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Mathur J, Panwar R. Synergistic effect of pyrene and heavy metals (Zn, Pb, and Cd) on phytoremediation potential of Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa) in multi-contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:21012-21027. [PMID: 38383928 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The environment in India is contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to the occurrence of large anthropogenic activities, i.e., fuel combustion, mineral roasting, and biomass burning. Hence, 13 toxic PAHs were detected: phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and benz(a) anthracene, ben-zo; (b) fluoranthene, benzo(k) fluoranthene, benzo(a) pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene, dibenz (ah) anthracene, indeno1,2,3-(cd) pyrene, coronene and coronene in the environment (i.e., ambient particulate matter, road dust, sludge, and sewage) of the most industrialized area. Pollutants such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons co-contaminate the soil and pose a significant hazard to the ecosystem because these pollutants are harmful to both humans and the environment. Phytoremediation is an economical plant-based natural approach for soil clean-up that has no negative impact on ecosystems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pyrene (500 mg kg-1), Zn (150 mg kg-1), Pb (150 mg kg-1), and Cd (150 mg kg-1) alone and in combination on the phytoextraction efficiency of Medicago sativa growing in contaminated soil. Plant biomass, biochemical activities, translocation factors, accumulation of heavy metals, and pyrene removal were determined. After 60 days of planting, compared with those of the control plants, the growth parameters, biomass, and chlorophyll content of the M. sativa plants were significantly lower, and the reactive oxygen species activity, such as proline and polyphenol content and metallothionein protein content, was markedly greater in the pyrene and heavy metal-polluted soils. Furthermore, the combined toxicity of pyrene and all three metals on M. sativa growth and biochemical parameters was significantly greater than that of pyrene, Zn, Pb, or Cd alone, indicating the synergistic effect of pyrene and heavy metals on cytotoxicity. Pyrene stress increased Cd accumulation in M. sativa. After pyrene exposure alone or in combination with Zn-pyrene, a greater pyrene removal rate (85.5-81.44%) was observed than that in Pb-pyrene, Cd-pyrene, and Zn-Pb-Cd-pyrene polluted soils (62.78-71.27%), indicating that zinc can enhance the removal of pyrene from contaminated soil. The resulting hypotheses demonstrated that Medicago sativa can be used as a promising phytoremediation agent for co-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Mathur
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Ritu Panwar
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
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2
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Shen J, Sun N, Wang J, Zens P, Kunzke T, Buck A, Prade VM, Wang Q, Feuchtinger A, Hu R, Berezowska S, Walch A. Patterns of Carbon-Bound Exogenous Compounds Impact Disease Pathophysiology in Lung Cancer Subtypes in Different Ways. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16396-16411. [PMID: 37639684 PMCID: PMC10510585 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-bound exogenous compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), tobacco-specific nitrosamines, aromatic amines, and organohalogens, are known to affect both tumor characteristics and patient outcomes in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC); however, the roles of these compounds in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain unclear. We analyzed 11 carbon-bound exogenous compounds in LUAD and LUSC samples using in situ high mass-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry imaging and performed a cluster analysis to compare the patterns of carbon-bound exogenous compounds between these two lung cancer subtypes. Correlation analyses were conducted to investigate associations among exogenous compounds, endogenous metabolites, and clinical data, including patient survival outcomes and smoking behaviors. Additionally, we examined differences in exogenous compound patterns between normal and tumor tissues. Our analyses revealed that PAHs, aromatic amines, and organohalogens were more abundant in LUAD than in LUSC, whereas the tobacco-specific nitrosamine nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone was more abundant in LUSC. Patients with LUAD and LUSC could be separated according to carbon-bound exogenous compound patterns detected in the tumor compartment. The same compounds had differential impacts on patient outcomes, depending on the cancer subtype. Correlation and network analyses indicated substantial differences between LUAD and LUSC metabolomes, associated with substantial differences in the patterns of the carbon-bound exogenous compounds. These data suggest that the contributions of these carcinogenic compounds to cancer biology may differ according to the cancer subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shen
- Research
Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München − German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Nanxishan
Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Institute of Pathology, Guilin 541002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Sun
- Research
Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München − German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Jun Wang
- Research
Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München − German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Philipp Zens
- Institute
of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University
of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Graduate
School for Health Sciences, University of
Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kunzke
- Research
Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München − German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Achim Buck
- Research
Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München − German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Verena M. Prade
- Research
Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München − German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Qian Wang
- Research
Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München − German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research
Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München − German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Ronggui Hu
- Center
for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Sabina Berezowska
- Institute
of Tissue Medicine and Pathology, University
of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Axel Walch
- Research
Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum
München − German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
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3
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Rojas-Gätjens D, Fuentes-Schweizer P, Rojas-Jiménez K, Pérez-Pantoja D, Avendaño R, Alpízar R, Coronado-Ruíz C, Chavarría M. Methylotrophs and Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria Are Key Players in the Microbial Community of an Abandoned Century-Old Oil Exploration Well. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:83-99. [PMID: 33864491 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we studied the microbial community and the physicochemical conditions prevailing in an exploratory oil well, abandoned a century ago, located in the Cahuita National Park (Costa Rica). According to our analysis, Cahuita well is characterized by a continuous efflux of methane and the presence of a mixture of hydrocarbons including phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, dibenzothiophene, tricyclic terpanes, pyrene, sesquiterpenes, sterane, and n-alkanes. Based on the analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, we detected a significant abundance of methylotrophic bacteria such as Methylobacillus (6.3-26.0% of total reads) and Methylococcus (4.1-30.6%) and the presence of common genera associated with hydrocarbon degradation, such as Comamonas (0.8-4.6%), Hydrogenophaga (1.5-3.3%) Rhodobacter (1.0-4.9%), and Flavobacterium (1.1-6.5%). The importance of C1 metabolism in this niche was confirmed by amplifying the methane monooxygenase (MMO)-encoding gene (pmo) from environmental DNA and the isolation of two strains closely related to Methylorubrum rhodesianum and Paracoccus communis with the ability to growth using methanol and formate as sole carbon source respectively. In addition, we were able to isolated 20 bacterial strains from the genera Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Microbacterium which showed the capability to grow using the hydrocarbons detected in the oil well as sole carbon source. This work describes the physicochemical properties and microbiota of an environment exposed to hydrocarbons for 100 years, and it not only represents a contribution to the understanding of microbial communities in environments with permanently high concentrations of these compounds but also has biotechnological implications for bioremediation of petroleum-polluted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rojas-Gätjens
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José, 1174-1200, Costa Rica
| | - Paola Fuentes-Schweizer
- Centro de Investigación en Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede Central, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Keilor Rojas-Jiménez
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Danilo Pérez-Pantoja
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Avendaño
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José, 1174-1200, Costa Rica
| | - Randall Alpízar
- Hidroambiente Consultores, 45, Goicoechea, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Carolina Coronado-Ruíz
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José, 1174-1200, Costa Rica
| | - Max Chavarría
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José, 1174-1200, Costa Rica.
- Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sede Central, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
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Particle Number Emissions of Gasoline, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Fueled Vehicles at Different Ambient Temperatures. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12070893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are included in the group of promoted transport fuel alternatives for traditional fossil fuels in Europe. Both CNG and LPG fueled vehicles are believed to have low particle number and mass emissions. Here, we studied the solid particle number (SPN) emissions >4 nm, >10 nm and >23 nm of bi-fuel vehicles applying CNG, LPG and gasoline fuels in laboratory at 23 °C and sub-zero (−7 °C) ambient temperature conditions. The SPN23 emissions in CNG or LPG operation modality at 23 °C were below the regulated SPN23 limit of diesel and gasoline direct injection vehicles 6×1011 1/km. Nevertheless, the limit was exceeded at sub-zero temperatures, when sub-23 nm particles were included, or when gasoline was used as a fuel. The key message of this study is that gas-fueled vehicles produced particles mainly <23 nm and the current methodology might not be appropriate. However, only in a few cases absolute SPN >10 nm emission levels exceeded 6×1011 1/km when >23 nm levels were below 6×1011 1/km. Setting a limit of 1×1011 1/km for >10 nm particles would also limit most of the >4 nm SPN levels below 6×1011 1/km.
