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Wang Y, Li X, Chen S, Yang J, Fang B, Chen H, Yao Y, Sun H. Structure-Dependent Distribution, Metabolism, and Toxicity Effects of Alkyl Organophosphate Esters in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:17441-17453. [PMID: 39298521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the structure-dependent uptake, distribution, biotransformation, and potential toxicity effects of alkyl organophosphate esters (OPEs) in hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Trimethyl, triethyl, and tripropyl phosphates were readily absorbed and acropetally translocated, while tributyl, tripentyl, and trihexyl phosphates accumulated mainly in lateral roots. The acropetal translocation potential was negatively associated with log Kow values. Trimethyl and triethyl phosphates are less prone to biotransformation, while a total of 14 novel hydrolysis, hydroxylated, and conjugated metabolites were identified for other OPEs using nontarget analysis. The extent of hydroxylation decreases from tripropyl phosphate to trihexyl phosphate, but multiple hydroxylations occurred more frequently on longer chain OPEs. Further comparative toxicity test revealed that hydrolyzed and hydroxylated metabolites have stronger toxic effects on Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPK) than their parent OPEs. Dibutyl 3-hydroxybutyl phosphate particularly induces upregulation of CDPK in lateral roots of lettuce, probably associated with adenine reduction that may play an important role in the self-defense and detoxification processes. This study contributes to understanding the uptake and transformation behaviors of alkyl OPEs as well as their associations with a toxic effect on lettuce. This emphasizes the necessary evaluation of the environmental risk of the use of OPEs, particularly focusing on their hydroxylated metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ji Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Bo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Zhou G, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Li M, Li H, Shen C. Distribution Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Esters in Surface Soils of China. TOXICS 2024; 12:686. [PMID: 39330614 PMCID: PMC11435882 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12090686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
The chemical flame retardants represented by organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used and have a serious impact on the environment. In this study, we collected data on the exposure levels of ten OPEs in Chinese soils in recent years and performed an ecological risk assessment. The results showed that the levels of OPEs varied considerably throughout different regions of China, with high exposure levels in highly urbanized or industrialized areas such as Guangdong Province and Northeast China, where the mean value was >200 ng/g. The content of OPEs in the soil in industrial and commercial areas was significantly higher than in other regions, indicating that the concentration of OPEs in the soil is closely related to local economic development and the degree of industrialization. Meanwhile, the number of studies reporting on OPEs and their exposure concentrations have increased significantly since 2018. Through the ecological risk assessment, it was found that TCP, EHDPP and TEHP pose high ecological risks. Although some OPEs, such as TCIPP, have low ecological risk levels overall, their high exposure concentrations are still worthy of attention. This study details the general status of OPE contamination in Chinese soils, which can serve as a reference for ecological environmental supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Zhou
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Yizhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Ziye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Mingrui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (M.L.)
| | - Haiming Li
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China;
| | - Chen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (M.L.)
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Pantelaki I, Voutsa D. Organophosphate esters in the urban atmosphere of Thessaloniki city, Greece. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141125. [PMID: 38185429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the atmosphere of the urban area of Thessaloniki city, Greece was studied. OPEs were determined in particulate matter (PM2.5) and precipitation during the period 2020-2021. ∑OPEs in rainwater ranged from 520 to 4719 ng L-11 (mean: 1662 ng L-1) with tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TClPP) being the most abundant compounds. TBOEP and TClPP as well as triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) and tris (chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the dominant OPEs in PM2.5. Concentrations of ∑OPEs in PM2.5ranged from 2.82 to 13.3 ng m-3 (mean: 5.93 ng m-3). Wet deposition fluxes of OPEs were estimated and air mass back trajectories were used to elucidate possible source profiles. An overall low health risk for local population via inhalation of OPEs was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Wang C, Lei W, Jiang C, Du L, Huang X, Cui X, Gao D, Wang H. Exposure to tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate affects the embryonic cardiac development of Oryzias melastigma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25554. [PMID: 38327441 PMCID: PMC10847999 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is a growing concern and may be a potential risk to marine environmental health due to its widespread usage and distribution. However, the toxic effects of TDCPP on cardiac development in marine fish have not been reported. In this study, Oryzias melastigma embryos were exposed to TDCPP at doses of 0, 0.04, 0.4, 4 and 40 μg/L from early embryogenesis to 10 days postfertilization (dpf). Then, the heart rate and sinus venosus-bulbus arteriosus (SV-BA) distance of the exposed embryos were measured at 5, 6, 8 and 10 dpf. Furthermore, alterations in the mRNA levels of the genes encoding cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), and GATA-binding protein 4 (GATA4) were evaluated at 5, 6, 8 and 10 dpf. We found that the heart rate significantly increased in all TDCPP exposure groups at 10 dpf. The SV-BA distance significantly decreased in all TDCPP exposure groups at all developmental stages (except for the 0.4 μg/L group at 5 dpf and the 4 μg/L group at 10 dpf). The mRNA expression of COX-2 was downregulated at 5 dpf, BMP4 was downregulated at 5 and 6 dpf, FGF8 was downregulated at 5, 6 and 8 dpf, GATA4 was downregulated at 8 dpf, and GATA4 was upregulated at 10 dpf. These results indicate that the changes in heart rate and SV-BA distance might be accompanied by disturbances in the four genes involved in cardiac development. Our findings will help to illustrate the possible cardiac toxic effects of marine fish exposed to TDCPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Xiamen, China
| | - Chengchen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Lichao Du
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xindi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Dongxu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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De Silva AO, Young CJ, Spencer C, Muir DCG, Sharp M, Lehnherr I, Criscitiello A. Canadian high arctic ice core records of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2001-2014. [PMID: 37856255 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00215b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and anti-foaming agents over the past several decades. Of particular interest is the long range transport potential of OPEs given their ubiquitous detection in Arctic marine air. Here we report 19 OPE congeners in ice cores drilled on remote icefields and ice caps in the Canadian high Arctic. A multi-decadal temporal profile was constructed in the sectioned ice cores representing a time scale spanning the 1970s to 2014-16. In the Devon Ice Cap record, the annual total OPE (∑OPEs) depositional flux for all of 2014 was 81 μg m-2, with the profile dominated by triphenylphosphate (TPP, 9.4 μg m-2) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP, 42 μg m-2). Here, many OPEs displayed an exponentially increasing depositional flux including TCPP which had a doubling time of 4.1 ± 0.44 years. At the more northern site on Mt. Oxford icefield, the OPE fluxes were lower. Here, the annual ∑OPEs flux in 2016 was 5.3 μg m-2, dominated by TCPP (1.5 μg m-2) but also tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (1.5 μg m-2 TBOEP). The temporal trend for halogenated OPEs in the Mt. Oxford icefield is bell-shaped, peaking in the mid-2000s. The observation of OPEs in remote Arctic ice cores demonstrates the cryosphere as a repository for these substances, and supports the potential for long-range transport of OPEs, likely associated with aerosol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila O De Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Christine Spencer
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Martin Sharp
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Igor Lehnherr
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Alison Criscitiello
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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Tian YX, Chen HY, Ma J, Liu QY, Qu YJ, Zhao WH. A critical review on sources and environmental behavior of organophosphorus flame retardants in the soil: Current knowledge and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131161. [PMID: 37030217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used in industrial and commercial applications. Unfortunately, the chemical constituents of OPFRs, organophosphate esters (OPEs), which have been proven to be carcinogenic and biotoxic, can release into the environment and pose potential risks to human health. This paper reviews the research progress of OPEs in the soil through bibliometric analysis and comprehensively elaborates on their pollution status, potential sources, and environmental behaviors. The OPE pollution is widely distributed in the soil at concentrations ranging from several to tens of thousands of ng/g dw. Some novel OPEs, newly discovered OPEs in the environment in recent years, are also detected. OPE concentrations vary substantially among landuses, and waste processing areas are important point sources of OPE pollution in the soil. Emission source intensity, physicochemical properties of compounds, and soil properties play important roles in the transfer process of OPEs in the soil. Biodegradation, especially microbial degradation, has potential application prospects in the remediation of OPE-contaminated soil. Brevibacillus brevis, Sphingomonas, Sphingopyxis, Rhodococcus, and other microorganisms can degrade some OPEs. This review helps clarify the pollution status of OPEs in the soil and highlights perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - H Y Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - J Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Q Y Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Y J Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - W H Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Song J, Xiong X, Yin H, Xiong Y, Fang S. Distribution and pollution characteristics of organophosphate esters: reflected by tree rings of arbor species. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:3805-3816. [PMID: 36577857 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are emerging pollutants. Currently, research on OPEs in tree rings is still limited. In this study, tree rings of five arbor species from Sichuan Province, China, were sampled to study the occurrence and distribution of six OPEs, which were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentrations of OPEs in all samples ranged from 189.79 (Fir species) to 341.23 ng/g (Toona sinensis), with average concentration of 284.77 ± 46.66 ng/g. So, arbor could be used as good passive samplers for OPEs. The levels of OPEs among five arbor species showed no significant difference (p = 0.668 > 0.05), suggesting that the pollution status of OPEs in a region or country could be roughly assessed by any arbor tree species. In this study area, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) was the dominant OPEs followed by tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) showed relatively stable concentrations in each arbor species, while the other four OPEs including TBEP, triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and TCEP had significantly different concentrations. Interestingly, the absorption and accumulation of OPEs by tree rings of arbor species were quite different from that of inorganic elements reported by other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Hongling Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China.
