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Chakraborty S, Choudhury S, Singha NK. A New Class of Mechano-Responsive PolyureThane Via Anthracene -TAD Diels-Alder (DA) Click Chemistry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2406866. [PMID: 39258360 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202406866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Smart or stimuli-responsive polymers have garnered significant interest in the scientific community due to their response to different stimuli like pH, temperature, light, mechanical force, etc. Mechanophoric polymer is an intriguing class of smart polymers that respond to external mechanical force by producing fluorescent moieties and can be utilized for damage detection and stress-sensing assessment. In recent reports on mechanophoric polymers, different mechanophoric motifs such as spiropyran, rhodamine, coumarin, etc. are explored. This investigation reports a new kind of mechanophoric polyurethane (PU) adduct based on Diels-Alder (DA) click chemistry. Here, an anthracene(An)-end capped tri-armed urethane system is synthesized, followed by a DA reaction using bis-(1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione) (bis-TAD) derivative. The incorporation of bis-TAD in the urethane system renders the anthracene inactive ("turn-off") by dismantling its conjugation as a result of a successful DA reaction. The soft PU translated into a harder material through bis-TAD linkages between polymer chains as evident from nanoindentation (NINT) analysis. The resulting material reverts back to its fluorescent "turned-on" mode owing to a force-accelerated retro-Diels-Alder (r-DA) reaction. Besides the mechanophoric attributes, the material demonstrates self-healing behavior examined by microscopic investigations. This innovative approach can be a potential route to design responsive polymers with dynamic functionalities for advanced material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadhin Chakraborty
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Soumyadip Choudhury
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Nikhil K Singha
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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2
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Wang J, Zhao S, Yi J, Sun Y, Agrawal M, Oelze ML, Li K, Moore JS, Chen YS. Injectable Mechanophore Nanoparticles for Deep-Tissue Mechanochemical Dynamic Therapy. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39250826 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), using nonionizing light and ultrasound to generate reactive oxygen species, offer promising localized treatments for cancers. However, the effectiveness of PDT is hampered by inadequate tissue penetration, and SDT largely relies on pyrolysis and sonoluminescence, which may cause tissue injury and imprecise targeting. To address these issues, we have proposed a mechanochemical dynamic therapy (MDT) that uses free radicals generated from mechanophore-embedded polymers under mechanical stress to produce reactive oxygen species for cancer treatment. Yet, their application in vivo is constrained by the bulk form of the polymer and the need for high ultrasound intensities for activation. In this study, we developed injectable, nanoscale mechanophore particles with enhanced ultrasound sensitivity by leveraging a core-shell structure comprising silica nanoparticles (NPs) whose interfaces are linked to polymer brushes by an azo mechanophore moiety. Upon focused ultrasound (FUS) treatment, this injectable NP generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), demonstrating promising results in both an in vitro 4T1 cell model and an in vivo mouse model of orthotopic breast cancers. This research offers an alternative therapy technique, integrating force-responsive azo mechanophores and FUS under biocompatible conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shensheng Zhao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Junxi Yi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yunyan Sun
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Megha Agrawal
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael L Oelze
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - King Li
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yun-Sheng Chen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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3
