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Luo L, Liu T, He J, Ma J, Yu HQ. Ion-Selective Metathesis Design of Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization for Energy-Saving and Anti-Scaling Softening of Brackish Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38985512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
While flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is recognized as an attractive desalination technology, its practical implementation has been hindered by the ease of scaling and energy-intensive nature of the single-cell FCDI system, particularly when treating brackish water with elevated levels of naturally coexisting SO42- and Ca2+. To overcome these obstacles, we propose and design an innovative ion-selective metathesis FCDI (ISM-FCDI) system, consisting of a two-stage tailored cell design. Results indicate that the specific energy consumption per unit volume of water for the ISM-FCDI is lower (by up to ∼50%) than that of a conventional single-stage FCDI due to the parallel circuit structure of the ISM-FCDI. Additionally, the ISM-FCDI benefits from a conspicuous disparity in the selective removal of ions at each stage. The separate storage of Ca2+ and SO42- by the metathesis process in the ISM-FCDI (46.25% Ca2+, 14.25% SO42- in electrode 1 and 4.75% Ca2+, 35.25% SO42- in electrode 2) can effectively prevent scaling. Furthermore, configuration-performance analysis on the ion-selective migration suggests that the properties of the ion exchange membrane, rather than the carbon species, govern the selectivity of ion removal. This work introduces system-level enhancements aimed at enhancing energy conservation and scaling prevention, providing critical optimization of the FCDI for brackish water softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jiazhou He
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinxing Ma
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Ecological Security and Green Development, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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She Y, Chen J, Zhou Q, Wang L, Duan K, Wang R, Qu S, Xu M, Zhao Y. Evaluating Losses from Water Scarcity and Benefits of Water Conservation Measures to Intercity Supply Chains in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1119-1130. [PMID: 38175796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The severe water scarcity in China poses significant economic risks to its agriculture, energy, and manufacturing sectors, which can have a cascading effect through the supply chains. Current research has assessed water scarcity losses for global countries and Chinese provinces by using the water scarcity risk (WSR) method. However, this method involves subjective functions and parameter settings, and it fails to capture the adaptive behaviors of economies to water scarcity, compromising the reliability of quantified water scarcity loss. There is a pressing need for a new method to assess losses related to water scarcity. Here, we develop an agent-based complex network model to estimate the inter-regional and intersectoral impacts of water scarcity on both cities and basins. Subsequently, we evaluate the supply chain-wide economic benefits of four different water conservation measures as stipulated by the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Construction of a Water-Saving Society. These measures include increasing the utilization rate of recycled water in water-scarce cities, reducing the national water consumption per industrial value-added, and implementing agricultural and residential water conservation measures. Results show that direct losses constitute only 9% of the total losses from water scarcity. Approximately 37% of the losses can be attributed to interregional impacts. Among the water-scarce cities, Qingdao, Lanzhou, Jinan, and Zhengzhou pose a significant threat to China's supply chains. Agricultural water conservation yields the highest amount of water savings and economic benefits, while residential water conservation provides the highest economic benefit per unit of water saved. The results provide insights into managing water scarcity, promoting cross-regional cooperation, and mitigating economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei She
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiayang Chen
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kai Duan
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Shen Qu
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100084, China
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Bian R, Huang S, Cao X, Qi W, Peng J, Liu H, Wu X, Li C, Qu J. Spatial and temporal distribution of the microbial community structure in the receiving rivers of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River under the influence of different wastewater types. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132835. [PMID: 37879279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The gradual intensification of human activity has caused severe negative impacts on the ecosystems of the Yangtze River Basin. Treated effluents still affect the environment and health of receiving rivers, particularly in terms of microbial community structure. However, relatively few studies have been conducted on the differences in the effects of wastewater types on microbial community structure. Three sampling campaigns (237 samples) were conducted in the Nanjing and Wuhan sections of the Yangtze River Basin. Our results showed that the microbial community structure differed significantly among the water periods and could recover to its original state at > 500 m downstream of the outfall. The diversity of the receiving rivers under the influence of industrial wastewater was higher than that of the other wastewater types, although the number of taxa was lower than that of other wastewater types. Cyanobium_PCC-6307 and Rhodoferax were screened for biomarkers in samples affected by domestic and industrial wastewater, respectively. Although different kinds of wastewater influenced the microbial community structure, environmental factors, and geographical distance were still the main drivers. This study suggests that treated wastewater still poses a risk to ecosystems and highlights the importance of effective management strategies for assessing ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Bian
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Shier Huang
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jianfeng Peng
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinghua Wu
- Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Chong Li
- Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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4
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Cheng Y, Zhang H, Yin W. Nutrient transport following water transfer through the world's largest water diversion channel. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:703-714. [PMID: 37778840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient levels in the artificial channel constructed for the Middle Route Project are significant indicators of water quality safety and aquatic ecological integrity for this large, inter-basin scheme. However, the distribution and transport of nutrients along the channel were poorly understood. Based on a time-series dataset as well as mass balance and material flow analysis methods, the water and nutrient transport fluxes in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project were identified in this study. The results indicate that the nutrient concentrations varied considerably with time, but there was no significant difference among the 30 stations of the main channel. Seasonal temperature difference was the major factor in the large fluctuations of water quality indicators over time. The nutrient loadings varied with the water volume outputs from the main channel to the water-receiving cities. Atmospheric deposition was an important source of nutrients in the main channel, accounting for 9.13%, 20.6%, and 0.635% of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur input from the Danjiangkou Reservoir, respectively. In 2021, a net accumulation of 988 tons of N, 29 tons of P, and 2,540 tons of S, respectively, were present in the main channel. The increase of these external and internal nutrient loadings would cause water quality fluctuation and deterioration in some local sections of the main channel. Our study quantified the spatial and temporal patterns of nutrient transport in the Middle Route and revealed the ecological effects on the aquatic environment, assisting authorities on the project to develop effective water conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085 China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Yin
- Changjiang Water Resources Protection Institute, Wuhan 430051, China.
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Chen X, Wang Y, Jiang L, Huang X, Huang D, Dai W, Cai Z, Wang D. Water quality status response to multiple anthropogenic activities in urban river. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:3440-3452. [PMID: 35945324 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water quality evaluation and degrading factors identification are crucial for predicting water quality evolution trends in an urban river. However, under the coupling of multiple factors, these targets face great challenges. The water quality status response to multiple anthropogenic activities in an urban river was evaluated and predicted based on comprehensive assessment methods and random forest (RF) model. We found that the distribution of each physicochemical parameter exhibits an obvious spatial clustering. The mean pollution level and trophic status of the urban river are medium pollution (water quality index = 59.79; Nemerow's pollution index = 2.00) and light eutrophication (trophic level index = 57.30). The water quality status is sensitive to anthropogenic activities, showing the following order of TLI and NPI values: residential district > industrial district > agricultural district and downtown > suburbs > countryside. According to the redundancy analysis, constructed land (F = 15.90, p < 0.01) and domestic sewage (F = 14.20, p < 0.01) evinced as the crucial factors that aggravated the water quality pollution level. Based on the simulation results of the RF model (variation explained = 94.91%; R2 = 0.978), improving domestic sewage treatment standards is the most effective measure to improve the water quality (increased by 40.3-49.3%) in residential and industrial districts. While in a suburban district, improving the domestic sewage collection rate has more effectively (23%) than those in the residential and industrial districts. Conclusively, reducing exogenous pollution input and improving domestic sewage treatment standards are vital to urban river restoration. Clinical trial registration Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Geographical Information and Tourism, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, 239000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Physical Geographic Environment, Chuzhou, 239000, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 20023, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- School of Geographical Information and Tourism, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, 239000, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Physical Geographic Environment, Chuzhou, 239000, China.
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Geo-information Smart Sensing and Services, Chuzhou, 239000, China.