| | - Yuanming Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China
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Yu Z, Zhang Y, Kong R, Xiao Y, Li B, Liu C, Yu L. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate Inhibits Early Embryonic Development by Binding to Gsk-3β Protein in Zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106588. [PMID: 37267805 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several studies have reported that exposure to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) results in abnormal development of zebrafish embryos in blastocyst and gastrula stages, but molecular mechanisms are still not clear. This lacking strongly affects the interspecific extrapolation of embryonic toxicity induced by TDCIPP and hazard evaluation. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 100, 500 or 1000 μg/L TDCIPP, and 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO, 35.62 μg/L) was used as a positive control. Results demonstrated that treatment with TDCIPP or BIO caused an abnormal stacking of blastomere cells in mid blastula transition (MBT) stage, and subsequently resulted in epiboly delay of zebrafish embryos. TDCIPP and BIO up-regulated the expression of β-catenin protein and increased its accumulation in nuclei of embryonic cells. This accumulation was considered as a driver for early embryonic developmental toxicity of TDCIPP. Furthermore, TDCIPP and BIO partly shared the same modes of action, and both of them could bind to Gsk-3β protein, and then decreased the phosphorylation level of Gsk-3β in TYR·216 site and lastly inhibited the activity of Gsk-3β kinase, which was responsible for the increased concentrations of β-catenin protein in embryonic cells and accumulation in nuclei. Our findings provide new mechanisms for clarifying the early embryonic developmental toxicity of TDCIPP in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongjie Xiao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Boqun Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Yun D, Kang D, Cho KH, Baek SS, Jeon J. Characterization of micropollutants in urban stormwater using high-resolution monitoring and machine learning. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119865. [PMID: 36934536 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban rainfall events can lead to the runoff of pollutants, including industrial, pesticide, and pharmaceutical chemicals. Transporting micropollutants (MPs) into water systems can harm both human health and aquatic species. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the dynamics of MPs during rainfall events. However, few studies have examined MPs during rainfall events due to the high analytical expenses and extensive spatiotemporal variability. Few studies have investigated the occurrence patterns of MPs and factors that influence their transport, such as rainfall duration, antecedent dry periods, and variations in streamflow. Moreover, while there have been many analyses of nutrients, suspended solids, and heavy metals during the first flush effect (FFE), studies on the transport of MPs during FFE are insufficient. This study aimed to identify the dynamics of MPs and FFE in an urban catchment, using high-resolution monitoring and machine learning methods. Hierarchical clustering analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were implemented to estimate the similarity between each MP and identify the factors influencing their transport during rainfall events. Eleven dominant MPs comprised 75% of the total MP concentration and had a 100% detection frequency. During rainfall events, pesticides and pharmaceutical MPs showed a higher FFE than industrial MPs. Moreover, the initial 30% of the runoff volume contained 78.0% of pesticide and 50.1% of pharmaceutical substances for events W1 (July 5 to July 6, 2021) and W6 (August 31 to September 1, 2021), respectively. The PLSR model suggested that stormflow (m3/s) and the duration of antecedent dry hours (h) significantly influenced MP dynamics, yielding the variable importance on projection scores greater than 1.0. Hence, our findings indicate that MPs in urban waters should be managed by considering FFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Yun
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwondaehak-ro 20, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwondaehak-ro 20, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Smart and Green Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Korea.
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10
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Prats RM, van Drooge BL, Fernández P, Grimalt JO. Passive water sampling and air-water diffusive exchange of long-range transported semi-volatile organic pollutants in high-mountain lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160509. [PMID: 36436648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of legacy and currently emitted organic pollutants were determined in the freely dissolved phase of water from six high-mountain lakes in the Pyrenees (1619-2453 m) by passive water sampling. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and silicone rubber (SR) sheets were exposed for three consecutive periods lasting each one year between 2017 and 2020 for the study of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other organochlorine compounds (e.g., hexachlorobenzene, HCB). HCB concentrations (1.0-14 pg L-1) remained essentially the same as those measured with pumping systems over two decades ago in the same area. ƩPAHs (35-920 pg L-1) were around half of those observed in the past, which agrees with reductions in European atmospheric emissions. ƩPCB concentrations (1.2-2.2 pg L-1) were substantially lower, although unexpectedly large differences could be due to comparing yearly averages from the present study to seasonally variable (i.e., affected by snowmelt, stratification, and colloidal organic matter) episodic pumping measurements from previous studies. ƩOPEs (139-2849 pg L-1) were measured for the first time in this area and were found at high concentrations in some sites. Concentrations of most compounds obtained with LDPE and SR samplers agreed with each other by ratios generally lower than three or four times, except for a few PAHs and OPEs. Diffusive exchange flux calculations between the atmospheric gas phase and the freely dissolved water phase revealed net deposition of pollutants from air to water, except for some OPEs and PCBs presenting equilibrium conditions, and HCB with volatilization fluxes. Atmospheric degradation fluxes of PAHs and OPEs pointed at competing removal mechanisms that support the air-to-water direction of their diffusive exchange, while PCBs and organochlorines were not affected by photodegradation. In their current state, these remote lakes accumulate many emerging and legacy pollutants subject to long-range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon M Prats
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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11
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He J, Ma H, Wang Z, Li H, Fan H, Lian L, Wu M, Song S, Zhang J, Huang T, Gao H, Ma J. Atmospheric deposition contributed mostly to organophosphorus flame retardant entering into the Bohai Sea, China. iScience 2022; 26:105706. [PMID: 36619969 PMCID: PMC9813716 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric emission sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in China's eastern seaboard regions cause heavy POP contamination in the Bohai Sea (BS), China. Because many rivers are emptying into the BS, terrestrial runoff has been considered a dominant pathway of POPs onto the BS. Here, we explored the contribution of atmospheric transport and terrestrial runoff to organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) to the BS by using an atmospheric transport model and a terrestrial runoff model. We examined the sensitivity and response of OPFR in the BS seawater to its atmospheric transport, deposition, and riverine discharge via terrestrial runoff. Both terrestrial runoff and atmospheric transport model simulations reveal that the atmospheric transport and deposition, including dry, wet, and diffusive gaseous deposition, dominate OPFR input into the BS. The total OPFR fluxes entering the BS via the atmospheric pathway and riverine input were 70.4 and 2.8 t/yr in 2013, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Haoyue Fan
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Lian
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Min Wu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Song
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China,Corresponding author
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China,Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
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12
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Ding GH, Wang ZY, Chen JY, Wu QQ, Zhou YN. Comprehensive assessment of the ecological risk of exposure to triphenyl phosphate in a bioindicator tadpole. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136242. [PMID: 36055589 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) to aquatic organisms in surface waters has been demonstrated; However, an understanding of toxicity profiles of TPhP in amphibians is limited. Therefore, the adverse effects and threshold concentrations of TPhP on metamorphosis, growth, locomotion, and hepatic antioxidants of Gosner stage 25 Polypedates megacephalus tadpoles under long-term (35 d) exposure to six TPhP concentrations until complete metamorphosis were assessed. Additionally, the overall effect of using integrated multiple biomarkers were determined to demonstrate the potential ecological risks of waterborne TPhP at environmentally relevant concentrations in amphibian tadpoles. With increasing TPhP concentrations, physical parameters (snout-vent length, body mass, condition factor, and hepatic somatic index), jumping distance, hepatic catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities decreased, whereas metamorphosis time and malondialdehyde content increased. The threshold concentration of TPhP that affected the tadpole biomarker, except for metamorphosis rate and jumping distance, was 50-400 μg/L. Furthermore, the standardized scores of the examined integrated biomarkers in the six TPhP concentrations were visualized using radar plots and calculated as the integrated biomarker responses (IBRs). The varying TPhP concentrations had different scores in the radar plots, and the threshold for affecting the IBR value was 10 μg/L, which was close to the TPhP concentration in surface waters. Additionally, IBR values were strongly positively correlated with the TPhP concentrations. These findings indicate that environmentally relevant exposure to waterborne TPhP can pose an ecological risk to amphibian tadpoles. This study can serve as a reference and assist in the formulation of relevant policies and strategies to control TPhP pollution in water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hua Ding
