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Xie JF, Gu JY, Li LZ, Guo Y, Liu LY. First report on liquid crystal monomers in tree barks surrounding a display manufacturer: Insights for atmospheric transport and establishment of priority list. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135372. [PMID: 39106723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Tree bark has been proven as an effective passive air sampler, particularly where access to active sampling methods is limited. In this study, 60 target liquid crystal monomers (LCMs; comprising 10 cyanobiphenyl and analogs (CBAs), 13 biphenyl and analogs (BAs), and 37 fluorinated biphenyl and analogs (FBAs)) were analyzed in 34 tree barks collected from the vicinity of a liquid crystal display (LCD) manufacturer situated in the Pearl River Delta, South China. The concentrations of LCMs in tree barks ranged from 1400 to 16000 ng/g lipid weight, with an average of 5900 ng/g lipid weight. Generally, bark levels of BAs exponentially decreased within 5 km of the LCD manufacturer. The profiles of LCMs in tree barks are similar to previously reported patterns in gaseous phase, suggesting bark's efficacy as a sampler for gaseous LCMs. The inclusion of different congeners in existing studies on the environmental occurrence of LCMs has hindered the horizontal comparisons. Therefore, this study established a list of priority LCMs based on environmental monitoring data and the publicly accessible production data. This list comprised 146 LCMs, including 63 REACH registered LCMs that haven't been analyzed in any study and 56 belonging to 4 types of mainstream LCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong-Feng Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Scholl of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jia-Yi Gu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Scholl of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liang-Zhong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High-Quality Recycling of End-of-Life New Energy Devices, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Scholl of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Scholl of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Wang S, Wang Q, Yuan Z, Wu X. Application of the multimedia fugacity model in predicting the environmental behaviors of PCBs: Based on field measurements and level III fugacity model simulation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115286. [PMID: 37481858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive understanding of PCBs' fate has been impeded by the lack of simultaneous monitoring of PCBs in multiple environmental media in the background areas, which were considered long-term sinks for highly chlorinated PCBs. To address this gap, this study analyzed soils, willow tree barks, water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment samples collected from the middle reach of the Huaihe River in China for 27 PCBs. The results showed that the levels of ∑27PCBs in the soils were comparable to or lower than the background values worldwide. There were no significant correlations between organic matter and ∑27PCB concentrations in the soils and sediments. Additionally, the contamination of dioxin-like PCBs in the aquatic environment of the study area deserves more attention than in the soils. Applying the level III fugacity model to PCB 52, 77, 101, and 114 revealed that the soil was the primary reservoir, and air-soil exchange was the dominant intermedia transfer process, followed by air-water exchange. Furthermore, simulated results of air-soil and air-water diffusion were compared with those calculated from the field concentrations to predict the potential environmental behaviors of PCBs. Results indicated that the studied river would be a "secondary source" for PCB 52, 77, and 101. However, PCB 52, 77, 101, and 114 would continue to transfer from the air to the soil. This study combines multimedia field measurements and the fugacity model, providing a novel approach to predicting the potential environmental behaviors of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Wuhu Dongyuan New Country Developing Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China
| | - Zijiao Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China
| | - Xiaoguo Wu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China.
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Wu X, Wang J, Yuan Z, Wang S. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in tree barks and tree cores of a national large-scale coal-fired power base of China: Sources, atmospheric toxicities, and pollution histories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163045. [PMID: 36963675 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are important hazardous air pollutants in China due to the country's coal-dominant energy structure. In order to reveal the pollution characteristics, sources, toxicity, and pollution historical trends of PACs in the atmosphere of the middle reach of the Huaihe River (MRHR), a large-scale coal-fired power base of China, tree barks and tree cores were collected and employed as passive air samplers and historical trend recorders, and 76 PACs were identified for the first time. ΣPACs in tree barks ranged from 170 to 3800 ng g-1 (mean = 700 ± 720 ng g-1), with the high concentrations observed mainly in the coal-mining and coal-bearing area. 16 priority PAHs (PriPAHs) were the predominant substances and accounted for 59 ± 8.3 % of ΣPACs. The combustion of coal and fuel oil was the most significant source of PACs, accounting for 43 % of ΣPACs, followed by the combustion of biomass (30 %) and non-combustion sources (27 %). Based on a bark-air partitioning model, volumetric air concentrations for ΣPACs were calculated to be 450-11,000 ng m-3 (mean = 1600 ± 2000 ng m-3). The BaP-toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQBaP) of ΣPACs (mean = 9.7 ± 15 ng m-3) were significantly higher than the Chinese guideline (1 ng m-3) and were mostly caused by coal & fuel oil combustion (55 ± 13 %). High molecular weight PACs were detected in lower percentages in tree cores than in tree barks, indicating that PACs in the particle phase were difficult to enter the tree core. Major PACs decreased in tree core samples between 2000 and 2020 as pollution control efforts improved, however, some PACs showed different trends when influenced by point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Wu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China
| | - Zijiao Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China.
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Wang C, Wang X, Gong P, Wang X. Evaluation of the spatiotemporal variations of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the forests of the Himalaya and Hengduan mountains using tree bark and tree core samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160306. [PMID: 36403843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There have been few reports of the large-scale spatial distribution and long-term historical variations of pollutants in high-altitude forests. Tree bark and tree core samples were collected from forests in the Himalaya and Hengduan mountains to determine the spatiotemporal variations of persistent organic pollutants. The average concentrations of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tree bark samples were 9.09, 0.10, 0.13, 0.11and 26 ng/g dry weight, respectively, and 1.30, 0.02, 0.17, 0.07 and 186 ng/g dry weight, respectively, in tree core samples. Higher levels of these pollutants were observed in the forests on the southern slopes of the Himalaya (Nepal) and the southern part of the Hengduan mountains (Yunnan, China). Lower concentrations of these pollutants were found in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau on the northern slopes of the Himalaya as a result of the blocking effect of these mountain ranges. The concentrations of DDTs and HCHs in Himalayan tree cores showed increasing trends from 1956 to 1975 when they were used as pesticide extensively worldwide, especially in India. Peak concentrations of DDTs, HCHs and PAHs in tree cores of Qamdo located in Hengduan Mountains were observed in 2013, which were consistent with the history of industrial and agricultural development in Sichuan. This study provides new insights into the impact of atmospheric pollutants in South and Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Wang C, Yuan RY, Wei SQ, He MJ. Occurrence, correlation, and partitioning of organophosphate esters in soil and tree bark from a megacity, Western China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:4359-4371. [PMID: 35965297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Concern over the influences of constant addition of emerging anthropogenic chemicals to the environment has become a public issue during the rapid urbanization. Here, we investigated the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil and corresponding tree bark in a megacity, Western China. Our results showed levels of OPEs in tree bark (1250 ± 573 ng/g dry weight (dw)) were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those in soil (40.4 ± 30.8 ng/g dw). Rooster Mountain is a background mountain area, exhibiting significantly lower concentrations of OPEs in soil and tree bark than those in other sites with relatively high population density. This result highlights the effect of human activities on the distribution of OPEs in environmental matrices. Alkyl-OPEs were predominant compounds in soil, whereas halogenated- (Cl-) OPEs were characterized in tree bark. Furthermore, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) positively correlated with tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) in soil (r2 = 0.43, P < 0.05) while negatively correlated with TCIPP in tree bark (r2 = 0.31, P < 0.05). The ratios of logarithm concentrations of OPEs in tree bark to those in soil correlated well with logKOA values of OPEs from 6 to 10, indicating the equilibrium status was achieved between OPE partitioning in soil and in tree bark. Nevertheless, tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) with high values of logKOA deviated from this linear tendency, which was possibly due to the fact that they were subjected to the particle-bound deposition process, leading to partition into the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Rui-Yu Yuan
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ming-Jing He
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Çalişkan Eleren S, Tasdemir Y. Levels, distributions, and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air and pine components. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:253. [PMID: 33834313 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pine tree (Pinus pinea) components have been used as passive air samples for determining atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations. Our results indicated that pine needles and branches were found to be statistically successful in describing the ambient air. Monthly pine needles, branches (1- and 2-year-old) and ambient air samples were collected for 1 year to identify molecular distributions and temporal concentrations of PAHs in a suburban-industrial area. Annual average Σ14PAH concentrations for pine needles, 1- and 2-year-old branches, and ambient air were 756 ± 232 ng/g DW, 685 ± 350 ng/g DW, 587 ± 361 ng/g DW, and 28.29 ± 32.33 ng/m3, respectively. The order of average Σ14PAH concentrations in the pine tree components was determined as needle > 1-year-old branch > 2-year-old branch. In general, concentrations increased with the rise in the surface area of tree components. In the samples, 3- and 4-ring PAHs were dominant compounds in the ambient air, pine needles, and branches. The annual total fraction of 3- and 4-ring PAHs in the air was 98.5%, while the fraction of 5- and 6-ring PAHs was 1.5%. On the other hand, 3- and 4-ring PAHs in pine needles and branches were 30% or more. The fraction and level of PAHs change with the season. Although needle samples did not show any seasonal trend, PAH levels in other tree components changed with the air temperature. Generally, lower values were observed in warmer seasons in the branch samples. Similarly, ambient air PAH concentrations were higher in the winter season due to heating and adverse meteorological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Çalişkan Eleren
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer, Bursa, Turkey.