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Dong L, Li L, Chen H, Cao Y, Lei H. Mechanochemistry: Fundamental Principles and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403949. [PMID: 39206931 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is an emerging research field at the interface of physics, mechanics, materials science, and chemistry. Complementary to traditional activation methods in chemistry, such as heat, electricity, and light, mechanochemistry focuses on the activation of chemical reactions by directly or indirectly applying mechanical forces. It has evolved as a powerful tool for controlling chemical reactions in solid state systems, sensing and responding to stresses in polymer materials, regulating interfacial adhesions, and stimulating biological processes. By combining theoretical approaches, simulations and experimental techniques, researchers have gained intricate insights into the mechanisms underlying mechanochemistry. In this review, the physical chemistry principles underpinning mechanochemistry are elucidated and a comprehensive overview of recent significant achievements in the discovery of mechanically responsive chemical processes is provided, with a particular emphasis on their applications in materials science. Additionally, The perspectives and insights into potential future directions for this exciting research field are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Luofei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Hai Lei
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Advanced Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
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4
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Zhu G, Zhang Q, Yu T, Chen J, Hu R, Yang G, Zeng Y, Li Y. Multiple Force-Triggered Downconverted and Upconverted Emission in Polymers Containing Diels-Alder Adducts. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202301147. [PMID: 38334040 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent mechanophores can indicate the deformation or damage in polymers. The development of mechanophores with multi-triggered response is of great interest. Herein, Diels-Alder (DA) adducts are incorporated into linear poly(methyl acrylate) PMA-BA and network poly(hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) as mechanophores to detect the stress caused by ultrasound, freezing, and compression. The DA mechanophores undergo retro-DA reaction to release 9-styrylanthracene chromophore upon applying force, resulting in cyan fluorescence. The dissociation ratio of the DA mechanophore after pulsed ultrasonication of PMA-BA solution for 240 minutes is estimated to be 52 % by absorption spectra and 1H NMR. Additionally, the rate constant of mechanical cleavage is calculated to be 1.2×10-4 min-1⋅kDa-1 with the decrease in molecular weight from 69 to 22 kDa measured by gel permeation chromatography. Freezing of PHMA gels as well as compression of PHMA bulk samples turn-on the DA mechanophores, revealing the microscale fracture. Photon upconversion responses toward various force stimuli are also achieved in both polymer solutions and bulk samples by doping platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) or palladium meso-tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin (PdTPTBP) sensitizers with multiple excitation wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
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5
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Shamsipur M, Ghavidast A, Pashabadi A. Phototriggered structures: Latest advances in biomedical applications. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2844-2876. [PMID: 37521863 PMCID: PMC10372844 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive control of the drug molecules accessibility is a key issue in improving diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Some studies have explored the spatiotemporal control by light as a peripheral stimulus. Phototriggered drug delivery systems (PTDDSs) have received interest in the past decade among biological researchers due to their capability the control drug release. To this end, a wide range of phototrigger molecular structures participated in the DDSs to serve additional efficiency and a high-conversion release of active fragments under light irradiation. Up to now, several categories of PTDDSs have been extended to upgrade the performance of controlled delivery of therapeutic agents based on well-known phototrigger molecular structures like o-nitrobenzyl, coumarinyl, anthracenyl, quinolinyl, o-hydroxycinnamate and hydroxyphenacyl, where either of one endows an exclusive feature and distinct mechanistic approach. This review conveys the design, photochemical properties and essential mechanism of the most important phototriggered structures for the release of single and dual (similar or different) active molecules that have the ability to quickly reason of the large variety of dynamic biological phenomena for biomedical applications like photo-regulated drug release, synergistic outcomes, real-time monitoring, and biocompatibility potential.
