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Zhang D, Yang S, Yang C, Chen Y, Hu R, Xie Y, Wang Y, Wang W. New insights into the interaction between dissolved organic matter and different types of antibiotics, oxytetracycline and sulfadiazine: Multi-spectroscopic methods and density functional theory calculations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153258. [PMID: 35065110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is composed of numerous fluorescent components. It is an indispensable parameter to affect the environmental fate of antibiotics in various ways. To assess the migration of antibiotics in environment compartments, it is crucial to understand the binding mechanism between DOM and antibiotics. How a particular component in DOM interacts with coexistence antibiotics is not still fully understood. Therefore, in the present study, interactions of two antibiotics oxytetracycline (OTC) and sulfadiazine (SD) with humic acid (HA) and L-tryptophan (L-Trp) which were representative DOM components, were investigated by multispectral techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The fluorescence quenching mechanism was static quenching. In the binding process, the quenching ability of OTC was stronger than that of SD in HA, which was the same as in L-Trp. DFT calculations were applied to confirm a stronger interaction between OTC and HA or L-Trp than SD. Meanwhile, analyzing the binding sequence by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS), a humic-like substance bound antibiotics was earlier than a protein-like substance. In HA system, the combination of two antibiotics had a synergistic effect on HA quenching. In L-Trp system, the quenching relationship between the two antibiotics and L-Trp was antagonistic. The FTIR spectra showed that hydroxyl and amide were involved in the binding process of individual DOM components with OTC and SD. The work will help to further understand the behavior of coexistence antibiotics in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Shengke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Ruixin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yali Xie
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Wenke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
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2
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Li J, Sabourin L, Renaud J, Halloran S, Singh A, Sumarah M, Dagnew M, Ray MB. Simultaneous quantification of five pharmaceuticals and personal care products in biosolids and their fate in thermo-alkaline treatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 278:111404. [PMID: 33129079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in biosolids applied to farmland is of concern due to their potential accumulation in the environment and the subsequent effects on humans. Thermo-alkaline hydrolysis (TAH) is a method used for greater stabilization of biosolids after anaerobic digestion. In this work, the effect of TAH on five selected PPCPs including fluoroquinolone antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (CIP), and ofloxacin (OFLX), and three commonly used antimicrobial agents, miconazole (MIC), triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) was evaluated. At the onset, extraction and analytical methods were optimized for maximum simultaneous recovery and LC-MS quantification of the target PPCPs from both water and biosolids for improved accuracy. The compounds were detected in the range of 54 ± 3 to 6166 ± 532 ng/g in raw biosoilds collected from a local WWTP. Next, batch control adsorption experiments of the selected PPCPs were conducted in various sludges, which indicated about 89%-98% sorption of the PPCPs onto solid phase due to their high octanol-water coefficients. Subsequently, thermo-alkaline (pH 9.5, 75 °C, 45 min) hydrolysis (TAH) was conducted to determine the extent of degradation of these compounds in deionized (DI) water and biosolids due to treatment. The degradation of these compounds due to TAH ranged from 42% to 99% and 37%-41% in pure water and biosolids, respectively, potentially lowering their risk in the environment due to land application. A list of compounds for which the optimized analytical method potentially can be used for detection and quantification in environmental samples is provided in the supporting document.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Lyne Sabourin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre (AAFC-LRDC), London, ON, N5V4T3, Canada
| | - Justin Renaud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre (AAFC-LRDC), London, ON, N5V4T3, Canada
| | | | - Ajay Singh
- Lystek International Inc., Cambridge, ON, N3H 4R7, Canada
| | - Mark Sumarah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre (AAFC-LRDC), London, ON, N5V4T3, Canada.
| | - Martha Dagnew
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B9, Canada.
| | - Madhumita B Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B9, Canada.
