1
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Boulbet-Friedelmeyer L, Pécastaings G, Labrugère-Sarroste C, Faraudo J, Pénicaud A, Drummond C. Graphene in Water is Hardly Ever Neutral. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403760. [PMID: 39159139 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Graphene in water is electrically charged in most conditions. The level of charge can be large enough to stabilize single (or few) layer graphene colloidal dispersions in water, without the need of using any other additive. In this work, potentiometric titration, isothermal titration calorimetry, electrokinetic measurements, Density Functional Theory calculations, Raman Spectroscopy, and direct force measurements using Atomic Force Microscopy to investigate this charge and explore its origin are combined. The body of data collected suggests that this charge is a consequence of the interaction between water ions (hydroxide and hydronium) and graphene, and can be conveniently tuned (in magnitude and sign) by changing the pH of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Boulbet-Friedelmeyer
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRPP, UMR 5031, Pessac, 33600, France
- Carbon Waters, 14 avenue Pey Berland, Pessac, 33600, France
| | | | | | - Jordi Faraudo
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, E-08173, Spain
| | - Alain Pénicaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CRPP, UMR 5031, Pessac, 33600, France
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2
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Zapata-Arteaga O, Dörling B, Alvarez-Corzo I, Xu K, Reparaz JS, Campoy-Quiles M. Upscaling Thermoelectrics: Micron-Thick, Half-a-Meter-Long Carbon Nanotube Films with Monolithic Integration of p- and n-Legs. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2024; 6:2978-2987. [PMID: 38828035 PMCID: PMC11137818 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In order for organic thermoelectrics to successfully establish their own niche as energy-harvesting materials, they must reach several crucial milestones, including high performance, long-term stability, and scalability. Performance and stability are currently being actively studied, whereas demonstrations of large-scale compatibility are far more limited and for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are still missing. The scalability challenge includes material-related economic considerations as well as the availability of fast deposition methods that produce large-scale films that simultaneously satisfy the thickness constraints required for thermoelectric modules. Here we report on true solutions of CNTs that form gels upon air exposure, which can then be dried into micron-thick films. The CNT ink can be extruded using a slot-shaped nozzle into a continuous film (more than half a meter in the present paper) and patterned into alternating n- and p-type components, which are then folded to obtain the finished thermoelectric module. Starting from a given n-type film, differentiation between the n and p components is achieved by a simple postprocessing step that involves a partial oxidation reaction and neutralization of the dopant. The presented method allows the thermoelectric legs to seamlessly interconnect along the continuous film, thus avoiding the need for metal electrodes, and, most importantly, it is compatible with large-scale printing processes. The resulting thermoelectric legs retain 80% of their power factor after 100 days in air and about 30% after 300 days. Using the proposed methodology, we fabricate two thermoelectric modules of 4 and 10 legs that can produce maximum power outputs of 1 and 2.4 μW, respectively, at a temperature difference ΔT of 46 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Zapata-Arteaga
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
| | - Bernhard Dörling
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
| | - Ivan Alvarez-Corzo
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
| | - Kai Xu
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
| | | | - Mariano Campoy-Quiles
- Instituto de Ciencia de
Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra 01893, Spain
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3
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Vita Damasceno JP, Picheau E, Hof F, Zarbin AJG, Pénicaud A, Drummond C. Influence of Defects and Charges on the Colloidal Stabilization of Graphene in Water. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303508. [PMID: 38369596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Mastering graphene preparation is an essential step to its integration into practical applications. For large-scale purposes, full graphite exfoliation appears as a suitable route for graphene production. However, it requires overpowering attractive van der Waals forces demanding large energy input, with the risk of introducing defects in the material. This difficulty can be overcome by using graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) as starting material. The greater inter-sheet separation in GICs (compared with graphite) allows the gentler exfoliation of soluble graphenide (reduced graphene) flakes. A solvent exchange strategy, accompanied by the oxidation of graphenide to graphene, can be implemented to produce stable aqueous graphene dispersions (Eau de graphene, EdG), which can be readily incorporated into many processes or materials. In this work, we prove that electrostatic forces are responsible for the stability of fully exfoliated graphene in water, and explore the influence of the oxidation and solvent exchange procedures on the quality and stability of EdG. We show that the amount of defects in graphene is limited if graphenide oxidation is carried out before exposing the material to water, and that gas removal of water before the incorporation of pre-oxidized graphene is advantageous for the long-term stability of EdG.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Vita Damasceno
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CP 19032, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Picheau
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ferdinand Hof
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aldo J G Zarbin
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), CP 19032, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alain Pénicaud
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Drummond
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) UMR 5031-CNRS/, Université de Bordeaux, 115 Av. Du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
- present address: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971, Campinas, Brazil
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4
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Oskin P, Demkina I, Dmitrieva E, Alferov S. Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes Surface by Aryl Groups: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101630. [PMID: 37242046 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The review is devoted to the methods of introducing aryl functional groups to the CNT surface. Arylated nanotubes are characterized by extended solubility, and are widely used in photoelectronics, semiconductor technology, and bioelectrocatalysis. The main emphasis is on arylation methods according to the radical mechanism, such as the Gomberg-Bachmann and Billups reactions, and the decomposition of peroxides. At the same time, less common approaches are also considered. For each of the described reactions, a mechanism is presented in the context of the effect on the properties of functionalized nanotubes and their application. As a result, this will allow us to choose the optimal modification method for specific practical tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Oskin
- Laboratory of Ecological and Medical Biotechnology, Tula State University, Friedrich Engels Street 157, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Iraida Demkina
- Chemistry Department, Tula State University, Pr. Lenina 92, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Elena Dmitrieva
- Chemistry Department, Tula State University, Pr. Lenina 92, 300012 Tula, Russia
| | - Sergey Alferov
- Laboratory of Ecological and Medical Biotechnology, Tula State University, Friedrich Engels Street 157, 300012 Tula, Russia
- Biotechnology Department, Tula State University, Pr. Lenina 92, 300012 Tula, Russia
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5
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Shi Y, Li J, Zhang X, Zhao K, Wang Z, Wang Z, Peng X. Regulating the pyrolysis process of cation intercalated MnO 2 nanomaterials for electrocatalytic urea oxidation performance. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30605-30610. [PMID: 36337961 PMCID: PMC9597413 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04032h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring an efficient way to enhance electron/ion transport behavior of nanomaterials plays an important role in the study of energy storage & conversion. However, the evolution rules of lattice and electronic structure during the pyrolysis process of low-dimensional nanomaterials, which further regulate its electron/ion transport properties, have not been effectively elucidated. Here we study the pyrolysis process of cation intercalated MnO2 as a case for realizing optimized electron/ion transport behavior. In our case, thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) was adopted for tracking the remaining products in pyrolysis and decomposition products, further finding out the evolution law of the manganese-oxygen polyhedron structure during the pyrolysis. Moreover, the internal relations between the crystal structure and the electronic structure during the pyrolysis process of low-dimensional manganese oxide are revealed by fine structure characterization. As expected, partially treated 2D MnO2 nanosheets with controlled pyrolysis displays ultrahigh UOR performance with the overpotential of 1.320 V vs. RHE at the current density of 10 mA cm-2, which is the best value among non-nickel-based materials. We anticipate that studying the mechanism of the pyrolysis process has important guiding significance for the development of high electron/ion transport devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Shi