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6
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Zholdassov YS, Yuan L, Garcia SR, Kwok RW, Boscoboinik A, Valles DJ, Marianski M, Martini A, Carpick RW, Braunschweig AB. Acceleration of Diels-Alder reactions by mechanical distortion. Science 2023; 380:1053-1058. [PMID: 37289895 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf5273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Challenges in quantifying how force affects bond formation have hindered the widespread adoption of mechanochemistry. We used parallel tip-based methods to determine reaction rates, activation energies, and activation volumes of force-accelerated [4+2] Diels-Alder cycloadditions between surface-immobilized anthracene and four dienophiles that differ in electronic and steric demand. The rate dependences on pressure were unexpectedly strong, and substantial differences were observed between the dienophiles. Multiscale modeling demonstrated that in proximity to a surface, mechanochemical trajectories ensued that were distinct from those observed solvothermally or under hydrostatic pressure. These results provide a framework for anticipating how experimental geometry, molecular confinement, and directed force contribute to mechanochemical kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerzhan S Zholdassov
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sergio Romero Garcia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Ryan W Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alejandro Boscoboinik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Valles
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mateusz Marianski
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Robert W Carpick
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam B Braunschweig
- The Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
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7
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Zhu G, Yu T, Chen J, Hu R, Yang G, Zeng Y, Li Y. Dipyrene-Terminated Oligosilanes Enable Ratiometric Fluorescence Response in Polymers toward Mechano- and Thermo-Stimuli. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11033-11041. [PMID: 36802470 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing fluorescent motifs capable of displaying mechano- and thermo-stimuli reversibly and ratiometrically is appealing for monitoring the deformation or temperature to which polymers are subjected. Here, a series of excimer-type chromophores Sin-Py (n = 1-3) consisting of two pyrenes linked with oligosilanes of one to three silicon atoms is developed as the fluorescent motif incorporated in a polymer. The fluorescence of Sin-Py is steered with the linker length where Si2-Py and Si3-Py with disilane and trisilane linkers display prominent excimer emission accompanied by pyrene monomer emission. Covalent incorporation of Si2-Py and Si3-Py in polyurethane gives fluorescent polymers PU-Si2-Py and PU-Si3-Py, respectively, where intramolecular pyrene excimers and corresponding combined emission of excimer and monomer are obtained. Polymer films of PU-Si2-Py and PU-Si3-Py display instant and reversible ratiometric fluorescence change during the uniaxial tensile test. The mechanochromic response arises from the reversible suppression of excimer formation during the mechanically induced separation of the pyrene moieties and relaxation. Furthermore, PU-Si2-Py and PU-Si3-Py show thermochromic response toward temperature, and the inflection point from the ratiometric emission as a function of temperature gives an indication of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymers. The design of the excimer-based mechanophore with oligosilane provides a generally implementable way to develop mechano- and thermo-dual-responsive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Hu
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Walter M, Linsler D, König T, Gäbert C, Reinicke S, Moseler M, Mayrhofer L. Mechanochemical Activation of Anthracene [4+4] Cycloadducts. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1445-1451. [PMID: 36734822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Controlled formation and breaking of weak chemical bonds is a versatile method for modifying the properties of materials. Anthracene [4+4] cycloadducts are a prime example that can be formed by light and opened by external forces. We address the theoretical description of mechanochemistry of these cycloadducts, where the standard constraint geometry simulates forces approach fails due to the lack of consideration of temperature. Explicit inclusion of external forces reveals the corresponding transition barriers that are clearly dominated by rupture of the [4+4] inter-anthracene bonds. Other bonds come into play at extremely large forces only, which cannot be expected to be reached under ambient conditions. The theoretical results are in line with the experimental rheology of [4+4]-linked anthracene polymers, which indicates reversible re-formation of [4+4] cycloaddition bonds with ultraviolet light after mechanochemical bond breaking due to applied shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Walter
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC, 76131Karlsruhe, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79085Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS@FIT, 79110Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Linsler
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC, 76131Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias König
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC, 76131Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Moseler
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC, 76131Karlsruhe, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS@FIT, 79110Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Polymeric Emissive Materials Based on Dynamic Covalent Bonds. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196635. [PMID: 36235170 PMCID: PMC9570607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic covalent polymers, composed of dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs), have received increasing attention in the last decade due to their adaptive and reversible nature compared with common covalent linked polymers. Incorporating the DCBs into the polymeric material endows it with advanced performance including self-healing, shape memory property, and so forth. However, the emissive ability of such dynamic covalent polymeric materials has been rarely reviewed. Herein, this review has summarized DCBs-based emissive polymeric materials which are classified according to the different types of DCBs, including imine bond, acylhydrazone bond, boronic ester bond, dynamic C-C bond, as well as the reversible bonds based on Diels–Alder reaction and transesterification. The mechanism of chemical reactions and various stimuli-responsive behaviors of DCBs are introduced, followed by typical emissive polymers resulting from these DCBs. By taking advantage of the reversible nature of DCBs under chemical/physical stimuli, the constructed emissive polymeric materials show controllable and switchable emission. Finally, challenges and future trends in this field are briefly discussed in this review.
