Paschke A, Kaske O, Beketov MA, Hundt M, Bauer C, Schüürmann G, Möder M, Liess M. Pesticide impact on aquatic invertebrates identified with Chemcatcher® passive samplers and the SPEAR(pesticides) index. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 537:69-80. [PMID: 26282741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides negatively affect biodiversity and ecosystem function in aquatic environments. In the present study, we investigated the effects of pesticides on stream macroinvertebrates at 19 sites in a rural area dominated by forest cover and arable land in Central Germany. Pesticide exposure was quantified with Chemcatcher® passive samplers equipped with a diffusion-limiting membrane. Ecological effects on macroinvertebrate communities and on the ecosystem function detritus breakdown were identified using the indicator system SPEARpesticides and the leaf litter degradation rates, respectively. A decrease in the abundance of pesticide-vulnerable taxa and a reduction in leaf litter decomposition rates were observed at sites contaminated with the banned insecticide Carbofuran (Toxic Units≥-2.8), confirming the effect thresholds from previous studies. The results show that Chemcatcher® passive samplers with a diffusion-limiting membrane reliably detect ecologically relevant pesticide pollution, and we suggest Chemcatcher® passive samplers and SPEARpesticides as a promising combination to assess pesticide exposure and effects in rivers and streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Münze
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department System Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr.15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Biosciences, Leipziger Straße 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Polina Orlinskiy
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioenergy, Permoserstr.15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Roman Gunold
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr.15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipziger Straße 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr.15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Kaske
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department System Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr.15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mikhail A Beketov
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department System Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr.15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Hundt
- University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Coretta Bauer
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstr.15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr.15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipziger Straße 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Monika Möder
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstr.15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Liess
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department System Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr.15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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