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
| | - Jianing Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Equine Science Research and Horse Doping Control Laboratory Wuhan Business University Wuhan 430056 People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Peng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University Wuhan 430062 P. R. China
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6
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Picheau E, Amar S, Derré A, Pénicaud A, Hof F. An Introduction to the Combustion of Carbon Materials. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200117. [PMID: 35638155 PMCID: PMC9796808 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Combustion is arguably as old as homo sapiens ability to observe and use fire. Despite the long tradition of using carbon combustion for energy production, this reaction is still not fully understood. This can be related to several facts that are intertwined and complicate the investigation, such as the large variety of possible carbon structures, the actual surface structure, porosity, the solid-gas nature of this reaction, diffusion limitation and fundamental reaction steps. In this review, a brief history of carbon combustion science is given, followed by a detailed discussion of the most important aspects of carbon combustion. Special attention is given to limitations for example diffusion. In carbon combustion, kinetic control can rarely be observed. The literature of the fundamental reaction steps actually occurring on the carbon framework is reviewed and it becomes apparent that the reaction is occurring primarily on defects on the basal plane. Thus, the reaction between oxygen and carbon may be used as an analytical tool to provide further insights into novel materials, for example synthetic carbon materials, fibres and graphene type materials. Mastering the combustion reaction in all its complexity may prove to be very valuable in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Picheau
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal CRPPUMR5031-CNRS/ Université de Bordeaux115 Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer33600PessacFrance
| | - Sara Amar
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal CRPPUMR5031-CNRS/ Université de Bordeaux115 Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer33600PessacFrance
| | - Alain Derré
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal CRPPUMR5031-CNRS/ Université de Bordeaux115 Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer33600PessacFrance
| | - Alain Pénicaud
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal CRPPUMR5031-CNRS/ Université de Bordeaux115 Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer33600PessacFrance
| | - Ferdinand Hof
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal CRPPUMR5031-CNRS/ Université de Bordeaux115 Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer33600PessacFrance
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7
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Bayazit MK, Yau HC, Leese H, Lee WJ, Shaffer MSP. Mono‐Acetylenes as New Crosslinkers for All‐Carbon Living Charge Carbon Nanotubide Organogels. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kemal Bayazit
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla Istanbul 34956 Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science Sabanci University 34956 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Hin Chun Yau
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Hannah Leese
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Won Jun Lee
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
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8
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Supercapacitor based on polymeric binary composite of polythiophene and single-walled carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11278. [PMID: 35789198 PMCID: PMC9253121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to fabricate supercapacitor electrode based on poly (3-hexyl-thiophene-2, 5-diyl) (P3HT) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) nanocomposites with different ratios onto a graphite sheet as a substrate with a wide voltage window in nonaqueous electrolyte. Structural, morphological and electrochemical properties of the prepared nanocomposites of P3HT/SWCNTs were studied and discussed. The electrochemical properties included cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charging-discharging (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were investigated. The obtained results indicated that P3HT/SWCNTs nanocomposite possesses higher specific capacitance than that present in its individual component. The high electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite was due to formation of microporous structure which facilitates ions diffusion and electrolyte penetration in these pores. The morphological micrographs of the purified SWCNTs had buckypaper structure while the photomicrographs of P3HT/SWCNTs showed that SWCNTs appear behind and front of the P3HT nanospheres. The specific capacitance of 50% SWCNTs at 0.5 Ag−1 was found to be 245.8 Fg−1 compared with that of pure P3HT of 160.5 Fg−1.
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9
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Yin H, Liu Y, Ma Y. Brightening of dark excitons in single-walled carbon nanotubes: Investigation by many-body Green’s function theory. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huabing Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Institute for Computational Materials Science, International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuchen Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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10
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Spisak SN, Zhou Z, Liu S, Xu Q, Wei Z, Kato K, Segawa Y, Itami K, Rogachev AY, Petrukhina MA. Stepwise Generation of Mono‐, Di‐, and Triply‐Reduced Warped Nanographenes: Charge‐Dependent Aromaticity, Surface Nonequivalence, Swing Distortion, and Metal Binding Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Spisak
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Shuyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Chemistry Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Kenta Kato
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Yasutomo Segawa
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- JST ERATO Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
- Department of Structural Molecular Science SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji Okazaki 444-8787 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Nagoya University, Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- JST ERATO Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Andrey Yu. Rogachev
- Department of Chemistry Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
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11
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Spisak SN, Zhou Z, Liu S, Xu Q, Wei Z, Kato K, Segawa Y, Itami K, Rogachev AY, Petrukhina MA. Stepwise Generation of Mono-, Di-, and Triply-Reduced Warped Nanographenes: Charge-Dependent Aromaticity, Surface Nonequivalence, Swing Distortion, and Metal Binding Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25445-25453. [PMID: 34554612 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The stepwise chemical reduction of a molecular warped nanographene (WNG) having a negatively curved π-surface and defined C80 H30 composition with Cs metal used as the reducing and complexing agent allowed the isolation of three different reduced states with one, two, and three electrons added to its π-conjugated system. This provided a unique series of nanosized carbanions with increasing negative charge for in-depth structural analysis of consequences of controlled electron charging of non-planar nanographenes, using X-ray crystallographic and computational tools. The 3D molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps identified the negative charge localization at the central part of the WNG surface where selective coordination of Cs+ ions is confirmed crystallographically. In-depth theoretical investigation revealed a complex response of the WNG to the stepwise electron acquisition. The extended and contorted π-surface of the WNG undergoes subtle swinging distortions that are accompanied by notable changes in the electronic structure and site-dependent aromaticity of the resulting carbanions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Spisak
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Shuyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Kenta Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Segawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Andrey Yu Rogachev
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
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12