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10
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Hsu CC, Hsia FC, Weber B, de Rooij MB, Bonn D, Brouwer AM. Local Shearing Force Measurement during Frictional Sliding Using Fluorogenic Mechanophores. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8840-8844. [PMID: 36112048 PMCID: PMC9531245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
When two macroscopic objects touch, the real contact typically consists of multiple surface asperities that are deformed under the pressure that holds the objects together. Application of a shear force makes the objects slide along each other, breaking the initial contacts. To investigate how the microscopic shear force at the asperity level evolves during the transition from static to dynamic friction, we apply a fluorogenic mechanophore to visualize and quantify the local interfacial shear force. When a contact is broken, the shear force is released and the molecules return to their dark state, allowing us to dynamically observe the evolution of the shear force at the sliding contacts. We find that the macroscopic coefficient of friction describes the microscopic friction well, and that slip propagates from the edge toward the center of the macroscopic contact area before sliding occurs. This allows for a local understanding of how surfaces start to slide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chun Hsu
- van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Feng-Chun Hsia
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Weber
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijn B. de Rooij
- Laboratory
for Surface Technology and Tribology, Department of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bonn
- van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert M. Brouwer
- van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Xuan M, Schumacher C, Bolm C, Göstl R, Herrmann A. The Mechanochemical Synthesis and Activation of Carbon-Rich π-Conjugated Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105497. [PMID: 35048569 PMCID: PMC9259731 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry uses mechanical force to break, form, and manipulate chemical bonds to achieve functional transformations and syntheses. Over the last years, many innovative applications of mechanochemistry have been developed. Specifically for the synthesis and activation of carbon-rich π-conjugated materials, mechanochemistry offers reaction pathways that either are inaccessible with other stimuli, such as light and heat, or improve reaction yields, energy consumption, and substrate scope. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent advances in this research field combining the viewpoints of polymer and trituration mechanochemistry. The highlighted mechanochemical transformations include π-conjugated materials as optical force probes, the force-induced release of small dye molecules, and the mechanochemical synthesis of polyacetylene, carbon allotropes, and other π-conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Xuan
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
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12
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Cheng HB, Zhang S, Bai E, Cao X, Wang J, Qi J, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhang L, Yoon J. Future-Oriented Advanced Diarylethene Photoswitches: From Molecular Design to Spontaneous Assembly Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108289. [PMID: 34866257 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diarylethene (DAE) photoswitch is a new and promising family of photochromic molecules and has shown superior performance as a smart trigger in stimulus-responsive materials. During the past few decades, the DAE family has achieved a leap from simple molecules to functional molecules and developed toward validity as a universal switching building block. In recent years, the introduction of DAE into an assembly system has been an attractive strategy that enables the photochromic behavior of the building blocks to be manifested at the level of the entire system, beyond the DAE unit itself. This assembly-based strategy will bring many unexpected results that promote the design and manufacture of a new generation of advanced materials. Here, recent advances in the design and fabrication of diarylethene as a trigger in materials science, chemistry, and biomedicine are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Enying Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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13
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Qiu W, Scofield JMP, Gurr PA, Qiao GG. Mechanochromophore-linked Polymeric Materials with Visible Color Changes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100866. [PMID: 35338794 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force as a type of stimuli for smart materials has obtained much attention in the past decade. Color-changing materials in response to mechanical stimuli have shown great potential in the applications such as sensors and displays. Mechanochromophore-linked polymeric materials, which are a growing sub-class of these materials, are discussed in detail in this review. Two main types of mechanochromophores which exhibit visible color change, summarized herein, involve either isomerization or radical generation mechanisms. This review focuses on their synthesis and incorporation into polymer matrices, the type of mechanical force used, factors affecting the mechanochromic properties, and their applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Joel M P Scofield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gurr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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14