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- School of Geographical Information and Tourism, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, 239000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Physical Geographic Environment, Chuzhou, 239000, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Geo-information Smart Sensing and Services, Chuzhou, 239000, China
| | - Danni Huang
- School of Geographical Information and Tourism, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, 239000, China
| | - Wen Dai
- School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zucong Cai
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 20023, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Geographical Information and Tourism, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, 239000, China
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6
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Garg R, Singh SK. Treatment technologies for sustainable management of wastewater from iron and steel industry - a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:75203-75222. [PMID: 36136191 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The iron and steel industries are a vital driving force for propelling the nation's economic growth. In 2019, to boost the economy and to achieve the target of five trillion economies by 2024, government of India entails investments in several steel-related sectors. However, since their inception, steel and iron industries have been coupled with extensive environmental pollution and vast water utilization. Discharged effluent from the different units of plant loaded with toxic, hazardous, and unused components which have various harmful environmental and health impacts and need treatment. In the present review, the pollutants treatment efficiency of various treatment techniques, effluent volume product quality, and various measures for sound management of wastewater are reviewed. As most conventional wastewater treatment methods are not sufficient for complete reclamation and remediation of effluent, the potential of more advanced treatment such as membrane separation and membrane bioreactors is relatively untouched. In the end, this paper concluded that the integrated system combining chemical treatment with membrane separation can ensure a worthy rate of pollutant removal. Reuse and effective management of wastewater with process intensification guarantee commercial viability and eco-friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Garg
- Department of Environment Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Department of Environment Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, 110042, India.
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Li J, Yang J, Liu M, Ma Z, Fang W, Bi J. Quality matters: Pollution exacerbates water scarcity and sectoral output risks in China. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119059. [PMID: 36126628 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollution exacerbates a region's water scarcity by making water unfit for different uses and reducing freshwater availability. Local water scarcity may lead to economic output losses, and the risk can be transmitted to downstream sectors through reduced input supplies. Previous studies focus on quantity-based water scarcity assessment. It is still unknown how water quality constraints may amplify economic risks of local water-use sectors and distant economies. Here we introduce an integrated method and assess the impacts of both quantity and quality-based local physical water scarcity risks (LWSR) and virtual water scarcity risks (VWSR) in domestic trade system in China. We find in 2017 quality-based LWSR and VWSR in China are ∼593 and ∼240 billion US$. Inclusion of water pollution constraints almost doubles the risks of economic losses due to insufficient clean water supply. We then identify critical regions and sectors that are highly risky or vulnerable to the supply chains. We find water pollution makes risky VWSR exporters more centralized in a few Northern provinces where available freshwater resources are already limited, e.g. the agriculture sector in Hebei province. VWSR importers span broadly, but water pollution increases concentrations of upstream suppliers that face local water scarcity for most provinces, decreasing overall resilience of China's domestic trade network. Our results underscore the needs to alleviate overall scarcity risks by conserving physical water resources and improving water quality simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianxun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Quan J, Xu Y, Ma T, Wilson JP, Zhao N, Ni Y. Improving surface water quality of the Yellow River Basin due to anthropogenic changes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155607. [PMID: 35500708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of how changes in diverse human activities and climate contribute to water quality dynamics is crucial for sustainable water environment management especially in the arid and semi-arid regions. This study conducted a comprehensive estimation of the surface water quality change in the Yellow River basin during 2003-2017 and its responses to varied pollution sources and water volumes under socioeconomic and environmental influences. Basin-wide measurements of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH+4-N) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were used in trend detection. Annual anthropogenic (covering six sectors) and natural (sediment-induced, flow-in from the upstream and stored last year) pollution sources and water components (inflow, natural runoff, water consumption, reservoir storage and evaporation) were compiled for each sub-basin. Bottom-up hierarchical analysis was then performed to differentiate individual contributions. Results showed significant decreasing trends in COD and NH+4-N concentrations and increasing trends in DO concentrations. The middle reaches that traverse the Loess Plateau however remained severely polluted with 11.3-39.0% inferior to level III in 2017. The pollutant load played major positive contributions that gradually increased from upper to lower reaches. Declines in urban, rural and industrial pollution discharges following environmental investments and rural depopulation contributed the most: 78-96% for COD and 55-100% for NH+4-N. The total surface water volume had dilution effects in the upper and middle reaches (3-28%) and condensing effects in the lower reaches (2-37%). Precipitation and vegetation dynamics contributed slightly. The primary unfavorable factors were the growing agricultural pollution discharges and water consumption in the upper and middle reaches that also threatened the lower reaches. This study is expected to provide in-depth insights for the systematic response of regional water quality to combined human interventions and references for water quality management in other arid and semi-arid river basins worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - John P Wilson
- Spatial Sciences Institute, College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Ni
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
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Salem HS, Pudza MY, Yihdego Y. Water strategies and water-food Nexus: challenges and opportunities towards sustainable development in various regions of the World. SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2022; 8:114. [PMID: 35855975 PMCID: PMC9278318 DOI: 10.1007/s40899-022-00676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The twenty-first century is witnessing an explosion in global population, environmental changes, agricultural land disintegration, hunger, and geopolitical instabilities. It is difficult to manage these conditions or standardize improvement systems without thinking of the three main elements or subsystems that are necessary for any meaningful development-namely water (W), energy (E), and food (F). These key elements form what is globally agreed upon as the "WEF Nexus." While considering them, one should think about the other key factors that influence WEF Nexus, including population's growth, impacts of environmental changes (including climate change), moderation and adaptation regimes to climate change and climate resilience, loss of biodiversity, and sustainable nature. Together, the WEF Nexus subsystems represent a framework to ensure environmental protection that should be seen as an ethical and socioeconomic obligation. Issues, such as protection of water resources, and strategies and management tools or mechanisms for the use of water assets and agricultural innovations under the obligations of sustainable use, are investigated in this paper. Attention is paid to the relationship between water and food (WF Nexus) or water for food security in various world regions, including the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Central Asia countries and the Caucasus, China, Africa, and Canada. This paper also presents analyses of a great number of up-to-date publications regarding the "Nexus" perspective and its applications and limitations. This paper suggests that the Nexus' approach, in its different concepts (WEF, WE, WF and EF), can promote sustainable development and improve the quality of life of communities, while preserving natural, human, and social capital, addressing sustainability challenges, and protecting natural resources and the environment for long-term use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmi S. Salem
- Sustainable Development Research Institute, Bethlehem, West Bank Palestine
| | - Musa Yahaya Pudza
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Yohannes Yihdego
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, College of Science, Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086 Australia
- Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (SMEC), Sydney, NSW 2060 Australia
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10
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Metabolic Pathways Involved in the Drought Stress Response of Nitraria tangutorum as Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Drought resistance in plants is controlled by multiple genes. To identify the genes that mediate drought stress responses and to assess the associated metabolic pathways in the desert shrub Nitraria tangutorum, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of plants under control (maximum field capacity) and drought (20% of the maximum field capacity) conditions. We analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of N. tangutorum and their enrichment in the KEGG metabolic pathways database, and explored the molecular biological mechanisms underlying the answer to its drought tolerance. Between the control and drought groups, 119 classified metabolic pathways annotated 3047 DEGs in the KEGG database. For drought tolerance, nitrate reductase (NR) gene expression was downregulated, indicating that NR activity was decreased to improve drought tolerance. In ammonium assimilation, drought stress inhibited glutamine formation. Protochlorophyllide reductase (1.3.1.33) expression was upregulated to promote chlorophyll a synthesis, whereas divinyl reductase (1.3.1.75) expression was downregulated to inhibit chlorophyll-ester a synthesis. The expression of the chlorophyll synthase (2.5.1.62) gene was downregulated, which affected the synthesis of chlorophyll a and b. Overall, drought stress appeared to improve the ability to convert chlorophyll b into chlorophyll a. Our data serve as a theoretical foundation for further elucidating the growth regulatory mechanism of desert xerophytes, thereby facilitating the development and cultivation of new, drought-resistant genotypes for the purpose of improving desert ecosystems.