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Pérez-Ojeda ME, Castro E, Kröckel C, Lucherelli MA, Ludacka U, Kotakoski J, Werbach K, Peterlik H, Melle-Franco M, Chacón-Torres JC, Hauke F, Echegoyen L, Hirsch A, Abellán G. Carbon Nano-onions: Potassium Intercalation and Reductive Covalent Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18997-19007. [PMID: 34699723 PMCID: PMC8603384 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of covalently functionalized carbon nano-onions (CNOs) via a reductive approach using unprecedented alkali-metal CNO intercalation compounds. For the first time, an in situ Raman study of the controlled intercalation process with potassium has been carried out revealing a Fano resonance in highly doped CNOs. The intercalation was further confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the experimental results have been rationalized with DFT calculations. Covalently functionalized CNO derivatives were synthesized by using phenyl iodide and n-hexyl iodide as electrophiles in model nucleophilic substitution reactions. The functionalized CNOs were exhaustively characterized by statistical Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, dynamic light scattering, UV-vis, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopies. This work provides important insights into the understanding of the basic principles of reductive CNOs functionalization and will pave the way for the use of CNOs in a wide range of potential applications, such as energy storage, photovoltaics, or molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Eugenia Pérez-Ojeda
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chamistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint
Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr.-Mack-Str. 81, D-90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Edison Castro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at El
Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Claudia Kröckel
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chamistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint
Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr.-Mack-Str. 81, D-90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Matteo Andrea Lucherelli
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Ursula Ludacka
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Werbach
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herwig Peterlik
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO-Aveiro
Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Julio C. Chacón-Torres
- School
of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, 100119-Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chamistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint
Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr.-Mack-Str. 81, D-90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at El
Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chamistry II, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint
Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr.-Mack-Str. 81, D-90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán
2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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13
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Demirci S, Sahiner M, Suner SS, Sahiner N. Improved Biomedical Properties of Polydopamine-Coated Carbon Nanotubes. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1280. [PMID: 34832691 PMCID: PMC8623995 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) due to their outstanding mechanical, thermal, chemical, and optical properties were utilized as a base material and were coated with polydopamine (PDA) (PDA@CNT) via the simple self-polymerization of dopamine (DA). Then, PDA@CNT coatings of up to five layers were examined for potential biomedical applications. The success of multiple coating of CNTs with PDA was confirmed via increased weight loss values with the increased number of PDA coatings of CNTs at 500 °C by thermogravimetric analysis. The surface area of bare CNTs was measured as 263.9 m2/g and decreased to 197.0 m2/g after a 5th coating with PDA. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of CNT and PDA@CNTs were determined via total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenol content (TPC), and Fe(III)-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) tests, revealing the increased antioxidant ability of PDA@CNTs with the increasing numbers of PDA coatings. Moreover, a higher inhibition percentage of the activity of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme with 95.1 ± 2.9% inhibition at 6 mg/mL PDA-1st@CNTs concentration was found. The CNT and PDA@CNTs exhibited blood compatibility, less than a 2.5% hemolysis ratio, and more than 85% blood clotting indexes. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of PDA-5th@CNTs against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria was determined as 10 mg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahin Demirci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey; (S.D.); (S.S.S.)
- Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Mehtap Sahiner
- Faculty of Canakkale School of Applied Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey;
| | - Selin Sagbas Suner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey; (S.D.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Nurettin Sahiner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey; (S.D.); (S.S.S.)
- Faculty of Canakkale School of Applied Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, Canakkale 17100, Turkey;
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs B. Downs Blv., MDC 21, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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14
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Zhou Q, Ge G, Guo Z, Liu Y, Zhao Z. Poly(imidazolium-methylene)-Assisted Grinding Strategy to Prepare Nanocarbon-Embedded Network Monoliths for Carbocatalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Guifang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Zhanglong Guo
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yuefeng Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zhongkui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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15
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Schirowski M, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Controlling the Degree of Functionalization: In-Depth Quantification and Side-Product Analysis of Diazonium Chemistry on SWCNTs. Chemistry 2019; 25:12761-12768. [PMID: 31298442 PMCID: PMC6790569 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present an in-depth qualitative and quantitative analysis of a reaction between 4-iodobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) via thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TG-MS) or a gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (TG-GC-MS) as well as Raman spectroscopy. We propose a method for precise determination of the degree of functionalization and quantification of physisorbed aromates, detaching around their boiling point, alongside covalently bonded ones (cleavage over 200 °C). While the presence of some side products like phenol- or biphenyl species could be excluded, residual surfactant and minor amounts of benzene could be identified. A concentration-dependent experiment shows that the degree of functionalization increases with the logarithm of the concentration of applied diazonium salt, which can be exploited to precisely adjust the amount of aryl addends on the nanotube sidewall, up to 1 moiety per 100 carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Schirowski
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergDr.-Mack-Str. 8190762FürthGermany
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091054ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergDr.-Mack-Str. 8190762FürthGermany
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091054ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergDr.-Mack-Str. 8190762FürthGermany
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091054ErlangenGermany
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16
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Abstract
Inter-synthetic-carbon-allotrope (SCA) architectures are constructed by hybridizing different types of carbon allotropes such as 0D-fullerene, 1D-carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and 2D-graphene. Also hybridizations of different fullerene families (e.g., empty fullerene, heterofullerenes, and endohedral fullerenes as well as their isomers) are considered as inter-SCA architectures and represent an emerging class of nanofunctional materials. Such highly integrated hybrids are quite promising, since they hold the potential of combining unique properties of each building block. For instance, hybridization of 2D-graphene, a synthetic carbon allotrope with outstanding chemical/physical properties, with 0D-fullerenes leads to materials with both outstanding solid state properties (e.g., electron mobility, flexibility, transparency, and mechanical stability) and distinct molecular properties (spatially resolved and tailor-made exohedral cage functionalization and endohedral guest encapsulation). Therefore, such integrated hybrids have potential as multifunctional nanocarbon materials applicable, for example, in energy storage, electronic devices, solar cells, or advanced sensors. Recognizing these significant advantages, a series of methods and techniques has been developed to synthesize such integrated hybrids. Based on in-depth understanding of fullerene chemistry, interfullerene hybrids where multiple fullerenes are linked together have been synthesized and fully characterized. However, due to the difficulty in functionalizing graphene or CNTs as a result of their poor dispersibility and weak reactivity the corresponding hybrids including these macromolecular forms are less explored. Furthermore, few approaches toward such systems reported so far inevitably involve some drawbacks such as low degree of addition and low production ability. This Account presents the concepts and strategies of our studies on the construction of inter-SCA hybrids. We first emphasize on our efficient "reductive functionalization route" as a versatile strategy for graphene/CNT functionalization. In sharp contrast to previous approaches, our strategy enables unprecedented functionalization of graphene/CNT without damaging their structures. As a consequence, the door for cross-dimensional architectures via hybridizing graphene/CNT with fullerenes has been opened. We will then summarize the diverse inter-SCA hybrids that we recently synthesized, ranging from interfullerene hybrids to those of cross-dimensional graphene/CNT-(endo)fullerenes hybrids as well as CNTs networks. For interfullerene hybrids, different types of fullerenes including empty fullerenes, heterofullerenes, and endohedral fullerenes have been employed. Finally, the prospects on the future challenges on inter-SCA hybrids are envisioned. This Account will provide fundamental insight into construction of inter-SCA hybrids and stimulate further efforts toward research on this emerging topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hirsch Andreas