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Wang X, Cao Y, Peng Y, Wang L, Hou W, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Huang H, Chen Y, Li Y. Concurrent and Mechanochemical Activation of Two Distinct and Latent Fluorophores via Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction of an Anthracene-Aminomaleimide Adduct. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:310-316. [PMID: 35575364 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Generally, a typical mechanochromophore produces color change through chemical transformation into one or two identical new chromophores/fluorophores under applied mechanical force. Herein, we introduce a novel mechanophore based on an anthracene-aminomaleimide Diels-Alder (DA) adduct featuring two distinct and latent fluorophores. This nonfluorescent mechanophore undergoes retro-DA reaction upon mechanochemical activation in solution and the solid state, generating the respective anthracene and aminomaleimide fragments simultaneously, both of which are highly emissive with different fluorescent colors. In addition, the aminomaleimide fluorophore exhibits sensitive fluorescence on-off response to protic solvents or polar solvents, which enables dual-color mechanochromism from this single mechanophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yifeng Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lewen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wangmeng Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huahua Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Functional Biomaterials Engineering and Technology Guangdong, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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15
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Sulkanen AR, Wang M, Swartz LA, Sung J, Sun G, Moore JS, Sottos NR, Liu GY. Production of Organizational Chiral Structures by Design. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:824-831. [PMID: 35005904 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organizational chirality on surfaces has been of interest in chemistry and materials science due to its scientific importance as well as its potential applications. Current methods for producing organizational chiral structures on surfaces are primarily based upon the self-assembly of molecules. While powerful, the chiral structures are restricted to those dictated by surface reaction thermodynamics. This work introduces a method to create organizational chirality by design with nanometer precision. Using atomic force microscopy-based nanolithography, in conjunction with chosen surface chemistry, various chiral structures are produced with nanometer precision, from simple spirals and arrays of nanofeatures to complex and hierarchical chiral structures. The size, geometry, and organizational chirality is achieved in deterministic fashion, with high fidelity to the designs. The concept and methodology reported here provide researchers a new and generic means to carry out organizational chiral chemistry, with the intrinsic advantages of chiral structures by design. The results open new and promising applications including enantioselective catalysis, separation, and crystallization, as well as optical devices requiring specific polarized radiation and fabrication and recognition of chiral nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R Sulkanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Minyuan Wang
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Logan A Swartz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jaeuk Sung
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gang Sun
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gang-Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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16
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Li Q, Wang YX, Chen Y. Unraveling Ultrasonic Stress Response of Nanovesicles by the Mechanochromism of Self-Assembled Polydiacetylene. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:103-109. [PMID: 35574789 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The force response of nanosized vesicles shows substantial applications in drug delivery, cancer therapies, and so on. Conventional methods in mechanical studies on vesicles rely on a camera and an optical microscope, which can hardly work for nanosized particles. Herein, we use self-assembled polydiacetylene (PDA) as a chromic mechanoresponsive group to study the responsiveness of nanovesicles under sonication. The sonication-induced deformation of the PDA backbone and reduction in its conjugation length leads to a color transition from blue to red. Three internal and external factors, including greater shear stress, lower polymerization degree, and higher viscosity of the continue phase, have been found to promote the mechanochromism of the vesicles. These results, for the first time, reveal that the force response of vesicles depends on the actual capillary number (correlated with the three explored factors), even at the nanoscale level, which opens a new avenue to mechanical modulation of nanovesicles for the development of vesicle-based bio- and nanotechniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Overholts AC, McFadden ME, Robb MJ. Quantifying Activation Rates of Scissile Mechanophores and the Influence of Dispersity. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Overholts
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Molly E. McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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18