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing-Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian-Qian Wu
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Nan Zhou
- Laboratory of Amphibian Diversity Investigation, College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Kong R, Xu Q, Wang X, Zhang Y, Liu C. Exposure to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate for two generations aggravates the adverse effects on survival and growth of zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 251:106290. [PMID: 36087489 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It was reported that tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) could inhibit the growth of F0-generation fish. However, multi-generation effects of TDCIPP on survival and growth of fish remain unknown. In this study, the effects of TDCIPP on survival and growth in F1 generation zebrafish were evaluated after two-generation exposure. Results demonstrated that TDCIPP inhibited the survival and growth of F1-generation zebrafish at 96 hpf and 30 dpf. Moreover, compared with the F0 generation, two-generation exposure resulted in a greater accumulation of TDCIPP in F1 generation zebrafish, and strongly down-regulated the expression of genes related to the GH/IGF axis (gh, igf1, igf2b) and HPT axis (tshβ). Taken together, for the first time, this study revealed that exposure to TDCIPP for two generations at environmentally relevant concentrations aggravated the adverse effects on growth and survival in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Kong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiaolin Xu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiulin Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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14
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Zhu K, Sarvajayakesavalu S, Han Y, Zhang H, Gao J, Li X, Ma M. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in water sources from Northeast to Southeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119461. [PMID: 35577264 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the wide utilization of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in recent years, OPEs have been detected more frequently in the aquatic environment. However, the distribution of OPEs in drinking source water has rarely been investigated across a large region. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of 13 OPEs were investigated in 23 source water sites from Northeast to Southeast (spacing greater than 3320 km) with a direct injection ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method. Total OPEs ranged from 218.8 to 636.6 ng/L, with a mean of 380.8 ng/L. The average detected concentration of OPEs in southern cities was higher than that in northern cities. Chlorinated OPEs accounted for 64.74% of the total concentration. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tri (chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) were detected in all water samples. Rainfall is a significant factor that affects the OPE concentration (less rainfall, higher concentration). China's OPE concentrations have rapidly reached a median level when compared to those of other countries. Ecological risk assessment showed that most OPEs have no or low risk to organisms (fish, crustacea, algae), except tricresyl phosphate (TCP), which is medium risk. The risk of OPEs in less-rain regions needs to be of greater concern, especially TCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongrui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Suriyanarayanan Sarvajayakesavalu
- Vinayaka Mission Kirupananda Variyar Arts and Science College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (Deemed to Be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yingnan Han
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Junmin Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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15
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Yang H, Pu Y, Liu C, Gao L, Duan X, Liu S, Chen D, Zhong L, Li Y. Environmentally relevant concentrations of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate induce growth inhibition and oxidative stress in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113798. [PMID: 35749998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), widely applied as flame retardant into a variety of products, can be physically leached out to the aquatic environment. Measurable values of TDCIPP have been found in the environment and within biota. Many toxicological assessments have shown that TDCIPP could cause developmental toxicity and oxidative stress in fish. In this study, we focused on the effects of TDCIPP on the growth and oxidative stress of an important commercial fish species in China, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Fish larvae was exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L) of TDCIPP for 7, 14 and 28 days. Simultaneously, the transcription levels of genes associated with the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis and the antioxidative enzymes were examined. The body length and body mass of silver carp larvae decreased significantly only under exposure to 5 and 50 μg/L of TDCIPP at 14 days compared with the control group, while differences on those paraments were observed at 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L when larvae were exposed for 28 days. The observation evidenced the time- and dose- dependent growth inhibitions caused by TDCIPP on silver carp larvae. Exposure to TDCIPP also decreased the contents of GH and IGF1 in fish attended by significant down-regulation of gh and igf1. Moreover, TDCIPP up-regulated the expression of cat, sod1 and gstt followed by an increase of the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), but the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were decreased. These results suggested that growth inhibition and oxidative stress co-occurred in silver carp larvae after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP accompanied by the abnormal expression of genes which associated with the GH/IGF axis and antioxidative enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yan Pu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Xinbin Duan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Shaoping Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Liqiao Zhong
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Yun Li
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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16
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Wang L, Huang Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Chen K, Jian X, Liu J, Gao H, Zhugu R, Ma J. Mesoscale cycling of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea biotic and abiotic environment: A WRF-CMAQ modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118859. [PMID: 35063539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and industrialization in the eastern seaboard region of China enhance the widespread use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). The present study set up a coupled WRF-CMAQ-SMOKE and multi-compartment exchange modeling framework to assess the environmental fate and cycling of OPFRs and their contamination in the Bohai and Yellow Seas' marine food web. The framework predicts meteorological conditions, optimized air emissions, and concentrations of OPFRs in air, seawaters, marine sediment, and the food web. The model was implemented to simulate the temporal and spatial fluctuations of Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), the most dominant congener of OPFRs in China, in the Bohai and the Yellow Sea ecosystems on a spatial resolution of 10 km. Results revealed the effects of source proximity, atmospheric transport and deposition, and the changes in meteorology on TCPP's temporal-spatial distribution across different areas of coastal waters. The model also captures TCPP levels in commercial fish species in the Bohai Sea. The detailed temporal-spatial characteristics of TCPP with the mesoscale resolution provide useful information and a new tool for the environmental and health consequences of mariculture, urban and industrial emission mitigation in coastal regions for emerging chemicals, and fishery industry development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaijie Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Jian
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruiyu Zhugu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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17
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Yin H, Luo Y, Song J, Li S, Lin S, Xiong Y, Fang S, Tang J. Pollution characteristics and emissions of typical organophosphate esters of a wastewater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:25892-25901. [PMID: 34850344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is an important source of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the receiving rivers. In this paper, the concentration and distribution of seven OPEs in the water samples were determined, and the discharge was estimated. The results showed that the total removal rate of Σ7OPEs in water phase in WWTP was 57.2%. The average concentrations of Σ7OPEs in influent and effluent of the WWTP during rainy period were 3956.1 ± 1897.3 ng/L and 1461.9 ± 846.3 ng/L, respectively, which were about 4 times larger than those in influent water (978.2 ± 166.5 ng/L) and effluent (418.3 ± 12.0 ng/L) during non-rainy period, indicating that rainfall has a marked impact on the load of OPEs in WWTP and the receiving water. It was estimated that the average daily discharge of Σ7OPEs in the effluent of WWTP was 157.9 g, and the daily per capita contribution of the population in the area to the OPEs in the influent was 0.414 mg. During the shift of labour-intensive manufacturing from the coastal developed areas to inland regions, OPEs were widely used and produced in Southwest China. The total amount of OPEs emissions and its control should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Cheng Du, 610225, China.