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Wei T, Martin O, Chen M, Yang S, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Covalent Inter‐Carbon‐Allotrope Architectures Consisting of the Endohedral Fullerene Sc
3
N@C
80
and Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Oliver Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
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18
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Wei T, Martin O, Chen M, Yang S, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Covalent Inter‐Carbon‐Allotrope Architectures Consisting of the Endohedral Fullerene Sc
3
N@C
80
and Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8058-8062. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Oliver Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Process (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
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19
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de los Reyes C, Smith McWilliams AD, Hernández K, Walz-Mitra KL, Ergülen S, Pasquali M, Martí AA. Adverse Effect of PTFE Stir Bars on the Covalent Functionalization of Carbon and Boron Nitride Nanotubes Using Billups-Birch Reduction Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5098-5106. [PMID: 31459687 PMCID: PMC6648908 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of nanomaterials has long been studied as a way to manipulate and tailor their properties to a desired application. Of the various methods available, the Billups-Birch reduction has become an important and widely used reaction for the functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and, more recently, boron nitride nanotubes. However, an easily overlooked source of error when using highly reductive conditions is the utilization of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) stir bars. In this work, we studied the effects of using this kind of stir bar versus using a glass stir bar by measuring the resulting degree of functionalization with 1-bromododecane. Thermogravimetric analysis studies alone could deceive one into thinking that reactions stirred with PTFE stir bars are highly functionalized; however, the utilization of spectroscopic techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, tells otherwise. Furthermore, in the case of CNTs, we determined that using Raman spectroscopy alone for analysis is not sufficient to demonstrate successful chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos
A. de los Reyes
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials
Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Bioengineering,
and Smalley-Curl Institute
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ashleigh D. Smith McWilliams
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials
Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Bioengineering,
and Smalley-Curl Institute
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Katharyn Hernández
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials
Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Bioengineering,
and Smalley-Curl Institute
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kendahl L. Walz-Mitra
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials
Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Bioengineering,
and Smalley-Curl Institute
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Selin Ergülen
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials
Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Bioengineering,
and Smalley-Curl Institute
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials
Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Bioengineering,
and Smalley-Curl Institute
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Angel A. Martí
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials
Science and NanoEngineering, Department of Bioengineering,
and Smalley-Curl Institute
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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20
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Clancy AJ, Sirisinudomkit P, Anthony DB, Thong AZ, Greenfield JL, Salaken Singh MK, Shaffer MSP. Real-time mechanistic study of carbon nanotube anion functionalisation through open circuit voltammetry. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3300-3306. [PMID: 30996916 PMCID: PMC6428032 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04970j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the functionalisation of reduced single walled carbon nanotubes with organobromides was monitored by open circuit voltammetry throughout the reaction and further elucidated through a series of comparative reactions. The degree of functionalisation was mapped against the reagent reduction potential, degree of electron donation of substituents (Hammett parameter), and energies calculated, ab initio, for dissociation and heterolytic cleavage of the C-Br bond. In contrast to the previously assumed reduction/homolytic cleavage mechanism, the reaction was shown to consist of a rapid association of carbon-halide bond to the reduced nanotube as a complex, displacing surface-condensed countercations, leading to an initial increase in the net nanotube surface negative charge. The complex subsequently slowly degrades through charge transfer from the reduced single-walled carbon nanotube to the organobromide, utilizing charge, and the carbon-halide bond breaks heterolytically. Electron density on the C-Br bond in the initial reagent is the best predictor for degree of functionalisation, with more electron donating substituents increasing the degree of functionalisation. Both the mechanism and the new application of OCV to study such reactions are potentially relevant to a wide range of related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , WC1E 7JE , UK .
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Pichamon Sirisinudomkit
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Department of Materials , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - David B Anthony
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Aaron Z Thong
- Department of Materials , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Jake L Greenfield
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | | | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Department of Materials , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK
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21
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Schirowski M, Tyborski C, Maultzsch J, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Goclon J. Reductive diazotation of carbon nanotubes: an experimental and theoretical selectivity study. Chem Sci 2019; 10:706-717. [PMID: 30746106 PMCID: PMC6340405 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03737j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of negatively charged SWCNTs with diazonium salts was analyzed in a combined experimental and computational DFT study.
The reaction of neutral single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with diazonium salts proceeds with a high selectivity towards metallic carbon nanotube species; this reaction is well-understood and the mechanism has been elucidated. In the present joint theoretical and experimental study, we investigate the reaction of negatively charged SWCNTs – carbon nanotubides – with diazonium salts. Our density functional theory calculations predict a stronger binding of the aryl diazonium cations to charged metallic SWCNTs species and therefore lead to a preferential addend binding in the course of the reaction. The Raman resonance profile analysis on the reductive arylation of carbon nanotubides obtained by the solid state intercalation approach with potassium in varying concentrations confirms the predicted preferred functionalization of metallic carbon nanotubes. Furthermore, we were also able to show that the selectivity for metallic SWCNT species could be further increased when low potassium concentrations (K : C < 1 : 200) are used for an initial selective charging of the metallic species. Further insights into the nature of the bound addends were obtained by coupled thermogravimetric analysis of the functionalized samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Schirowski
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Christoph Tyborski
- Institut für Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 36 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Janina Maultzsch
- Institut für Festkörperphysik , Technische Universität Berlin , Hardenbergstraße 36 , 10623 Berlin , Germany.,Chair of Experimental Physics , Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstr. 7 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes , Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Jakub Goclon
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Bialystok , Ciolkowskiego Str. 1K , 15-245 Bialystok , Poland .