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Tu L, Liao Z, Luo Z, Wu Y, Herrmann A, Huo S. Ultrasound-controlled drug release and drug activation for cancer therapy. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2021; 1:20210023. [PMID: 37323693 PMCID: PMC10190934 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional chemotherapy suffers from severe toxicity and side effects that limit its maximum application in cancer therapy. To overcome this challenge, an ideal treatment strategy would be to selectively control the release or regulate the activity of drugs to minimize the undesirable toxicity. Recently, ultrasound (US)-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) have attracted significant attention due to the non-invasiveness, high tissue penetration depth, and spatiotemporal controllability of US. Moreover, the US-induced mechanical force has been proven to be a robust method to site-selectively rearrange or cleave bonds in mechanochemistry. This review describes the US-activated DDSs from the fundamental basics and aims to present a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of US-responsive DDSs for controlled drug release and drug activation. First, we summarize the typical mechanisms for US-responsive drug release and drug activation. Second, the main factors affecting the ultrasonic responsiveness of drug carriers are outlined. Furthermore, representative examples of US-controlled drug release and drug activation are discussed, emphasizing their novelty and design principles. Finally, the challenges and an outlook on this promising therapeutic strategy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenP. R. China
| | - Zhihuan Liao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenP. R. China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenP. R. China
| | - Yun‐Long Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenP. R. China
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsAachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenP. R. China
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19
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Gunckel R, Koo B, Xu Y, Lin WJ, Hall A, Chattopadhyay A, Dai LL. Stress-Responsive Reinforced Polymer Composites via Functionalization of Glass Fibers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Gunckel
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Bonsung Koo
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yifei Xu
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Wendy J. Lin
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Asha Hall
- The U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Aditi Chattopadhyay
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Lenore L. Dai
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 East Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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20
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Lu Y, Sugita H, Mikami K, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Mechanochemical Reactions of Bis(9-methylphenyl-9-fluorenyl) Peroxides and Their Applications in Cross-Linked Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17744-17750. [PMID: 34610739 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of mechanochemical reactions has brought new opportunities for the design of functional materials. We synthesized the novel organic peroxide mechanophore bis(9-methylphenyl-9-fluorenyl) peroxide (BMPF) and examined its mechanochromic properties. The mechanism behind its mechanofluorescence was clarified and harnessed in polymer networks that can release the small fluorescent molecule 9-fluorenone upon exposure to a mechanical stimulus. Additionally, polymer networks cross-linked with BMPF units are able to tolerate temperatures up to 110 °C without any change in optical properties or mechanical strength. As mechanophores based on organic peroxide have rarely been documented so far, these fascinating results suggest excellent potential for applications of BMPF in stress-responsive materials. The mechanochemical protocol demonstrated here may provide guiding principles to expand the field of mechanochromic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hajime Sugita
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1193, Japan
| | - Koichiro Mikami
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1193, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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21
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Abstract
AbstractOptical force probes (OFPs) are force-responsive molecules that report on mechanically induced transformations by the alteration of their optical properties. Yet, their modular design and incorporation into polymer architectures at desired positions is challenging. Here we report triazole-extended anthracene OFPs that combine two modular ‘click’ reactions in their synthesis potentially allowing their incorporation at desirable positions in complex polymer materials. Importantly, these retain the excellent optical properties of their parent 9-π-extended anthracene OFP counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University
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22
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Baumann C, Stratigaki M, Centeno SP, Göstl R. Multicolor Mechanofluorophores for the Quantitative Detection of Covalent Bond Scission in Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13287-13293. [PMID: 33783112 PMCID: PMC8252433 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fracture of polymer materials is a multiscale process starting with the scission of a single molecular bond advancing to a site of failure within the bulk. Quantifying the bonds broken during this process remains a big challenge yet would help to understand the distribution and dissipation of macroscopic mechanical energy. We here show the design and synthesis of fluorogenic molecular optical force probes (mechanofluorophores) covering the entire visible spectrum in both absorption and emission. Their dual fluorescent character allows to track non-broken and broken bonds in dissolved and bulk polymers by fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. Importantly, we develop an approach to determine the absolute number and relative fraction of intact and cleaved bonds with high local resolution. We anticipate that our mechanofluorophores in combination with our quantification methodology will allow to quantitatively describe fracture processes in materials ranging from soft hydrogels to high-performance polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Baumann