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3
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Inam EJ, Nwoke IB, Udosen ED, Offiong NAO. Ecological risks of phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds in an urban tropical river. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:21589-21597. [PMID: 31127511 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of emerging organic contaminants in drinking water sources in Africa is a subject with very scanty data and information. In order to fill knowledge gaps, we report here the distribution and potential ecological risks of three phenolic compounds (bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (NP), and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP)), which have been previously identified to have the potential of endocrine disrupting activity, in surface water and sediment of the New Calabar River. The compounds were quantified using GC-MS. At all sampling sites, a similar concentration pattern of BPA > NP > OP was recorded, with the exception of Choba sampling station in which the levels of these endocrine disrupting compounds were low or undetectable. The levels of BPA in surface water ranged from 1.20 to 63.64 μg/L, whereas those of NP and OP ranged from < 0.20 to 2.15 μg/L and from < 0.10 to 0.68 μg/L, respectively. For sediments, measured levels were from 1.20 to 66.57 μg/kg for BPA, from < 0.35 to 3.37 μg/kg for NP, and from < 0.13 to 0.90 μg/kg for OP. Risk quotients (RQs) assessed for some sensitive organisms (algae, Daphnia magna, and fish) were above 1 for BPA and NP, whereas RQs for OP were below 1. This implies that BPA and NP at the levels detected could have potential risks to the sensitive organisms considered, but low risk for OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edu J Inam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (CEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
| | - Ima B Nwoke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | | | - Nnanake-Abasi O Offiong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (CEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
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Preliminary Review of Sources, Fate, Analytical Challenges and Regulatory Status of Emerging Organic Contaminants in Aquatic Environments in Selected African Countries. CHEMISTRY AFRICA-A JOURNAL OF THE TUNISIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-019-00079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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5
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Development and validation of an analytical procedure for quantitation of surfactants in dishwashing detergents using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 194:778-785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Zhang Z, Zeng K, Liu J. Immunochemical detection of emerging organic contaminants in environmental waters. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Arikan OA, Mulbry W, Rice C. The effect of composting on the persistence of four ionophores in dairy manure and poultry litter. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 54:110-117. [PMID: 27189139 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Manure composting is a well-described approach for stabilization of nutrients and reduction of pathogens and odors. Although composting studies have shown that thermophilic temperatures and aerobic conditions can increase removal rates of selected antibiotics, comparable information is lacking for many other compounds in untreated or composted manure. The objective of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of composting conditions to reduce concentrations of four widely used ionophore feed supplements in dairy manure and poultry litter. Replicate aliquots of fresh poultry litter and dairy manure were amended with monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, or amprolium to 10mgkg(-1)DW. Non-amended and amended dairy manure and poultry litter aliquots were incubated at 22, 45, 55, or 65°C under moist, aerobic conditions. Residue concentrations were determined from aliquots removed after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12weeks. Results suggest that the effectiveness of composting for contaminant reduction is compound and matrix specific. Composting temperatures were not any more effective than ambient temperature in increasing the rate or extent of monensin removal in either poultry litter or dairy manure. Composting was effective for lasalocid removal in poultry litter, but is likely to be too slow to be useful in practice (8-12weeks at 65°C for >90% residue removal). Composting was effective for amprolium removal from poultry litter and salinomycin in dairy manure but both required 4-6weeks for >90% removal. However, composting did not increase the removal rates or salinomycin in poultry litter or the removal rates of lasalocid or amprolium in dairy manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman A Arikan
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Istanbul Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul 34469, Turkey.
| | - Walter Mulbry
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Clifford Rice
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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8
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Sun J, Luo Q, Wang D, Wang Z. Occurrences of pharmaceuticals in drinking water sources of major river watersheds, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 117:132-140. [PMID: 25847753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in drinking water sources (DWSs) have raised significant concerns for their persistent input and potential human health risks. Currently, little is known about the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in DWSs in China. In this study, a survey for multi-class pharmaceuticals in DWSs of five major river watersheds in China was conducted from 2012 to 2013. Samples were collected from 25 sampling sites in rivers and reservoirs. 135 pharmaceuticals were analyzed using solid-phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that a total of 70 pharmaceuticals were present in the samples, and the most frequently detected ones included sulfonamides, macrolides, antiepileptic drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, and β-blockers, etc. Amongst these, maximum concentrations of lincomycin, sulfamethoxazole, acetaminophen and paraxanthine were between 44 ng/L and 134 ng/L, and those of metoprolol, diphenhydramine, venlafaxine, nalidixic acid and androstenedione were less than 1 ng/L. Concentrations of the two that were most persistent, DEET and carbamazepine, were 0.8-10.2 ng/L and 0.01-3.5 ng/L, respectively. Higher concentrations of cotinine were observed in warm season than in cold season, while concentrations of lincomycin were the opposite. In a causality analysis, the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in DWSs depends mainly on the detection limits of the methods, their usage and the persistence in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR, China
| | - Qian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR, China; Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Donghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR, China.