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22
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Naidek N, Huang K, Bepete G, Rocco MLM, Pénicaud A, Zarbin AJG, Orth ES. Anchoring conductive polymeric monomers on single-walled carbon nanotubes: towards covalently linked nanocomposites. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01817d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical functionalization with conductive polymeric monomers on carbon nanotubes carried out by a straightforward method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiane Naidek
- Department of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR)
- CP 19081
- Curitiba
- Brazil
| | - Kai Huang
- Université Bordeaux 1
- CNRS Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal
- 33600 Pessac
- France
| | - George Bepete
- Université Bordeaux 1
- CNRS Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal
- 33600 Pessac
- France
| | - Maria Luiza M. Rocco
- Institute of Chemistry
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
| | - Alain Pénicaud
- Université Bordeaux 1
- CNRS Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal
- 33600 Pessac
- France
| | - Aldo J. G. Zarbin
- Department of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR)
- CP 19081
- Curitiba
- Brazil
| | - Elisa S. Orth
- Department of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR)
- CP 19081
- Curitiba
- Brazil
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23
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Clancy AJ, Leese HS, Rubio N, Buckley DJ, Greenfield JL, Shaffer MSP. Depleting Depletion: Maintaining Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Dispersions after Graft-To Polymer Functionalization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:15396-15402. [PMID: 30428675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Grafting polymers onto single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) usefully alters properties but does not typically yield stable, solvated species directly. Despite the expectation of steric stabilization, a damaging (re)dispersion step is usually necessary. Here, poly(vinyl acetate)s (PVAc's) of varying molecular weights are grafted to individualized, reduced SWCNTs at different concentrations to examine the extent of reaction and degree of solvation. The use of higher polymer concentrations leads to an increase in grafting ratio (weight fraction of grafted polymer relative to the SWCNT framework), approaching the limit of random sequentially adsorbed Flory "mushrooms" on the surface. However, at higher polymer concentrations, a larger percentage of SWCNTs precipitate during the reaction; an effect which is more significant for larger weight polymers. The precipitation is attributed to depletion interactions generated by ungrafted homopolymer overcoming Coulombic repulsion of adjacent like-charged SWCNTs; a simple model is proposed. Larger polymers and greater degrees of functionalization favor stable solvation, but larger and more concentrated homopolymers increase depletion aggregation. By using low concentrations (25 μM) of larger molecular weight PVAc (10 kDa), up to 65% of grafted SWCNTs were retained in solution (at 65 μg mL-1) directly after the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , London WC1E 7JE , United Kingdom
- Institute for Materials Discovery , University College London , London WC1E 7JE , United Kingdom
| | - Hannah S Leese
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY , United Kingdom
| | | | - David J Buckley
- National Physical Laboratory , Teddington TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
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24
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Bepete G, Izard N, Torres-Canas F, Derré A, Sbardelotto A, Anglaret E, Pénicaud A, Drummond C. Hydroxide Ions Stabilize Open Carbon Nanotubes in Degassed Water. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8606-8615. [PMID: 30088916 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The main hurdle preventing the widespread use of single-walled carbon nanotubes remains the lack of methods with which to produce formulations of pristine, unshortened, unfunctionalized, individualized single-walled carbon nanotubes, thus preserving their extraordinary properties. In particular, sonication leads to shortening, which is detrimental to percolation properties (electrical, thermal, mechanical, etc.). Using reductive dissolution and transfer into degassed water, open-ended, water-filled nanotubes can be dispersed as individualized nanotubes in water-dimethyl sulfoxide mixtures, avoiding the use of sonication and surfactant. Closed nanotubes, however, aggregate immediately upon contact with water. Photoluminescence and absorption spectroscopy both point out a very high degree of individualization while retaining lengths of several microns. The resulting transparent conducting films are 1 order of magnitude more conductive than surfactant-based blanks at equal transmittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Bepete
- CNRS , Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) , UMR 5031 , F-33600 Pessac , France
- Université Bordeaux, CRPP , UMR 5031 , F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Nicolas Izard
- Université Montpellier , Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C) , UMR CNRS 5521 , F-34000 Montpellier , France
| | - Fernando Torres-Canas
- CNRS , Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) , UMR 5031 , F-33600 Pessac , France
- Université Bordeaux, CRPP , UMR 5031 , F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Alain Derré
- CNRS , Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) , UMR 5031 , F-33600 Pessac , France
- Université Bordeaux, CRPP , UMR 5031 , F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Arthur Sbardelotto
- CNRS , Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) , UMR 5031 , F-33600 Pessac , France
- Université Bordeaux, CRPP , UMR 5031 , F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Eric Anglaret
- Université Montpellier , Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C) , UMR CNRS 5521 , F-34000 Montpellier , France
| | - Alain Pénicaud
- CNRS , Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) , UMR 5031 , F-33600 Pessac , France
- Université Bordeaux, CRPP , UMR 5031 , F-33600 Pessac , France
| | - Carlos Drummond
- CNRS , Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP) , UMR 5031 , F-33600 Pessac , France
- Université Bordeaux, CRPP , UMR 5031 , F-33600 Pessac , France
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25
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Clancy AJ, Bayazit MK, Hodge SA, Skipper NT, Howard CA, Shaffer MSP. Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7363-7408. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Mustafa K. Bayazit
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Stephen A. Hodge
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, U.K
| | - Neal T. Skipper
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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26
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Schirowski M, Abellán G, Nuin E, Pampel J, Dolle C, Wedler V, Fellinger TP, Spiecker E, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Fundamental Insights into the Reductive Covalent Cross-Linking of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3352-3360. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Schirowski
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Edurne Nuin
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Pampel
- Fraunhofer Institute IWS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Dolle
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vincent Wedler
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Tim-Patrick Fellinger
- University of Applied Science Zittau/Görlitz, Theodor-Körner Allee 16, 02763 Zittau, Germany
- Department of Technical Electrochemistry, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstrasse 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr.-Mack-Strasse 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany
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27
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Rodríguez-Pérez L, Villegas C, Herranz MÁ, Delgado JL, Martín N. Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes in the Design of Photoactive Carbon Nanomaterials. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:9164-9170. [PMID: 29302636 PMCID: PMC5748274 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) absorbing nanomaterials, built from anionic heptamethine cyanine dyes and single-walled carbon nanotubes or few-layer graphene, are presented. The covalent linkage, using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions, results in nanoconjugates that synchronize the properties of both materials, as demonstrated by an in-depth characterization study carried out by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. UV-vis-NIR and Raman spectroscopies further confirmed the unique electronic structure of the novel photoactive nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Villegas
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Delgado
- POLYMAT,
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country
UPV/EHU, P. Manuel Lardizabal
3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 6 solairua, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria
de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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29