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Maria Stratigaki
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Silvia P. Centeno
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
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23
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Baumann C, Stratigaki M, Centeno SP, Göstl R. Mehrfarbige Mechanofluorophore für die quantitative Anzeige kovalenter Bindungsbrüche in Polymeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Maria Stratigaki
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Silvia P. Centeno
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
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24
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Watabe T, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Enhancement of Mechanophore Activation in Mechanochromic Dendrimers by Functionalization of Their Surface. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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25
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O’Neill RT, Boulatov R. The many flavours of mechanochemistry and its plausible conceptual underpinnings. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:148-167. [PMID: 37117533 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry describes diverse phenomena in which mechanical load affects chemical reactivity. The fuzziness of this definition means that it includes processes as seemingly disparate as motor protein function, organic synthesis in a ball mill, reactions at a propagating crack, chemical actuation, and polymer fragmentation in fast solvent flows and in mastication. In chemistry, the rate of a reaction in a flask does not depend on how fast the flask moves in space. In mechanochemistry, the rate at which a material is deformed affects which and how many bonds break. In other words, in some manifestations of mechanochemistry, macroscopic motion powers otherwise endergonic reactions. In others, spontaneous chemical reactions drive mechanical motion. Neither requires thermal or electrostatic gradients. Distinct manifestations of mechanochemistry are conventionally treated as being conceptually independent, which slows the field in its transformation from being a collection of observations to a rigorous discipline. In this Review, we highlight observations suggesting that the unifying feature of mechanochemical phenomena may be the coupling between inertial motion at the microscale to macroscale and changes in chemical bonding enabled by transient build-up and relaxation of strains, from macroscopic to molecular. This dynamic coupling across multiple length scales and timescales also greatly complicates the conceptual understanding of mechanochemistry.
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26
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Huo S, Zhao P, Shi Z, Zou M, Yang X, Warszawik E, Loznik M, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Mechanochemical bond scission for the activation of drugs. Nat Chem 2021; 13:131-139. [PMID: 33514936 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical drug therapy is often hindered by issues caused by poor drug selectivity, including unwanted side effects and drug resistance. Spatial and temporal control over drug activation in response to stimuli is a promising strategy to attenuate and circumvent these problems. Here we use ultrasound to activate drugs from inactive macromolecules or nano-assemblies through the controlled scission of mechanochemically labile covalent bonds and weak non-covalent bonds. We show that a polymer with a disulfide motif at the centre of the main chain releases an alkaloid-based anticancer drug from its β-carbonate linker by a force-induced intramolecular 5-exo-trig cyclization. Second, aminoglycoside antibiotics complexed by a multi-aptamer RNA structure are activated by the mechanochemical opening and scission of the nucleic acid backbone. Lastly, nanoparticle-polymer and nanoparticle-nanoparticle assemblies held together by hydrogen bonds between the peptide antibiotic vancomycin and its complementary peptide target are activated by force-induced scission of hydrogen bonds. This work demonstrates the potential of ultrasound to activate mechanoresponsive prodrug systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaidong Huo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pengkun Zhao
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Shi
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miancheng Zou
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xintong Yang
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eliza Warszawik
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Loznik
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Chen Y, Mellot G, van Luijk D, Creton C, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4100-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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28