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Guo H, Zhang Z, Wang H, Ma H, Hu F, Zhang W, Liu Y, Huang Y, Zeng Y, Li C, Wang J. Oxidative stress and inflammatory effects in human lung epithelial A549 cells induced by phenanthrene, fluorene, and their binary mixture. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:95-104. [PMID: 32856796 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight-Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (LMW-PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, which may contribute to respiratory diseases. However, studies of the relative mechanisms are limited. This study aimed to explore the effects of two LMW-PAHs [phenanthrene (Phe) and fluorene (Flu)], separately and as binary PAH mixture on oxidative stress and inflammation in A549 cells. Cell viability was firstly detected at various concentrations (200-800 μM) by Phe, Flu, and the mixture of Phe and Flu. ROS level, MDA content, SOD and CAT activities were then determined to evaluate oxidative damage. The protein and mRNA expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, and the protein content of SP-A were further determined to evaluate inflammation. Results showed that Phe, Flu, and their mixture triggered ROS generation and induced abnormal productions of MDA, SOD, and CAT. And the protein and mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 were increased by Phe, Flu, and their mixture, respectively. In addition, SP-A was also increased by Phe and Flu, while it was decreased by their mixture at 600 μM. The results demonstrated that Phe, Flu, and their mixture could induce oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation in A549 cells, while combined inflammatory response was stronger than single actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhewen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Gynecology, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fengjing Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yushan Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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6
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Dong CD, Tsai ML, Wang TH, Chang JH, Chen CW, Hung CM. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated sediments by persulfate oxidation and determination of degradation product cytotoxicity based on HepG2 and ZF4 cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:34596-34605. [PMID: 30746626 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04421-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the use of magnetite (Fe3O4), carbon black (CB), and Fe3O4-CB composites activated by persulfate (PS) at circumneutral pH to oxidize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxic activity and apoptotic response of the obtained degradation products were investigated. Chemical analyses showed that the total PAH concentration was 26,263 ng/g for sediment samples from an industrial port area. Highly toxic BaP was the main contributor to the TEQ in sediments. Source analyses demonstrated that the PAHs in the sediment were derived from coal combustion. In this study, we found that the PS oxidation processes effectively degrade PAHs at concentration levels of 1.7 × 10-5 M at pH 6.0. The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was employed to assess the cytotoxicity of the PAH degradation products before and after Fe3O4/PS, CB/PS, and Fe3O4-CB/PS oxidation treatment using a human hepatoma carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and a zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryonic cell line (ZF4). Each sample extract showed a marked dose-related response, with the cell viability reduced by 82% in the case of HepG2 and 58% in the case of ZF4 at 100 μg/mL after the Fe3O4-CB/PS process. The PAH degradation products had different effects on the cell morphologies of the two cell lines. The results suggested that the ZF4 cell model is more sensitive than HepG2 to the toxicity of the PAH samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Tsing-Hai Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Zhongli, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Hsing Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Mao Hung
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Carbon nanotube filler enhances incinerated thermoplastics-induced cytotoxicity and metabolic disruption in vitro. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:40. [PMID: 32787867 PMCID: PMC7424660 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Engineered nanomaterials are increasingly being incorporated into synthetic materials as fillers and additives. The potential pathological effects of end-of-lifecycle recycling and disposal of virgin and nano-enabled composites have not been adequately addressed, particularly following incineration. The current investigation aims to characterize the cytotoxicity of incinerated virgin thermoplastics vs. incinerated nano-enabled thermoplastic composites on two in vitro pulmonary models. Ultrafine particles released from thermally decomposed virgin polycarbonate or polyurethane, and their carbon nanotube (CNT)-enabled composites were collected and used for acute in vitro exposure to primary human small airway epithelial cell (pSAEC) and human bronchial epithelial cell (Beas-2B) models. Post-exposure, both cell lines were assessed for cytotoxicity, proliferative capacity, intracellular ROS generation, genotoxicity, and mitochondrial membrane potential. Results The treated Beas-2B cells demonstrated significant dose-dependent cellular responses, as well as parent matrix-dependent and CNT-dependent sensitivity. Cytotoxicity, enhancement in reactive oxygen species, and dissipation of ΔΨm caused by incinerated polycarbonate were significantly more potent than polyurethane analogues, and CNT filler enhanced the cellular responses compared to the incinerated parent particles. Such effects observed in Beas-2B were generally higher in magnitude compared to pSAEC at treatments examined, which was likely attributable to differences in respective lung cell types. Conclusions Whilst the effect of the treatments on the distal respiratory airway epithelia remains limited in interpretation, the current in vitro respiratory bronchial epithelia model demonstrated profound sensitivity to the test particles at depositional doses relevant for occupational cohorts.
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Niu X, Chuang HC, Wang X, Ho SSH, Li L, Qu L, Chow JC, Watson JG, Sun J, Lee S, Cao J, Ho KF. Cytotoxicity of PM 2.5 vehicular emissions in the Shing Mun Tunnel, Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114386. [PMID: 32203846 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Associations between human exposures to vehicular emissions (VE) and cardiopulmonary diseases have been found, with a dearth of information on particle cytotoxicity. This study exposes human lung alveolar epithelial (A549) cells to PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) samples collected in a tunnel and investigates the oxidative and inflammatory responses. The cytotoxicity factor (CF) is used to normalize the VE cytotoxicity. The emission factors (EFs) were 27.2 ± 12.0 mg vehicle-1 km-1 for PM2.5 and 4.93 ± 1.67 μg vehicle-1 km-1 for measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Higher EFs were found for high (4-6 rings) than low (2-3 rings) molecular-weight particulate PAHs. PM2.5 VE caused oxidative stress and inflammation of human lung cells. Organic carbon (OC), element carbon (EC), and several PAHs were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with bioreactivity. Higher CFs were found when diesel vehicle counts were highest during the morning rush hour, implying that diesel-fueled VE were major contributors to cytotoxic effects. This study provides a broader understanding of the toxicity in an engine-exhaust dominated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Niu
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Hong Kong, China
| | - Judith C Chow
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States
| | - John G Watson
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Tang CS, Lung SCC, Chang TY, Tu HH, Chang LT. Investigation of Microenvironmental Exposures to Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Elementary School Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224390. [PMID: 31717657 PMCID: PMC6888137 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed when organic matters incompletely combust and get distributed into the air in the form of vapor or the particular phase of absorption or condensation on the surface of respirable particles. Certain PAHs are considered as carcinogenic and mutagenic, and are primarily associated with the particulate phase. Therefore, the characterization of exposure to particle-bound PAHs (p-PAHs) is critical to assessing the health risks in our daily life. A panel study was conducted during the years 2004 and 2005 to assess microenvironmental exposures to p-PAHs for elementary school children living in Taipei metropolitan area. During the study, integrated filter samples were collected by a dust monitor (model 1.108, Grimm) for 17 p-PAH species analysis using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The sampling durations were five days. Overall, 52 samples for children's microenvironmental exposures were included in the data analysis. Results showed that geometric mean (GM) levels (and geometric standard deviation) of p-PAH exposures were 4.443 (3.395) ng/m3 for children. The top three highest proportions of p-PAH components were indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IND) (21.7%), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP) (18.5%), and dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA) (9.1%), all of which are 5- or 6-ring p-PAHs. In addition, results from diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA) found that traffic pollution, incense burning, and cooking emission were the major p-PAH exposure sources for children. The total benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentration was 1.07 ± 0.80 ng/m3 (mean ± standard deviation), with a GM of 0.84 ng/m3. The GM value of the inhalation carcinogenic risk was 7.31 × 10-5 with the range of 2.23 × 10-5 to 3.11 × 10-4, which was higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Administration guideline limit of 10-6. DBA accounted for 45.1% of the excess cancer risk, followed by benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (33.5%) and IND (10.7%). In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that inhalational cancer risk due to the p-PAH exposures for children is not negligible, and more efficient technical and management policies should be adopted to reduce the PAH pollutant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Sheng Tang
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan; (C.-S.T.); (H.-H.T.)
| | | | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Han-Hsiang Tu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan; (C.-S.T.); (H.-H.T.)
| | - Li-Te Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2451-7250
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Roy D, Seo YC, Kim S, Oh J. Human health risks assessment for airborne PM 10-bound metals in Seoul, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:24247-24261. [PMID: 31230235 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seoul, the capital city of South Korea, is the social, political, and economic center of the country. Significant levels of PM10-bound As metalloid and metals have been found in the city, which poses possible adverse health risks to the residents from inhalation exposure. Therefore, this study focuses on the health risk assessment of age-dependent cancer and non-cancer using exposure pathway and human respiratory tract (HRT) mass deposition models. In the case of non-cancer risks, the hazard quotient (HQ) of As via ingestion exposure and the hazard index (HI) was found to be significant (> 1) for the children. The cancer risks through ingestion pathway (CRing) were estimated in the order of 10-4 and 10-5 for children and adult groups, respectively. The overall CRing levels for children were estimated slightly higher than the acceptable level of cancer risk (1 × 10-4) at all locations throughout the study area. Moreover, the risks of cancer through the inhalation (CRinh) and incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) due to HRT mass deposition were found to be significant (> 10-6) and with very small discrepancy in risk levels for both age groups. Furthermore, possible sources of the PM10-bound metalloid (As) and metals were predicted through correlation, principal component, and enrichment factor analysis. The results of source apportionment study indicated the local anthropogenic emission sources (vehicular, biomass/coal/oil combustion, industrial), road dust re-suspension, and trans-boundary sources were responsible for the pollution levels in Seoul, South Korea. The health risks can be minimized by reducing the pollution levels of particulate matter at source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanada Roy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chil Seo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongheon Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220-710, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Zimmerman N, Rais K, Jeong CH, Pant P, Delgado-Saborit JM, Wallace JS, Evans GJ, Brook JR, Godri Pollitt KJ. Carbonaceous aerosol sampling of gasoline direct injection engine exhaust with an integrated organic gas and particle sampler. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:1261-1269. [PMID: 30586812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Positive and negative artifacts of particle-phase organic carbon (p-OC) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine exhaust particulate matter (PM) were assessed using an integrated organic gas and particle sampler (IOGAPS). Three configurations (denuder + sorbent impregnated filters (SIFs), upstream Zefluor filter + denuder + SIFs, and standard filter pack + SIFs) were used to collect GDI exhaust samples at cold start and highway cruise operating conditions with no aftertreatment. Approximately 35% of the measured GDI p-OC was attributed to positive artifacts; negative artifacts were not detectable due to low overall SVOC concentrations. GDI engine exhaust PAH concentrations were approximately 10 times higher during cold start than highway cruise. At highway cruise, pyrene and fluoranthene were the dominant PAHs in the undenuded filter pack; downstream of the denuder benzo(a)anthracene was the dominant PAH. From a comparison of our findings to published PAH emission factors we estimate that three-way catalyst conversion efficiencies of PAHs were approximately 80% for 3 of the 15 PAHs measured during highway cruise operation. These conversion efficiencies may be considerably lower during cold start operation when the three-way catalyst has not reached its operating temperature. Our previous work showed that adverse biological responses to GDI engine exhaust exposure may be dominated by the particle phase when measured downstream of a Teflon filter. Understanding the partitioning characteristics of PAHs may help elucidate specific PAHs contributing to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Zimmerman
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Engine Research and Development Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Khaled Rais
- Engine Research and Development Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pallavi Pant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Juana Mari Delgado-Saborit
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James S Wallace
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Engine Research and Development Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg J Evans
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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12
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Wu D, Li Q, Ding X, Sun J, Li D, Fu H, Teich M, Ye X, Chen J. Primary Particulate Matter Emitted from Heavy Fuel and Diesel Oil Combustion in a Typical Container Ship: Characteristics and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12943-12951. [PMID: 30346144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Container ships have been widely recognized as an important emission source within maritime transport. Heavy fuel oil (HFO) and diesel oil (DO) are the two most commonly used fuels. This study reports the characteristics and toxicities of particulate matter (PM) emissions from HFO and DO combustion in a typical container ship. The PM number size distribution possesses a bimodal structure with peaks at ∼20 nm and ∼100 nm. The PM2.5 emission factors (EFs) are 3.15 ± 0.39 and 0.92 ± 0.02 g/kg fuel for HFO and DO, respectively. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalent carcinogenic potency (BaPeq) of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contained in HFO and DO PM2.5 is approximately 0.81 ± 0.10 and 0.12 ± 0.04 mg/kg fuel, respectively. BaPeq concentration shows an increasing tendency with decreased PM size. The reactive oxygen species activity and cytotoxicity of HFO PM2.5 samples are ∼2.1 and ∼2.5 times higher than those of DO PM2.5 samples, respectively. These health risks are both significantly attributed to the BaPeq content in PM2.5 with correlations of 0.86-0.92. Furthermore, the examined biological effects are much greater than those of atmospheric PM2.5 collected in Shanghai. Our results imply that better fuel quality is important for improving air quality and reducing health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Monique Teich
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Xingnan Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No. 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road , Shanghai 200062 , China
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Arhami M, Shahne MZ, Hosseini V, Roufigar Haghighat N, Lai AM, Schauer JJ. Seasonal trends in the composition and sources of PM 2.5 and carbonaceous aerosol in Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:69-81. [PMID: 29649761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Currently PM2.5 is a major air pollution concern in Tehran, Iran due to frequent high levels and possible adverse impacts. In this study, which is the first of its kind to take place in Tehran, composition and sources of PM2.5 and carbonaceous aerosol were determined, and their seasonal trends were studied. In this regard, fine PM samples were collected every six days at a residential station for one year and the chemical constituents including organic marker species, metals, and ions were analyzed by chemical analysis. The source apportionment was performed using organic molecular marker-based CMB receptor modeling. Carbonaceous compounds were the major contributors to fine particulate mass in Tehran, as OC and EC together comprised on average 29% of PM2.5 mass. Major portions of OC in Tehran were water insoluble and are mainly attributed to primary sources. Higher levels of several PAHs, which are organic tracers of incomplete combustion, and hopanes and steranes as organic tracers of mobile sources were obtained in cold months and compared to the warm months. The major contributing source to particulate OC was identified as vehicles, which contributed about 72% of measured OC. Among mobile sources, gasoline-fueled vehicles had the highest impact with a mean contribution of 48% to the measured OC. Mobile sources also were the largest contributor to total PM2.5 (40%), followed by dust (24%) and sulfate (11%). In addition to primary emissions, mobile sources also directly and indirectly played an important role in another 27% of fine particulate mass (secondary organics and ions), which highlights the impact of vehicles in Tehran. Our results highlighted and quantified the role of motor vehicles in fine PM production, particularly during winter time. The results of this study could be used to set more effective regulations and control strategies particularly upon mobile sources.