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Niu S, Chen R, Hageman KJ, Zou Y, Dong L, Zheng R, Wang X, Hai R. Disentangling the contributions of urban and production sources in short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin concentrations in a complex source region. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124117. [PMID: 33129601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) were measured in tree bark samples. These samples were collected around a chemical industrial park containing several chlorinated paraffin (CP) production plants, in a nearby city (Zhengzhou), and along a transect between the industrial park and city. Theoretical air concentrations were back-calculated from concentrations in bark using a predictive equation for estimating equilibrium bark-air partition coefficients. We developed this equation from a series of previously published Kbark-air measurements. Comparison of the normalized concentration profiles along south to north transects showed that wind played only a minor role in CP concentrations and profiles in the region. Three distinct source profiles were found in the complex source region. A fingerprint analysis technique was used to quantify the contribution of each source to the CP burden at various locations along the transect. We found that CP profiles at sites up to 6 km from the industrial park were strongly influenced by CP plant emissions, whereas the sites located in the rural zone and rural-urban interface were influenced by a mixture of CP plant emissions and the neighboring city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Niu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA; National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA.
| | - Yun Zou
- Organic Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Liang Dong
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ran Zheng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102202, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, Beijing University of Chemical and Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Reti Hai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, Beijing University of Chemical and Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Sari MF, Esen F, Tasdemir Y. Characterization, source apportionment, air/plant partitioning and cancer risk assessment of atmospheric PAHs measured with tree components and passive air sampler. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110508. [PMID: 33245881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ambient air and olive tree components (leaf and branch) were simultaneously collected and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to investigate their levels and accumulations, temporal variations, possible sources, air-plant partitioning and cancer risks for 12 months. During the sampling period, total of 14 PAH (∑14PAH) concentrations measured in the olive leaves (dissolved and particle phase) and braches (1- and 2-year-old) were 593 ± 472, 81 ± 67, 558 ± 273 and 316 ± 213 ng/g dry weight (DW), respectively. Similarly, the average ∑14PAH concentrations measured in the ambient air was found to be 15 ± 16 ng/m3. Generally, 4-, 5- and 6- ring PAHs were the dominant groups for all tree components, while 2- and 3-ring PAHs were predominant in the air samples. Ring distributions and molecular diagnosis ratios were employed to determine PAH sources in the sampling site. Petroleum and combustion-related sources were found to be important. The Pearson correlation coefficient was allowed to figure out the affinity between PAH levels in the sampling materials and meteorological factors. Temperature and mixing layer height were found to be effective factors on the concentrations. Atmospheric PAH levels were also predicted to employ a bark-air exchange model for determining the PAH movement direction. The predicted/measured ratios were above 1.0. This was probably due to utilizing the branch values rather than bark values in the model. Finally, the risk of cancer has been evaluated. The calculated cancer risks via inhalation were at low levels for adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ferhat Sari
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey
| | - Fatma Esen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
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Zhao N, Zhao M, Liu W, Jin H. Atmospheric particulate represents a source of C 8-C 12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol in tree bark. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116475. [PMID: 33465649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed 30 legacy and emerging poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in paired atmospheric particulate and bark samples collected around a Chinese fluorochemical manufacturing park (FMP), with the aim to explore the sources of PFASs in tree bark. The results showed that PFASs in atmospheric particulate and tree bark samples were consistently dominated by perfluorooctanoate (mean 73 ng/g; 44 pg/m3), perfluorohexanoate (47 ng/g; 36 pg/m3), perfluorononanoate (9.1 ng/g; 8.8 pg/m3), and 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (10:2 FTOH; 5.6 ng/g; 12 pg/m3). Spatially, concentrations of C8-C12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and 10:2 FTOH all showed a similar and exponentially decreased trend in both bark and atmospheric particulate samples with the increasing distance from the FMP. For the first time, we observed strongly significant (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.53-0.79, p < 0.01) correlations between bark and atmospheric particulate concentrations for C8-C12 PFCAs and 10:2 FTOH over 1-2 orders of magnitude, suggesting that the continues trapping of atmospheric particulates resulted in the accumulation of these compounds in bark. Overall, this study provides the first evidence that atmospheric particulate is an obvious source of C8-C12 PFCAs and 10:2 FTOH in tree bark. This result may further contribute to the application of tree bark as an indicator of certain PFASs in atmospheric particulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, PR China
| | - Weiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, PR China.
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Rauert C, Harner T, Ahad JME, Percy KE. Using tree cores to evaluate historic atmospheric concentrations and trends of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the Oil Sands region of Alberta, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139996. [PMID: 32540666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tree cores and bark were sampled from jack pine trees at 18 sites in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) of Alberta, Canada, to investigate spatial and temporal trends of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Spatial trends were investigated in the bark samples, where ΣPAC concentrations ranged from 75 to 3615 ng/g. Highest concentrations were observed from trees within 40 km of the nearest mining or upgrading facility perimeter fence, in line with previous deposition studies in the AOSR. The sampled tree cores were separated into segments representing 5 years of growth/atmospheric collection by counting tree rings. A significant increase in PAC concentrations over the lifetime of the tree was observed at sites with the highest PAC concentrations, and the average % increase in concentration from 1970 to 2015 was in line with average % growth in bitumen extraction in the AOSR. Finally, the concentrations in the tree core segments representing collection from 2010 to 2015 were converted into an atmospheric PAC concentration using previously published wood-air partition coefficients. The calculated atmospheric concentrations were within the same range as concentrations reported from the passive atmospheric sampling network in this region. The importance of site location is highlighted, with forest edge sites providing an improved comparison for atmospheric exposure and deposition. This is the first study to use tree cores to calculate an atmospheric concentration of PACs, demonstrating the applicability of this methodology for providing historic atmospheric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Jason M E Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec City, QC G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Kevin E Percy
- Atlantic Forest Research Collaborative, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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Wang X, Gong P, Wang C, Wang X, Pokhrel B, Dotel J. Spatial distribution patterns and human exposure risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Nepal using tree bark as a passive air sampler. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109510. [PMID: 32311529 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nepal is abutted between the populated Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Himalayan mountains. Currently, knowledge on the country-wide distribution and cancer risks of atmospheric organic toxicants in Nepal remains limited. In this study, the concentrations, sources, and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), along with their cancer risks, were investigated in Nepal by using tree bark as a passive air sampler. After transferring by a bark/air partitioning model, the averaged concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑DDTs, ∑HCHs, HCB, ∑Endo and ∑PCBs in the atmosphere of Nepal were 3.71 × 104 pg/m3, 1.10 × 103 pg/m3, 2.92 × 102 pg/m3, 4.38 × 102 pg/m3, 4.66 pg/m3 and 65.8 pg/m3, respectively. Source diagnosis suggested that biomass burning is the major source for PAHs, while local application and long-range transport jointly contribute to the high levels of DDT and HCH in the air. The ILCR (incremental lifetime cancer risk) value was used to assess the risks of various chemicals. Adults have a higher risk than other age groups; the major exposure pathway for risk is by inhalation; and PAHs and HCHs are the dominant chemical classes that lead to risk. It was also found that, in certain hotspots in south Nepal, the carcinogenic risks caused by DDT and HCH were particularly high (>1 × 10-4). Given that illegal and disordered use of legacy POPs in south Nepal and the IGP region is common, our results highlight an urgent need for voluntary regulation of the ongoing use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Balram Pokhrel
- School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, 45200, Nepal
| | - Jagdish Dotel
- Central Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 44618, Nepal
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12
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Chen Y, Zhang A, Li H, Peng Y, Lou X, Liu M, Hu J, Liu C, Wei B, Jin J. Concentrations and distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface soils and tree bark in Inner Mongolia, northern China, and the risks posed to humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125950. [PMID: 31978667 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three functional zones, namely the industrial (IND), the agricultural (AGR), and the grassland (GRA) areas from Inner Mongolia (a remote province in northern China), were selected to evaluate the levels and distributions of PBDEs and the risks posed to local humans. PBDEs concentrations in surface soils and tree bark were detected and the air levels were estimated based on bark measurements. The total concentrations (∑8PBDEs) of BDE-28, -47, -100, -99, -154, -153, -183, and -209 in soils were 1.71-64.9 ng/g dry weight (d.w.), 0.720-4.08 ng/g d.w., and 0.604-3.76 ng/g d.w. in the IND, AGR and GRA areas respectively. The average total concentrations in bark and air were 0.792 ng/g d.w. and 0.125 ng/m³ in the AGR areas respectively, which were lower than those (1.69 ng/g d.w. in the bark and 0.476 ng/m³ in the air) in the IND areas. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, consistent with DeBDE being the dominant commercial products used in China. However, except for BDE-209, BDE-28 and BDE-47 in the AGR and GRA areas averagely contributed about half of the total PBDEs concentrations in soils. BDE-28 concentrations in the bark samples of the AGR areas were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the IND areas, and the average total hazard quotients (∑8PBDEs) were higher for humans in the AGR areas (0.12) than in the IND areas (0.08). Degradation of higher-brominated congeners (e.g., BDE-209) and migration of lower-brominated congeners (mainly BDE-28 and BDE-47) may increase the risks to humans in pristine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huixiang Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu Peng
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinyu Lou
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Minghui Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Baokai Wei
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China.