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11
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Fu X, Zhu Q, Liu D, Liu B, Kuang L, Feng Y, Chu F, Huang Z. Enhanced Moisture Condensation on Hierarchical Structured Superhydrophobic-Hydrophilic Patterned Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:863-869. [PMID: 34968065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Patterned surfaces combining hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties show great promise in moisture condensation; however, a comprehensive understanding of the multiscale interfacial behavior and the further controlling method is still lacking. In this paper, we studied the moisture condensation on a hybrid superhydrophobic-hydrophilic surface with hierarchical structures from micro- to nanoscale. For the first time, we demonstrated the effects of wettability difference and microstructure size on the final condensation efficiency. By optimizing the wettability difference, sub-millimeter pattern width, and microstructure size, maximum 90% enhancement of the condensation rate was achieved as compared with the superhydrophobic surface at a subcooling of 13 K. We also demonstrated the enhanced condensation mechanism by a detailed analysis of the condensation process. Our work proposed effective and systematical methods for controlling and optimizing moisture condensation on the patterned surfaces and shed light on application integration of such promising functional surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifan Fu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Qinpeng Zhu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Denghui Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Binghan Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Lintao Kuang
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Yanhui Feng
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuqiang Chu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
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Liu YW, Li JK, Xia J, Hao GR, Teo FY. Risk assessment of non-point source pollution based on landscape pattern in the Hanjiang River basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64322-64336. [PMID: 34304355 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-point source (NPS) pollution has become a vital contaminant source affecting the water environment because of its wide distribution, hydrodynamic complexity, and difficulty in prevention and control. In this study, the identification and evaluation of NPS pollution risk based on landscape pattern were carried out in the Hanjiang River basin above Ankang hydrological section, Shaanxi province, China. Landscape distribution information was obtained through land use data, analyzing the contribution of "source-sink" landscape to NPS pollution through the location-weighted landscape contrast index. Using the NPS pollution risk index to identify and evaluate the regional NPS pollution risk considering the slope, cost distance, soil erosion, and precipitation erosion affect migration of pollutants. The results showed that (i) the pollution risk was generally high in the whole watershed, and the sub-watersheds dominated by "source" landscapes account for 74.61% of the whole basin; (ii) the high-risk areas were distributed in the central, eastern, and western regions of the river basin; the extremely high-risk areas accounted for 12.7% of the whole watershed; and the southern and northern regions were dominated by forestland and grassland with little pollution risk; (iii) "source" landscapes were mostly distributed in areas close to the river course, which had a great impact on environment, and the landscape pattern units near the water body needed to be further adjusted to reduce the influence of NPS pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Jia-Ke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
| | - Jun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gai-Rui Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Fang-Yenn Teo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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13
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Du H, Wu Y, Wu H, Li F. Effect of ozone pretreatment on characteristics of dissolved organic matter formed in aerobic and anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:2779-2790. [PMID: 32892285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) formed in aerobic and anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge (WAS) after ozone pretreatment were investigated with three ozone dosages (4.72, 10.96, and 13.8 mg O3/min) and four ozonation times (0, 10, 20, and 30 min) using six aerobic and six anaerobic digestion reactors. High decreasing rate of volatile suspended solid/total suspended solid indicated enhanced destruction of volatile solids and efficient sludge reduction. The results of TOC and UV absorbance indicated that increasing ozone dosage and time significantly enhanced hydrolysis and degradation of DOM. Data analysis with a first-order sequential reaction model revealed that, for aerobic digestion, kh increased in the range of 0.00049-0.00154 day-1; and for anaerobic digestion of WAS, kh increased in the range of 0.00302-0.00796 day-1 and kd increased in the range of 0.24910-0.54548 day-1. Detailed analysis of the composition of DOM showed that ozone pretreatment increased irreversible membrane resistance (IMR) and enhanced the breakdown of large DOM molecules, the formation of aromatic proteins, and tryptophan- and tyrosine-aromatic amino acids, as well as the accumulation of humic acid- and fulvic acid-like substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Du
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China.
| | - Yanxia Wu
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Huifang Wu
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Fusheng Li
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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14
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Chen L, Li J, Fu W, Zhang X. Ceramic membrane based hybrid process for the upgrade of rural water treatment plants: A pilot study. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:75-83. [PMID: 32335985 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An integrated process with ozonation, ceramic membrane ultrafiltration, and activated carbon filtration is investigated for the treatment of drinking water in the rural area of China. A pilot-scale experiment with a capacity of 20 m3 /d is conducted, and a number of water quality parameters are evaluated, such as turbidity, color, organic matter (CODMn ), manganese (Mn), geosmin (GSM), 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), and 37 kinds of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). The result shows that the removal efficiency of all the evaluated parameters of this integrated process is much higher than that of the conventional treatment processes. In particular, the removal rate of PPCPs achieves 52.5%, which is twice higher than that of the conventional process. Moreover, ozone can oxidize manganese ions, degrade organic matters, and reduce membrane fouling. It is believed that the integrated treatment process developed in this study is efficient in upgrading the existing water treatment plants and ensuring the safety of drinking water in the rural areas around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Research Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiabin Li
- Research Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanyi Fu
- Research Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xihui Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Akpan VE, Omole DO, Bassey DE. Assessing the public perceptions of treated wastewater reuse: opportunities and implications for urban communities in developing countries. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05246. [PMID: 33072925 PMCID: PMC7556266 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater reuse has become an integral part of Integrated Water Resources Management and thus plays a role in securing the water needs for future generations. This study aimed at determining the perceptions of Canaanland, an emerging urban community in Ogun State, Nigeria, on treated wastewater reuse for several purposes. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to the city residents (n = 244). Findings revealed that the city was aware of the economic and environmental benefits of wastewater reuse but would prefer reuse schemes that involved less human contact such as flushing toilets, electricity generation, building construction, and car wash. The least preferred option was for potable purposes. The community also revealed that they would be willing to accept wastewater reuse as long as it is endorsed by medical doctors, university professors, and experts. However, 45.5% of the respondents were from the Covenant University academic environment. Also, an assessment was carried out to ascertain the implications and opportunities for wastewater reuse in the city. Findings indicated that wastewater reuse involves several complexities and interlinkages, which revolve around political and decisional factors, economic and social factors, environmental factors, and technological factors. From the study, policy and decisional suggestions and a wastewater process flow were developed for more efficient wastewater management within developing cities. A study was carried out on eight cities from developing nations that have created a framework for wastewater management using several approaches. Also, a summary of findings reveals that if adequately researched, cheap and alternative means of wastewater treatment and reuse could be developed for electricity generation, carwash, and firefighting for developing nations. The result of this research can be used to address public anxieties regarding wastewater-reuse practices. Additionally, this study hopes to aid successful wastewater management schemes in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E. Akpan
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, P.M.B., Ota, 112233, Nigeria
| | - David O. Omole
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, P.M.B., Ota, 112233, Nigeria
| | - Daniel E. Bassey
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, P.M.B., Ota, 112233, Nigeria
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16
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Dai R, Wang X, Tang CY, Wang Z. Dually Charged MOF-Based Thin-Film Nanocomposite Nanofiltration Membrane for Enhanced Removal of Charged Pharmaceutically Active Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7619-7628. [PMID: 32432876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) is of great importance in wastewater reclamation due to their potent negative impacts on human health. Typical polyamide nanofiltration (NF) membranes are negatively charged, which compromises their rejection rate of positively charged PhACs. Herein, we propose to rationally design a novel thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) NF membrane featuring a dually charged metal organic framework (MOF) to effectively remove both positively and negatively charged PhACs. Ethylenediamine (ED) was grafted to the coordinately unsaturated metal sites inside the MIL-101(Cr). The resulting ED-MIL-101(Cr) contained both strong positively charged amine groups inside its channels and negatively charged carboxyl groups at its surface. This dually charged nature of the MOF nanoparticles enabled the ED-MIL-101(Cr)-containing TFN membrane to achieve high rejection rates (mostly >90%) for both positively (terbutaline, atenolol, fluoxetine) and negatively charged PhACs (ketoprofen, diclofenac, bezafibrate). At the same time, the ED-MIL-101(Cr) TFN membrane had greatly improved water permeance (140% over the control membrane with MOF loading). Calculations based on density functional theory further confirmed the large energy barrier for the migration of both negatively and positively charged PhACs across the nanochannels of ED-MIL-101(Cr). This study highlights a promising potential of dually charged MOF-TFN membranes for efficient removal of trace organic contaminants in wastewater reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xueye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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17
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Dai D, Xu X, Sun M, Hao C, Lv X, Lei K. Decrease of both river flow and quality aggravates water crisis in North China: a typical example of the upper Yongding River watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:421. [PMID: 32514793 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to unevenly distributed water resources, semi-arid regions are particularly prone to severe water shortage and quality degradation. In this study, based on long-term hydrological database (1935-2015), and the latest available water quality data sets (2011-2016), we analyzed the water crisis and its driving forces in the upper Yongding River watershed, a typical water shortage area in North China. The results showed that human induced excessive water consumption is responsible for the significantly decreased river flow over the past eight decades. Although the capacity of the watershed wastewater treatment has improved, current water quality does not meet the requirements of the national water management goals, because of the excessive nitrogen and CODCr (chemical oxygen demand), which mainly come from the wastewater and feedlots discharge. Due to the decreased river flow, current Yongding River is unable to dilute and assimilate pollutions. The analysis of river pollutant load illustrated that more than 60 % of the nitrogen in the river water system is diverted for reservoir storage, and more than 50 % of the CODCr and TP are diverted for irrigation, thereby, increasing the risk of reservoirs eutrophication and threatening food safety. Besides, the high Cl- (388.2 ± 322.5 mg/L) and SO42- (470.6 ± 357.7 mg/L) imply that the upper river water are not suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes, and a potential risk of salinization if the river flow continues to decrease. We conclude that water resources over extraction and quality degradation are the main driving factors of the Yongding River water crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dai