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Ke S, Liu Q, Yao Y, Zhang X, Sui G. An in vitro cytotoxicities comparison of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells HPAEpiC. Toxicol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29526570 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In present study, we compared for the first time the cytotoxicities of the 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells HPAEpiC. Moreover, we examined the effects of each PAH on oxidative stress (SOD, GSH, and ROS), cell viability, extracellular LDH, and apoptosis. The 16 priority PAHs were classified into four levels of cytotoxicity: (1) high cytotoxicity, BkF, BaP, and DBA; (2) moderate cytotoxicity, BbF, IND, BghiP, BaA, and CHR; (3) low cytotoxicity, PA, FL, and Pyr; and (4) mild cytotoxicity, Nap, AcPy, Acp, Flu, and Ant. Most of the PAHs showed benzene-ring-related cytotoxicity, except PA with 3-ring structure, cytotoxicity of which is similar to those of FL and Pyr with 4-ring structure. Results indicated the need for more studies on DBA, IND, and BghiP, among others, which are rarely investigated. PA, FL, and Pyr with little carcinogenicity should also be evaluated. This study will provide useful references for studies on the effects of PAHs on different cells or animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorui Ke
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yuhan Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xinlian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Guodong Sui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044 PR China.
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15
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Li F, Schnelle-Kreis J, Cyrys J, Karg E, Gu J, Abbaszade G, Orasche J, Peters A, Zimmermann R. Organic speciation of ambient quasi-ultrafine particulate matter (PM 0.36) in Augsburg, Germany: Seasonal variability and source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:828-837. [PMID: 28992506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the organic composition and their sources of very fine atmospheric particulate matter (PM), size-segregated PM was sampled using rotating drum impactor (RDI) in series with a sequential filter sampler in Augsburg, Germany, from April 2014 to February 2015. Organic speciation analysis and organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) analysis was performed for the smallest size fraction PM0.36 (PM<360nm). Different OC fractions were determined by thermal optical EC/OC analyzer, and OC2, OC3 and OC4 refer to OC fractions that were derived at 280, 480 and 580°C, respectively. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was applied for source apportionment study. PMF resolved 5 sources including biogenic dominated secondary organic aerosol (bioSOA), isoprene dominated SOA (isoSOA), traffic, biomass burning (BB) and biomass burning originated SOA (bbSOA). On annual average, PMF results indicate the largest contribution of biogenic originated SOA (bioSOA plus isoSOA) to OC, followed by traffic and then BB related sources (BB plus bbSOA). Traffic was found to be associated with the smallest particles; whereas bioSOA and BB are associated with larger particles. Secondary organic marker compounds from biogenic precursors, OC2, OC3 and bioSOA, isoSOA source factors show summer maximum. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), biomass burning markers, OC4 and BB, bbSOA source factors show winter maximum. Hopanes and the traffic source factor show little seasonal variation. Summer peaks of OC3 and OC2 are well modeled by PMF and are attributed mainly to biogenic SOA. OC4 was generally poorly modeled due to lack of characteristic low volatile markers. Summer maxima of biogenic SOA related compounds and source factors are positively correlated with temperature, global radiation, O3 concentration and mixing layer height (MLH). Winter maxima of BB related compounds and source factors are negatively correlated with temperature and MLH; whereas positively correlated with NO2 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Li
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Josef Cyrys
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Environmental Science Center (WZU), University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jianwei Gu
- Environmental Science Center (WZU), University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Germany
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16
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Dong CD, Tsai ML, Chen CW, Hung CM. Remediation and cytotoxicity study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated marine sediments using synthesized iron oxide-carbon composite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5243-5253. [PMID: 28589280 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study developed a new and cost-effective method for the remediation of marine sediments contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized as the active component, supported on carbon black (CB), to form a composite catalyst (Fe3O4-CB) by using a wet chemical method. The oxidation of 16 PAH contaminants present in marine sediments significantly activated sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) to form sulfate free radicals (SO4-·); this was investigated in a slurry system. In addition, in vitro cytotoxic activity and oxidative stress studies were performed. The synthesized composite catalysts (Fe3O4-CB) were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The efficiency of PAH removal was 39-63% for unactivated persulfate (PS) from an initial dose of 1.7 × 10-7-1.7 × 10-2 M. The removal of PAHs was evaluated using Fe3O4/PS, CB/PS, and Fe3O4/PS and found to be 75, 64, and 86%, respectively, at a temperature of 303 K, PS concentration of 1.7 × 10-5 M, and pH of 6.0. An MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the composite catalyst at five concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL) on human hepatoma carcinoma (HepG2) cells for 24 h. This revealed a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability. A dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay was performed to evaluate the generation of reactive oxygen species, which principally originated from the ferrous ions of the composite catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Mao Hung
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Chou WC, Hsu CY, Ho CC, Hsieh JH, Chiang HC, Tsou TC, Chen YC, Lin P. Development of an in Vitro-Based Risk Assessment Framework for Predicting Ambient Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Activated Toxicity Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14262-14272. [PMID: 29192765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed throughout the atmosphere as mixtures attached to ambient particulate matter (PM). PAHs usually elicit similar toxicological pathways but do so with varying levels of efficacy. In this study, we utilized high-throughput screening (HTS) in vitro data of PAHs to predict health risks associated with coarse and fine PM. PM samples with 22 PAH compounds obtained from residential areas close to industrial parks in central Taiwan were analyzed. On the basis of the PM-bound PAH concentrations and their activities reported in HTS assays, we developed a probabilistic model for estimating cumulative exposure of humans to PAHs. Activity-to-exposure ratio (AER) values were calculated to compare relative risks of activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and tumor suppressor gene (p53) when children or adults were exposed to fine or coarse PM in different seasons. On the basis of AER values, the risk of fine PM exposure was relatively higher than the risk of exposure to coarse PM in pathway activation. Children as a susceptible population had a risk of the activating AhR pathway greater than that of adults. Particularly higher risks were observed in winter than in summer. Among three pathways, AhR was the most sensitive one activated by exposure to PAHs. In addition, the activation of the AhR, Nrf2, and p53 pathways was compared by in vitro reporter assays with and without the pre-extraction of PAHs from PM. Our proposed novel approach accounts for mixture toxicities in characterizing in vitro pathway-based risks via inhalation exposure to ambient PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chou
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan, Taiwan 35053, ROC
| | - Chin-Yu Hsu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan, Taiwan 35053, ROC
| | - Chia-Chi Ho
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan, Taiwan 35053, ROC
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Kelly Government Solutions , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan, Taiwan 35053, ROC
| | - Tsui-Chun Tsou
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan, Taiwan 35053, ROC
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan, Taiwan 35053, ROC
| | - Pinpin Lin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan, Taiwan 35053, ROC
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18
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Yan J, Lai CH, Lung SCC, Chen C, Wang WC, Huang PI, Lin CH. Industrial PM 2.5 cause pulmonary adverse effect through RhoA/ROCK pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1658-1666. [PMID: 28535594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the Chinese Ministry of Health, industrial pollution-induced health impacts have been the leading cause of death in China. While industrial fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with adverse health effects, the major action mechanisms of different compositions of PM2.5 are currently unclear. In this study, we treated normal human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells with industrial organic and water-soluble PM2.5 extracts under daily alveolar deposition dose to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying adverse pulmonary effects induced by PM2.5, including oxidative damage, inflammatory response, lung epithelial barrier dysfunction, and the recruitment of macrophages. We found that water-soluble PM2.5 extracts caused more severe cytotoxic effects on BEAS-2B cells compared with that of organic extracts. Both organic and water-soluble PM2.5 extracts induced activation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway. Inflammatory response, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and the activation of NF-кB caused by both PM2.5 extracts were attenuated by ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. This indicated that both PM2.5 extracts could cause damage to epithelial cells through RhoA/ROCK-dependent NF-кB activation. Furthermore, the upregulation of macrophage adhesion induced by both PM2.5 extracts was also attenuated by Y-27632 in a co-culture model of macrophages and the epithelial cells. Therefore, our results support that industrial PM2.5 extracts-induced activation of the RhoA/ROCK-dependent NF-кB pathway induces pulmonary adverse effect. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of ROCK activation might have therapeutic potential in preventing lung disease associated with PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chia-Hsiang Lai
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan
| | | | - Chongjun Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Wang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Pin-I Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan.