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13
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Cindoruk SS, Sakin AE, Tasdemir Y. Levels of persistent organic pollutants in pine tree components and ambient air. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113418. [PMID: 31732286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pine needles are employed as alternative biomonitoring agents in atmospheric studies. In this study, pine (Pinus Pinea) components (needles and branches) and air samples were collected simultaneously to monitor polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from Gemlik, Turkey between January and December 2016. The relationship between ambient air and pine needles were examined to enlighten the usability of pine components as passive samplers for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Marmara region. Average ∑14PAH concentrations for the ambient air, pine needles, and pine branches were 23.1 ± 18.3 ng/m3, 626 ± 306 ng/g DW and 548 ± 261 ng/g DW respectively. PCB concentrations were 118 ± 74 pg/m3, 7.5 ± 2.1 ng/g DW and 6.8 ± 2.9 ng/g DW and ∑10 OCP concentrations were 122 ± 89 ng/m3,1.3 ± 1.5 ng/g DW and 10.0 ± 3.8 ng/g DW in the same order. Levels of PAHs and PCBs were higher in needles than branches. PAH, PCB and OCP concentrations in pine components tended to decrease with increasing temperatures in spring. PAH compounds with medium and light molecular weighted ones were found to be dominant. On the other hand, the predominant PCB components were the medium-weighted congeners while γ-HCH, Heptachlor endo. Epox. Iso A, endrin aldehyde, and methoxychlor were the dominant OCP species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sıddık Cindoruk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
| | - A Egemen Sakin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey.
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14
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Pereira GM, Ellen da Silva Caumo S, Mota do Nascimento EQ, Parra YJ, de Castro Vasconcellos P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tree barks, gaseous and particulate phase samples collected near an industrial complex in São Paulo (Brazil). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124499. [PMID: 31401431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban trees are a new tool for pollutant monitoring since gaseous and particulate pollutants can deposit in its barks. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels were determined in gaseous phase samples collected in polyurethane foam (PUF), total suspended particles (TSP) samples collected in quartz fiber filters and tree bark samples (Tipuana and Sibipiruna) collected in the surroundings of an industrial complex in the metropolitan area of São Paulo. Benzo(b)fluoranthene presented the highest average concentration in the TSP samples and phenanthrene, the highest average concentration in the PUF samples; the sum of carcinogenic equivalents for benzo(a)pyrene (BaPEq) for both phases was above 20 ng m-3, representing a high cancer risk. The most abundant PAH for tree barks was fluoranthene; low weight PAHs presented a higher abundance than the observed in TSP. Coronene (vehicular exhaust marker) presented good correlations with fluoranthene in the tree bark samples, suggesting an influence of vehicular emissions. A tree bark sample collected near the petrochemical area presented biomarkers of petrogenic origin (hopanoids) in the mass spectrum and an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) profile. The results suggested an influence of both vehicular and industrial sources on the air quality observed in the atmosphere and tree barks samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yendry Jomolca Parra
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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15
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Liu Y, Hou X, Chen W, Kong W, Wang D, Liu J, Jiang G. Occurrences of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in tree bark: Interspecies variability related to chain length. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:1388-1395. [PMID: 31466174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Occurrences of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in tree bark from four species were investigated. Species-dependent congener distribution patterns were firstly reported for perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs). The majority of PFSAs and PFCAs in Chinese red pine bark were C5-C7 PFSAs and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA, containing six carbon atoms, C6), whereas perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS, C4) and longer chain congeners (PFCAs: C ≥ 7; PFSAs: C ≥ 8) took a larger proportion in the fissured bark from Canadian poplar, Chinese scholartree and weeping willow. The species-dependent congener profiles depended on the structures and chemical compositions of tree bark, as well as the translocation of PFASs within plants. Different tree bark characteristics caused different retention abilities for particle-bound and gaseous PFASs. Particle-bound PFASs retained in the rougher structures of fissured bark led to preferential retention of long chain congeners (the major fraction in the particle phase), while lipid-rich Chinese red pine bark retained more gaseous PFASs (mainly short chain congeners). Besides, the abundance of short chain PFASs in red pine bark was consistent with the chain length-dependent translocation behaviors of PFASs in various plants, suggesting that translocation of PFASs within plants to tree bark may be invovled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Niu L, Zhou Y, Xu C, Zhang C, Zhou J, Zhang X, Liu W. Solid fuel combustion as a major contributor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural China: Evidence from emission inventory and congener profiles in tree bark. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:621-629. [PMID: 30605817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remain a focal concern of the air pollution in China. To discriminate the sources of airborne PAHs in Chinese rural regions, a national-scale tree bark sampling campaign and emission inventory estimation were conducted. The concentrations of the sum of 16 U.S. EPA priority PAHs in rural bark ranged from 6.30 to 3803 ng/g, with the dominance of 3- and 4-ring PAHs. Bark residual PAH concentration correlated significantly with emission flux rate, bark lipid content, ambient PM2.5, precipitation and sampling location. Based on the information of emission data, bark PAH congener profiles, principal component analysis, diagnostic ratios and compound-specific isotope analysis, solid fuel combustion was identified as the major source and could explain 40.3%-46.4% of bark PAH residues in rural China. The δ13C values of most individual PAHs were more negative at sites with lower longitude and latitude, suggesting a greater contribution of biomass combustion to PAH residues. Our results suggest the importance of regulating solid fuel combustion to significantly improve the air quality in China, and bark samples can provide a wealth of information on effectively monitoring and controlling the sources of PAH emission in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Yuting Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhou
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xichang Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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17
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Niu L, Xu C, Zhou Y, Liu W. Tree bark as a biomonitor for assessing the atmospheric pollution and associated human inhalation exposure risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:398-407. [PMID: 30577008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is posing a great threat to human health. Biomass combustion in rural areas contributes greatly to the total PAH emission in China. To conduct a comprehensive risk assessment of ambient PAHs in rural China, a nationwide air sampling campaign was carried out in this study. The 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs in tree bark, which was employed as a passive air sampler, were analyzed. The summation of the 16 PAHs ranged from 11.7 to 12,860 ng/m3 in the air of rural China. The national median benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentration was 18.4 ng/m3, with the range from 0.334 to 2497 ng/m3. The total inhalation carcinogenic risks of individual PAHs, with the exception for naphthalene, were very low (<1 × 10-6) at most of the sampling sites. The national median excess lifetime lung cancer risk associated with inhalation exposure to atmospheric PAHs was 20.3 × 10-6, corresponding to a population attributable fraction (PAF) of 3.38‰. Our estimations using tree bark were comparable to those reported in other studies and the uncertainties of the variables in the dataset were within the acceptable levels, demonstrating that tree bark is feasible for assessing the atmospheric PAH pollution and associated health risks. We feel that the outputs from this study can assist decision-makers focusing on protecting human health against exposure to atmospheric PAHs in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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18