| | - Yi Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Cheng Du, 610225, China
| | - Jiaojiao Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Cheng Du, 610225, China
| | - Shiping Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Cheng Du, 610225, China
| | - Shuyu Lin
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Cheng Du, 610225, China
| | - Yuanming Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Cheng Du, 610225, China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Cheng Du, 610225, China
| | - Juan Tang
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Cheng Du, 610225, China
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18
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Lian M, Lin C, Xin M, Gu X, Lu S, Wang B, Ouyang W, Liu X, He M. Organophosphate esters in surface waters of Shandong Peninsula in eastern China: Levels, profile, source, spatial distribution, and partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 297:118792. [PMID: 34998897 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate ester (OPE) levels, profiles, sources, spatial distribution, and partitioning were firstly studied in the rivers of the Shandong Peninsula. A total of 53 water samples and 45 sediment samples were collected from the rivers and the sewage treatment plant in the peninsula to quantitate levels of 13 targeted OPEs. Total OPE concentrations ranged from 263 to 6676 ng L-1 in the water, and 39.3-360 ng g-1 in the sediment. TEP, TCPP, and TCEP together contributed more than 90% of total OPE content. TCEP and TCPP concentrations in the Xiaoqing River sediment were increased by approximately two and seven times from 2014 to 2019, respectively. Total OPE concentrations generally increased from upstream regions to the estuaries. The main OPE sources were municipal effluent in the Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) watershed and chemical industrial wastewater in the Laizhou Bay (LZB) watershed. TCPP, TEP, and TCEP were generally approaching equilibrium between sediment and overlying water, while TNBP, TIBP, and TBOEP effectively transferred from the overlying water to the sediment. The riverine OPE flux was 0.66 ton/year to JZB and 3.58 ton/year to the LZB. TCPP and TCEP in municipal effluent, and TEP in chemical industrial wastewater should be regulated to protect Shandong Peninsula waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Ming Xin
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xiang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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19
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhang C, Yao Y, Wang L, Sun H. A review of organophosphate esters in soil: Implications for the potential source, transfer, and transformation mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112122. [PMID: 34563524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used around the world as flame retardants and plasticizers with a growing production in the last 15 years due to the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Multiple papers reported the occurrences of OPEs in various environmental matrices and elevated concentrations of OPEs (0.1-10,000 ng/g dry weight) were documented in different types of soils which were regarded as both the "sink" and "source" of OPEs. In this study, the source, transfer, and transformation mechanisms of OPEs are systematically reviewed from the perspective of the soil environment. The wet/dry deposition, air-soil exchange, sewage irrigation, sludge application, and indirect oxidization of organophosphate antioxidants are the possible sources of OPEs in soil. Meanwhile, the OPEs in the soil environment may also migrate into other environmental media via plant uptake, air-soil exchange, desorption, and infiltration to cause relevant ecological risk, which depends much on the chemical properties of these compounds. The trimethylphenyl phosphate (TMPP) (mixture of isomers) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), which have strong hydrophobicity, pose a higher ecological risk for the soil environment than other OPEs. Further, the hydrolysis, indirect photolysis, and biodegradation of OPEs in the soil environment may be affected by the soil pH, organic acid, dissolved metals and metal oxides, active oxygen species, and microorganisms significantly. Besides that, the human exposure risks of OPEs from the soil are limited compared to those via indoor dust and food ingestion pathways. Finally, this study identifies the knowledge gaps and generated the future perspectives of the OPEs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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20
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Zhang G, Zhang Y, Mi W, Wang Z, Lai S. Organophosphate esters in atmospheric particles and surface seawater in the western South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118255. [PMID: 34600061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seven organophosphate esters (OPEs) in atmospheric particles and surface seawater were observed during a cruise in the western South China Sea (SCS) in 2014. The median concentrations of ∑OPEs were 688 pg/m3 and 5.55 ng/L for particle and seawater samples, respectively. Total OPEs were dominated by tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). The spatial distribution of OPEs indicates that the OPEs in particle phase were mainly influenced by the air masses originating from China, Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago, showing the significant contribution of anthropogenic sources from these regions. Significant positive correlations between Tri-n-butylphosphate (TnBP) and organic carbon (P < 0.05) in particle phase over the western SCS suggests that it might be a potential tracer for the source regions of Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. The spatial distribution of OPEs in seawater was contributed by freshwater inputs associating with variations of human activities as well as salinity. Seawater pollution levels of OPEs in the eastern coast of Vietnam were increased compared to those measured in the northern SCS. The loadings of ∑OPEs transported to the vast area of western SCS vias atmospheric deposition and air-seawater gas exchange were estimated to be 59 tons/year and 105 tons/year, respectively. This work highlights the importance of transport processes and air-seawater interface behavior of OPEs in the oceanic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Zhen Wang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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21
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Yin H, Liu L, Liu Q, Song J, Fang S, Liu X. Levels and Distribution of Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Typical Megacity Wetland Park Landscape Water Bodies in Southwest China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:11-20. [PMID: 34709437 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have led to the release of organophosphate esters (OPEs) into the environment. This study aims to investigate the levels and partitioning of OPEs in surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments of landscape waters across eleven parks in the city of Chengdu, a megacity in Southwest China. The average concentration of Σ6OPEs in the SPM samples (median: 2.94 × 103 ng/L, 6.88 × 104 ng/g dry weight) was 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than that in the surface water (median: 359 ng/L) and sediment (median: 82.8 ng/g) samples. Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP) and trichloropropyl phosphate (TCIPP) were the primary OPE pollutants in the surface water and SPM samples, while TnBP, tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) predominated the sediment samples. The higher log Koc values of OPEs in park landscape water bodies estimated in the present study relative to previous studies could be explained by the environmental conditions, such as the sources of the inputs and the hydraulic retention times in these surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China.
| | - Liya Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaojiao Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, China
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22
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Li Y, Huang K, Jiang J, Xiao Y, An L, Zhang S, Kang Q, Chen R, Jia Y, Zhang X, Liu C, Hu J. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate Induces Mass Mortality of Crucian Carp ( Carassius carassius) Embryos in Taihu Lake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15980-15988. [PMID: 34813318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global fishery resources have been declining for decades, leading some fisheries to collapse. Although the decline is partly due to man-made chemical contamination, causal chemicals have been identified in only a few cases. We conducted consecutive 3-year investigations of embryonic mortality in Taihu Lake, China, including heavily contaminated northern areas, including Zhushan (ZS), Meiliang (ML), and Gonghu (GH), and the less polluted southeastern Suzhou (SZ). In 2016, 65.8% of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) embryos collected from ZS died before hatching, a substantially higher mortality rate than those observed in ML (21.7%), GH (15.2%), and SZ (2.2%). In 2017, the embryonic mortality rates were 38.8% in ZS, 1.3% in ML, 6.9% in GH, and 3.5% in SZ, and these rates strongly correlated with the concentrations of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP): 104.2, 1.8, 4.6, and 4.1 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in embryos from ZS, ML, GH, and SZ, respectively. In 2018, embryonic mortality decreased to 4.0% in ZS and 1.2% in GH, consistent with decreases in embryonic TDCIPP concentrations to 17.1 and 1.5 ng/g lw, respectively. Moreover, the TDCIPP concentrations in dead embryos (70.5-216.8 ng/g lw) were much higher than those in live embryos (1.2-10.5 ng/g lw). Embryonic mortality was also observed in well-controlled laboratory experiments in which wild crucian carp were exposed to TDCIPP at concentrations similar to those measured in embryos collected from Taihu Lake, thus confirming TDCIPP as a causal factor in mass crucian carp embryo mortality in Taihu Lake. TDCIPP thus poses a threat to the sustainability of fisheries worldwide, given the high worldwide production volume of this chemical and its embryonic lethal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Huang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jieqiong Jiang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lihui An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiyue Kang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruichao Chen
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yingting Jia
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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23
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Hong H, Zhao Y, Huang L, Zhong D, Shi D. Bone developmental toxicity of organophosphorus flame retardants TDCIPP and TPhP in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112605. [PMID: 34371453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The global phase-out has decreased the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), thereby, rapidly increasing the production and use of their important surrogates, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). Currently, OPFRs are often found at higher levels in the environments compared to PBDEs. Although the two typical OPFRs, tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), have been frequently detected in marine environments with significant concentrations, their toxicity to marine organisms remains unknown. We used Oryzias melastigma to investigate and compare their developmental toxicity in marine organisms through two-generational chronic exposure. The results showed that TDCIPP and TPhP exposure shortened the body length and length of the pectoral fin of O. melastigma. Both TDCIPP and TPhP deformed the pectoral fins in the 1st fry and caused spinal curvature in adult fish. Therefore, these two chemicals may pose potential risks to marine fish and marine ecosystems. Further studies suggested that although these two chemicals caused similar developmental bone toxicity, they had different modes of modulating the expression of bone developmental genes such as, bmp4, bmp2 and runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizheng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Yunchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Daiyin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dalin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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24
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Xiao K, Lu Z, Yang C, Zhao S, Zheng H, Gao Y, Kaluwin C, Liu Y, Cai M. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in surface seawater of the West Pacific. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 170:112691. [PMID: 34225195 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-eight samples of surface seawater were collected from the West Pacific Ocean during 2019 using a high-volume solid-phase extraction with high-throughput organic analysis (Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE) method, and concentrations of 10 organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers (OPEs) were determined. The total OPE concentration in the samples was 3.02-48.4 ng L-1 (mean 25.0 ± 10.5 ng L-1), with tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) being the largest contributor. Cluster analysis results showed off-shore input from the coast of East and Southeast Asia was an important source of these chemicals. Tri-p-tolyl phosphate (TpTP) should also be considered for long-term monitoring, because of its high detection frequency. Results of a risk assessment indicated low ecological risk to species in the West Pacific Ocean for TPhP and ΣOPEs. Hazard quotients (HQs) were all <1, indicating that the health risk to humans from these chemicals was at acceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyan Xiao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhibo Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Chalapan Kaluwin
- University of Papua New Guinea, Waigani, Port Moresby, National Capital District, NCD 134, Papua New Guinea
| | - Yanguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China.
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25
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Chen MH, Ma WL. A review on the occurrence of organophosphate flame retardants in the aquatic environment in China and implications for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147064. [PMID: 34088162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), used extensively as substitutes for polybrominated diphenyl ethers, are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. OPFR pollution in aquatic environments, the main sink of pollutants, has been studied extensively over the past decade. Here, we review the current knowledge on the consumption and applications of OPFRs, and on their ecotoxicity in aquatic environments worldwide. We also synthesize the available evidence on the occurrence of OPFRs in aquatic environments in China (wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent, surface water, sediment, aquatic biota, and drinking water). Across China, the measured concentrations of OPFRs differ by more than three orders of magnitude. Risk assessments based on these measurements indicate a low level of ecological risk from OPFRs in most aquatic environments in China, and a low risk to human health from drinking water and aquatic products. Finally, we identify gaps in the current knowledge and directions for further research on OPFRs in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hong Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin 150090, China.