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Setaro A. Advanced carbon nanotubes functionalization. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:423003. [PMID: 28745302 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Similar to graphene, carbon nanotubes are materials made of pure carbon in its sp2 form. Their extended conjugated π-network provides them with remarkable quantum optoelectronic properties. Frustratingly, it also brings drawbacks. The π-π stacking interaction makes as-produced tubes bundle together, blurring all their quantum properties. Functionalization aims at modifying and protecting the tubes while hindering π-π stacking. Several functionalization strategies have been developed to circumvent this limitation in order for nanotubes applications to thrive. In this review, we summarize the different approaches established so far, emphasizing the balance between functionalization efficacy and the preservation of the tubes' properties. Much attention will be given to a functionalization strategy overcoming the covalent-noncovalent dichotomy and to the implementation of two advanced functionalization schemes: (a) conjugation with molecular switches, to yield hybrid nanosystems with chemo-physical properties that can be tuned in a controlled and reversible way, and; (b) plasmonic nanosystems, whose ability to concentrate and enhance the electromagnetic fields can be taken advantage of to enhance the optical response of the tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Setaro
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin
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30
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Holzwarth J, Amsharov KY, Sharapa DI, Reger D, Roshchyna K, Lungerich D, Jux N, Hauke F, Clark T, Hirsch A. Highly Regioselective Alkylation of Hexabenzocoronenes: Fundamental Insights into the Covalent Chemistry of Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12184-12190. [PMID: 28782166 PMCID: PMC5638083 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronides (HBC) was successfully used as a model system for investigating the complex mechanism of the reductive functionalization of graphene. The well-defined molecular HBC system enabled deeper insights into the mechanism of the alkylation of reductively activated nanographenes. The separation and complete characterization of alkylation products clearly demonstrate that nanographene functionalization proceeds with exceptionally high regio- and stereoselectivities on the HBC scaffold. Experimental and theoretical studies lead to the conclusion that the intact basal graphene plane is chemically inert and addend binding can only take place at either preexisting defects or close to the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Holzwarth
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack-Str. 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany
| | - Konstantin Yu Amsharov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dmitry I Sharapa
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Reger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kateryna Roshchyna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack-Str. 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack-Str. 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Holzwarth J, Amsharov KY, Sharapa DI, Reger D, Roshchyna K, Lungerich D, Jux N, Hauke F, Clark T, Hirsch A. Highly Regioselective Alkylation of Hexabenzocoronenes: Fundamental Insights into the Covalent Chemistry of Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Holzwarth
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Dr. Mack-Str. 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Konstantin Yu. Amsharov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dmitry I. Sharapa
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstraße 25 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - David Reger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Kateryna Roshchyna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Dr. Mack-Str. 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstraße 25 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Dr. Mack-Str. 81 90762 Fürth Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
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32
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Dasler D, Schäfer RA, Minameyer MB, Hitzenberger JF, Hauke F, Drewello T, Hirsch A. Direct Covalent Coupling of Porphyrins to Graphene. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11760-11765. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dasler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ricarda A. Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin B. Minameyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jakob F. Hitzenberger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Physical Chemistry I, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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33
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Zhang L, He Y, Zhu L, Yang C, Niu Q, An C. In Situ Alkylated Graphene as Oil Dispersible Additive for Friction and Wear Reduction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P R of China
- PetroChina Lanzhou Lubricating Oil R&D Institute, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P R of China
| | - Yi He
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P R of China
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P R of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P R of China
- Oil & Gas Field Applied Chemistry Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P R of China
| | - Chao Yang
- PetroChina Dalian Lubricating Oil R&D Institute, Dalian, Liaoning 116032, P R of China
| | - Qianhe Niu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P R of China
| | - Chenglin An
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, P R of China
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34
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Clancy AJ, Anthony DB, Fisher SJ, Leese HS, Roberts CS, Shaffer MSP. Reductive dissolution of supergrowth carbon nanotubes for tougher nanocomposites by reactive coagulation spinning. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:8764-8773. [PMID: 28620663 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00734e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Long single-walled carbon nanotubes, with lengths >10 μm, can be spontaneously dissolved by stirring in a sodium naphthalide N,N-dimethylacetamide solution, yielding solutions of individualised nanotubide ions at concentrations up to 0.74 mg mL-1. This process was directly compared to ultrasonication and found to be less damaging while maintaining greater intrinsic length, with increased individualisation, yield, and concentration. Nanotubide solutions were spun into fibres using a new reactive coagulation process, which covalently grafts a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix to the nanotubes directly at the point of fibre formation. The grafting process insulated the nanotubes electrically, significantly enhancing the dielectric constant to 340% of the bulk polymer. For comparison, samples were prepared using both Supergrowth nanotubes and conventional shorter commercial single-walled carbon nanotubes. The resulting nanocomposites showed similar, high loadings (ca. 20 wt%), but the fibres formed with Supergrowth nanotubes showed significantly greater failure strain (up to ∼25%), and hence more than double the toughness (30.8 MJ m-3), compared to composites containing typical ∼1 μm SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Clancy
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - D B Anthony
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - S J Fisher
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - H S Leese
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - C S Roberts
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - M S P Shaffer
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Frankland Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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35
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Vecera P, Chacón-Torres JC, Pichler T, Reich S, Soni HR, Görling A, Edelthalhammer K, Peterlik H, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Precise determination of graphene functionalization by in situ Raman spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15192. [PMID: 28480893 PMCID: PMC5424145 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The verification of a successful covalent functionalization of graphene and related carbon allotropes can easily be carried out by Raman spectroscopy. Nevertheless, the unequivocal assignment and resolution of individual lattice modes associated with the covalent binding of addends was elusive up to now. Here we present an in situ Raman study of a controlled functionalization of potassium intercalated graphite, revealing several new bands appearing in the D-region of the spectrum. The evolution of these bands with increasing degree of functionalization from low to moderate levels provides a basis for the deconvolution of the different components towards quantifying the extent of functionalization. By complementary DFT calculations we were able to identify the vibrational changes in the close proximity of the addend bearing lattice carbon atoms and to assign them to specific Raman modes. The experimental in situ observation of the developing functionalization along with the reoxidation of the intercalated graphite represents an important step towards an improved understanding of the chemistry of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Vecera