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Qiu YW, Qiu HL, Zhang G, Li J. Bioaccumulation and cycling of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in three mangrove reserves of south China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:195-203. [PMID: 30415117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Total 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) compounds and 31 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners in mangrove sediments and tissues (leaf, branch, root and fruit) of nine species from three Mangrove Reserves of China were studied. The mean concentrations of total DDTs, HCHs, OCPs and PCBs in sediments were 2.84, 0.06, 3.84 and 0.17 ng g-1 dw, while those in tissues were 1.85, 0.22, 9.43 and 1.61 ng g-1 dw, respectively. The elevated OCPs and PCBs levels in mangrove leaves may be caused by atmospheric sedimentation. The biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values of both OCPs (mean: 3.4) and PCBs (mean: 9.9) are generally larger than one, implying mangroves' bioaccumulation and their ability to intercept pollutants. The BSAFs of PCBs in mangrove tissues were negatively correlated with the PCB congener's octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW, R = 0.58, n = 31, p < 0.001), suggesting that lower chlorinated CB congeners are more bioaccumulative in mangroves. In order to better understanding the fate of these organochlorine compounds, the cycling (including the standing accumulation, the annual absorption, the annual net retention, the annual return, and the turnover period) of OCPs and PCBs in the Mangrove Reserves were estimated, and the results indicated that mangroves are playing important roles in retaining OCPs and PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Han-Lin Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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19
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Han T, Wu MH, Zang C, Sun R, Tang L, Liu N, Lei JQ, Shao HY, Gu JZ, Xu G. Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in tree bark from different functional areas of Shanghai, China: levels and spatial distributions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1346-1354. [PMID: 28892110 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and spatial distributions of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were measured in tree bark from different functional areas of Shanghai. ΣHBCDD (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDD) concentrations ranged from 1.2 × 102 to 6.6 × 103 ng g-1 lw (median 5.7 × 102 ng g-1 lw) and TBBPA concentrations ranged from 48 to 7.2 × 104 ng g-1 lw (median 2.8 × 102 ng g-1 lw). The concentrations of ΣHBCDD and TBBPA all followed the order of industrial areas > commercial areas > residential areas. The mean percentage of α-HBCDD in bark samples (44%) from Shanghai was higher than that in technical HBCDD products, but comparable with that in air. The concentrations of TBBPA and individual HBCDD diastereoisomers between industrial areas and commercial areas were correlated. Based on the concentrations of HBCDD in the bark, the corresponding atmospheric HBCDD concentrations were estimated. Compared with the published data for HBCDD in urban air, the estimated atmospheric HBCDD concentrations in Shanghai had a relatively high level, and more attention should be paid to the pollution status of HBCDD in Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- Institute of Applied Radiation of Shanghai, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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20
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Niu L, Xu C, Zhang C, Zhou Y, Zhu S, Liu W. Spatial distributions and enantiomeric signatures of DDT and its metabolites in tree bark from agricultural regions across China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:111-118. [PMID: 28582674 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tree bark is considered as an effective passive sampler for estimating the atmospheric status of pollutants. In this study, we conducted a national scale tree bark sampling campaign across China. Concentration profiles revealed that Eastern China, especially the Jing-Jin-Ji region (including Hebei Province, Beijing and Tianjin) was a hot spot of bark DDT pollution. The enantioselective accumulation of o,p'-DDT was observed in most of the samples and 68% of them showed a preferential depletion of (+)-o,p'-DDT. These results suggest that DDTs in rural bark are likely from combined sources including historical technical DDTs and fresh dicofol usage. The tree bulk DDT levels were found to correlate with soil DDT concentrations, socioeconomy and PM2.5 of the sampling sites. It thus becomes evident that the reemission from soils and subsequent atmospheric deposition were the major pathways leading to the accumulation of DDTs in bark. Based on a previously established bark-air partitioning model, the concentrations of DDTs in the air were estimated from measured concentrations in tree bark, and the results were comparable to those obtained by the use of passive sampling with polyurethane foam (PUF) disks. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of delineating the spatial variations in atmospheric concentration and tracing sources of DDTs by integrating the use of tree bark with enantiomeric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Yuting Zhou
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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21
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Varela A, Martins C, Silva Pereira C. A three-act play: pentachlorophenol threats to the cork oak forest soils mycobiome. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 37:142-149. [PMID: 28704686 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) constitutes a silent threat through chronic contamination of soils at global scale; yet fundamental understanding of their occurrence, sources and fate is still largely lacking. Similar to a three act play, this review comprises Setup, Confrontation and Resolution. The first emphasises the eighty years of the history of pentachlorophenol (PCP) usage, only recently classified as POP. The second focus on active sources of PCP pollution, including inside cork oak forests in N.W. Tunisia; a threat partially neutralised by the soil microbial diversity, especially fungi. As Resolution, the need for improved knowledge on the global distribution and impacts of PCP in soil microbial diversity as means to preserve the multi-functionality of terrestrial ecosystem is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélia Varela
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; INIAV, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Celso Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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22
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Rauert C, Kananathalingam A, Harner T. Characterization and Modeling of Polycyclic Aromatic Compound Uptake into Spruce Tree Wood. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5287-5295. [PMID: 28402114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study highlights the potential of uptake into tree inner wood via direct-transfer through bark, as one contributing mechanism to describe atmospheric uptake of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) into trees. The uptake of PACs into blue spruce tree wood was measured, with wood-air partition coefficients (KWOOD_AIR) determined for five PACs. A correlation between the octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA) and KWOOD_AIR for these five chemicals was determined and the KWOOD_AIR for 43 PACs were derived. A ratio of solubility (activity) difference between tree wood and octanol was also determined for these chemicals from this correlation. Finally, the derived KWOOD_AIR values were further applied to calculate an air volume sampled by the inner wood layer (cambium) of a tree during a one year growth (sampling) period. PACs with a log KWOOD_AIR > 6 remained in the linear sampling phase over one year of sampling. The results further highlight the important sink that forests provide for atmospheric organic chemicals which should be considered for emissions monitoring and impact assessments from destructive events such as forest fires or clear felling of forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St. Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ajitha Kananathalingam
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St. Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
- University of Toronto at Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St. Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
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23
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Niu S, Dong L, Zhang L, Zhu C, Hai R, Huang Y. Temporal and spatial distribution, sources, and potential health risks of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of eastern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 172:72-79. [PMID: 28063317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, from July 2011 to June 2012, 31 sampling sites were identified in order to investigate the concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as to evaluate their potential health risks in the cities of Suzhou, Wuxi, and Nantong, which are located in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). The samples were collected by means of passive air sampling (PAS), and the contents of 15 PAHs were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The ∑15PAHs concentrations were found to range from 6.48 to 154 ng m-3, with an average value of 56.8 ± 14.8 ng m-3. The pollution levels in Suzhou and Nantong were higher than those in Wuxi. Furthermore, the concentrations of the PAHs in the urban sites were determined to be higher than those in the suburban sites for ambient air. The seasonal average contents were found to be at a maximum in autumn, with concentrations reaching 74.1 ng m-3. Vehicle emissions and coal/biomass combustion were the dominant sources of the PAHs in the ambient air, with the contributions of 48% and 46%, respectively. The BaP TEQ (0.88 ng m-3) was found to have surpassed the Chinese and Japanese dioxin emission limit, and in doing so, may have caused a certain degree of risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Niu
- Beijing University of Chemical and Technology, 10029 Beijing, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Liang Dong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Lifei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Chaofei Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Reti Hai
- Beijing University of Chemical and Technology, 10029 Beijing, China.
| | - Yeru Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, 100029 Beijing, China.