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26
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Zhang Y, Yi X, Huang K, Sun Q, Kong R, Chen S, Liang C, Li M, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate Reduces Growth Hormone Expression via Binding to Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptors and Inhibits the Growth of Crucian Carp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8108-8118. [PMID: 34062063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) has commonly been used as an additive flame retardant and frequently detected in the aquatic environment and in biological samples worldwide. Recently, it was found that exposure to TDCIPP inhibited the growth of zebrafish, but the relevant molecular mechanisms remained unclear. In this study, 5 day-old crucian carp (Carassius auratus) larvae were treated with 0.5, 5, or 50 μg/L TDCIPP for 90 days; the effect on growth was evaluated; and related molecular mechanisms were explored. Results demonstrated that 5 or 50 μg/L TDCIPP treatment significantly inhibited the growth of crucian carp and downregulated the expression of growth hormones (ghs), growth hormone receptor (ghr), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1). Molecular docking, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, and in vitro experiments demonstrated that TDCIPP could bind to the growth hormone releasing hormone receptor protein of crucian carp and disturb the stimulation of growth hormone releasing hormone to the expression of ghs, resulting in the decrease of the mRNA level of gh1 and gh2 in pituitary cells. Our findings provide new perceptions into the molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity of TDCIPP in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xun'e Yi
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengqian Liang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Li
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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27
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Yin H, Liu Q, Deng X, Liu X, Fang S, Xiong Y, Song J. Organophosphate esters in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments of the Minjiang River, China. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Xiong H, Huang Y, Mao Y, Liu C, Wang J. Inhibition in growth and cardiotoxicity of tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate through down-regulating Wnt signaling pathway in early developmental stage of zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111431. [PMID: 33069947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As a common organophosphorus flame retardant, tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) is detected in water environment and aquatic animals extensively. Despite previous researches have reported the developmental toxicity of TBOEP in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae, few research focused on its underlying mechanisms. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 20, 200, 1000 and 2000 µg/L TBOEP from 2 until 120 h post-fertilization (hpf) to determine potential mechanisms of developmental toxicity of this compound. Early developmental stage parameters such as body length, survival rate, hatching rate and heart rate were decreased, while malformation rate was ascended. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was carried out at 12, 24, 72 and 120 hpf to demonstrate alterations in expression of genes of Wnt signaling pathway. The results indicated that axin1 was significantly up-regulated, while β-catenin, pkc and wnt11 were down-regulated. Correlation analysis indicated that expression of these genes was significantly correlated with body length. Furthermore, apoptosis was detected in heart region by acridine orange (AO) staining and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In addition, at 120 hpf, occurrence of oxidative stress was observed in zebrafish larvae. Moreover, 6-Bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO), an activator of Wnt pathway, was found to alleviate the inhibiting effects of TBOEP on zebrafish growth. The overall outcomes offered novel viewpoints in toxic effects of TBOEP, and down-regulating Wnt signaling pathway were able to reveal some potential mechanisms of developmental toxicity of TBOEP in zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xiong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yangyang Huang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuchao Mao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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29
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Li X, Zhao N, Fu J, Liu Y, Zhang W, Dong S, Wang P, Su X, Fu J. Organophosphate Diesters (Di-OPEs) Play a Critical Role in Understanding Global Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Fishmeal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12130-12141. [PMID: 32936633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) have recently been widely identified in aquatic ecosystems, but information on their organophosphate diester (di-OPE) metabolites is sparsely available. Herein, uniform fishmeal products were collected across the globe (the U.S., China, Europe, South America, and Southeast Asia). Sixteen representative tri-OPEs and eight di-OPEs were investigated to reveal whether industrial production, metabolism, environmental persistence, or physicochemical properties are the key factors influencing their environmental burden and distribution. Tri-OPEs and di-OPEs were 100% detected in fishmeal, with bis(2-chloroethyl) hydrogen phosphate (BCEP) and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) at discernible levels in marine fauna for the first time. Average concentration of di-OPEs (49.6 ± 27.5 ng/g dw) was of the same order of magnitude as that of tri-OPEs (59.3 ± 92.2 ng/g dw). Geographical-specific distributions of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Mean concentration ratios ranged from 0.087 for the BCEP-TCEP pair to 507 for the dimethyl phosphate (DMP)-trimethyl phosphate (TMP) pair. Only the TPhP-diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) pair presented a strong positive linear correlation (r = 0.731; p < 0.01), and DPhP was proved a degradation origin. Commercial sources had a significant overall impact on distribution patterns of the DMP-TMP and the dibutyl phosphate (DnBP) - tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) pairs, whereas biotic transformation and abiotic stability profoundly influenced the bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP)-tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), the bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP)-TCIPP, and the BCEP-TCEP pairs. Di-OPEs are critical to understand environmental behavior of tri-OPEs in marine fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nannan Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoou Su
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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30
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He J, Li J, Ma L, Wu N, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Large-scale distribution of organophosphate esters (flame retardants and plasticizers) in soil from residential area across China: Implications for current level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:133997. [PMID: 31479902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To recognize the occurrence and health risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil of residential areas, a nationwide survey was conducted covering 32 provincial-level administrative regions of China in 2018. Except for triamyl phosphate (TAP), twelve OPEs were detected in residential soil from 89 cities with a total concentration of 1.70-179 ng/g dw, indicating a relatively low contamination level of OPEs in residential soil of China (compared with point source soils and urban soils). Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most abundant OPEs, followed by tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), which suggested that TCIPP has been a replacement of TCEP in recent years. An apparent geographical distribution of higher OPEs levels in the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze Delta and Shanxi province than other regions was found. According to the division of administrative levels, the most serious OPEs pollution occurred in prefecture-level city (20.2 ng/g dw), followed by provincial capital (17.9 ng/g dw) and county town (14.1 ng/g dw), which was affected by the usage of OPEs products and behaviors of local residents. The correlation analysis results showed that environmental parameters (total organic carbon (TOC), precipitation and temperature) were not the major factors determining OPEs contamination, while socioeconomic parameters were significantly correlated with OPEs concentration in undeveloped regions/cities with rare industrial source. Although the health risk assessment suggested a negligible risk to local residents (5.92 × 10-7-1.75 × 10-6 for non-carcinogenic risk and 4.82 × 10-12-2.10 × 10-11 for carcinogenic risk), the production and usage of TCIPP and TCEP should be paid more attention due to their relatively high risks. Our study was attempted to provide a nationwide baseline concentration of OPEs in soil of residential areas, which could be used to support further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Luyao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Nan Wu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Zhang Z, Shao H, Wu M, Zhang J, Li D, Li J, Wang H, Shi W, Xu G. Occurrence, Distribution, and Potential Sources of Organophosphate Esters in Urban and Rural Surface Water in Shanghai, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 77:115-126. [PMID: 31134307 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence and distribution patterns of eight organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in urban and rural surface water in a typical cosmopolitan city: Shanghai, China. In addition, concentration levels and removal efficiencies of seven sewage treatment plants were analyzed. The OPEs concentrations detected in urban rivers were significantly higher than those detected in rural rivers. Total OPEs ranged from 185.4 to 321 ng L-1 in rural surface water and from 340 to 1688.7 ng L-1 in urban, with an average of 221.8 ng L-1 and 850.2 ng L-1, respectively. Compared with other studies published in the world, the OPEs contamination in surface river water in Shanghai was at a moderate level. Furthermore, the potential sources of OPEs in urban surface water were investigated, and the results indicated that OPEs in urban surface water mainly came from three potential sources. In rural surface water, the OPE concentrations were uniformly distributed, so OPEs in rural surface water may came from nonpoint source pollution. Last, a preliminary environmental risk assessment and health risk assessment were conducted. The results showed low environmental risks at all sampling sites (except for sampling point R7: medium risk for algae) for the three aquatic organisms (algae, daphnia, and fish). Health risk assessment indicated a noncarcinogenic risk for diverse human groups for ƩOPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyong Zhang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Shao
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghong Wu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyun Zhang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Shi