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9
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Yang P, Chang JS, Wong JW, Zhang K, Krynitsky AJ, Bromirski M, Wang J. Effect of sample dilution on matrix effects in pesticide analysis of several matrices by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5169-5177. [PMID: 25620499 DOI: 10.1021/jf505168v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study used two LC columns of different adsorbents and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry to study the relationship between matrix effects (ME), the LC separations, and elution patterns of pesticides and those of matrix components. Using calibration standards of 381 pesticides at three dilution levels of 1×, 1/10×, and 1/100×, 108 samples were prepared in solvent and five different sample matrices for the study. Results obtained from principal component analysis and slope ratios of calibration curves provided measurements of the ME and showed the 1/100× sample dilution could minimize suppression ME for most pesticides analyzed. Should a pesticide coeluting with matrix components have a peak intensity of 25 times or higher, the suppression for that pesticide would persist even at 1/100× dilution. The number of pesticides had enhancement ME increased with increasing dilution from 1× to 1/100×, with those early eluting, hydrophilic pesticides affected the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yang
- †Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Laboratory Services Branch, 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9P 3V6
| | - James S Chang
- §ThermoFisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134-1908, United States
| | - Jon W Wong
- #U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Kai Zhang
- #U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Alexander J Krynitsky
- #U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Maciej Bromirski
- ⊥ThermoFisher Scientific, Hanna-Kunath-Strasse 11, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jian Wang
- ⊗Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Calgary Laboratory, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2L 2L1
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10
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Sun P, Huang CH, Pavlostathis SG. Inhibition and biotransformation potential of veterinary ionophore antibiotics under different redox conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13146-13154. [PMID: 25340528 DOI: 10.1021/es503005m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary ionophore antibiotics (IPAs) are polyether compounds used extensively in the livestock industry to promote animal growth and prevent coccidia infection. However, the environmental fate and impact of IPAs are not fully understood. In this study, the inhibition and biotransformation potential of the most commonly used IPAs, monensin (MON) and salinomycin (SAL), were investigated under well-defined aerobic, nitrate-reducing, fermentative/sulfate-reducing, and fermentative/methanogenic conditions. Batch assays were conducted with mixed cultures developed from poultry litter (PL), PL-fertilized soil, and municipal anaerobic sludge. Significant transformation of MON and SAL was observed in aerobic, low-buffer capacity culture series as a result of abiotic acid-catalyzed IPAs hydrolysis induced by nitrification. Biotransformation of IPAs was the main transformation process in aerobic, high-buffer capacity culture series. MON persisted under fermentative/sulfate-reducing conditions, whereas SAL was transformed by fermentative bacteria. Both MON and SAL were stable under nitrate-reducing and methanogenic conditions. At IPAs concentrations up to 1 mg/L, MON inhibited only methanogenesis, whereas SAL did not impact any of the biological processes investigated in this study. Multiple, new primary IPA biotransformation products were observed on LC/MS, and their molecular structures were tentatively identified by analyzing LC/MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Overall, MON and SAL exhibited different inhibition and biotransformation patterns at each redox condition tested, which could greatly influence their fate and impact upon their release into the environment as a result of agricultural activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhe Sun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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11
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Zhang K, Wong JW, Krynitsky AJ, Trucksess MW. Determining mycotoxins in baby foods and animal feeds using stable isotope dilution and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8935-43. [PMID: 25153173 DOI: 10.1021/jf503943r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We developed a stable isotope dilution assay with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine multiple mycotoxins in baby foods and animal feeds. Samples were fortified with [(13)C]-uniformly labeled mycotoxins as internal standards ([(13)C]-IS) and prepared by solvent extraction (50% acetonitrile in water) and filtration, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Mycotoxins in each sample were quantitated with the corresponding [(13)C]-IS. In general, recoveries of aflatoxins (2-100 ng/g), deoxynivalenol, fumonisins (50-2000 ng/g), ochratoxin A (20-1000 ng/kg), T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (40-2000 ng/g) in tested matrices (grain/rice/oatmeal-based formula, animal feed, dry cat/dog food) ranged from 70 to 120% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) <20%. The method provides sufficient selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility to screen for aflatoxins at ng/g concentrations and deoxynivalenol and fumonisins at low μg/g concentrations in baby foods and animal feeds, without using conventional standard addition or matrix-matched calibration standards to correct for matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , HFS-706, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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12