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19
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Bai H, Wu M, Zhang H, Tang G. Chronic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure causes DNA damage and genomic instability in lung epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:79034-79045. [PMID: 29108285 PMCID: PMC5668018 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell exposure to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is closely associated with DNA damage and genomic instability. We assessed the mechanisms of chronic and acute PAH exposure-induced genotoxicity in two human lung epithelial cell lines, A549 and NC-H1975. We sampled atmospheric PAHs at the Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China during August (non-haze episode) and November (haze episode) 2015. We identified vehicle emissions as a dominant anthropogenic PAH source in our study. PAHs were extracted according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency Method TO-13A. We found that chronic PAH exposure saturated lung cell xenobiotic metabolic pathways, promoting intercellular reactive oxygen species production and accumulation. Chronic alteration of the cellular redox status resulted in DNA damage and genomic instability. Chronic PAH exposure also perturbed the cellular DNA damage response, inducing S phase arrest and inhibiting apoptosis. Dysregulation of PAH metabolism and the DNA damage response altered cellular homeostasis and increased cell susceptibility to subsequent PAH exposures, thereby enhancing the likelihood of genomic mutation and instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Min Wu
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Guping Tang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
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20
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Chen YC, Chiang HC, Hsu CY, Yang TT, Lin TY, Chen MJ, Chen NT, Wu YS. Ambient PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Changhua County, central Taiwan: Seasonal variation, source apportionment and cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:372-382. [PMID: 27423500 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates PM2.5-bound PAHs for rural sites (Dacheng and Fangyuan) positioned close to heavy air-polluting industries in Changhua County, central Taiwan. A total of 113 PM2.5 samples with 22 PAHs collected from 2014 to 2015 were analyzed, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and diagnostic ratios of PAHs were applied to quantify potential PAH sources. The influences of local and regional sources were also explored using the conditional probability function (CPF) and potential source contribution function (PSCF) with PMF-modeled results, respectively. Annual mean concentrations of total PAHs were 2.91 ± 1.34 and 3.04 ± 1.40 ng/m3 for Dacheng and Fangyuan, respectively, and their corresponding BaPeq were measured at 0.534 ± 0.255 and 0.563 ± 0.273 ng/m3 in concentration. Seasonal variations with higher PAHs found for the winter than for the spring and summer were observed for both sites. The lifetime excess cancer risk (ECR) from inhalation exposure to PAHs was recorded as 4.7 × 10-5 overall. Potential sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs include unburned petroleum and traffic emissions (42%), steel industry and coal combustion (31%), and petroleum and oil burning (27%), and unburned petroleum and traffic emission could contribute the highest ECR (2.4 × 10-5). The CPF results show that directional apportionment patterns were consistent with the actual locations of local PAH sources. The PSCF results indicate that mainly northeastern regions of China have contributed elevated PM2.5-bound PAHs from long-range transports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Hsu
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University, No 306, Yuanpei St, Hsin Chu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Lin
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Jean Chen
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shen Wu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, Sha-Lu, Taichung 433, Taiwan
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Tsai YI, Sopajaree K, Kuo SC, Yu SP. Potential PM2.5 impacts of festival-related burning and other inputs on air quality in an urban area of southern Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 527-528:65-79. [PMID: 25958356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Mid-Autumn Festival (MAF), or Moon Festival, is a harvest festival in Taiwan, celebrated by families across the island with evening barbecues outside. This study investigated the potential impact of these activities on the air quality in Tainan, a city in southern Taiwan. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was examined in the period leading up to the MAF (pre-MAF), during the Festival (MAF), after the Festival (post-MAF), and in the period after this (a period of moderate air quality: MAQ). Gaseous pollutants in PM2.5 were, from highest to lowest mean concentration, NH3, SO2, HCl, HNO3, HNO2, and oxalic acid, while inorganic salts were mainly in the form of the photochemical products SO4(2-), NH4(+), and NO3(-). These inorganic salts accounted for 37.6%-44.5% of the PM2.5 mass concentration, while a further 26.3%-42.8% of the PM2.5 mass was total carbon (TC). TC was mostly composed of organic carbon (OC) produced by photochemical reactions. Of this, 9.8%-14.9% was carboxylates, of which oxalate was the most abundant compound, accounting for 22.8%-31.9% of carboxylates. The presence of phthalates in the PM2.5 indicated emissions from the plastics industry. Although a noticeable amount of aerosol was produced by festival activities and burning of softwood and hardwood, onshore air currents during the festival prevented potential high aerosol loading. During the moderate air quality period following post-MAF, the concentration of total carbohydrates was 1.44-2.64 times the amount during the festival. Levoglucosan and myo-inositol accounted for 81.7%-89.6% of the total carbohydrate concentration. The average Levo/Manno ratio was 18.64 ± 5.24. The concentration of levoglucosan was closely related to that of PO4(3-), erythritol, and galactose. Backward trajectories indicated that biomass burning in China affected the air quality of Tainan City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying I Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Indoor Air Quality Research and Service Center, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
| | - Khajornsak Sopajaree
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Su-Ching Kuo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Po Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
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Moore AFT, Goicoechea HC, Barbosa F, Campiglia AD. Parallel Factor Analysis of 4.2 K Excitation–Emission Matrices for the Direct Determination of Dibenzopyrene Isomers in Coal-Tar Samples with a Cryogenic Fiber-Optic Probe Coupled to a Commercial Spectrofluorimeter. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5232-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F. T. Moore
- University of Central Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4111 Libra Drive, Physical Sciences Building Room 255, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Hector C. Goicoechea
- Laboratorio
de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra
de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica
y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Litoral, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratório
de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências
Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, 1404903, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Andres D. Campiglia
- University of Central Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4111 Libra Drive, Physical Sciences Building Room 255, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
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Sarigiannis DΑ, Karakitsios SP, Zikopoulos D, Nikolaki S, Kermenidou M. Lung cancer risk from PAHs emitted from biomass combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 137:147-156. [PMID: 25543545 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with the assessment of the cancer risk attributable to PAH exposure, attributable to the increased use of biomass for space heating in Greece in the winter of 2012-2013. Three fractions of particulates (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) were measured in two sampling sites (urban/residential and traffic-influenced) followed by chemical analysis of 19 PAHs and levoglucosan (used as a biomarker tracer). PAH-induced lung cancer risk was estimated by a comprehensive methodology that incorporated human respiratory tract deposition modelling in order to estimate the toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ) at each target tissue. This allowed us to further differentiate internal exposure and risk by age groups. Results showed that all PM fractions are higher in Greece during the cold months of the year, mainly due to biomass use for space heating. PAH and levoglucosan levels were highly correlated, indicating that particles emitted from biomass combustion are more toxic than PM emitted from other sources. The estimated lung cancer risk was non-negligible for residents close to the urban background monitoring site. Higher risk was estimated for infants and children, due to the higher bodyweight normalized dose and the human respiratory tract (HRT) physiology. HRT structure and physiology in youngsters favor deposition of particles that are smaller and more toxic per unit mass. In all cases, the estimated risk (5.7E-07 and 1.4E-06 for the urban background site and 1.4E-07 to 5.0E-07 for the traffic site) was lower to the one estimated by the conventional methodology (2.8E-06 and 9.7E-07 for the urban background and the traffic site respectively) that is based on Inhalation Unit Risk; the latter assumes that all PAHs adsorbed on particles are taken up by humans. With the methodology proposed herein, the estimated risk presents a 5-7 times difference between the two sampling sites (depending on the age group). These differences could not have been identified had we relied only on conventional risk assessment method. Consequently, the actual cancer risk attributable to PAHs on PM emitted from biomass burning would have been significantly underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimosthenis Α Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Natural and Renewable Resource Exploitation Laboratory, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Spyros P Karakitsios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Natural and Renewable Resource Exploitation Laboratory, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Zikopoulos