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Liu Q, Tang X, Wang Y, Yang Y, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang X. ROS changes are responsible for tributyl phosphate (TBP)-induced toxicity in the alga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 208:168-178. [PMID: 30677712 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a newly emerging environmental contaminant, tributyl phosphate (TBP) is an additive flame retardant of high production volume that is frequently detected in biota and the environment. Despite evidence that TBP is a potential threat to marine organisms, ecotoxicology data for TBP in marine organisms at low trophic levels are scarce. In this study, the acute toxicological effect of TBP on the marine phytoplankton Phaeodactylum tricornutum was thoroughly investigated, and the possible mechanism was explored. The results showed that TBP at concentrations ≥0.2 mg L-1 significantly inhibited P. tricornutum growth in a clear dose-response manner, with 72-h EC10, EC20, EC50 and EC90 values of 0.067, 0.101, 0.219 and 0.716 mg L-1, respectively. Algal cells treated with TBP exhibited distorted shapes, ruptured cell membranes and damaged organelles, especially mitochondria. Additionally, apoptosis was triggered, followed by a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating that cellular damage occurred during exposure. Although the activities of two antioxidant enzymes, superoxide peroxidase and catalase, were upregulated by TBP at 1.2 mg L-1, excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde still accumulated in algal cells after exposure, suggesting that the cells experienced oxidative stress. Moreover, both growth inhibition and apoptosis were positively correlated with ROS levels and were ameliorated by pretreatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Taken together, the results indicate that TBP exposure leads to growth inhibition and cellular damage in P. tricornutum, and a ROS-mediated pathway might contribute to these observed toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Yunchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Polyakova OV, Artaev VB, Lebedev АT. Priority and emerging pollutants in the Moscow rain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:1126-1134. [PMID: 30248837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air quality is a worldwide problem. Nowadays, thousands of chemicals may be found in the atmosphere from biogenic and anthropogenic sources due to numerous atmospheric reactions. Unfortunately, throughout the world only a small group of organic compounds is monitored on a regular basis. Therefore, an important environmental task involves discovering the most important pollutants for particular cities and regions for regular monitoring in the future. Direct measurements of contaminants in the atmosphere are not always efficient as air represents an extremely dynamic medium. Thus indirect analysis by using precipitations becomes a more popular method of environmental analysis. Over 700 organic compounds belonging to the various classes of chemicals were identified in the Moscow rainwater samples collected in the spring of 2017 using GC/MS instruments including the most analytically powerful modern technique - GC × GC-HRMS. Here we report the nature and levels of 160 priority pollutants and emerging contaminants belonging to the most relevant classes from the environmental point of view: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, organophosphates, dialkylphthalates, phenols, and alkylpyridines. This is the first work dealing with GC-MS analysis of the rainwater in Moscow (Russia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Polyakova
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Organic Chemistry Department, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Аlbert T Lebedev
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Organic Chemistry Department, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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34
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Okeme JO, Rodgers TFM, Jantunen LM, Diamond ML. Examining the Gas-Particle Partitioning of Organophosphate Esters: How Reliable Are Air Measurements? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13834-13844. [PMID: 30362729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in air have been found to be captured entirely on filters of typical active air samplers and thus designated as being in the particle phase. However, this particle fraction is unexpected, especially for more volatile tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP). We evaluated gas-particle partitioning in indoor and outdoor air for OPEs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using single-parameter models (Junge-Pankow, Harner-Bidleman) and poly-parameter linear free energy relationship (pp-LFER) models. We also used the pp-LFER to estimate filter-air partitioning in active air samplers. We found that all gas-particle partitioning models predicted that TCEP and TCIPP should be in the gas phase, contrary to measurements. The pp-LFER better accounted for OPE measurements than the single-parameter models, except for TCEP and TCIPP. Gas-particle partitioning of PBDEs was reasonably explained by all models. The pp-LFER for filter-air partitioning showed that gas-phase sorption to glass and especially quartz fiber filters used for active air samplers could account for up to 100% of filter capture and explain the high particle fractions reported for TCIPP, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate TDCIPP, and triphenyl phosphate TPhP, but not TCEP. The misclassification of gas-particle partitioning can result in erroneous estimates of the fraction of chemical subject to gas-phase reactions and atmospheric scavenging and, hence, atmospheric long-range transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Okeme
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail Toronto , ON M1C 1A4 , Canada
| | - Timothy F M Rodgers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3E5 , Canada
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , 6248 Eighth Line Egbert , ON L0L 1N0 , Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , 22 Russell Street , Toronto , ON M5S 3B1 , Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail Toronto , ON M1C 1A4 , Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3E5 , Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Toronto , 22 Russell Street , Toronto , ON M5S 3B1 , Canada
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35
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Zeng X, Sun H, Huang Y, Liu J, Yu L, Liu C, Wang J. Effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate on growth and transcription of genes involved in the GH/IGF and HPT axes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:376-384. [PMID: 30149310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), as one of the most widely used organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), is applied in nearly all manufactured items and materials. It has been reported that TBOEP could cause developmental impairments and disrupt the endocrine regulation of fish growth during acute toxic experiments. However, concentrations to which fish were exposed in these studies were greater than environmentally relevant concentrations ever reported. This study examined effects on growth associated with exposure of zebrafish to 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 μg/L TBOEP during 20-90 days post fertilization (dpf). The changes in growth indicators and bioaccumulation of TBOEP were examined along with the transcription of related genes in the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. The average body contents of TBOEP were higher in females than in males in all the exposure groups. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TBOEP significantly decreased body length and body mass and down-regulated expression of several genes involved in the GH/IGF and HPT axes. Exposure to TBOEP decreased plasma thyroxine (T4) content accompanied by decreased mRNA level of thyrotropin β-subunit (tshβ) in females at 60 dpf, but no effects were observed at 90 dpf. These results suggested that bioaccumulation of TBOEP and down-regulation of genes involved in the GH/IGF axis might be responsible for the observed growth inhibition in zebrafish exposed to TBOEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zeng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yangyang Huang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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36
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Liu J, Wu L, Kümmel S, Yao J, Schaefer T, Herrmann H, Richnow HH. Carbon and hydrogen stable isotope analysis for characterizing the chemical degradation of tributyl phosphate. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:133-142. [PMID: 30144674 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tributyl phosphate (TBP) belongs to the group of trialkyl substituted organophosphate esters. Its chemical reactivity depends on the stability of various chemical bonds. TBP was used as a model compound for the development of a concept using stable isotope fractionation associated with bond cleavage reactions for better understanding the fate of TBP in the environment. Carbon isotope enrichment factors (εC) of TBP hydrolysis were found to be pH dependent (-3.8 ± 0.3‰ at pH 2, -4.6 ± 0.5‰ at pH 7, -2.8 ± 0.1‰ at pH 9, no isotope fractionation at pH 12), which is in accordance with the mode of a SN2 hydrolytic bond cleavage. Hydrogen isotope fractionation was negligible as no H bond cleavage is involved during hydrolysis. The apparent carbon kinetic isotope effect (AKIEC) ranged from 1.045 to 1.058. In contrast to hydrolysis, both carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation were observed during radical oxidation of TBP by OH and SO4-, yielding εC from -0.9 ± 0.1‰ to -0.5 ± 0.1‰ and εH from -20 ± 2‰ to -11 ± 1‰. AKIEC and AKIEH varied from 1.007 to 1.011 and from 1.594 to 2.174, respectively. The correlation of 2H and 13C isotope fractionation revealed Λ values ranging from 17 ± 1 to 25 ± 6. Results demonstrated that the correlation of 2H and 13C isotope fractionation of TBP allowed to identify radical reactions and to distinguish them from hydrolysis. The presented dual isotope analysis approach has diagnostic value for characterizing the chemical transformation of TBP in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road No.30, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China; Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Langping Wu
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road No.29, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße15, Leipzig 04318, Germany; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road No.29, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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37
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Rodgers TFM, Truong JW, Jantunen LM, Helm PA, Diamond ML. Organophosphate Ester Transport, Fate, and Emissions in Toronto, Canada, Estimated Using an Updated Multimedia Urban Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12465-12474. [PMID: 30231207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), used as flame retardants and plasticizers, occur at relatively high concentrations in urban air and surface waters. We tested the hypothesis that some OPEs could be considered persistent and mobile organic compounds (PMOCs), using the poly parameter linear free energy relationship-modified Multimedia Urban Model (ppLFER-MUM) in Toronto, Canada, as a case study. Modeled air emissions of ∑6OPEs of 3300 (190-190 000) kg yr-1 were 10-100 times higher than emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls (∑5PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (∑5PBDEs). Model results suggested that measured ∑6OPE stream concentrations of ∼2000 ng L-1 originate from emissions to urban air transferred to water mostly via precipitation. Water transport removed 7-28% of total air inputs compared to 0.1-10% for PCBs and 2-10% for PBDEs. Chlorinated OPEs were efficiently transported via surface water due to their persistence and high solubility. Loadings of ∑6OPEs to Lake Ontario from wastewater treatment plants, streams, and atmospheric deposition were 70%, 18%, and 13%, respectively, of ∑6OPE loadings of 3100 (1200-45 000) kg yr-1. Our results support the hypothesis that three chlorinated OPEs, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate phosphate (TCEP), tris(chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCiPP), and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl)phosphate (TDCiPP), fit the profile of PMOCs due to their mobility and persistence in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F M Rodgers