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio C. Chacón-Torres
- Institut für Experimental Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Yachay Tech University, School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Institut für Experimental Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Himadri R. Soni
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Edelthalhammer
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Herwig Peterlik
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Hauke
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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36
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Hodge SA, Buckley DJ, Yau HC, Skipper NT, Howard CA, Shaffer MSP. Chemical routes to discharging graphenides. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:3150-3158. [PMID: 28220176 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr10004j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and electrochemical reduction methods allow the dispersion, processing, and/or functionalization of discrete sp2-hybridised nanocarbons, including fullerenes, nanotubes and graphenes. Electron transfer to the nanocarbon raises the Fermi energy, creating nanocarbon anions and thereby activating an array of possible covalent reactions. The Fermi level may then be partially or fully lowered by intended functionalization reactions, but in general, techniques are required to remove excess charge without inadvertent covalent reactions that potentially degrade the nanocarbon properties of interest. Here, simple and effective chemical discharging routes are demonstrated for graphenide polyelectrolytes and are expected to apply to other systems, particularly nanotubides. The discharging process is inherently linked to the reduction potentials of such chemical discharging agents and the unusual fundamental chemistry of charged nanocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Hodge
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - David J Buckley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hin Chun Yau
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Neal T Skipper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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37
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Knirsch KC, Hof F, Lloret V, Mundloch U, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Topology-Driven Reductive Silylation of Synthetic Carbon Allotropes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15642-15647. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin C. Knirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Hof
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vicent Lloret
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo Mundloch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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38
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Vecera P, Holzwarth J, Edelthalhammer KF, Mundloch U, Peterlik H, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Solvent-driven electron trapping and mass transport in reduced graphites to access perfect graphene. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12411. [PMID: 27506380 PMCID: PMC4987516 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report on a significant discovery, namely, the quantitative discharging of reduced graphite forms, such as graphite intercalation compounds, graphenide dispersions and graphenides deposited on surfaces with the simple solvent benzonitrile. Because of its comparatively low reduction potential, benzonitrile is reduced during this process to the radical anion, which exhibits a red colour and serves as a reporter molecule for the quantitative determination of negative charges on the carbon sheets. Moreover, this discovery reveals a very fundamental physical–chemical phenomenon, namely a quantitative solvent reduction induced and electrostatically driven mass transport of K+ ions from the graphite intercalation compounds into the liquid. The simple treatment of dispersed graphenides suspended on silica substrates with benzonitrile leads to the clean conversion to graphene. This unprecedented procedure represents a rather mild, scalable and inexpensive method for graphene production surpassing previous wet-chemical approaches. Graphite intercalation compounds are promising precursors for the reductive exfoliation of graphene. Here, the authors unveil the discharging mechanism of reduced graphitic compounds in a solid/liquid phase reaction, and further demonstrate its practical use for graphene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Vecera
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Johannes Holzwarth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Konstantin F Edelthalhammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Udo Mundloch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Herwig Peterlik
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, Wien 1090, Austria
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
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39
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Huang K, Saha A, Dirian K, Jiang C, Chu PLE, Tour JM, Guldi DM, Martí AA. Carbon nanotubes dispersed in aqueous solution by ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13488-13497. [PMID: 27353007 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cationic ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes with appended pyrene groups have been synthesized and used to disperse single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in aqueous solutions. To this end, planar pyrene groups enable association by means of π-stacking onto carbon nanotubes and, in turn, the attachment of the cationic ruthenium complexes. Importantly, the ionic nature of the ruthenium complexes allows the formation of stable dispersions featuring individualized SWCNTs in water as confirmed in a number of spectroscopic and microscopic assays. In addition, steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy was used to probe the excited state interactions between the ruthenium complexes and SWCNTs. These studies show that the photoluminescence of both, that is, of the ruthenium complexes and of SWCNTs, are quenched when they interact with each other. Pump-probe transient absorption experiments were performed to shed light onto the nature of the photoluminescence quenching, showing carbon nanotube-based bands with picosecond lifetimes, but no new bands which could be unambigously assigned to photoinduced charge transfer process. Thus, from the spectroscopic data, we conclude that quenching of the photoluminescence of the ruthenium complexes is due to energy transfer to proximal SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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40
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Leese HS, Govada L, Saridakis E, Khurshid S, Menzel R, Morishita T, Clancy AJ, White ER, Chayen NE, Shaffer MSP. Reductively PEGylated carbon nanomaterials and their use to nucleate 3D protein crystals: a comparison of dimensionality. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2916-2923. [PMID: 30090285 PMCID: PMC6054039 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03595c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of carbon nanomaterials, with varying dimensionality, were dispersed by a non-damaging and versatile chemical reduction route, and subsequently grafted by reaction with methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) monobromides. The use of carbon nanomaterials with different geometries provides both a systematic comparison of surface modification chemistry and the opportunity to study factors affecting specific applications. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, graphite nanoplatelets, exfoliated few layer graphite and carbon black were functionalized with mPEG-Br, yielding grafting ratios relative to the nanocarbon framework between ca. 7 and 135 wt%; the products were characterised by Raman spectroscopy, TGA-MS, and electron microscopy. The functionalized materials were tested as nucleants by subjecting them to rigorous protein crystallization studies. Sparsely functionalized flat sheet geometries proved exceptionally effective at inducing crystallization of six proteins. This new class of nucleant, based on PEG grafted graphene-related materials, can be widely applied to promote the growth of 3D crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography. The association of the protein ferritin with functionalized exfoliated few layer graphite was directly visualized by transmission electron microscopy, illustrating the formation of ordered clusters of protein molecules critical to successful nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S Leese
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Lata Govada
- Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Emmanuel Saridakis
- Laboratory of Structural and Supramolecular Chemistry , Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , National Centre for Scientific Research 'Demokritos' , Athens , Greece
| | - Sahir Khurshid
- Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Robert Menzel
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Takuya Morishita
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. , Nagakute , Aichi 480-1192 , Japan
| | - Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Edward R White
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Naomi E Chayen
- Computational and Systems Medicine , Department of Surgery and Cancer , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , UK .