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiangqin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Mingdong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chenlin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xubo Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Kun Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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18
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Dai D, Sun M, Lv X, Lei K. Evaluating water resource sustainability from the perspective of water resource carrying capacity, a case study of the Yongding River watershed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:21590-21603. [PMID: 32279273 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
China is facing great challenges to balance its natural water resource use and eco-environment protection, especially in the north semi-arid region with large water consumption due to the rapid economic growth. This highlights the urgency to use water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) as a measure to maintain the sustainable development of the human and natural water system. Here, we used a coupled model based on the system dynamics and cellular automaton models to assess the WRCC under the critical value of water resource withdrawal ratio (40%) and its sustainability in the Yongding River watershed in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, where the water use highly depends on river flow and nonrenewable groundwater resources. The analytical results showed that the current regional WRCC is severely overloaded due to strong human activities. The predicted results based on four scenarios, i.e., existing development, water saving, industrial restructuring, and integrated development schemes, showed that although the improvement of water saving and water use efficiency has mitigated the regional water shortage, evidenced by the increased WRCC, the water shortage would continue due to the increased water demand. Under the integrated development scenario, it will need at least additional 7.1 × 108 m3 water per year (Beijing: 2.5 × 108 m3, Tianjin: 0.8 × 108 m3, Hebei: 3.8 × 108 m3) via the water transfer project to maintain the sustainability in the next decades. Our research provides recommendations for reasonable water utilization and supplementation under the severe water crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Mingdong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xubo Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Kun Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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19
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Zhang C, Wu L, Ma J, Wang M, Sun J, Waite TD. Evaluation of long-term performance of a continuously operated flow-electrode CDI system for salt removal from brackish waters. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 173:115580. [PMID: 32065937 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), one of the most popular CDI variants, possesses a number of advantages over conventional fixed-electrode CDI (e.g., large salt adsorption capacity, high flow efficiency and convenient management of the electrodes), challenges remain in constructing and operating an FCDI system such that it can operate continuously. Here we achieve effective continuous removal of salt from a brackish feed stream using flowing carbon electrodes which are regenerated in a closed-loop manner by using our previously introduced integrated FCDI/MF strategy. The performance of the FCDI/MF system is characterized over a two week period of operation with key factors influencing the desalination performance identified. Results show that the FCDI/MF system is capable of continuously desalinating brackish water (∼2 g L-1) to portable levels (<0.5 g L-1) whilst sustaining an extraordinary water recovery rate (∼92%) and relatively low energy consumption (∼0.5 kWh m-3). No obvious deterioration in performance or membrane fouling was observed during the 14-day operation. While the carbon particles used in the flow electrode exhibited only a minor increase in oxygen-containing groups over the 14 days of operation, a significant reduction in particle size was observed, likely as a consequence of the high-frequency collisions and associated friction between particles that occurred in the FCDI/MF system. Further studies regarding flowable electrode optimization, cell configuration design and process modelling are needed in order to realize the scale-up and practical implementation of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Lei Wu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Min Wang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Jingyi Sun
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, 214206, PR China.
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20
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The Safety of Drinking Water in China: Current Status and Future Prospects. China CDC Wkly 2020; 2:210-215. [PMID: 34594625 PMCID: PMC8430420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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21
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Li J, Lei X, Qiao Y, Kang A, Yan P. The Water Status in China and an Adaptive Governance Frame for Water Management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17062085. [PMID: 32245202 PMCID: PMC7143287 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
China is increasingly facing water-related problems, such as water scarcity, pollution, and overexploitation of groundwater. This paper discusses the water status in China and claims that governance is the cause of water-related problems. The structure of the current water management is analyzed to conclude that the control-command is a static approach which is less capable of dealing with the uncertainty in the water resources system. An adaptive governance frame is introduced, which highlights the learning process and participation. The learning process avoids making the same mistake twice and the participation ensures the diversity of information, which are both necessary for water resources management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Xiaohui Lei
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-68785503; Fax:+86-010-68483366
| | - Yu Qiao
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
- Construction and Administration Bureau of South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Aiqing Kang
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Peiru Yan
- School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
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22
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Xiong Q, Xiao Y, Halmy MWA, Pan K, Dakhil MA, Zhang L, Li T, Liang P. A blessing for the Yangtze River: optimization of Chinese regional policy planning for water yield and purification in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:7040-7052. [PMID: 31883073 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Land use/land cover (LULC) changes impact the structure and functioning of ecosystems, which consequently influences the provisioning of a range of ecosystem services (ES). There is a growing consensus regarding the merit of integrating the evaluation of ES into regional policy planning. The Yangtze River is the world's third longest and supports more than 6% of its population. However, assessing the potential impacts of different resource management policies upon ES is complicated in the Yangtze basin. To remedy this, here we designed a scenario analysis-based approach that used remotely sensed data and GIS (geographic information system) to analyze the relationships between ES (i.e., water flow regulation, water purification) and policies envisioned to improve human welfare in the Chongqing municipality, in the upper reaches of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) in the Yangtze basin. This watershed area has high population density and suffers from severe flood hazard and critical pollution issues. The GEOMOD modeling technique was used to predict LULC changes according to policy planning alternatives, producing scenarios by 2050 for the TGRA watershed. The GIS-based ES model (InVEST model) was developed as a tool to inform the decision-making process with the intention of aligning conservation measures with economic development. We examine policy effectiveness by comparing three scenarios for 2050: scenario-1 maintains the current policy, with no considerations of ES; scenario-2 integrates ES into policy planning; and scenario-3 integrates ES into policy planning considering the needs of local people. Our scenario-based LULC change analysis showed that the land with large increases in water flow regulation (i.e., values ≤-3000 × 103 m3 km-2) were scattered over the entire study area, while phosphorus reduction (i.e., values ≤ -30 kg km-2) were located mainly along rivers in all scenarios. Scenario-2 and scenario-3 are based on policies aiming at enhancing ES provisioning; for these, the projected ecological risks of water pollution are significantly reduced (39.97% and 37.58%, respectively). Total net changes of the investigated ES under scenario-2 or scenario-3 were almost double that occurring under scenario-1. Although scenario-2 and scenario-3 showed a near-equal total net change, water purification under scenario-2 was the greatest relative to forest expansion. However, scenario-3 offered the best future environmental development scenario, as it accounted for the demand and supply characteristics of water yield and purification in different regions. The water purification service made the greatest contribution to positive and negative effects (26%-47% and -7%, respectively) on ES provisioning. Linking water purification service to policy planning would effectively improve the overall ES. These scenario forecasting results will help the Three Gorges Dam to gain more ecological benefits via improvements to water flow regulation and the effective alleviation of degraded water quality in heavily populated regions in the Yangtze basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinli Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xiao
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, 416000, Jishou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Marwa Waseem A Halmy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511, Egypt
| | - Kaiwen Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohammed A Dakhil
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100039, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11790, Egypt
| | - Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghan Liang
- Center for Chinese Public Administration Research, School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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23
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A Three-Stage Hybrid Model for Space-Time Analysis of Water Resources Carrying Capacity: A Case Study of Jilin Province, China. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water shortage, water pollution, shrinking water area and water mobility are the main contents of the water resources crisis, which are widespread in the social and economic development of Jilin Province. In this paper, a three-stage hybrid model integrating evaluation, prediction and regulation is constructed by combining the load-balance method and the system dynamics method. Using this model, the current states of water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) in 2017 and the trend of water demand/available from 2018 to 2030 were obtained. Using the orthogonal test method, the optimal combination program of agricultural and industrial water efficiency regulation and water resources allocation was selected. The results show that the pressure of the human–water resources system in Changchun, Liaoyuan and Baicheng is greater than the support, and the other six cities are not overloaded. The water demand in Jilin Province and its nine cities will increase from 2018 to 2030, if the current socio-economic development pattern is maintained. Therefore, we change the water quantity carrying capacity index by controlling agriculture, industrial water efficiency and trans-regional water transfer. Compared with 2015, among the optimal program obtained, the change range of the water use per 10,000 RMB of agricultural output is (−5%, 25%), and the water use per 10,000 RMB of industrial added value is (−45%, −35%), and the maximum water transfer is 1.5 billion m3 per year in 2030. This study analyzes the development pattern of WRCC in the process of water conservancy modernization in Jilin Province and provides reference for other provinces to make the similar plan.