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada M5S 3E5
| | - Jimmy W Truong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada M5S 3E5
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Egbert , Canada L0L 1N0
| | - Paul A Helm
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch , Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change , Toronto , Canada M9P 3 V6
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada M5S 3E5
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38
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Wang X, Zhu L, Zhong W, Yang L. Partition and source identification of organophosphate esters in the water and sediment of Taihu Lake, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:43-50. [PMID: 30077037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China, and has been heavily polluted by surrounding industrial activities. This study aimed to investigate the sources of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in Taihu Lake, and their partitioning behaviors between sediment and water. The total concentrations of the eleven target OPEs (∑OPEs) in the water and sediment of Taihu Lake were 166-1530 ng/L and 2.82-47.5 ng/g dw, respectively. The ∑OPEs in both water and sediment generally decreased from northwest to southeast. Extremely high level of ∑OPEs (1410-15,300 ng/L) was found in the flow-in rivers passing through the OPE manufacturing regions in Yixing. In both water and sediment, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tris(chloroethyl) phosphate were the predominant OPEs. The sediment-water partitioning coefficients, log Koc, of OPEs were calculated based on paired sediment and water samples, and they displayed strong correlation with their log Kow (octanol-water), suggesting that their partition was dominated by hydrophobic interaction. Principle component analysis indicated that OPE manufacturing in Yixing was an important point source of OPEs, especially of TCIPP in Taihu Lake. Many OPE-related industries, such as electronic, textile, machine and plastic industries around Taihu Lake also made contributions to OPEs in the Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
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Liu Y, Song N, Guo R, Xu H, Zhang Q, Han Z, Feng M, Li D, Zhang S, Chen J. Occurrence and partitioning behavior of organophosphate esters in surface water and sediment of a shallow Chinese freshwater lake (Taihu Lake): Implication for eco-toxicity risk. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:255-263. [PMID: 29571146 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, which have been considered or suspected as carcinogens and neurotoxicants. In this study, the occurrence, spatial distribution, potential sources, partitioning character and potential risks of OPEs in the surface water and sediment collected from Taihu Lake were investigated. The concentrations of ∑12 OPEs varied from 1.0 × 102 to 1.7 × 103 ng/L for the surface water and from 8.1 to 4.2 × 102 ng/g dw for the sediment. Trimethyl phosphate (TEP) was the predominant congener in the surface water, while Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) in the sediment. Positive correlations between OPEs indicated that they may have the same sources and/or similar environmental behavior. The pseudo-partitioning values of OPEs ranged from 0.59 to 6.5 × 104 L/kg. TEHP has the highest pseudo-partitioning coefficient, which indicated that TEHP inclined to be enriched in the sediment in Taihu Lake. Risk assessment (RQ) showed that individual OPEs in the surface water and sediment posed no/low risk to aquatic organisms, except 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) (moderate risk) in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ninghui Song
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huaizhou Xu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhihua Han
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Mengjuan Feng
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Wu H, Zhong M, Lu Z, Shan X, Li F, Ji C, Cong M. Biological effects of tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) on immunity in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 61:102-106. [PMID: 29879610 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are increasingly produced and used as alternatives of brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) and have become emerging marine environmental contaminants. So far, however, little is known regarding the biological effects of OPFRs in marine organisms. In this study, the biological effects of one of the most abundant OPFRs, tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), on the immunity in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis were characterized by testing the reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, antioxidant system and immunity related gene expressions. Results indicated that both TCPP exposures (10 and 100 nmol L-1) significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced reactive oxygen species production and the high dose of TCPP induced more apoptosis and oxidative stress in mussel hemocytes. TCPP also induced an obvious hormesis phenomenon (low dose inhibition and high dose stimulation) in mussel hemocytes, as indicated by the gene expression profiles of caspase 8 and mytimacin. The down-regulated gene expression levels of lysozymes suggested that both TCPP exposures inhibited the innate immunity in mussel M. galloprovincialis. The significantly (p < 0.01) increased gene expression levels of TLR, galectin, PGRP and LITAF demonstrated that TCPP induced dose-dependent immune stress in mussels. Overall, this work suggested that TCPP could influence the immune system in marine mussel M. galloprovincialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Mingyu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Shan
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Ming Cong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
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Kim UJ, Kannan K. Occurrence and Distribution of Organophosphate Flame Retardants/Plasticizers in Surface Waters, Tap Water, and Rainwater: Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5625-5633. [PMID: 29659254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and profiles of 14 triester organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and plasticizers were investigated in surface water, tap water, rainwater, and seawater collected from New York State. In total, 150 samples collected from rivers ( n = 35), lakes ( n = 39), tap water ( n = 58), precipitation/rainwater ( n = 15), and seawater ( n = 3) were analyzed for 14 organophosphate esters (OPEs). An additional nine Hudson River water samples were collected periodically to delineate seasonal trends in OPE levels. The total concentrations of OPEs were found at part-per-trillion ranges, with average concentrations that ranged from 0.01 ng/L for tripropyl phosphate (TPP) in river water to 689 ng/L for tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP) in lake water. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCIPP) was the most abundant compound among the investigated OPEs in all types of water. The concentrations of OPEs in river-, lake-, and rainwater were similar but >3 times higher than those found in tap water. Chlorinated alkyl OPFRs accounted for a major proportion of total concentrations. TCIPP, TBOEP, and triethyl phosphate (TEP) were found in >90% of the samples analyzed. Wet deposition fluxes for 14 OPFRs were estimated, on the basis of the concentrations measured in rainwater in Albany, New York, and the values were between 440 and 5250 ng/m2. Among several surface water bodies analyzed, samples from the Hudson River and Onondaga Lake contained elevated concentrations of OPEs. Estimated daily intake of OPEs via the ingestion of drinking water was up to 9.65 ng/kg body weight/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Wadsworth Center , New York State Department of Health , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 , Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center , New York State Department of Health , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 , Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Albany , New York 12222 , United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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Chen M, Liu Y, Guo R, Xu H, Song N, Han Z, Chen N, Zhang S, Chen J. Spatiotemporal distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in sediment from Taihu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13787-13795. [PMID: 29508199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of 12 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in the sediments collected from Taihu Lake. Compared to the same lake in 2012 (3.4-14 ng/g dw), the concentrations of ∑12 OPEs in sediments ranged from 10.76 to 335.37 ng/g dw and from 8.06 to 425.39 ng/g dw in 2015 and in 2016, respectively, indicating that the OPEs levels in Taihu Lake have aggravated, recently. TEHP was the most abundant compound of the OPEs, which suggested that TEHP was the most widely used around Taihu Lake recently. The positive correlations between some of individual OPEs and the principal components analysis suggested the same potential sources for them. The strong positive correlation between ∑BPs and TOC content indicated that TOC content was one of the factors affected the distribution of ∑OPEs in the sediment. Risk quotient (RQ) for OPEs showed no high eco-toxicity risk in sediment for aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Chen
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Huaizhou Xu
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Ninghui Song
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Zhihua Han
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Nannan Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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He MJ, Yang T, Yang ZH, Zhou H, Wei SQ. Current State, Distribution, and Sources of Phthalate Esters and Organophosphate Esters in Soils of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:502-513. [PMID: 29058061 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were identified and quantified in surface soils from farmland and riparian areas of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), western China. Generally, the mean values of PAEs and OPEs were 618 and 266 ng/g dry weight (dw) in farmland soil and 560 and 499 ng/g dw in riparian soil, respectively. The occurrence of OPEs should be regarded as a risk factor in the TGR region. Analogous spatial distribution patterns for PAEs were observed with higher concentrations observed at site WZ in both types of soil, which might relate to the anthropogenic activities. The hydrodynamic conditions might be important factors contributing to the slightly different spatial distribution of OPEs. The concentrations of OPEs in riparian soil exceed those in farmland soil at all sampling sites, which could partly be ascribed to the complete operation of the TGR. Dibutyl phthalate (DnBP) was the most dominated PAEs congener in both types of soil. Of particular note is the elevated contribution of tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP), followed by 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), accounting for more than 90% of the total OPEs, and the shipping or/and the local human activity might be considered as the major contributor. The slight differences in PAEs composition of principal components might largely attribute to the variety of emission sources in two types of soil. The different cluster patterns between two types of soil indicated that the anthropogenic activities as well as the full operation of TGR, may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jing He
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Ting Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, 400716, China