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Liu LY, Ma WL, Jia HL, Zhang ZF, Song WW, Li YF. Research on persistent organic pollutants in China on a national scale: 10 years after the enforcement of the Stockholm Convention. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 217:70-81. [PMID: 26775724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a signatory of the Stockholm Convention and the largest developing country, China plays a very important role in implementation of the convention to reduce and finally eliminate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the world. In the past ten years after the enforcement in 2004, Chinese Government and scientists have made great progress on the study of POPs. The present work aims to provide an overview on recent studies on POPs in China, with particular focus on usage/emission inventory, residue inventory, and pollution status of POPs on national scale. Several legend (old) and new target POPs were comprehensively summarized with progress on inventory. Furthermore, several national scale monitoring programs have been selected for the occurrence, spatial and temporal trends of POPs in China, which are compared with Asian data and Global data. Based on the observed results, some important scientific issues, such as the primary and secondary distribution patterns, the primary and secondary fractionations, and air-soil exchange of POPs, are also discussed. It is proposed that more studies should be carried out for the new targeted POPs in future for both the national and global interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Hong-Liang Jia
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, ON M2N 6X9, Canada
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25
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Odabasi M, Dumanoglu Y, Ozgunerge Falay E, Tuna G, Altiok H, Kara M, Bayram A, Tolunay D, Elbir T. Investigation of spatial distributions and sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a heavily polluted industrial region using tree components. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 160:114-125. [PMID: 27367178 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distributions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were investigated in Iskenderun industrial region in Turkey. POP concentrations were measured in different tree components (i.e., pine needle, branch, bark, and stem) collected at several industrial and background sites (n = 27). Also, air, litter, and soil samples were analyzed to determine the relationship of atmospheric pollutants with tree components, litter, and soil. Spatial variation of measured concentrations and factor analysis showed that the iron-steel plants are the most important POP sources in Iskenderun area. Correlations of ambient air levels to those measured in soil, litter, and tree components were significant showing that POPs are exchanged between atmosphere and these compartments. Results have suggested that tree components, litter and soil could be used to determine the spatial distributions and sources of atmospheric POPs in a region. POP quantities (mg/ha) accumulated in different tree components, litter, and soil were also predicted. Generally, the highest quantities were accumulated by stem and needles. In terms of overall inventory, including trees, litter and soil, the highest accumulated quantities were found in soil followed by trees and litter, indicating that in addition to soil, vegetation is a notable reservoir accumulating POPs. Ambient air POP concentrations were also estimated using a bark/air partitioning model. The estimated/measured ratios were close to 1.0 for several compounds and the results showed that the atmospheric POP concentrations could be estimated from the bark measurements within factors of 0.23-3.07, 1.02-6.67, 0.63-7.44, 1.07-3.37 for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Yetkin Dumanoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Ozgunerge Falay
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gizem Tuna
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Altiok
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melik Kara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Bayram
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Doganay Tolunay
- Department of Forestry Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, 34470, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolga Elbir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Tinaztepe Campus, 35160, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
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Yuan H, Jin J, Bai Y, Li Q, Wang Y, Hu J. Concentrations and distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in tree bark and human hair from Yunnan Province, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:319-325. [PMID: 27060640 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and distributions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in tree bark and hair samples from the same area in Yunnan Province, China, were determined. The total PBDE and NBFR concentrations in the tree bark samples were 3.8 ng/g lipid weight to 91 ng/g lipid weight and 0.23 ng/g lipid weight to 5.0 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The total PBDE and NBFR concentrations in the hair samples were 2.1 ng/g dry weight to 14 ng/g dry weight and 0.083 ng/g dry weight to 0.29 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Decabromodiphenyl ether had similar distributions in the tree bark and hair samples, but other PBDE congeners and NBFRs had different distributions in the tree bark and hair samples. External exposure was found to be mainly responsible for the total PBDE and pentabromotoluene concentrations in hair, but both external and internal exposure were responsible for the pentabromophenyl and hexabromobenzene concentrations in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Yuan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yao Bai
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiuxu Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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27
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Hermanson MH, Hann R, Johnson GW. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Tree Bark near Former Manufacturing and Incineration Facilities in Sauget, Illinois, United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6207-6215. [PMID: 27182893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We collected 27 tree bark samples near Sauget, IL, where 373 000 mt of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) was produced between 1936 and 1977 and 10 245 mt was incinerated from 1971 to 1977. Our goal was observe PCB distribution and apparent movement to residential sites, where 24 of 27 samples were collected. Only one of several waste sites was accessible for sampling. We analyzed for 209 PCB congeners, and 85 peaks are reported (other congeners either coeluted or were near or less than the detection limit). Concentrations of ∑PCB ranged from 190 952 to 2 383 988 pg g lipid(-1); 24 of 27 samples had less than 50% of the maximum concentration. Two samples with the highest ∑PCB concentrations were downwind from the plant site in residential areas, but both were among the farthest away from the production facility. One high-concentration sample was near the waste site. The three highest concentrations were in trees that were less than 20 years old, showing recent atmospheric PCB mobility. The percentage of ∑PCB distributions showed a consistent but variable pattern of diCB to nonaCB congeners. DecaCB was inconsistent, because PCB-209, which was manufactured at the site in Aroclor 1270 and 1271, was the most abundant congener in 10 of the samples but lower in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark H Hermanson
- Hermanson & Associates LLC, 2000 West 53rd Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55419 United States
- Department of Arctic Technology, University Center on Svalbard , NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
| | - Richard Hann
- Department of Arctic Technology, University Center on Svalbard , NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
| | - Glenn W Johnson
- Energy & Geosciences Institute, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
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Li Q, Jin J, Lu Y, Li G, He C, Wang Y, Li P, Hu J. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and new polybrominated flame retardants in tree bark from western areas of China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1364-1370. [PMID: 26492098 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tree bark samples were collected from 15 sites across western China in 2013, and the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and new polybrominated flame retardant (NBFR) concentrations in the samples were determined. The mean total PBDE concentration was 51.8 ng/g lipid weight, which was 85.2% to 99.4% lower than in Chinese eastern coastal areas and the E-waste recycling areas. The dominant PBDE congener was BDE209, and its mean concentration was 49 ng/g lipid weight. The mean 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-p-xylene, pentabromobenzene, pentabromotoluene, and hexabromobenzene concentrations were 0.61 ng/g, 0.97 ng/g, 0.68 ng/g, and 0.68 ng/g lw, respectively. The PBDE and NBFR concentrations in the air at the sampling sites were estimated from the concentrations in the tree bark samples. The estimated mean total PBDE and total NBFR concentrations in air were 58.5 pg/m(3) and 2.76 pg/m(3) , respectively. The sources of NBFR emissions were found to be different from the sources of PBDE emissions, as no relationship was found between the NBFR and PBDE concentrations, and it appeared that sources of measured hexabromobenzene, pentabromobenzene, and pentabromotoluene in tree bark in western China include industrial activity related to the aluminum industry. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1364-1370. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxu Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center for Food Environment and Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Lu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Chang He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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He C, Jin J, Li G, Wang Y. Exchange of organohalogen compounds between air and tree bark in the Yellow River region. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:478-484. [PMID: 27035385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organohalogen compound concentrations in paired air and bark samples from the Yellow River region were determined. Overall, the organohalogen compound concentrations were higher in the samples from the lower than from the upper Yellow River region. The polybrominated diphenyl ether, polychlorinated biphenyl, and organochlorine pesticide concentrations were 310-5200, 0.92-3.8, and 120-6700 pg m(-3), respectively, in the air samples and 29,000-190,0000, 220-1400, and 49,000-220,0000 pg g(-1) lipid weight, respectively, in the bark samples. The concentrations in the air samples were significantly positively correlated with the concentrations in the bark samples. Constant B, related to the partitioning of a contaminant between the gas and particle phases in the air, was calculated for each compound. This was the first time constant B was simultaneously been determined for a range of different organohalogen compounds. An air-tree bark exchange model was calibrated and verified. The exchange coefficients (K(BA)) that were determined were compared with the model results, and the optimum K(OA) values for use in the model were found to be 10(9)-10(16). The compound of interest needed to be detected in more than 50% of the samples for the model results to be valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center for Food Environment and Health, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Guangyao Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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30