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Ma T, Sun S, Fu G, Hall JW, Ni Y, He L, Yi J, Zhao N, Du Y, Pei T, Cheng W, Song C, Fang C, Zhou C. Pollution exacerbates China's water scarcity and its regional inequality. Nat Commun 2020; 11:650. [PMID: 32005847 PMCID: PMC6994511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate water quality can mean that water is unsuitable for a variety of human uses, thus exacerbating freshwater scarcity. Previous large-scale water scarcity assessments mostly focused on the availability of sufficient freshwater quantity for providing supplies, but neglected the quality constraints on water usability. Here we report a comprehensive nationwide water scarcity assessment in China, which explicitly includes quality requirements for human water uses. We highlight the necessity of incorporating water scarcity assessment at multiple temporal and geographic scales. Our results show that inadequate water quality exacerbates China's water scarcity, which is unevenly distributed across the country. North China often suffers water scarcity throughout the year, whereas South China, despite sufficient quantities, experiences seasonal water scarcity due to inadequate quality. Over half of the population are affected by water scarcity, pointing to an urgent need for improving freshwater quantity and quality management to cope with water scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Siao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Guangtao Fu
- Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Jim W Hall
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yong Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Lihuan He
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jiawei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Na Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunyan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weiming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ci Song
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuanglin Fang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chenghu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Deng S, Yan X, Zhu Q, Liao C. The utilization of reclaimed water: Possible risks arising from waterborne contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113020. [PMID: 31421574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing interest of seeking substitutable water resources accrues from shortage of freshwater. One of the options considered is reclaimed water (also designated as recycled water) that has been widely used in daily life. Although reclaimed water can serve as a feasible reliever of water pressure, attention about its technologies and potential risks is growing in the meantime. Most established wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) predate many new contaminants, which means treatment processes cannot ensure to dislodge certain contaminants completely from origin water. Furthermore, a wide range of factors, such as seasons and influent variations, affect occurrence and concentration of reclaimed water-borne contaminants, making research about quality of reclaimed water especially significant. Many reclaimed water-borne contaminants, including biological and chemical contaminants, are toxic to human health, and complex wastewater matrix may aggravate water quality of concern. The widespread use of reclaimed water continues to be a concern on agriculture, ecological environment and human health. This study aims to: 1) provide a critical review about occurrence and profiles of diverse contaminants in the treated reclaimed water, 2) discuss the possibility to avoid the secondary pollution in reuse of reclaimed water, and 3) reveal the prospective consequences of using reclaimed water on agriculture, ecological environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenxi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
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Xu Y, Liu X, Xu L. A dynamic expert contribution-based consensus model for hesitant fuzzy group decision making with an application to water resources allocation selection. Soft comput 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00500-019-04229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Challenges for Sustainable Water Use in the Urban Industry of Korea Based on the Global Non-Radial Directional Distance Function Model. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11143895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since water stress and industrial water pollution pose a huge threat to South Korea’s sustainable water use, it is an urgent task to assess industrial water green use efficiency (GUEIW). Based on the global non-radial directional distance function (GNDDF) model, this paper calculated GUEIW in 16 Korean local governments from 2006 to 2015 using two decomposition indicators: Economic efficiency of industrial water use (ECEIW) and environmental efficiency of industrial water use (ENEIW). The growth of GUEIW is mainly driven by ECEIW, and subsequent environmental problems are obstacles to achieving green use of Korean industrial water. The regional heterogeneity of GUEIW is so important that the downstream region outperformed the upstream region in all three indicators. The government’s efforts to ensure water quality inhibits industrial development in upstream areas, where incomes are much lower than in downstream areas, and downstream industrial areas have to pay upstream industrial areas extra for water. However, regarding upstream industrial areas, low prices easily promote water waste. Because of relatively high water use costs, downstream producers are encouraged to save water. To improve the economic efficiency of industrial water use in upstream areas, advanced water technology should be developed or introduced to make full use of water resources in industrial production.
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Xu Y, Sun Y, Ma Z, Wang R, Wang X, Wang J, Wang L, Gao X, Gao J. Response surface modeling and optimization of electrodialysis for reclamation of RO concentrates in coal-fired power plants. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1640251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R.China
| | - Yongchao Sun
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R.China
| | - Zhun Ma
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R.China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R.China
| | - Xiuju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Jinan, P.R.China
| | - Jian Wang
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA, Tianjin, P.R.China
| | - Liguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Jinan, P.R.China
| | - Xueli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P.R.China
| | - Jun Gao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, P.R.China
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Setty K, Loret JF, Courtois S, Hammer CC, Hartemann P, Lafforgue M, Litrico X, Manasfi T, Medema G, Shaheen M, Tesson V, Bartram J. Faster and safer: Research priorities in water and health. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:593-606. [PMID: 30910612 PMCID: PMC6545151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals initiated in 2016 reiterated the need for safe water and healthy lives across the globe. The tenth anniversary meeting of the International Water and Health Seminar in 2018 brought together experts, students, and practitioners, setting the stage for development of an inclusive and evidence-based research agenda on water and health. Data collection relied on a nominal group technique gathering perceived research priorities as well as underlying drivers and adaptation needs. Under a common driver of public health protection, primary research priorities included the socioeconomy of water, risk assessment and management, and improved monitoring methods and intelligence. Adaptations stemming from these drivers included translating existing knowledge to providing safe and timely services to support the diversity of human water needs. Our findings present a comprehensive agenda of topics at the forefront of water and health research. This information can frame and inform collective efforts of water and health researchers over the coming decades, contributing to improved water services, public health, and socioeconomic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Setty
- The Water Institute at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 166 Rosenau Hall, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7431, USA.
| | - Jean-Francois Loret
- Suez, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Eau et l'Environnement (CIRSEE), 38 rue du President Wilson, 78230, Le Pecq, France.
| | - Sophie Courtois
- Suez, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Eau et l'Environnement (CIRSEE), 38 rue du President Wilson, 78230, Le Pecq, France.
| | - Charlotte Christiane Hammer
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Philippe Hartemann
- Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, EA 7298, ERAMBO, DESP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Michel Lafforgue
- Suez Consulting, Le Bruyère 2000 - Bâtiment 1, Zone du Millénaire, 650 Rue Henri Becquerel, CS79542, 34961, Montpellier Cedex 2, France.
| | - Xavier Litrico
- Suez, Tour CB21, 16 Place de l'Iris, 92040, Paris La Defense Cedex, France.
| | - Tarek Manasfi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Gertjan Medema
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433, PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Mohamed Shaheen
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 - 87 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Vincent Tesson
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), UMR 1114 EMMAH, 228 route de l'Aérodrome, CS 40 509, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France.
| | - Jamie Bartram
- The Water Institute at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, 166 Rosenau Hall, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7431, USA.