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridoula Nikolaki
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marianthi Kermenidou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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25
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Water analysis of the sixteen environmental protection agency—polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via solid-phase nanoextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1345:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Zhang P, Wang Y, Yang B, Liu C, Shu J. Heterogeneous reactions of particulate benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[k]fluoranthene with NO(3) radicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 99:34-40. [PMID: 24210551 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F) and benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F) are widespread priority pollutants of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can react with atmospheric oxidants during transport in the troposphere and lead to the formation of more toxic compounds. At present, the rates of heterogeneous reactions of B[b]F and B[k]F aerosols with NO3 radicals, an important atmospheric oxidant, are not fully understood. Thus, this study investigated the products and kinetics of heterogeneous reactions of suspended B[b]F and B[k]F particles with NO3 radicals in an aerosol reaction chamber at room temperature (293±2K) under atmospheric pressure. The reactions are monitored online using a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-ATOFMS) and an atmospheric gas analysis mass spectrometer. The mono-nitro-, di-nitro-, tri-nitro-products, and those products containing both nitro and ketone groups are observed with VUV-ATOFMS. The effective rate constants for heterogeneous reactions of particulate B[b]F and B[k]F with NO3 radicals under the experimental conditions are respectively estimated to (1.2±0.1)×10(-12)cm(3)molecule(-1)s(-1) and (5.8±0.3)×10(-13)cm(3)molecule(-1)s(-1) using a mixed-phase relative rate method, and the corresponding effective uptake coefficients are respectively estimated to 0.22 and 0.65. The lifetimes of particulate B[b]F and B[k]F at a typical concentration of NO3 radicals (5×10(8)moleculecm(-3)) in the lower troposphere during the night are estimated to 3.0 and 3.9h, respectively. The experimental results of these heterogeneous reactions in the aerosol state provide supplementary knowledge for kinetic behaviors of airborne PAHs particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Youfeng Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Changgeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinian Shu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Tsai JH, Chen SJ, Huang KL, Lin WY, Lee WJ, Lin CC, Hsieh LT, Chiu JY, Kuo WC. Emissions from a generator fueled by blends of diesel, biodiesel, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol: analyses of emitted PM, particulate carbon, and PAHs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:195-202. [PMID: 23911918 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is one of alternative energies that have been extensively discussed and studied. This research investigates the characteristics of particulate matter (PM), particulate carbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from a generator fueled by waste-edible-oil-biodiesel with acetone and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) addition. The tested biodieselhols consisted of pure diesel oil (D100) with 1-3 vol.% pure acetone (denoted as A), 1-70 vol.% waste-edible-oil-biodiesel (denoted as W), and 1 vol.% pure isopropyl alcohol (the stabilizer, denoted as P). The results show that in comparison to W1D99, W3D97, W5D95, W10D90, and W20D80, the use of biodieselhols achieved additional reduction of PM and particulate organic carbon (OC) emission, and such reduction increased as the addition percentage of pure acetone increased. Regardless of the percentages of added waste-edible-oil-biodiesel, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol, the use of biodieselhol in place of D100 could reduce the emissions of Total-PAHs (by 6.13-42.5% (average = 24.1%)) and Total-BaPeq (by 16.6-74.8% (average = 53.2%)) from the diesel engine generator. Accordingly, the W/D blended fuels (W<20 vol.%) containing acetone (1-3 vol.%) and isopropyl alcohol (1 vol.%) are a potential alternative fuel for diesel engine generators because they substantially reduce emissions of PM, particulate OC, Total-PAHs, and Total-BaPeq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsiung Tsai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
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28
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Ifegwu C, Igwo-Ezikpe MN, Anyakora C, Osuntoki A, Oseni KA, Alao EO. 1-hydroxypyrene levels in blood samples of rats after exposure to generator fumes. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2013; 5:1-6. [PMID: 24179393 PMCID: PMC3791950 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s10759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a major component of fuel generator fumes. Carcinogenicity of these compounds has long been established. In this study, 37 Swiss albino rats were exposed to generator fumes at varied distances for 8 hours per day for a period of 42 days and the level of 1-hydroxypyrene in their blood was evaluated. This study also tried to correlate the level of blood 1-hyroxypyrene with the distance from the source of pollution. Plasma was collected by centrifuging the whole blood sample followed by complete hydrolysis of the conjugated 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide to yield the analyte of interest, 1-hydroxypyrene, which was achieved using beta glucuronidase. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector was used to determine the 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in the blood samples. The mobile phase was water:methanol (12:88 v/v) isocratic run at the flow rate of 1.2 mL/min with CI8 stationary phase at 250 nm. After 42 days of exposure, blood concentration level of 1-hydroxypyrene ranged from 34 μg/mL to 26.29 μg/mL depending on the distance from source of exposure. The control group had no 1-hydroxypyrene in their blood. After the period of exposure, percentage of death correlated with the distance from the source of exposure. Percentage of death ranged from 56% to zero depending on the proximity to source of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton Ifegwu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lagos
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29
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Wang W, Wu FY, Huang MJ, Kang Y, Cheung KC, Wong MH. Size fraction effect on phthalate esters accumulation, bioaccessibility and in vitro cytotoxicity of indoor/outdoor dust, and risk assessment of human exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 261:753-762. [PMID: 23755845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Indoor and outdoor dusts from two urban centers in the Pearl River Delta, China, were analyzed and phthalate esters varied from 4.95 to 2,220 μg g(-1) in indoor dust, significantly higher than outdoor dust (1.70-869 μg g(-1)). Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the dominant phthalate found and the highest distribution factor (DF) (1.56 ± 0.41) was noted in the <63 μm fraction (p<0.05). In vitro cytotoxicity of dust extract on human T cell lymphoblast leukemic cell line (CCRF-CEM) indicated by Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50) decreased with particle size. The power model was found as a better fit for explaining the relationship between LC50 and phthalates (R(2)=0.46, p<0.01). Bioaccessibility of phthalates in dust varied with different particle sizes, with the greatest bioaccessible fraction (2.49-38.6%) obtained in <63 μm. Risk assessment indicated that indoor dust ingestion accounted for the major source for DEHP exposure (81.4-96.4% of non-dietary exposure and 36.5% of total exposure), especially for toddlers. The cancer risks associated with DEHP via home dust were high (10(-6)-10(-4)), with 10% of houses estimated with unacceptable risks (>10(-4)). After corrected with the bioaccessibility of phthalates, the cancer risks of dust exposure were moderate (10(-7)-10(-5)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution - Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University and City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China
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30
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Pre-concentration of water samples with BEA zeolite for the direct determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Kumar S, Verma MK, Srivastava AK. Ultrafine particles in urban ambient air and their health perspectives. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2013; 28:117-128. [PMID: 24192498 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2013-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UfPs, PM<0.1) are constituents of urban ambient air aerosol. We have reviewed literature on UfPs in urban ambient air and their health perspectives. Generally traffic-linked and of anthropogenic origin, these are toxicants and a health risk factor for urban subjects. UfPs occur in single and agglomerate forms. Studies on the number concentrations of UfPs show tens of thousand times greater levels in urban aerosol than in nonurban aerosol. These nanosize pollutants seem to have more aggressive implications than other respirable fractions of urban aerosol. In literature, it is hypothesized that a chronic exposure to their high number concentrations and their vast surface area, transporting various toxicants, injure tissues or cells and induce inflammation or, eventually, adverse health effects. UfPs are deposited deep in the tissues, translocate, and skip the innate clearance mechanisms. After retention for a long time, these can infiltrate into the interstitium and permeate cells. Traffic-linked UfPs have been found to be toxic to the respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. At the molecular level, UfPs influence signaling cascade, actin-cytoskeleton pathway, immunoregulation, reactive oxygen species generation to trigger histaminic response, mast cell activation, and pro-inflammatory changes; their mutagenic and carcinogenic effects are also tacit in view of the carcinogenic potential of diesel exhaust in humans. The molecular changes are proposed to be the subclinical effects that manifest disease exacerbations or the predisposition of subjects to pathologies after exposure to UfP. A legislatively regulated monitoring of UfP-contaminated urban ambient air environment is also endorsed to reduce the disease load or its exacerbation that is growing in diesel exhaust (a human carcinogen)-polluted urban areas.