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Li Q, Lu Y, Jin J, Li G, Li P, He C, Wang Y. Comparison of using polyurethane foam passive samplers and tree bark samples from Western China to determine atmospheric organochlorine pesticide. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 41:90-98. [PMID: 26969054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam (PUF) passive samplers were deployed and tree bark samples were collected at 15 sites across western China in 2013, and the organochlorine pesticide (OCP) concentrations in the samples were determined. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its degradation products (collectively called DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were the dominant OCPs in the PUF samples and tree bark samples. The mean DDTs, HCHs and HCB concentrations were 33, 22 and 18ng/sample in the PUF samples, and 428, 74, and 43ng/(g lipid weight (lw)) in the tree bark, respectively. The OCP concentrations in the air, calculated using PUF-air and tree-bark-air partitioning models, were of the same order of magnitude. Both sample types showed that relatively fresh inputs of DDT and HCHs to the environment have occurred in western China. Meanwhile, PUF passive samplers were compared with the use of tree bark samples as passive samplers. The OCP compositions in the PUF and tree bark samples were different. Only the relatively stable OCPs (such as HCB, β-HCH and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloro-ethylene (DDE)) were consistent in the PUF and tree bark samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxu Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yao Lu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center for Food Environment and Health, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Guangyao Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chang He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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31
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Peverly AA, Salamova A, Hites RA. Locating POPs Sources with Tree Bark. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13743-13748. [PMID: 25629888 DOI: 10.1021/es505394y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Locating sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to the atmosphere can sometimes be difficult. We suggest that tree bark makes an excellent passive atmospheric sampler and that spatial analysis of tree bark POPs concentrations can often pinpoint their sources. This is an effective strategy because tree bark is lipophilic and readily adsorbs and collects POPs from the atmosphere. As such, tree bark is an ideal sampler to find POPs sources globally, regionally, or locally. This article summarizes some work on this subject with an emphasis on kriged maps and a simple power-law model, both of which have been used to locate sources. Three of the four examples led directly to the pollutant's manufacturing plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Peverly
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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32
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Zhou L, Dong L, Huang YR, Shi SX, Zhang LF, Zhang XL, Yang WL. Tree bark as a biomonitor for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers from Southern Jiangsu, China: levels, distribution, and possible sources. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:603. [PMID: 26318317 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tree bark was used as the passive air sampler to evaluate polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) pollution and possible sources in Southern Jiangsu. The concentrations of PCBs and Σ7PBDEs were in the range of 0.58-5.19 ng/g dry weight (dw; mean 1.79 ng/g dw) and 17.9-243 pg/g dw (mean 74.7 pg/g dw), respectively. Tri-PCBs were the major PCB homologs, and technical PCB product Ar1242 was identified as the main source. BDE209 concentrations (4.29-456 ng/g dw) were relatively high, indicating that BDE209 pollution was serious in this region. The deca-BDE commercial mixture was the predominant commercial PBDE product used in this region. A good correlation was found between tree bark and polyurethane foam (PUF) disks in Σ6PCB monitoring, suggesting that both of them respond well to the gas-phase PCB monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, No. 1 Yuhuinanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China,
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Huang S, He S, Xu H, Wu P, Jiang R, Zhu F, Luan T, Ouyang G. Monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in seawater of the Pearl River Estuary with rapid on-site active SPME sampling technique. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 200:149-158. [PMID: 25732847 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An on-site active solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling technique coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for sampling and monitoring 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 8 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in seawater was developed. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that the sampling-rate calibration method was practical and could be used for the quantification of on-site sampling. The proposed method was employed for field tests which covered large amounts of water samples in the Pearl River Estuary in rainy and dry seasons. The on-site SPME sampling method can avoid the contamination of sample, the losses of analytes during sample transportation, as well as the usage of solvent and time-consuming sample preparation process. Results indicated that the technique with the designed device can address the requirement of modern environment water analysis. In addition, the sources, bioaccumulation and potential risk to human of the PAHs and OCPs in seawater of the Pearl River Estuary were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuming He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Peiyan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Varela A, Martins C, Núñez O, Martins I, Houbraken JAMP, Martins TM, Leitão MC, McLellan I, Vetter W, Galceran MT, Samson RA, Hursthouse A, Silva Pereira C. Understanding fungal functional biodiversity during the mitigation of environmentally dispersed pentachlorophenol in cork oak forest soils. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2922-34. [PMID: 25753337 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is globally dispersed and contamination of soil with this biocide adversely affects its functional biodiversity, particularly of fungi - key colonizers. Their functional role as a community is poorly understood, although a few pathways have been already elucidated in pure cultures. This constitutes here our main challenge - elucidate how fungi influence the pollutant mitigation processes in forest soils. Circumstantial evidence exists that cork oak forests in N. W. Tunisia - economically critical managed forests are likely to be contaminated with PCP, but the scientific evidence has previously been lacking. Our data illustrate significant forest contamination through the detection of undefined active sources of PCP. By solving the taxonomic diversity and the PCP-derived metabolomes of both the cultivable fungi and the fungal community, we demonstrate here that most strains (predominantly penicillia) participate in the pollutant biotic degradation. They form an array of degradation intermediates and by-products, including several hydroquinone, resorcinol and catechol derivatives, either chlorinated or not. The degradation pathway of the fungal community includes uncharacterized derivatives, e.g. tetrachloroguaiacol isomers. Our study highlights fungi key role in the mineralization and short lifetime of PCP in forest soils and provide novel tools to monitor its degradation in other fungi dominated food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélia Varela
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Celso Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Oscar Núñez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Serra Húnter Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jos A M P Houbraken
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167-3508AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tiago M Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M Cristina Leitão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Iain McLellan
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, PA1 2BE, Paisley, UK
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Teresa Galceran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert A Samson
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167-3508AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Hursthouse
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, PA1 2BE, Paisley, UK
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Odabasi M, Falay EO, Tuna G, Altiok H, Kara M, Dumanoglu Y, Bayram A, Tolunay D, Elbir T. Biomonitoring the spatial and historical variations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in an industrial region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2105-2114. [PMID: 25629885 DOI: 10.1021/es506316t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Several persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in needle, branch, bark, and tree ring samples in pine samples collected at 27 sites (21 industrial, 6 background) in Aliaga industrial region in Turkey. Soil, litter, and air samples were also collected to investigate the relationships between the air and soil, litter, and tree components. Concentrations decreased with distance from the sources and the lowest ones were measured at background sites. The spatial distribution of POPs indicated that the major sources in the region are the iron-steel, ship-breaking, petrochemical plants and the petroleum refinery. Significant correlations between the air concentrations and, soil, litter, and tree components indicated the interaction of these compartments with air. Observed increasing trends of POPs in the tree-ring samples were representative for the variations in anthropogenic emissions and resulting atmospheric concentrations in Aliaga region. These results indicated that tree components, litter and soil could be used to determine the spatial variations while tree rings could be used to investigate the historical trends of atmospheric POPs in a region. POP amounts (mg/ha) stored in different tree components, litter, and soil were also inventoried. Among the tree components, generally, the highest amounts were stored in the stem followed by needles. For the overall inventory, the highest amounts were stored in soil for PCNs, PBDEs, and PCBs while highest PAH amounts were stored in trees, indicating that in addition to soil, vegetation is also an important reservoir for POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University , Tinaztepe Campus, 35390 Buca, Izmir, Turkey
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Hermanson MH, Johnson GW. Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran congener and homologue distributions in tree bark from Sauget, Illinois, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:855-862. [PMID: 25496230 DOI: 10.1021/es504986v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) are ubiquitous urban/industrial contaminants found in tree bark, which acts as a long-term passive atmospheric sampler. Twenty seven bark samples (tree age 8–92 years) were collected from residential and industrial areas near Sauget, IL to identify the trends of 2,3,7,8-Cl PCDD & PCDF congener distributions, toxic equivalents (TEQ), and PCDD & PCDF homologue distributions. The Sauget area is heavily industrialized, with a long history of chlorine production, and is the largest single contributor to air pollution exposure risk in St. Louis. Analysis of seven 2,3,7,8 Cl-substituted PCDD and 10 PCDF congeners showed ∑PCDD7 ranging from 2214 to 71821 pg g(–1) lipid and ∑PCDF10 from 355 to 13707 pg g(–1) lipid, the highest in trees <20 years old in both cases. OctaCCD and octaCDF respectively dominated ∑PCDD7 (89% average) and ∑PCDF10 (57% average). The 2,3,7,8-Cl congener profiles showed slight differences among samples showing that all were affected by similar sources but at different magnitudes. ∑TEQ ranged from 35 to 624 pg g(–1) lipid, dominated by 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD (average = 41.3% of total TEQ). Tetra-Cl through hepta-Cl homologues were dominated by non-2,3,7,8-Cl compounds for both CDD and CDF. Homologue profiles for 26 samples had a “sink” profile dominated by octaCDD, whereas one sample showed effects of a local source.