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Automatic Detection of Potential Dam Locations in Digital Terrain Models. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi8040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Structural measures for retaining and distributing water—i.e.; reservoirs, flood retentionand power plants—play a key role to protect and feed a growing world population in a rapidlychanging climate. In this work, we introduce an automated method to detect potential reservoir orretention area locations in digital terrain models. In this context, a potential reservoir is a largerterrain form that can be turned into an actual reservoir by constructing a dam. Based on contourlines derived from terrain models, potential reservoirs are found within a predefined range of damlengths, and the locally optimal ones are then extracted. Our method is to be applied in the veryearly stages of project planning and for area-wide potential analysis. Tests in a 100 km² study areabring promising results, but also show a certain sensitivity regarding terrain model quality andresolution. In total, 250–300 candidate polygons with a total volume of more than 6 million m³ werefound. In order to facilitate further processing, these are stored as a GIS vector dataset.
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31
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Bei E, Wu X, Qiu Y, Chen C, Zhang X. A Tale of Two Water Supplies in China: Finding Practical Solutions to Urban and Rural Water Supply Problems. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:867-875. [PMID: 30865425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Access to safe drinking water is among the 17 United Nations sustainable development goals. As the largest developing country, China has confronted large challenges to providing safe and sufficient drinking water to its population of 1.4 billion under the conditions of limited water sources and ubiquitous water contamination. This Account outlines these challenges as well as the practical solutions implemented by Chinese water professionals. We first provide a general introduction of the water supply in China. Next, we describe the main challenges of water source shortages and source water contamination. The practical solutions developed by Chinese water professionals are the core part of this Account, to which we have devoted ourselves to and contributed in some issues and cases. The water supply in China is a binary system that reflects the gap between urban and rural communities. Both urban and rural water supplies have been subject to water source shortages and contamination. Water shortages are mainly solved by long-distance water transportation projects. Urban water utilities generally pay attention to organic matter, ammonia, algae, and chemical spills in source water while also focusing on micro-organisms and disinfection byproducts in tap water. Micro-organisms are a widespread concern for rural water supplies, whereas arsenic, fluoride, and ammonia are an endemic concern in some rural communities. Investment in updating of treatment processes significantly benefits urban water supplies, and advanced treatment of ozonation and biologically activated carbon processes are now commonly used to ensure that strict drinking water quality standards are met. However, this is not the case for rural water supplies, where expensive advanced treatment is not affordable. Thus, improving rural water supplies requires approaches such as searching for sources with better water quality, using automated ultrafiltration instruments, or connecting to urban water supply distribution systems. For rural areas with high concentrations of arsenic or fluoride in source water, specific adsorbents are a practical way to help farmers. Similar challenges will be encountered elsewhere in the world; therefore, the practical solutions applied in China will be useful to other countries in different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er Bei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China 100038
| | - Yu Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, China 215163
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, China 215163
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Wu Z, Kong M, Cai Y, Wang X, Li K. Index of biotic integrity based on phytoplankton and water quality index: Do they have a similar pattern on water quality assessment? A study of rivers in Lake Taihu Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:395-404. [PMID: 30579197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Our study illustrated the ecological conditions in the rivers of Lake Taihu Basin (LTB) using an index of biotic integrity based on phytoplankton (P-IBI), and its performance was compared with the previously developed water quality index (WQI). Samples were collected seasonally at 96 sites covering the major rivers from September 2014 to January 2016. Three critical ecological indices, i.e., phytoplankton density, chlorophyll a (chl a), and Menhinick, were selected from a pool of 22 candidate indices mainly according to the correlations among indices and environmental parameters. The results indicated that the ecological status of LTB based on P-IBI was significantly different at spatial (especially between Tiaoxi and the other 5 river systems) and seasonal scales. Furthermore, the proposed P-IBI effectively identified the major environmental parameters (total nitrogen, ammonium, total phosphorus, and permanganate index) associated with each level (bad, low, and moderate). Moreover, the P-IBI was closely and positively correlated with the WQI at the spatial scale regardless of season. However, the ecological conditions were significantly worse according to the P-IBI at both the spatial (P < 0.001) and seasonal scales (P values of 0.018 in winter and < 0.001 in other seasons, respectively), and the seasonal distribution pattern differed between the two methods. Our study suggests that the P-IBI provides an essential supplement for the assessment of ecological conditions of rivers and that the selected critical indices (phytoplankton density, chl a, and Menhinick) are suitable for river ecosystems. Additionally, compared with WQI, the water quality condition was generally worse when using P-IBI, and this phenomenon requires further attention during water quality assessments, as well as different seasonal distribution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Ming Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Yongjiu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Kuanyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Xu K, Bin L, Xu X. Assessment of Water Resources Sustainability in Mainland China in Terms of Water Intensity and Efficiency. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 63:309-321. [PMID: 30242529 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-018-1098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Investigation into water resources sustainability (WRS) is vital for a regional sustainable development strategy. This paper aimed to quantitatively evaluate the WRS in mainland China using a three-layer indicator system. Three important factors significantly affecting WRS are: water resources quantity (WRQ), water intensity (WI) and water efficiency (WE). Assessment of the three indicators was carried out in 356 cities where each indicator was graded from "very low" to "very high" according to the value magnitude. China was then classified into four zones to differentiate regional variations of the impact of water intensity and efficiency on sustainability. Results showed that 34% of the areas had "medium" to "high" WI indicator values and 58% of the areas had "low" to "very low" WE indicator values. The indicator values of WI were ordered as Zone I > Zone II > Zone III > Zone IV; whereas the WRS were ordered as: Zone I < Zone II < Zone III < Zone IV. It is recommended that water resource policies be turned to a more sustainable management strategy in areas with high WI and low WE. Zone I regions should be focused on particularly with limited resources and extreme exploitation. The results provide a valuable basis for macro-level decision-making concerned with regional sustainable development strategy for the entire mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lingling Bin
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, PR China.
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, 301700, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Xinyi Xu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, PR China
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Comprehensive Utilization of Seawater in China: A Description of the Present Situation, Restrictive Factors and Potential Countermeasures. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
China is a maritime power. However, as its economy develops rapidly, China lacks freshwater resources. The water resources per capita are low in China and are less than a quarter of the global mean value. The development and utilization of desalination, a new unconventional water resource in coastal areas, has gradually attracted the attention of the central and local governments. This paper introduces three aspects of the comprehensive utilization of seawater in China, including the desalination of seawater, the direct use of seawater, and the use of seawater as a chemical resource. Based on the recent status (2017) of comprehensive seawater utilization in China, the prospects for optimizing the utilization of seawater resources are presented. Furthermore, the restrictive factors and potential countermeasures for the increased use of seawater desalination are investigated. Several recommendations are presented, specifically, improving the laws, using regulations and standards related to desalination, strengthening the policies that support enterprises that use desalination, gradually improving the localization rate of key technologies and equipment, and devoting additional attention to the problems associated with brine processing. Seawater is expected to become an important supplemental source of water in coastal areas of China, and the resources needed for its use will be developed as a strategic and influential industry.