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Jian L, Zhao Y, Zhu YP, Zhang MB, Bertolatti D. An application of ARIMA model to predict submicron particle concentrations from meteorological factors at a busy roadside in Hangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 426:336-345. [PMID: 22522077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of meteorological factors on submicron particle (ultrafine particle (UFP) and particulate matter 1.0 (PM(1.0))) concentrations under busy traffic conditions, a model study was conducted in Hangzhou, a city with a rapid increase of on-road vehicle fleet in China. A statistical model, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), was used for this purpose. ARIMA results indicated that barometric pressure and wind velocity were anti-correlated and temperature and relative humidity were positively correlated with UFP number concentrations and PM(1.0) mass concentrations (p<0.05). These data suggest that meteorological factors are significant predictors in forecasting roadside atmospheric concentrations of submicron particles. The findings provide baseline information on the potential effect of meteorological factors on UFP and PM(1.0) levels on a busy viaduct with heavy traffic most of the day. This study also provides a framework that may be applied in future studies, with large scale time series data, to predict the impact of meteorological factors on submicron particle concentrations in fast-developing cities, in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Jian
- School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
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33
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two Spanish traditional smoked sausage varieties: “Chorizo gallego” and “Chorizo de cebolla”. Meat Sci 2011; 89:105-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Jian L, Zhu YP, Zhao Y. Monitoring fine and ultrafine particles in the atmosphere of a Southeast Chinese city. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING : JEM 2011; 13:2623. [PMID: 21826358 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10383k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
There have been few studies on submicron particles in the atmosphere reported from developing countries. With rapid economic development, the size of the road vehicle fleet has increased dramatically in China. The increase in vehicle emissions has raised concerns about air quality, especially in the urban areas of this developing country. A model study was conducted in Hangzhou, a city in Southeast China, with the aim of characterizing the emission patterns of submicron particles ≤1.0 micron from on-road vehicles and the impact of vehicle density and speed on the concentrations of submicron particles in the atmosphere. Results showed that the average ultrafine particle (UFP) number concentration was 45 805 particles cm(-3) and the average mass concentration of particulate matter 1.0 (PM1.0) was 217 μg m(-3) during the survey period. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average modelling results indicated that an increase of vehicle density and driving speed were positively correlated with the increase of UFP and PM1.0 concentrations (p < 0.05) in the atmosphere. Results from this study suggest that vehicle density and driving speed are significant predictors of submicron particle emissions. This study provides first hand information for future investigations on the submicron particle emissions in Hangzhou, a city with rapidly increasing vehicle numbers and for further investigations into a possible causal relationship between submicron particles and health effects on local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Jian
- School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
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35
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Liao CM, Chio CP, Chen WY, Ju YR, Li WH, Cheng YH, Liao VHC, Chen SC, Ling MP. Lung cancer risk in relation to traffic-related nano/ultrafine particle-bound PAHs exposure: a preliminary probabilistic assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 190:150-158. [PMID: 21458918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been linked to human lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess lung cancer risk caused by inhalation exposure to nano/ultrafine particle-bound PAHs at the population level in Taiwan appraised with recent published data. A human respiratory tract model was linked with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to estimate deposition fraction and internal organic-specific PAHs doses. A probabilistic risk assessment framework was developed to estimate potential lung cancer risk. We reanalyzed particle size distribution, total-PAHs, particle-bound benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P) and PM concentrations. A dose-response profile describing the relationships between external B[a]P concentration and lung cancer risk response was constructed based on population attributable fraction (PAF). We found that 90% probability lung cancer risks ranged from 10(-5) to 10(-4) for traffic-related nano and ultrafine particle-bound PAHs, indicating a potential lung cancer risk. The particle size-specific PAF-based excess annual lung cancer incidence rate due to PAHs exposure was estimated to be less than 1 per 100,000 population, indicating a mild risk factor for lung cancer. We concluded that probabilistic risk assessment linked PAF for limiting cumulative PAHs emissions to reduce lung cancer risk plays a prominent role in future government risk assessment program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Min Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
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36
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Tsai JH, Chen SJ, Huang KL, Lee WJ, Kuo WC, Lin WY. Characteristics of particulate emissions from a diesel generator fueled with varying blends of biodiesel and fossil diesel. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:204-213. [PMID: 21240709 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.532444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the particulate matter (PM), particle-bound carbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from a diesel-engine generator fuelled with blends of pure fossil diesel oil (D100) and varying percentages of waste-edible-oil biodiesel (W10, 10 vol %; W20, 20 vol %; W30, 30 vol %; and W50, 50 vol %) under generator loads of 0, 1.5, and 3 kW. On average, the PM emission factors of all blends was 30.5 % (range, 13.7-52.3 %) lower than that of D100 under the tested loads. Substituting pure fossil diesel oil with varying percentages of waste-edible-oil biodiesel reduced emissions of particle-bound total carbon (TC) and elemental carbon (EC). The W20 blend had the lowest particle-bound organic carbon (OC) emissions. Notably, W10, W20, and W30 also had lower Total-PAH emissions and lower total equivalent toxicity (Total-BaP(eq)) compared to D100. Additionally, the brake-specific fuel consumption of the generator correlated positively with the ratio of waste-edible-oil biodiesel to pure fossil diesel. However, generator energy efficiency correlated negatively with the ratio of waste-edible-oil biodiesel to pure fossil diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsiung Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, PingTung, Taiwan
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37
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Lin WY, Lin CC, Huang KL, Hsu JJ, Chiang JY, Tsai JH, Chiu CH, Chiu JY, Chen SJ. Effect of traffic loading on particle-bound water-soluble ions and carbons collected near a busy road and at an urban site. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:1839-1849. [PMID: 20936561 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2010.520505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examines size-resolved particle-bound water-soluble ions and carbons (element carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC)) collected near a busy road and at an urban site. The traffic-related fine and coarse particles were collected using two manual dichotomous samplers (Dichots) equipped with Quartz filters. The PM(2.5)/PM(2.5-10) value during rush hour (3.57) exceeded that during slack time (2.72). During weekdays and weekends, although the roadside PM(2.5) concentration correlated well with traffic flow (R(2)= 0.91 and 0.81, respectively), the roadside PM(2.5-10) concentration did not. The lowest second aerosol concentrations were observed from 19:00 to 21:00 during weekdays and weekends. The average content of total water-soluble ions in PM(2.5) was 30.7% and 35.7% for weekday and weekend samples, respectively (a total average of 33.2%). In PM(2.5), the content of NO(3)(-) (8.95-11.0%) exceeded that of SO(4)(2-) (7.08-8.10%) at the roadside site. Conversely, the content of PM(2.5)-bound SO(4)(2-) was higher than that of PM(2.5)-bound NO(3)(-) at the urban site. The mean content of PM(2.5)-bound TC was 35.8%, while that of PM(2.5-10)-bound TC was 15.9%. Moreover, the R(2) values of traffic flow versus PM(2.5)-bound EC concentration on weekdays and weekends were 0.89 and 0.56, respectively, and were 0.82 and 0.38, respectively, for those of traffic flow versus PM(2.5)-bound OC concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yinn Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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38