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37
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Wenning RJ, Martello LB. Levels and Trends of Dioxins, PCBs, and Other POPs in Abiotic Compartments. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Niu L, Xu C, Xu Y, Zhang C, Liu W. Hexachlorocyclohexanes in tree bark across Chinese agricultural regions: spatial distribution and enantiomeric signatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12031-12038. [PMID: 25252210 DOI: 10.1021/es503372g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The environmental issue caused by atmospheric hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) has been a worldwide concern due to their long-range transport potential. Tree bark is an excellent passive sampler for monitoring atmospheric pollutants. In this study, bark samples from agricultural regions across China were collected and analyzed to elucidate the contamination status of atmospheric HCHs and the enantiomeric composition of chiral α-HCH. Average contents of α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, and ∑HCHs in bark were 1.16, 2.51, 1.67, 0.368, and 5.71 ng/g (dry basis), respectively. Jing-Jin-Tang region was identified as the "hot-spot" of bark HCHs in China. Their residues were likely from the combined sources of historical applications of technical HCHs and lindane through long-distance transport. HCH contents were found inversely correlated with annual precipitation and temperature, but positively correlated with PM10 or PM2.5 due to the bioaccumulation of both vapor- and particle-phase HCHs by tree bark. Most bark samples preferentially accumulated (+)-α-HCH, and the enantiomeric fractions (EFs) of α-HCH were positively correlated with α-HCH concentrations and the elevations of sampling locations. Compared to atmospheric analysis, tree bark analysis and enantiomeric signatures provide valuable time-integrated information on the spatial distribution and transport pathways of atmospheric HCHs on the national scale in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences and ‡Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, China
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Peverly AA, Salamova A, Hites RA. Air is still contaminated 40 years after the Michigan Chemical plant disaster in St. Louis, Michigan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11154-11160. [PMID: 25211223 DOI: 10.1021/es502809f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Michigan Chemical (also known as Velsicol Chemical) plant located in St. Louis, Michigan operated from 1936-1978. During this time, the plant manufactured polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT), and tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP), among other products. Due to widespread PBB contamination of Michigan, the plant eventually became a Superfund site, and despite years of cleanup activities, many of the compounds can still be found in the local ecosystem. To investigate the current atmospheric levels and to determine their spatial distributions, we collected tree bark samples from around Michigan and measured the concentrations of these pollutants. For comparison, other organic pollutants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs), which were not manufactured at the Michigan Chemical plant, were also measured in the same tree bark samples. Our results show levels of PBBs, DDT, and HBB in tree bark collected within 10 km of the Velsicol Superfund site (43, 477, and 108 ng/g lipid wgt., respectively) are 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than at sites located more than 10 km from the site (0.36, 28, and 0.36 ng/g lipid wgt., respectively). Levels of PBDEs and OPEs did not depend on distance from St. Louis. This is the first study on the atmospheric distribution of these chemicals around the Superfund site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Peverly
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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40
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He C, Jin J, Wang Y, Ma Z, He S, Li M. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, dechlorane plus, and polychlorinated biphenyls in tree bark near the upper Yellow River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1732-1738. [PMID: 24764193 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Willow tree bark samples from urban and rural sites in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia Province, and Gansu Province, in the Yellow River basin, were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) to compare their relative levels in air in these areas (i.e., treating bark as a passive air sampler). No difference was found between the pollutant concentrations in Salix matsudana and Salix babylonica bark samples. The mean concentrations of the total PBDEs, DP, and total DL-PCBs were 13000 ± 6400, 46 ± 44, and 26 ± 17 pg/g dry weight, respectively, with urban samples containing much higher concentrations (19000 ± 5700 pg/g, 51 ± 27 pg/g, and 37 ± 29 pg/g dry wt in PBDEs, DP, and DL-PCBs, respectively) than rural samples (10000 ± 5200 pg/g, 45 ± 53 pg/g, 22 ± 9 pg/g dry wt). A strong positive correlation between PBDEs and DP was found in all of the samples (r=0.712, p=0.006), but correlations between PCBs and the other pollutants were only found in the rural samples. The total DL-PCB concentration in the tree bark correlated with population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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41
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Li L, Wang Q, Qiu X, Dong Y, Jia S, Hu J. Field determination and QSPR prediction of equilibrium-status soil/vegetation partition coefficient of PCDD/Fs. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 276:278-286. [PMID: 24887127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing pseudo equilibrium-status soil/vegetation partition coefficient KSV, the quotient of respective concentrations in soil and vegetation of a certain substance at remote background areas, is essential in ecological risk assessment, however few previous attempts have been made for field determination and developing validated and reproducible structure-based estimates. In this study, KSV was calculated based on measurements of seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F congeners in soil and moss (Dicranum angustum), and rouzi grass (Thylacospermum caespitosum) of two background sites, Ny-Ålesund of the Arctic and Zhangmu-Nyalam region of the Tibet Plateau, respectively. By both fugacity modeling and stepwise regression of field data, the air-water partition coefficient (KAW) and aqueous solubility (SW) were identified as the influential physicochemical properties. Furthermore, validated quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model was developed to extrapolate the KSV prediction to all 210 PCDD/F congeners. Molecular polarizability, molecular size and molecular energy demonstrated leading effects on KSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yian Dong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shenglan Jia
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jianxin Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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Zhai C, Peng S, Yang L, Wang Q. Evaluation of BDE-47 hydroxylation metabolic pathways based on a strong electron-withdrawing pentafluorobenzoyl derivatization gas chromatography/electron capture negative ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8117-8126. [PMID: 24925108 DOI: 10.1021/es405446y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the metabolic pathways of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is a key issue in the evaluation of their cytotoxicity after they enter the biota. In order to obtain more information concerning the metabolic pathways of PBDEs, we developed a strong electron-withdrawing pentafluorobenzoyl (PFBoyl) derivatization capillary gas chromatography/electron capture negative ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-qMS). PFBoyl esterification greatly improves separation of the metabolites of PBDEs such as hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs) and bromophenols (BPs) metabolites in rat liver microsomes (RLMs). On the other hand, the strong electron-withdrawing property of PFBoyl derivatized on OH-PBDEs and/or BPs makes cleavage of the ester bond on ECNI easier resulting in higher abundance of the structure-informative characteristic fragment ions at a high m/z region, which facilitate the identification of OH-PBDEs metabolites. Subsequent quantification can be performed by monitoring not only 79Br- (or 81Br-) but also their characteristic fragment ions, achieving more accurate isotope dilution quantification using GC/ECNI-qMS. These merits allow us to identify totally 12 metabolites of BDE-47, a typical example of PBDEs, in the RLMs in vitro incubation systems. In addition to the already known metabolites of BDE-47, one dihydroxylated 3,6-di-OH-BDE-47 and one dihydroxylated 3,5-di-OH-tetrabrominated dioxin were found. Moreover, the second hydroxylation took place on the same bromophenyl ring, where the first hydroxyl group was located, and was further confirmed via the identification of the dihydroxylated 2',6'-di-OH-BDE-28 of an asymmetric 2'-OH-BDE-28. This methodological development and its subsequent findings of the metabolic pathways of BDE-47 provided experimental evidence for understanding its dioxin-like behavior and endocrine disrupting risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhai
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Zhou L, Dong L, Huang Y, Shi S, Zhang L, Zhang X, Yang W, Li L. Spatial distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) tree bark from Southern Jiangsu, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 107:297-303. [PMID: 24480428 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in Camphor tree bark from Southern Jiangsu, China. Tree bark samples were collected in August 2012. The Σ15PAHs concentrations were ranged from 6.18 to 1560 ng g(-1)dry weight (dw), with an average value of 407 ng g(-1)dw. Generally, the concentrations of PAHs in the suburban areas were the highest, followed by urban and rural areas. Principal component analysis and diagnostic ratios results showed that vehicle emission, biomass and coal combustion and industrial emission were the major sources of PAHs in tree bark from Southern Jiangsu. Good correlation was found between tree bark and polyurethane foam (PUF) samplers, indicating that both of them respond well to the gas-phase PAHs monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, No. 1 Yuhuinanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Liang Dong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, No. 1 Yuhuinanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yeru Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, No. 1 Yuhuinanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuangxin Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, No. 1 Yuhuinanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lifei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, No. 1 Yuhuinanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiulan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, No. 1 Yuhuinanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenlong Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, No. 1 Yuhuinanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lingling Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, No. 1 Yuhuinanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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Fu X, Wang J, Zhou X, Deng J, Liu Y, Zhang W, Liu L, Dong L, Lin K. Tree bark as a passive air sampler to indicate atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in southeastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7668-7677. [PMID: 24622985 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The different barks were sampled to discuss the influence of the tree species, trunk circumference, and bark thickness on the accumulation processes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from air into the bark. The results of different PBDE concentrations indicated that barks with a thickness of 0-3 mm collected from weeping willow, Camphor tree, and Masson pine, the trunk circumferences of which were 100 to 150 cm, were better PBDEs passive samplers. Furthermore, tree bark and the corresponding air samples were collected at Anji (AJ), Hangzhou (HZ), Shanghai (SH), and Wenling (WL) to investigate the relationship between the PBDE concentrations in bark and those in air. In addition, the significant correlation (r (2) = 0.906; P < 0.05) indicated that atmospheric PBDEs were the principle source for the accumulation of PBDEs in the barks. In this study, the log K BA (bark-air partition coefficient) of individual PBDE congeners at the four sites were in the range from 5.69 to 6.79. Finally, the total PBDE concentration in WL was 5 to 20 times higher than in the other three cities. The result indicated that crude household workshops contributed a heavy amount of PBDEs pollution to the environment, which had been verified by the spatial distribution of PBDEs levels in barks collected at Wenling (range, 26.53-1317.68 ng/g dw). The good correlation between the PBDE concentrations in the barks and the air samples and the variations of the PBDE concentrations in tree barks collected from different sites reflected that the bark could be used as a passive sampler to indicate the atmospheric PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
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45
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He C, Jin J, Xiang B, Wang Y, Ma Z. Upper Yellow River air concentrations of organochlorine pesticides estimated from tree bark, and their relationship with socioeconomic indices. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:593-600. [PMID: 25079272 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticide (OCP) concentrations in tree bark from the upper Yellow River region were determined. Total OCP concentrations ranged from 2.7 to 82 ng/g dw, with a mean of 20 ng/g dw. Concentrations of total (Σ) DDTs (0.49-37 ng/g dw), HCHs (0.55-4.5 ng/g dw), and HCB (0.1-1.0 ng/g dw) were much higher than the other OCPs and accounted for 89% of the ΣOCP concentrations. p,p'-DDT was the dominant member of the DDT pesticide group and β-HCH was the dominant HCH isomer. The p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE and α-HCH/γ-HCH ratios suggested that there were recent DDT and γ-HCH releases. OCP concentrations in the air were estimated from the tree bark, and the estimated median ΣDDTs, ΣHCHs, and HCB concentrations in the air were 0.09, 0.14, and 0.024 pg/m(3), respectively. The relationship between total OCP concentrations and socioeconomic and natural environment indices were assessed using multiple linear regression analysis, and a regression equation including all these factors was obtained. Population density and tertiary industry were the two dominant factors that appeared to affect OCP concentrations in the upper Yellow River region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Bailin Xiang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhaohui Ma
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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Salamova A, Hites RA. Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in tree bark from around the globe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:349-354. [PMID: 23231623 DOI: 10.1021/es303393z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brominated and chlorinated flame retardants were measured in about 40 samples of tree bark from 12 locations around the globe. The analytes were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), Dechlorane Plus (DP), decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and tetrabromo-p-xylene (pTBX). The highest concentrations of these compounds were detected at an urban site in Downsview, Ontario, Canada. Total PBDE and DP concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 190 ng/g lipid weight and from 0.89 to 48 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Relatively high levels of DP (46 ± 4 ng/g lipid weight) were found at a remote site at Bukit Kototabang in Indonesia. The concentrations of total PBDE, DP, PBEB, and HBCD in the tree bark samples were significantly associated with human population in the nearby areas (r(2) = 0.21-0.56; P < 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of total PBDE and DP were significantly associated (r(2) = 0.40-0.64; P < 0.05). with the corresponding atmospheric concentrations of these compounds over a concentration range of 2-3 orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Salamova
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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47
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Ding C, Ni HG, Zeng H. Parent and halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rice and implications for human health in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 168:80-86. [PMID: 22595763 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the staple food for approximate two thirds of the Chinese population. However, human exposure to parent and halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via rice consumption is still not clear for Chinese people so far. The goals of this work are to assess human exposure to PAHs and halogenated PAHs (HPAHs) via rice ingestion and the cancer risk for Chinese population. 16 PAHs and eight HPAHs were determined in rice samples collected from 18 provinces in China. In general terms, the general population in China was exposed to higher levels of PAHs via rice ingestion in comparison to that via cereals for other countries. The cancer risk values induced by exposure to PAHs and HPAHs for male and female on each age group were between the priority risk level (10(-4)) and the acceptable risk level (10(-6)). Children faced the highest cancer risk, followed by adolescents and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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48
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Olivella MÀ, Caixach J, Planas C, Oliveras A, Jové P. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in cork bark. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:754-758. [PMID: 22133910 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides are persistent lipophilic organic pollutants and tend to accumulate in growing plants. During growth, cork is in contact with the open air for long periods (9-12 years). Owing to the previous widespread use of organochlorine pesticides and their high persistence in the environment, there is a risk that residues of such pesticides may be present in cork. In this study, the concentrations of 14 organochlorine pesticides-all of which are indicators of environmental pollution-were analyzed in cork bark samples from three regions in Spain and one in Portugal. In addition, the concentrations of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) were also analyzed. Our results show only very low concentrations of lindane, γ-HCH (<2.6 ng g(-1)) and its byproducts α-HCH (<3.5 ng g(-1)) and β-HCH (<0.6 ng g(-1)). Among the DDT and its metabolites, only two were found: p,p'-DDT was found in a cork sample from Extremadura (0.1 ng g(-1)) and p,p'-DDE was present at a maximum concentration of 2.9 ng g(-1) in a cork sample from Castile-La Mancha. However, all concentrations were well below the legal limit established by Regulation (EC) No. 396/2005 (10 ng g(-1) in foodstuffs). We can conclude, therefore, that the cork samples we studied complied with food safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Àngels Olivella
- University of Girona, Department of Chemistry, Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071 Girona, Spain.
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Hu J, Jin J, Wang Y, Ma Z, Zheng W. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the atmosphere and tree bark from Beijing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:355-360. [PMID: 21546059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Air samples in four seasons at one site and tree bark samples from four districts were determined to investigate seasonal variation and regional distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in Beijing, China. The total concentrations of PBDEs (∑PBDE) and HBCD (∑HBCD) were in the range of 57-470 and 20-1800 pg m(-3) in the atmosphere, respectively. The ∑PBDE and ∑HBCD concentrations were significantly influenced by the total suspended particulate matter in atmosphere. The total concentrations of PBDEs and HBCD in tree bark samples were in the range of 99-3700 and 26-3400 ng g(-1) lipid weight. It was found that regional distribution of PBDEs and HBCD was related to the function of each district. In addition, the study found that weeping willow bark was an ideal atmospheric PBDEs and HBCD passive sampler. Finally, atmospheric levels of BDE-209 and HBCD at tree bark sampling districts were estimated via applying an established bark/air partitioning model, which had been verified by the measured concentrations in tree bark and atmosphere in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, MinZu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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50
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Wu J, Teng M, Gao L, Zheng M. Background air levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:1818-1823. [PMID: 21334724 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the atmospheric concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were taken in 11 background sites geographically distributed throughout China. Active high-volume samplers were employed during two deployment periods between November 2007 and November 2008. 12 dioxin-like and 7 indicator PCBs were identified and measured. To keep the consistency, the two sampling periods were set in the same seasons (autumn and winter) and there were few variations between the results at all sites. The congener profile of indicator PCBs was dominated by CB28 and CB52. The most abundant mono-ortho congener was CB118, and the most abundant non-ortho congener was CB77. This study is the first systematic investigation into background atmospheric PCB levels in China. The background indicator ∑(7)PCB levels in China are similar to those obtained at other background areas around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
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