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Yang Z, Song J, Cheng D, Xia J, Li Q, Ahamad MI. Comprehensive evaluation and scenario simulation for the water resources carrying capacity in Xi'an city, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 230:221-233. [PMID: 30290309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The quantity and quality of water resources are of great importance in maintaining urban socio-economic development. Accordingly, substantial research has been conducted on the concept of the water resources carrying capacity (WRCC). In this study, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and system dynamics (SD) models were combined to construct a multi-criteria evaluation system of the WRCC and a socio-economic/water resources SD model for Xi'an. The developmental trends of the society, economy, water supply/demand, and wastewater discharge were obtained from 2015 to 2020 using five scenarios designed for distinct purposes; these scenarios and trends were comprehensively evaluated using a combination of qualitative and quantitative analyses. The results indicated that the WRCC (0.32 in 2020) in Xi'an will shift from a normal to a poor state if the current social development pattern is maintained; therefore, we conclude that the socio-economic development of Xi'an is unsustainable. However, under a comprehensive scheme, the WRCC index (0.64 in 2020) will increase by 48% compared with the WRCC index under a business-as-usual scenario. Further, some practical suggestions, including the promotion of industrial reforms and the improvement of water-use efficiency and recycling policies, were provided for improving the regional WRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jinxi Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Dandong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Qi Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan Ahamad
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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The Impacts of Socioeconomic Development on Rural Drinking Water Safety in China: A Provincial-Level Comparative Analysis. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su11010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In China, achieving rural drinking water safety—meaning access to a safe, affordable, sufficient, and sustainable drinking water supply—remains a key challenge for government agencies and researchers. Using cross-sectional data at the provincial level, in this paper we examine the impacts of socioeconomic development on drinking water safety in rural China. Using a theoretical framework called Pressure-State-Response (PSR), existing data were organized into state and pressure indicators. Canonical Correlation Analysis was then used to analyze provincial-level relationships between the indicators. Significant drinking-water-safety-related differences were found across provinces. Our analyses suggest that, overall, China’s recent and rapid socioeconomic development yielded substantial benefits for China’s rural drinking water safety. However, this same development also negatively impacted rural drinking water safety via increased groundwater over-abstraction, reductions in water supply, and environmental contamination. The paper closes with a discussion of implications and options for improving drinking water policy, management, and regulation in rural China.
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37
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Chen YA, Fan CS, Hou CH. Optimizing the energetic performance of capacitive deionization devices with unipolar and bipolar connections under constant current charging. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Urban River Transformation and the Landscape Garden City Movement in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The practice of enhancing existing rivers and creating entirely new waterscapes has exploded in China over the past two decades. In our study of 104 randomly selected cities across China, we identified 14 types of river projects based on grey literature reports and their appearance on sequential aerial imagery, falling into three categories: ‘engineering’, ‘waterfront spaces’ and ‘ecological’ projects. ‘Waterfront spaces’ is the most common (60.5%), followed by ‘engineering’ (28.7%) and ‘ecological’ (10.8%). Using multiple stepwise regression, we found that the types of projects undertaken were strongly influenced by factors such as climate, social-economic setting, and ‘Landscape Garden City’ designation. Designation as a ‘Landscape Garden City’ was correlated with ‘waterfront spaces’, but not ‘engineering’ and ‘ecological’ projects. We found that cities in drier climates (as measured by ‘precipitation minus evaporation’) constructed more projects and they included many projects that impounded seasonal rivers to create year-round water bodies. Based on our results, we conclude that Chinese cities are still in the process of ‘decorating’ rivers, and that the ‘Landscape Garden City’ designation promoted such ‘decorating’ projects, especially ‘linear greening’ projects and ‘public spaces along rivers’. The results also demonstrate that the new river projects in China are often at odds with the local climate.
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39
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Zhu Z, Liu Z, Zhong L, Song C, Shi W, Cui F, Wang W. Breathable and asymmetrically superwettable Janus membrane with robust oil-fouling resistance for durable membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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40
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De Clercq D, Smith K, Chou B, Gonzalez A, Kothapalle R, Li C, Dong X, Liu S, Wen Z. Identification of urban drinking water supply patterns across 627 cities in China based on supervised and unsupervised statistical learning. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 223:658-667. [PMID: 29975893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization, one of the predominant trends of the 21st century, places great stress on urban water supply networks. This paper aimed to identify the most important variables driving urban water supply patterns in China, a region which has seen rapid urban growth in the last few decades. In addition, a principal component analysis-informed urban water sustainability index was developed in order to benchmark cities. The research involved applying statistical learning and other analytical methods to 12 years of urban water supply data for 627 cities across China. The findings were as follows: (1) PCA showed that approximately 46.8% of variability in the data could be explained by two principal components. Component 1 (37.26%) was more closely associated with variables related to water supply and sale, supply pipelines, and water supply finance. C2 (9.51%) was clearly related to urban water prices and average per capita water use. (2) Random forest and XGBoost algorithms were effective in classifying cities according to their region, with model testing accuracies of 87.69% and 88.32% respectively. (3) Chinese cities have consistently suffered water loss/leakage rates above 20% since 2001, and water prices are closely associated with leakage. (4) China's urban water sustainability has increased by just 3.56% between 2001 and 2013; Southwest China saw the highest growth rate in urban water supply sustainability. The implications of our research effort will be useful for decision makers in water-stressed urban areas around the world who are seeking novel insights in how to leverage statistical learning techniques to gain insights into urban drinking water supply patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djavan De Clercq
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kate Smith
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Brandon Chou
- College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Gonzalez
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rinitha Kothapalle
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles Li
- College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xin Dong
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongguo Wen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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41
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Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resource Security: Case Study from Luoyang City, China. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10081106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The security of water resources is the core content and ultimate goal of urban water resource management agencies. The management of water resources is directly related to the needs of urban residents’ lives and the area’s socio-economic development. How to determine the effective evaluation indicators and methods is an important prerequisite to solving the water resource security problem. This study took Luoyang City as the research area and constructed a water resource security evaluation index system based on pressure-state-response framework. An analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method were used to determine the index weight. A set pair analysis model was then introduced to evaluate the security of water resources in Luoyang from 2006 to 2016. The results of this study show that the standard of water resource security generally improved in Luoyang in the latter years of the study period. From 2006 to 2008, Luoyang was graded at the Insecurity Level. This compares to a slightly improved grading of Critical Security Level from 2009 to 2016 (except for 2013). However, the overall grade is still low. The pressure on the Luoyang water resource system mainly comes from the development of the urban socio-economy, which in turn has caused problems for both the quantity and quality of water resources. Therefore, a series of countermeasures have been introduced as a means of improving the water resource security of Luoyang, and these measures have achieved certain results. However, further improvements to the efficiency of water resource utilization and strengthening the management and protection of water resources remain necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- MOE Lab of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yina Lin
- MOE Lab of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- MOE Lab of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
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43
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Sun J, Chen L, Rene ER, Hu Q, Ma W, Shen Z. Biological nitrogen removal using soil columns for the reuse of reclaimed water: Performance and microbial community analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:100-109. [PMID: 29597106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to remove nitrogen compounds from reclaimed water and reuse the water in semi-arid riverine lake systems. In order to assess the nitrogen removal efficiencies in different natural environments, laboratory scale column experiments were performed using sterilized soil (SS), silty clay (SC), soil with submerged plant (SSP) and biochar amendment soil (BCS). The initial concentration of NO3--N and the flow rate was maintained constant at 15 mg L-1 and 0.6 ± 0.1 m d-1, respectively. Among the tested columns, both SSP and BCS were able to achieve NO3--N levels <0.2 mg L-1 in the treated reclaimed water. The results from bacterial community structure analysis, using 454 pyrosequencing of 16s rRNA genes, showed that the dominant denitrifier was Bacillus at the genera level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Sun
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Eldon R Rene
- UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, Westvest 7, 2611AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Qian Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Weifang Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
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44