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G, Covaci A. Concentration and spatial distribution of organophosphate esters in the soil-sediment profile of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Implication for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:502-512. [PMID: 28923753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that soil and sediments, which act as a sink or potential source of organic pollutants, have been polluted with organophosphate esters (OPEs) around the globe, extremely constrained data is accessible on environmental concentration and fate of OPEs in solid matrices in whole of the South Asia particularly if there should be an occurrence in Nepal. In this study, surface soil (N=19) and sediments samples (N=20) were analyzed for eight different OPE in Kathmandu Valley during October 2014. The concentration of ∑8OPE measured in sediments samples was 12 times higher than soil and ranged 983-7460ng/g dw (median 2210ng/g dw) and 65-27,500ng/g dw (186ng/g dw), respectively. TMPP was most abundant in soil followed by TCIPP, TEHP and EHDPHP and ranged 17-25,300ng/g dw (41.3ng/g dw), 11.2-911ng/g dw (31.7ng/g dw), 8.52-858ng/g dw (26.1ng/g dw) and 10.2-114ng/g dw (25.6ng/g dw), respectively. TEHP was most prevalent in sediments followed by TMPP and EHDPHP and were in the range of 657-3020ng/g dw (median 1140ng/g dw), 267-2630ng/g dw (median 815g/g dw), 34-418ng/g (median 131ng/g dw), respectively. The sources of the high level of OPEs in soil was related to the end point use of consumer materials, traffic emission, and close proximity to commercial and industrial areas; while domestic sewage discharges and effluents from carpet industry were identified as the possible entry of OPE in sediments. Total organic carbon (TOC) and black carbon (BC) content in soil were moderately and positively correlated with ∑8OPE indicating more or less influence of soil organic carbon. The health risk assessment suggested dermal absorption of OPEs via soil is the primary pathway of human exposure to the general population. The significantly high-risk quotient (RQ) estimated for ∑8OPEs especially TMPP and TPHP suggested significant potential adverse risk for aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Yuan S, Li H, Dang Y, Liu C. Effects of triphenyl phosphate on growth, reproduction and transcription of genes of Daphnia magna. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 195:58-66. [PMID: 29287174 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The additive flame retardant triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) has been frequently detected in environments and biota. Evidences indicate that TPHP has potential risks to aquatic organisms. Seldom has been reported about its chronic effects to aquatic organism at low trophic levels, such as Cladocera. In the present study, <12 h old Daphnia magna (D. magna) were exposed to 0, 5, 50 or 500 μg/L TPHP for 21 days to investigate the chronic effects of TPHP on body length, fecundity and survival. Meanwhile, D. magna PCR arrays were used to evaluate the transcriptional responses of 155 genes involved in 40 pathways. Exposure to 500 μg/L TPHP for 21 days significantly decreased the body lengths of both F0 and F1 generation and inhibited the fecundity of F0 generation. Results of RT-qPCR showed that the expressions of 76 genes involved in 15 pathways were significantly altered after exposure to 500 μg/L TPHP for 21 days. The significantly altered pathways related to genetic information processing, cellular process and metabolism might be responsible for the observed effects of TPHP. Overall, our results showed that chronic exposure to TPHP caused developmental and reproductive toxicities to D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Han Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yao Dang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde 415000, China.
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46
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Cai C, Zhang P, Deng J, Zhou H, Cheng J. Ultrasensitive determination of highly polar trimethyl phosphate in environmental water by molecularly imprinted polymeric fiber headspace solid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1104-1111. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Cai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; Institute of Environmental Chemistry; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, School of Environmental Studies; China University of Geosciences; Wuhan China
| | - Jiali Deng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; Institute of Environmental Chemistry; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
| | - Hongbin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; Institute of Environmental Chemistry; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; Institute of Environmental Chemistry; College of Chemistry; Central China Normal University; Wuhan China
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Organophosphate ester flame retardants in Nepalese soil: Spatial distribution, source apportionment and air-soil exchange assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:114-123. [PMID: 28985534 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite soil being the major terrestrial environmental reservoir and one of the significant sinks for many hydrophobic organic compounds including organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs), limited information is available about concentration and fate of OPFRs contamination in urban soil in general and especially in case of Nepal. This study investigates the environmental concentration, spatial distribution and source apportionment of eight OPFRs in surface soil (n = 28) from four major cities of Nepal with special interest on air-soil exchange. Overall, significantly high concentrations of ∑8OPFR were measured in soil ranging from 25-27,900 ng/g dw (median 248 ng/g dw). In terms of compositional pattern, tris(methyl phenyl) phosphate (TMPP) was the most abundant phosphorus chemical in soil, followed by tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and accounted for 35-49% and 8-25% of ∑8OPFRs, respectively. The high level of these OPFRs was attributed to local sources as opposed to transboundary influence from remote areas. A Spearman's rank correlation analysis exhibited weak correlation of ∑8OPFRs with TOC (Rho = 0.117, p < 0.05) and BC (Rho = 0.007, p < 0.05), suggesting little or no influence of TOC and BC on the concentration of ∑8OPFRs. The fugacity fraction (ff) results indicated a strong influence of soil contamination on atmospheric level of OPFRs via volatilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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He H, Gao Z, Zhu D, Guo J, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L, Sun C. Assessing bioaccessibility and bioavailability of chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants in sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:239-246. [PMID: 28942249 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in sediments has been well documented, but the study about their bioavailability remains lacking. This study investigated the applicability of solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber and Tenax extraction to predict the bioavailability of two chlorinated OPFRs: tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tri(1,3-dichloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate, in sediments. Our results showed that both SPME fiber and Tenax extracted concentrations correlated significantly with the measured concentrations in the aquatic worm (Lumbriculus variegatus). We also measured the Tenax extracted concentrations at 6 and 24 h, and a strong linear relationship between these two time durations was found. In addition, the 6-h Tenax extracted concentrations also significantly correlated with the SPME fiber extracted concentrations, and the Tenax extracted concentrations were much higher than the SPME fiber extracted concentrations. These results demonstrate the efficiency of SPME and Tenax extraction methods to predict the bioavailability of chlorinated OPFRs in sediments, and it was found that the Tenax extraction is more promising than the SPME extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhanqi Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Environment Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Donglin Zhu
- Jiangsu Engineering Consulting Center, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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49
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Isomers of tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) in technical mixtures and environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6989-6997. [PMID: 29147747 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) is an environmentally abundant organophosphate ester (OPE). TCPP is comprised of four isomers with seven possible structures, eight CAS numbers, and even more common names. A review of 54 studies reporting one or more TCPP isomers confirmed that the most abundant and most often reported TCPP isomer was tris(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate, also known as tris(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCiPP, referred to hereafter as TCPP1). Full-scan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the other three isomers numbered here according to their elution order on a non-polar GC column (DB-5): bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) (2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP2), bis(2-chloropropyl)(2-chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP3), and tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP4). GC with a flame ionization detector (FID) was used to identify the relative abundances of the isomers in commercially available standards with unknown isomer composition. In technical TCPP, TCPP1-4 isomers averaged 71 ± 1, 26 ± 0.4, 3 ± 0.5, and 0.1 ± 0.02%, respectively. When these percent masses are incorporated into GC-MS quantification, response factors (RFs) for TCPP1 and TCPP2 are significantly different from TCPP3 and TCPP4, indicating that the multiple RF approach is more accurate than the commonly employed single RF method. Samples from urban streams and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent from Toronto, Canada, had isomeric ratios of TCPP1/2 that were not significantly different from a technical mixture whereas rain had a significantly different ratio indicating enrichment in the more volatile TCPP1 isomer. Reporting TCPP isomers can provide insight into sources, transport, and fate of TCPP in the environment. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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50
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Li F, Wang L, Ji C, Wu H, Zhao J, Tang J. Toxicological effects of tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate in human hepatic cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:88-96. [PMID: 28841435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used as flame retardants which are ubiquitous in various environment media. As many of OPFRs are toxic and persistent, concerns have been raised in regards to their environmental impact. In this study, the toxicological effects of tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) in human L02 cells was investigated by cell proliferation and apoptosis, oxidative stress, metabolomic and proteomic responses as well as gene expressions related to apoptosis. Results showed that TCPP did not significantly affect the L02 cell apoptosis, however, a significant increase of ROS production was observed in L02 cells with TCPP treatment compared with that in control group (p < 0.05). The expression levels of Bcl-2 family-encoding genes (Bax, Hrk and Bax/Bcl-2) were up-regulated significantly in 10-4 M group (p < 0.05). Metabolomic and proteomic responses indicated that TCPP mainly caused disturbance in cell growth/division and gene expression, energy and material metabolism, signal transduction, defense and cytoskeleton, which was further confirmed by the western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Departments of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yuhuangdingdong Road 20, Yantai, Shandong, 264000, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Yantai, 264003, PR China
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