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Parker WJ, Pileggi V, Seto P, Chen X, Ogunlaja M, Van Der Kraak G, Parrott J. Impact of activated sludge configuration and operating conditions on in vitro and in vivo responses and trace organic compound removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:360-369. [PMID: 24867701 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study tested municipal sewage effluents generated at the pilot scale using conventional activated sludge (CAS), nitrifying activated sludge (CAS-N) and biological nutrient removal (BNR) in terms of the removal of trace organic compounds (TrOCs) and final effluent quality as indicated by yeast estrogenicity screening (YES), short term zebrafish reproduction and fathead minnow life-cycle tests. Under cold weather conditions (extended SRTs), the BNR configuration reduced the concentrations of the largest number of TrOCs while under warm weather conditions (reduced SRTs) the CAS-N was most effective. By comparison, YES test results indicated statistically lower responses in the BNR effluent in the warm weather tests and no difference between the effluents of CAS-N and BNR in the cold weather tests. Short term tests with adult zebrafish revealed no impact of the BNR and CAS-N effluents on egg production. By contrast egg production and gene expression in the CAS-exposed zebrafish were substantially less than that of control exposures and were similar to that of exposures to ammonia at similar concentrations as the CAS exposures. In fathead minnow life-cycle tests, exposures to CAS effluent (70-50% v/v) resulted in considerable mortality, reduced growth and reduced egg production that was likely due to the elevated ammonia concentrations. The CAS-N effluent (100% v/v) also resulted in some mortality and reduced growth and egg production in the fathead minnows. By contrast, the BNR effluent (100% v/v) had no effect on mortality, growth or egg production. The results suggest that enhancements to wastewater treatment plants that are associated with improved nitrogen removal can result in enhanced removal of TrOCs and can reduce the harmful effects of the effluents on aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Parker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - V Pileggi
- Standards Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 40 St. Clair Ave West, Toronto, Ontario M4V 1M2, Canada.
| | - P Seto
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada.
| | - X Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - M Ogunlaja
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - G Van Der Kraak
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - J Parrott
- National Water Research Institute, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Canada Center for Inland Waters, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada.
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Li X, Sun J, He G, Jiang G, Tan Y, Xue B. Macroporous polypyrrole-TiO2 composites with improved photoactivity and electrochemical sensitivity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 411:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hughes SR, Kay P, Brown LE. Global synthesis and critical evaluation of pharmaceutical data sets collected from river systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:661-77. [PMID: 23227929 PMCID: PMC3636779 DOI: 10.1021/es3030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have emerged as a major group of environmental contaminants over the past decade but relatively little is known about their occurrence in freshwaters compared to other pollutants. We present a global-scale analysis of the presence of 203 pharmaceuticals across 41 countries and show that contamination is extensive due to widespread consumption and subsequent disposal to rivers. There are clear regional biases in current understanding with little work outside North America, Europe, and China, and no work within Africa. Within individual countries, research is biased around a small number of populated provinces/states and the majority of research effort has focused upon just 14 compounds. Most research has adopted sampling techniques that are unlikely to provide reliable and representative data. This analysis highlights locations where concentrations of antibiotics, cardiovascular drugs, painkillers, contrast media, and antiepileptic drugs have been recorded well above thresholds known to cause toxic effects in aquatic biota. Studies of pharmaceutical occurrence and effects need to be seen as a global research priority due to increasing consumption, particularly among societies with aging populations. Researchers in all fields of environmental management need to work together more effectively to identify high risk compounds, improve the reliability and coverage of future monitoring studies, and develop new mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hughes
- School of Geography/water@leeds, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK.
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15
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Herrero P, Borrull F, Pocurull E, Marcé R. Novel amide polar-embedded reversed-phase column for the fast liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to determine polyether ionophores in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1263:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Multi-residue analytical methods for the determination of pesticides and PPCPs in water by LC-MS/MS: a review. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractResidues of pesticides, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are contaminants of world-wide concern. Consequently, there is a growing need to develop reliable analytical methods, which enable rapid, sensitive and selective determination of these pollutants in environmental samples, at trace levels. In this paper, a review of the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based methods for the determination of pesticides and PPCPs in the environment is presented. Advanced aspects of current LC-MS/MS methodology, including sample preparation and matrix effects, are discussed.