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Gao L, Gao B, Yin S, Xu D, Gao J. Predicting Ni dynamic mobilization in reservoir riparian soils prior to water submergence using DGT and DIFS. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:390-397. [PMID: 29274578 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The South-to-North Water Diversion Project has been initiated to address the problem of water shortages in north China. However, the environmental impact of this project is currently unclear, especially for the geochemical process of toxic trace metals in reservoir riparian soil following water submergence. The mobility of Ni in Miyun Reservoir riparian soil samples was investigated using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), considering five different land use types and three vertical elevations. The DGT-induced fluxes in soil (DIFS) model was applied to simulate the kinetics of Ni mobilization in the soil. The results showed that the average concentration of Ni was 36.58 mg/kg, which was slightly higher than the corresponding background values reported for both Beijing and China. Coincidentally, the highest concentrations of both total Ni and DGT-labile Ni (CDGT-Ni) were observed at the same site (recreational area), indicating that anthropogenic activities may have contributed to the release of Ni. Land use type and vertical elevation had no significant influence on CDGT-Ni. In addition, CDGT-Ni was positively correlated with reducible fraction, CDGT-Fe, CDGT-Mn, and TOC, indicating that Ni in the soils was adsorbed mainly on the Fe/Mn oxides and organic matter. Moreover, the low values of R (CDGT-Ni/Csol-Ni, R < 0.25) indicated that the replenishment of Ni from the solid phase was poor, and the rate of Ni desorption was considerably lower than its depletion rate, thus leaving only a small proportion of Ni was available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Shuhua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Dongyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Jijun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
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45
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A Tool for the Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality in the Arid and Semi-Arid Regions. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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46
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Wu Z, Wang X, Chen Y, Cai Y, Deng J. Assessing river water quality using water quality index in Lake Taihu Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:914-922. [PMID: 28886543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lake Taihu Basin, one of the most developed regions in China, has received considerable attention due to its severe pollution. Our study provides a clear understanding of the water quality in the rivers of Lake Taihu Basin based on basin-scale monitoring and a water quality index (WQI) method. From September 2014 to January 2016, four samplings across four seasons were conducted at 96 sites along main rivers. Fifteen parameters, including water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, turbidity (tur), permanganate index (CODMn), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonium (NH4-N), nitrite, nitrate (NO3-N), calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate, were measured to calculate the WQI. The average WQI value during our study period was 59.33; consequently, the water quality was considered as generally "moderate". Significant differences in WQI values were detected among the 6 river systems, with better water quality in the Tiaoxi and Nanhe systems. The water quality presented distinct seasonal variation, with the highest WQI values in autumn, followed by spring and summer, and the lowest values in winter. The minimum WQI (WQImin), which was developed based on a stepwise linear regression analysis, consisted of five parameters: NH4-N, CODMn, NO3-N, DO, and tur. The model exhibited excellent performance in representing the water quality in Lake Taihu Basin, especially when weights were fully considered. Our results are beneficial for water quality management and could be used for rapid and low-cost water quality evaluation in Lake Taihu Basin. Additionally, we suggest that weights of environmental parameters should be fully considered in water quality assessments when using the WQImin method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Yuwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Yongjiu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Jiancai Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
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47
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Wang T, Liu S, Qian X, Shimizu T, Dente SMR, Hashimoto S, Nakajima J. Assessment of the municipal water cycle in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:761-770. [PMID: 28711006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Water produced from municipal utilities accounts for nearly 10% of the sum water demand in China. The municipal water cycle that integrates processes of urban water supply, water use, sewage treatment, and water reclamation has been assessed for 655 cities across nine drainage areas in mainland China in 2012. These cities in total extracted 55km3 raw water for municipal use from surface waterbodies and ground aquifers, approximate to the countrywide freshwater extraction of Russia or Italy. After purification and transmission, 45km3 water was distributed to industrial, service, and domestic users. 36km3 of post-use sewage was collected and environmentally safely treated; merely 3.2km3 of the treated water was reclaimed. Driven by increasing urbanization, the municipal water demand in cities of China may grow 70% by 2030. The Hai River and the Huai River basins, which harbor 137 cities and occupy a majority of the densely populated North China Plain, are most exposed to physical water scarcity. The municipal water abstraction in these cities can remain constant by promoting demand-side and process conservation in the next two decades. Interbasin transfer and unconventional sources will provide municipal water double than the cities' need. Whereas the urban water security can be technically enhanced, the challenges are to better improve water use efficiency and mitigate economic and environmental costs of the municipal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; Circular Economy Research Institute, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Science and Technology for Development of Shandong Province, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Road, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Shuming Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuepeng Qian
- Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, 1-1 Jumonjibaru, Beppu, Oita 874-8577, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Sébastien M R Dente
- Research Organization of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
| | - Seiji Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
| | - Jun Nakajima
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
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48
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Guo H, Yao Z, Yang Z, Ma X, Wang J, Tang CY. A One-Step Rapid Assembly of Thin Film Coating Using Green Coordination Complexes for Enhanced Removal of Trace Organic Contaminants by Membranes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12638-12643. [PMID: 28994593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a fast, simple, and green coating method using the coordination complex of tannic acid (TA) and ferric ion (Fe3+) to enhance the removal of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) by polyamide membranes. The entire coating process can be completed in less than 2 min; quartz crystal microbalance characterization revealed that a TA-Fe thin film formed in merely 10-20 s. Coating this TA-Fe thin film on a commercial nanofiltration membrane (NF270) reduced its effective pore size from 0.44 to 0.40 nm. The TA-Fe-coated NF270 showed significantly increased rejection of both NaCl and trace organic contaminants. In comparison with the more-time-consuming polydopamine coating (e.g., 0.5 h), the TA-Fe coating presented greater resistance to TrOC permeation (i.e., lower permeability of TrOCs). The advantages of the fast coating process, greatly improved rejection performance, and use of green accessible materials make TA-Fe a highly promising coating material for large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zhikan Yao
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Research Center, East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jianqiang Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Polymer and Composite Division, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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49
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Cai F, Yu G, Zhang K, Chen Y, Li Q, Yang Y, Xie J, Wang Y, Li R. Geosmin production and polyphasic characterization of Oscillatoria limosa Agardh ex Gomont isolated from the open canal of a large drinking water system in Tianjin City, China. HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 69:28-37. [PMID: 29122240 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Taste and odor (T & O) episodes always cause strong effects on drinking water supply system. Luanhe River diversion into Tianjin City in China is an important drinking water resource. Massive growth of a benthic filamentous cyanobacterium with geosmin production in the open canal caused a strong earthy odor episode in Tianjin. On the basis of the morphological and molecular identification of this cyanobacterium as Oscillatoria limosa Agardh ex Gomont, the genetic basis for geosmin biosynthesis and factors influencing growth and geosmin production of O. limosa CHAB 7000 were studied in this work. A 2268-bp open reading frame, encoding 755 amino acids, was amplified and characterized as the geosmin synthase gene (geo), followed by a cyclic nucleotide-binding protein gene (cnb). Phylogenetic analysis implied that the evolution of the geosmin genes in O. limosa CHAB 7000 might involve a horizontal gene transfer event. Examination on the growth and geosmin production of O. limosa CHAB 7000 at different light intensities showed that the maximum geosmin production was observed at 10μmol photons m-2s-1, while the optimum growth was at 60μmol photons m-2s-1. Under three temperature conditions (15°C, 25°C, and 35°C), the maximum growth and geosmin production were observed at 25°C. Most amounts of geosmin were retained in cells during the growth phase, but high temperature and low light intensity increased the release of geosmin into the medium, implying that O. limosa CHAB 7000 had a high potential harm for the release of geosmin from its cells at these adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Tianjin Hydraulic Research Institute, Tianjin 300061, People's Republic of China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Tianjin Hydraulic Research Institute, Tianjin 300061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlin Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Hu Y, Cheng H, Tao S. Environmental and human health challenges of industrial livestock and poultry farming in China and their mitigation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 107:111-130. [PMID: 28719840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the growing demand for food products of animal origin, industrial livestock and poultry production has become increasingly popular and is on the track of becoming an important source of environmental pollution in China. Although concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have higher production efficiency and profitability with less resource consumption compared to the traditional family-based and "free range" farming, they bring significant environmental pollution concerns and pose public health risks. Gaseous pollutants and bioaerosols are emitted directly from CAFOs, which have health implications on animal producers and neighboring communities. A range of pollutants are excreted with the animal waste, including nutrients, pathogens, natural and synthetic hormones, veterinary antimicrobials, and heavy metals, which can enter local farmland soils, surface water, and groundwater, during the storage and disposal of animal waste, and pose direct and indirect human health risks. The extensive use of antimicrobials in CAFOs also contributes to the global public health concern of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Efforts on treating the large volumes of manure generated in CAFOs should be enhanced (e.g., by biogas digesters and integrated farm systems) to minimize their impacts on the environment and human health. Furthermore, the use of veterinary drugs and feed additives in industrial livestock and poultry farming should be controlled, which will not only make the animal food products much safer to the consumers, but also render the manure more benign for treatment and disposal on farmlands. While improving the sustainability of animal farming, China also needs to promote healthy food consumption, which not only improves public health from avoiding high-meat diets, but also slows down the expansion of industrial animal farming, and thus reduces the associated environmental and public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanan Hu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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