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Chien SM, Huang YJ. Sizes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition distributions of nano, ultrafine, fine, and coarse particulates emitted from a four-stroke motorcycle. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2010; 45:1768-1774. [PMID: 20924922 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2010.513289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Thus, this study was undertaken to determine the size distribution, concentration, species, and carcinogenic potency of particulate matter and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from 4-st/mc at various speeds (idle, 15 km/h, 30 km/h). Approximately 80% of the particles emitted from the that is, they are primary inhalable particulates. The particle total number concentrations (TNCs) emitted while idling and at 15 and 30 km/h were 2.07 x 10⁴, 2.35 x 10⁴, and 2.60 x 10⁴ #/cm³, respectively; i.e., they increased at elevated speeds. Notably, most of the particles emitted at 30 km/h had diameters of less than 0.65 μm and contained higher percentages of total PAHs. Excluding incomplete combustion, we suspected that some of the lower-molecular-weight PAHs [phenanthrene (PA), anthracene (Ant), pyrene (Pyr)] obtained in the fine particles at idle originated from unburned 95-octane unleaded fuel. When operated at 15 km/h, pyrolysis of the PAHs dominated, resulting in increased amounts of medium-molecular-weight PAHs {fluorene (FL), Pyr, benz[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHR)} in the ultrafine particles. Furthermore, at 30 km/h, more pyrosynthesis products {benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1,2,3,-cd]pyrene (IND), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA)}, induced through combustion at the correspondingly higher temperature, were exhausted with the nanoparticles. Although the total concentrations of BaP-equivalent emissions were inconsistent with the total PAHs, the nanoscale-sized particulates emitted from the 4-st/mc at higher speeds had the strongest PAH-related carcinogenic potencies, which should be a great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu M Chien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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39
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Kang Y, Cheung KC, Wong MH. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different indoor dusts and their potential cytotoxicity based on two human cell lines. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:542-7. [PMID: 20452024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 55 air-conditioner filter dust samples from six different workplaces including commercial office, secondary school, shopping mall, hospital, electronic factory and manufacturing plant in Hong Kong were collected for analyses of PAH concentration and cytotoxicity. Chemical analyses showed that the total PAHs ranged from 1.17 to 25.5 microg/g, with the dust samples from manufacturing plant having the highest concentration. MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrasodium bromide) assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of organic dust extracts using human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and human skin keratinocyte cell line (KERTr). Each organic dust extract showed marked dose-related response. Dust samples from the manufacturing plant showed the highest cytotoxicity. Curve estimation indicated that power model was fit for explaining the relationship between the total PAH concentration and lethal concentration 50 (LC(50)). In addition, a significant negative correlation was observed between the total PAH concentration and LC(50) both on HepG2 (r=-0.65, p<0.01) and KERTr (r=-0.63, p<0.01) cell lines. Source analyses demonstrated that the PAHs in dust were derived from pyrogenic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kang
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, PR China
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40
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Tsai JH, Chen SJ, Huang KL, Lin YC, Lee WJ, Lin CC, Lin WY. PM, carbon, and PAH emissions from a diesel generator fuelled with soy-biodiesel blends. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 179:237-43. [PMID: 20307928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesels have received increasing attention as alternative fuels for diesel engines and generators. This study investigates the emissions of particulate matter (PM), total carbon (TC), e.g., organic/elemental carbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a diesel generator fuelled with soy-biodiesel blends. Among the tested diesel blends (B0, B10 (10 vol% soy-biodiesel), B20, and B50), B20 exhibited the lowest PM emission concentration despite the loads (except the 5 kW case), whereas B10 displayed lower PM emission factors when operating at 0 and 10 kW than the other fuel blends. The emission concentrations or factors of EC, OC, and TC were the lowest when B10 or B20 was used regardless of the loading. Under all tested loads, the average concentrations of total-PAHs emitted from the generator using the B10 and B20 were lower (by 38% and 28%, respectively) than those using pure petroleum diesel fuel (B0), while the emission factors of total-PAHs decreased with an increasing ratio of biodiesel to premium diesel. With an increasing loading, although the brake specific fuel consumption decreased, the energy efficiency increased despite the bio/petroleum diesel ratio. Therefore, soy-biodiesel is promising for use as an alternative fuel for diesel generators to increase energy efficiency and reduce the PM, carbon, and PAH emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsiung Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shieh-Fu Rd., Nei Pu 91207, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Shibata K, Yanagisawa N, Tashiro Y, Mukunashi T, Onodera T, Sakamoto K. Reduction in the Emissions and Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from a Heavy-duty Diesel Engine with the Latest Aftertreatment Devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Shibata
- Isuzu Advanced Engineering Center, Ltd
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
| | | | | | | | | | - Kazuhiko Sakamoto
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University
- Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University
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Solid-phase nano-extraction and laser-excited time-resolved Shpol’skii spectroscopy for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water samples. Anal Biochem 2009; 385:249-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Liu YY, Lin TC, Wang YJ, Ho WL. Carbonyl Compounds and Toxicity Assessments of Emissions from a Diesel Engine Running on Biodiesels. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2009; 59:163-171. [PMID: 29116921 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.59.2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study elucidates the effect of biodiesel on the emission of carbonyl compounds generated from a diesel engine (generator), and the related biotoxicity characteristics. The Microtox test and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay were conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity and cytotoxicity, respectively, of gaseous extracts from diesel engine exhaust. The engine was tested using diesel fuel and biodiesel blends (10, 30, 50, 75, and 100% of biodiesel by volume). The operating conditions of the diesel engine were set as idling, 10, 33, and 55% loads. The regulated emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2) were monitored. The carbonyl compounds in the exhaust were collected in 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) solution in an impinger and converted to corresponding hydrazone derivatives, which were then analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet (UV) detector. Analysis results indicate that the carbonyl compound emissions increased when the engine was run on biodiesels at all of the loadings; however, the total concentration of emitted carbonyls did not increase with the biodiesel content. The dominant carbonyls (formalde-hyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and acetone) accounted for 70 to 90% of all carbonyl emissions in the engine exhaust. The concentrations of CO2 and NOx from B10 were quite similar to those from diesel. Finally, in the toxicity assessments, B10 had a higher acute toxicity and cytotoxicity than diesel, indicating that blending with biodiesel may have adverse health effects because of toxic gas emissions. At various engine loads, higher toxicities were associated with greater carbonyl emissions in diesel exhaust, but not in B10, indicating that the carbonyls may not be the major pollutants that induce the toxicity of emissions from biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yin Liu
- a Department of Environmental Engineering, and Sustainable Environment Research Center , Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Ta-Chang Lin
- a Department of Environmental Engineering, and Sustainable Environment Research Center , Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- b Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , National Cheng Kung University Medical College , Tainan , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Wei-Lun Ho
- a Department of Environmental Engineering, and Sustainable Environment Research Center , Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan , Republic of China
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44
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Wang H, Campiglia AD. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water samples by solid-phase nanoextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8202-9. [PMID: 18834147 DOI: 10.1021/ac8014824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel alternative is presented for the extraction and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from water samples. The new approachwhich we have named solid-phase nanoextraction (SPNE)takes advantage of the strong affinity that exists between PAH and gold nanoparticles. Carefully optimization of experimental parameters has led to a high-performance liquid chromatography method with excellent analytical figures of merit. Its most striking feature correlates to the small volume of water sample (500 microL) for complete PAH analyses. The limits of detection ranged from 0.9 (anthracene) to 58 ng.L (-1) (fluorene). The relative standard deviations at medium calibration concentrations vary from 3.2 (acenaphthene) to 9.1% (naphthalene). The analytical recoveries from tap water samples of the six regulated PAH varied from 83.3 +/- 2.4 (benzo[ k]fluoranthene) to 95.7 +/- 4.1% (benzo[ g,h,i]perylene). The entire extraction procedure consumes less than 100 microL of organic solvents per sample, which makes it environmentally friendly. The small volume of extracting solution makes SPNE a relatively inexpensive extraction approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 25000, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, USA
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