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Fenech C, Rock L, Nolan K, Tobin J, Morrissey A. The potential for a suite of isotope and chemical markers to differentiate sources of nitrate contamination: a review. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:2023-41. [PMID: 22348997 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is naturally found within the environment as part of the nitrogen cycle. However, anthropogenic inputs have greatly increased nitrate loads within ground and surface waters. This has had a severe impact on aquatic ecosystems and has given rise to health considerations in humans and livestock. Therefore, the identification of nitrate sources is important in preserving water quality and achieving sustainability of our water resources. Nitrate sources can be determined based on the nitrate nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) isotopic compositions (δ(15)N, δ(18)O). However, sewage and manure have overlapping δ(15)N and δ(18)O values making their differentiation on this basis problematic. The specific differentiation between sources of faecal contamination is of particular importance, because the risk to humans is usually considered higher from human faecal contamination (sewage) than from animal faecal contamination. This review summarises the current state of knowledge in using isotope tracers to differentiate various nitrate sources and identifies potential chemical tracers for differentiating sewage and manure. In particular, an in depth review of the current state of knowledge regarding the necessary considerations in using chemical markers, such as pharmaceuticals and food additives, to differentiate sewage and manure sources of nitrate contamination will be given, through an understanding of their use, occurrence and fate, in order to identify the most suitable potential chemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fenech
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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18
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Zedda M, Zwiener C. Is nontarget screening of emerging contaminants by LC-HRMS successful? A plea for compound libraries and computer tools. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2493-502. [PMID: 22476785 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the possibilities and limits of nontarget screening of emerging contaminants, with emphasis on recent applications and developments in data evaluation and compound identification by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The general workflow includes determination of the elemental composition from accurate mass, a further search for the molecular formula in compound libraries or general chemical databases, and a ranking of the proposed structures using further information, e.g., from mass spectrometry (MS) fragmentation and retention times. The success of nontarget screening is in some way limited to the preselection of relevant compounds from a large data set. Recently developed approaches show that statistical analysis in combination with suspect and nontarget screening are useful methods to preselect relevant compounds. Currently, the unequivocal identification of unknowns still requires information from an authentic standard which has to be measured or is already available in user-defined MS/MS reference databases or libraries containing HRMS spectral information and retention times. In this context, we discuss the advantages and future needs of publicly available MS and MS/MS reference databases and libraries which have mostly been created for the metabolomic field. A big step forward has been achieved with computer-based tools when no MS library or MS database entry is found for a compound. The numerous search results from a large chemical database can be condensed to only a few by in silico fragmentation. This has been demonstrated for selected compounds and metabolites in recent publications. Still, only very few compounds have been identified or tentatively identified in environmental samples by nontarget screening. The availability of comprehensive MS libraries with a focus on environmental contaminants would tremendously improve the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zedda
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience (ZAG), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Determination of pharmaceuticals and antiseptics in water by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: analysis via pentafluorobenzylation and stable isotope dilution. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:583-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Fischer K, Fries E, Körner W, Schmalz C, Zwiener C. New developments in the trace analysis of organic water pollutants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:11-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Lessons Learned for Reducing Uncertainties in Environmental Risk Assessment. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 112:231-58. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415813-9.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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22
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Berg T, Strand DH. ¹³C labelled internal standards--a solution to minimize ion suppression effects in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of drugs in biological samples? J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9366-74. [PMID: 22119139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is frequently used to identify and quantify drugs in human biological samples due to the high selectivity and sensitivity of this technique. However, ion suppression effects caused by co-eluting compounds: drugs, metabolites, matrix components, impurities and degradation products, are a major concern. Stable isotope labelled internal standards (SIL ISs), usually deuterium ((2)H) labelled, are often used to compensate for these effects. In many LC separations the retention times of (2)H labelled ISs and their analogues will differ. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) is increasingly being used for bio-analysis. With the better chromatographic resolution provided with sub 2 μm particles, larger separation between analytes and their (2)H labelled analogues can be expected, which might reduce the benefits of the SIL IS. There is a greater difference in physico-chemical properties between hydrogen isotopes than between isotopes of other elements. (13)C, (15)N and (18)O labelled ISs are more similar to their analytes than (2)H labelled ISs and thereby expected to behave more similarly in chromatographic separations. In this study we have investigated the use of (13)C and (2)H labelled ISs for the determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine by UPLC-MS/MS. The (13)C labelled ISs were co eluting with their analytes under different chromatographic conditions while the (2)H labelled ISs and their analytes were slightly separated. An improved ability to compensate for ion suppression effects were observed when the (13)C labelled ISs were used. Furthermore, an UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine using (13)C labelled ISs has been developed and validated. Unfortunately, there are few (13)C labelled ISs commercial available today. If more (13)C labelled ISs become commercial available they may well be the coming solution to minimize ion suppression/enhancement effects in LC-MS/MS analyses of drugs in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berg
- Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Zhang X, Oakes KD, Luong D, Metcalfe CD, Servos MR. Solid-phase microextraction coupled to LC-ESI-MS/MS: evaluation and correction for matrix-induced ionization suppression/enhancement for pharmaceutical analysis in biological and environmental samples. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6532-8. [PMID: 21770444 DOI: 10.1021/ac200718d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) has been widely used to analyze biological fluids, tissues, and environmental matrixes for a variety of organic compounds including pharmaceuticals. However, effects of the sample matrix coextracted by SPME on tandem mass spectrometry analysis have not been systematically investigated. In this study, we characterized the complexity of matrix effects (ME) by analyzing SPME extracts of fish muscle and brain tissue, blood, and bile, as well as tap water, surface water, and the influent and effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. Significant enhancement or suppression of ionization (>15%) was observed with all biological and environmental samples. Intrasample ME variability was assessed through comparison of multiple samples from the same sample matrix, while intersample variability between different experimental subjects or varying sample treatment, storage, and sampling conditions were evaluated. To correct for ME, an isotopic internal standard (IIS) method was developed, with the strengths and limitations of the approach discussed. This study provides a framework for applying SPME within complex sample systems where the influences of ME are inevitable, thus ensuring more accurate quantitation of analytes during biological and environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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24
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Trufelli H, Palma P, Famiglini G, Cappiello A. An overview of matrix effects in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:491-509. [PMID: 21500246 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-dependent signal suppression or enhancement represents a major drawback in quantitative analysis with liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (LC-API-MS). Because matrix effects (ME) might exert a detrimental impact on important method parameters (limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy, and precision), they have to be tested and evaluated during validation procedure. This review gives a detailed description on when these phenomena might be expected, and how they can be evaluated. The major sources of ME are discussed and illustrated with examples from bioanalytical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and food analysis. Because there is no universal solution for ME, the main strategies to overcome these phenomena are described in detail. Special emphasis is devoted to the sample-preparation procedures as well as to the recent improvements on chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions. An overview of the main calibration techniques to compensate for ME is also presented. All these solutions can be used alone or in combination to retrieve the performance of the LC-MS for a particular matrix-analyte combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Trufelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento, 6-61029 Urbino, Italy
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25
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Kleywegt S, Pileggi V, Yang P, Hao C, Zhao X, Rocks C, Thach S, Cheung P, Whitehead B. Pharmaceuticals, hormones and bisphenol A in untreated source and finished drinking water in Ontario, Canada--occurrence and treatment efficiency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:1481-8. [PMID: 21315426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) conducted a survey in 2006 on emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) which included pharmaceuticals, hormones and bisphenol A (BPA). The survey collected 258 samples over a 16 month period from selected source waters and 17 drinking water systems (DWSs), and analyzed them for 48 EOCs using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) for the highest precision and accuracy of analytical data possible. 27 of the 48 target EOCs were detected in source water, finished drinking water, or both. DWSs using river and lake source water accounted for>90% detections. Of the 27 EOCs found, we also reported the first detection of two antibiotics roxithromycin and enrofloxacin in environmental samples. The most frequently detected compounds (≥ 10%) in finished drinking water were carbamazepine (CBZ), gemfibrozil (GFB), ibuprofen (IBU), and BPA; with their concentrations accurately determined by using IDMS and calculated to be 4 to 10 times lower than those measured in the source water. Comparison of plant specific data allowed us to determine removal efficiency (RE) of these four most frequently detected compounds in Ontario DWSs. The RE of CBZ was determined to be from 71 to 93% for DWSs using granulated activated carbon (GAC); and was 75% for DWSs using GAC followed by ultraviolet irradiation (UV). The observed RE of GFB was between 44 and 55% in DWSs using GAC and increased to 82% when GAC was followed by UV. The use of GAC or GAC followed by UV provided an RE improvement of BPA from 80 to 99%. These detected concentration levels are well below the predicted no effect concentration or total allowable concentration reported in the literature. Additional targeted, site specific comparative research is required to fully assess the effectiveness of Ontario DWSs to remove particular compounds of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Kleywegt