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41
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Knirsch KC, Schäfer RA, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Mono- und ditope Bisfunktionalisierung von Graphen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin C. Knirsch
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie und Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Ricarda A. Schäfer
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie und Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie und Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie und Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
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42
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Knirsch KC, Schäfer RA, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Mono- and Ditopic Bisfunctionalization of Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5861-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin C. Knirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ricarda A. Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
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43
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Shin H, Guan J, Zgierski MZ, Kim KS, Kingston CT, Simard B. Covalent Functionalization of Boron Nitride Nanotubes via Reduction Chemistry. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12573-82. [PMID: 26580970 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) exhibit a range of properties that hold great potential for many fields of science and technology; however, they have inherently low chemical reactivity, making functionalization for specific applications difficult. Here we propose that covalent functionalization of BNNTs via reduction chemistry could be a highly promising and viable strategy. Through density functional theory calculations of the electron affinity of BNNTs and their binding energies with various radicals, we reveal that their chemical reactivity can be significantly enhanced via reducing the nanotubes (i.e., negatively charging). For example, a 5.5-fold enhancement in reactivity of reduced BNNTs toward NH2 radicals was predicted relative to their neutral counterparts. The localization characteristics of the BNNT π electron system lead the excess electrons to fill the empty p orbitals of boron sites, which promote covalent bond formation with an unpaired electron from a radical molecule. In support of our theoretical findings, we also experimentally investigated the covalent alkylation of BNNTs via reduction chemistry using 1-bromohexane. The thermogravimetric measurements showed a considerable weight loss (12-14%) only for samples alkylated using reduced BNNTs, suggesting their significantly improved reactivity over neutral BNNTs. This finding will provide an insight in developing an effective route to chemical functionalization of BNNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homin Shin
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jingwen Guan
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Marek Z Zgierski
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Keun Su Kim
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Christopher T Kingston
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Benoit Simard
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Portfolio, Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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44
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Tune DD, Blanch AJ, Shearer CJ, Moore KE, Pfohl M, Shapter JG, Flavel BS. Aligned Carbon Nanotube Thin Films from Liquid Crystal Polyelectrolyte Inks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:25857-25864. [PMID: 26511159 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Single walled carbon nanotube thin films are fabricated by solution shearing from high concentration sodium nanotubide polyelectrolyte inks. The solutions are produced by simple stirring of the nanotubes with elemental sodium in dimethylacetamide, and the nanotubes are thus not subject to any sonication-induced damage. At such elevated concentrations (∼4 mg mL(-1)), the solutions exist in the liquid crystal phase and during deposition this order is transferred to the films, which are well aligned in the direction of shear with a 2D nematic order parameter of ∼0.7 determined by polarized absorption measurements. Compared to similarly formed films made from superacids, the polyelectrolyte films contain smaller bundles and a much narrower distribution of bundle diameters. After p-doping with an organic oxidizer, the films exhibit a very high DC electrical to optical conductivity ratio of σ(DC)/σ(OP) ∼ 35, corresponding to a calculated DC conductivity of over 7000 S cm(-1). When very thin (T550 ∼ 96%), smooth (RMS roughness, R(q) ∼ 2.2 nm), and highly aligned films made via this new route are used as the front electrodes of carbon nanotube-silicon solar cells, the power conversion efficiency is almost an order of magnitude greater than that obtained when using the much rougher (R(q) ∼ 20-30 nm) and less conductive (peak σ(DC)/σ(OP) ∼ 2.5) films formed by common vacuum filtration of the same starting material, and having the same transmittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Tune
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Adam J Blanch
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Physics and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , D-80799 München, Germany
| | - Cameron J Shearer
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Katherine E Moore
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Moritz Pfohl
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joseph G Shapter
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST), School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University , Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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45
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Jiang C, Saha A, Martí AA. Carbon nanotubides: an alternative for dispersion, functionalization and composites fabrication. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15037-15045. [PMID: 26334292 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03504j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we systematically describe the state-of-knowledge in the area of carbon nanotubides (CNTDs). CNTDs can be used for achieving highly concentrated dispersions of SWCNTs and can also be used as an important intermediate for covalent chemical modification. In recent years, researchers have used SWCNTDs as starting materials for the functionalization of SWCNTs with functionalities such as alkyl chains, carboxylic acids, sulfide, amino, hydroxyl, silyl, bromide, ethers, ketones and polymers. Also, we discussed the observed selectivity on the covalent functionalization towards certain classes of CNTs. Finally, we describe the use of SWCNTDs in the manufacture of fibers, films and other functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005 USA.
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46
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Dirian K, Backes S, Backes C, Strauss V, Rodler F, Hauke F, Hirsch A, Guldi DM. Naphthalenebisimides as photofunctional surfactants for SWCNTs - towards water-soluble electron donor-acceptor hybrids. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6886-6895. [PMID: 28757977 PMCID: PMC5510015 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02944a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A water soluble naphthalenebisimide derivative (NBI) was synthesized and probed to individualize, suspend, and stabilize single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT).
A water soluble naphthalenebisimide derivative (NBI) was synthesized and probed to individualize, suspend, and stabilize single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Besides a comprehensive photophysical and electrochemical characterization of NBI, stable suspensions of SWCNTs were realized in buffered D2O. Overall, the dispersion efficiency of the NBI surfactant was determined by comparison with naphthalene based references. Successful individualization of SWCNTs was corroborated in several microscopic assays. In addition, emission spectroscopy points to the strong quenching of SWCNT centered band gap emission, when NBIs are immobilized onto SWCNTs. The origin of the quenching was found to be strong electronic communication, which leads to charge separation between NBIs and photoexcited SWCNTs, and, which yields reduced NBIs as well oxidized SWCNTs. Notably, electrochemical considerations revealed that the energy content of these charge separated states is one of the highest reported for SWCNT based electron donor–acceptor hybrids so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Dirian
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany . ;
| | - Susanne Backes
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany . ;
| | - Claudia Backes
- School of Physics , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany . ;
| | - Fabian Rodler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany . ;
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany . ;
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany . ;
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , 91058 Erlangen , Germany . ;
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47
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Sun LB, Liu XQ, Zhou HC. Design and fabrication of mesoporous heterogeneous basic catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5092-147. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00090d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in mesoporous solid bases were reviewed, and fundamental principles of how to fabricate efficient basic catalysts were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
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48
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Maeda Y, Takehana Y, Yamada M, Suzuki M, Murakami T. Control of the photoluminescence properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes by alkylation and subsequent thermal treatment. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:13462-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04020e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alkylation and subsequent thermal treatment of SWNTs induces a new bright PL peak in the NIR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Gakugei University
- Koganei
- Japan
| | - Yuya Takehana
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Gakugei University
- Koganei
- Japan
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Gakugei University
- Koganei
- Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Murakami
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS)
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
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49
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Hof F, Schäfer RA, Weiss C, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Novel λ3-Iodane-Based Functionalization of Synthetic Carbon Allotropes (SCAs)-Common Concepts and Quantification of the Degree of Addition. Chemistry 2014; 20:16644-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Eigler S, Hirsch A. Chemistry with Graphene and Graphene Oxide-Challenges for Synthetic Chemists. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7720-38. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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