- Standards Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 40 St. Clair Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Chen F, Ying GG, Yang JF, Zhao JL, Wang L. Rapid resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in wastewater irrigated soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2010; 45:682-693. [PMID: 20818522 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2010.502446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A multiresidue analytical method was developed for the determination of 9 endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and 19 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) including acidic and neutral pharmaceuticals in water and soil samples using rapid resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-MS/MS). Solid phase extraction (SPE), and ultrasonic extraction combined with silica gel purification were applied as pretreatment methods for water and soil samples, respectively. The extracts of the EDCs and PPCPs in water and soil samples were then analyzed by RRLC-MS/MS in electrospray ionization (ESI) mode in three independent runs. The chromatographic mobile phases consisted of Milli-Q water and acetonitrile for EDCs and neutral pharmaceuticals, and Milli-Q water containing 0.01 % acetic acid (v/v) and acetonitrile: methanol (1:1, v/v) for acidic pharmaceuticals at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Most of the target compounds exhibited signal suppression due to matrix effects. Measures taken to reduce matrix effects included use of isotope-labeled internal standards, and application of matrix-match calibration curves in the RRLC-MS/MS analyses. The limits of quantitation ranged between 0.15 and 14.08 ng/L for water samples and between 0.06 and 10.64 ng/g for solid samples. The recoveries for the target analytes ranged from 62 to 208 % in water samples and 43 to 177 % in solid samples, with majority of the target compounds having recoveries ranging between 70–120 %. Precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD), was obtained less than 7.6 and 20.5 % for repeatability and reproducibility, respectively. The established method was successfully applied to the water and soil samples from four irrigated plots in Guangzhou. Six compounds namely bisphenol-A, 4-nonylphenol, triclosan, triclocarban, salicylic acid and clofibric acid were detected in the soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Palma P, Trufelli H. MATRIX EFFECTS IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2010.484314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achille Cappiello
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche , Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali a Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” , Urbino , Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche , Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali a Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” , Urbino , Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche , Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali a Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” , Urbino , Italy
| | - Helga Trufelli
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche , Tecnologie Chimiche e Ambientali a Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo” , Urbino , Italy
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28
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Unceta N, Sampedro MC, Bakar NKA, Gómez-Caballero A, Goicolea MA, Barrio RJ. Multi-residue analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewaters by dual solid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3392-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Matamoros V, Jover E, Bayona JM. Part-per-Trillion Determination of Pharmaceuticals, Pesticides, and Related Organic Contaminants in River Water by Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 82:699-706. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902340e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Matamoros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, FEMAN Group, IN2UB, Applied Physics and Optics Department, Physics Faculty, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Environmental Chemistry Department, Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Jover
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, FEMAN Group, IN2UB, Applied Physics and Optics Department, Physics Faculty, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Environmental Chemistry Department, Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Bayona
- Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Spain, FEMAN Group, IN2UB, Applied Physics and Optics Department, Physics Faculty, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain, and Environmental Chemistry Department, Instituto de Diagnóstico Ambiental y Estudios del Agua, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Determination of 76 pharmaceutical drugs by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in slaughterhouse wastewater. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8312-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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32
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Pietrogrande MC, Basaglia G, Dondi F. Signal processing to evaluate parameters affecting SPE for multi-residue analysis of personal care products. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1249-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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34
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Wong CS, MacLeod SL. JEM spotlight: recent advances in analysis of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:923-36. [PMID: 19436850 DOI: 10.1039/b819464e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Both ecosystem and human health rely on clean, abundant supplies of water, thus many classes of potential pollutants are regulated. In recent years, the possible risks associated with largely uncontrolled inputs of pharmaceuticals to rivers, lakes, groundwater, and coastal waters, mainly via wastewater, have been a focus of much research. During this time, our capacity to sequester, identify, and quantify pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices has improved. Devices have emerged to allow passive uptake of drugs to augment or replace laborious grab sampling. Advances in sample preparation have streamlined extraction procedures and removed interfering matrix components. New instrumental techniques have allowed faster, more accurate and sensitive detection of drugs in water samples. This review highlights all of these advances, from sample collection to instrumental analysis, which will continue to help us better understand the fate and effects of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Wong
- Environmental Studies Program and Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9, Canada.
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