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Chen Y, Yeh CJ, Guo Q, Qi Y, Long R, Creton C. Fast reversible isomerization of merocyanine as a tool to quantify stress history in elastomers. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1693-1701. [PMID: 34163929 PMCID: PMC8179306 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06157c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A mechanochemistry based approach is proposed to detect and map stress history during dynamic processes. Spiropyran (SP), a force sensitive molecular probe, was incorporated as a crosslinker into multiple network elastomers (MNE). When these mechanochromic MNEs are loaded, SP undergoes a well-known force-activated reaction to merocyanine (MC) changing its absorption in the visible range (visible blue color). This SP to MC transition is not reversible within the time frame of the experiment and the color change reports the concentration of activated molecules. During subsequent loading-unloading cycles the MC undergoes a fast and reversible isomerization resulting in a slight shift of absorption spectrum and results in a second color change (blue to purple color corresponding to the loading-unloading cycles). Quantification of the color changes by using chromaticity shows that the exact color observed upon unloading is characteristic not only of the current stress (reported by the shift in color due to MC isomerization), but of the maximum stress that the material has seen during the loading cycle (reported by the shift in color due to the change in MC concentration). We show that these two color changes can be separated unambiguously and we use them to map the stress history in the loading and unloading process occurring as a crack opens up and propagates, breaking the material. Color maps on fractured samples are compared with finite element simulations and the agreement is excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université 75005 Paris France
| | - C Joshua Yeh
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université 75005 Paris France
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Rong Long
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université 75005 Paris France
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29
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Pan Y, Zhang H, Xu P, Tian Y, Wang C, Xiang S, Boulatov R, Weng W. A Mechanochemical Reaction Cascade for Controlling Load-Strengthening of a Mechanochromic Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21980-21985. [PMID: 32827332 PMCID: PMC7756483 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate an intermolecular reaction cascade to control the force which triggers crosslinking of a mechanochromic polymer of spirothiopyran (STP). Mechanochromism arises from rapid reversible force-sensitive isomerization of STP to a merocyanine, which reacts rapidly with activated C=C bonds. The concentration of such bonds, and hence the crosslinking rate, is controlled by force-dependent dissociation of a Diels-Alder adduct of anthracene and maleimide. Because the adduct requires ca. 1 nN higher force to dissociate at the same rate as that of STP isomerization, the cascade limits crosslinking to overstressed regions of the material, which are at the highest rate of material damage. Using comb polymers decreased the minimum concentration of mechanophores required to crosslinking by about 100-fold compared to previous examples of load-strengthening materials. The approach described has potential for controlling a broad range of reaction sequences triggered by mechanical load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Pan
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Piaoxue Xu
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool and Donnan LabG31, Crown St.LiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool and Donnan LabG31, Crown St.LiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Shishuai Xiang
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool and Donnan LabG31, Crown St.LiverpoolL69 7ZDUK
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University422 South Siming RoadXiamenFujian361005P. R. China
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30
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Pan Y, Zhang H, Xu P, Tian Y, Wang C, Xiang S, Boulatov R, Weng W. A Mechanochemical Reaction Cascade for Controlling Load‐Strengthening of a Mechanochromic Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Pan
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Piaoxue Xu
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab G31, Crown St. Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab G31, Crown St. Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Shishuai Xiang
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool and Donnan Lab G31, Crown St. Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Wengui Weng
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University 422 South Siming Road Xiamen Fujian 361005 P. R. China
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31
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Wu S, Wang T, Xu H. Regulating Heterogeneous Catalysis of Gold Nanoparticles with Polymer Mechanochemistry. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1192-1197. [PMID: 35638615 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry has emerged as a unique approach to regulate homogeneous catalysis in chemical transformations. The utilization of polymer mechanochemistry to regulate heterogeneous catalysis, however, still remains to be investigated. In this study, using polymer-grafted gold nanoparticles as the model heterogeneous catalysts, we show that polymer chains can be mechanically ruptured from the surface of gold nanoparticles, and thus, the catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles can be accelerated under sonication. The mechanical activation of polymer-grafted gold nanoparticles only occurs when the grafted polymer chains exceed a threshold molecular weight. This mechanical behavior is similar to those mechanophore-linked polymers. More importantly, further characterizations reveal that the Au-Au bonds instead of the Au-S bonds are broken at the heterointerfaces of polymer chains and gold nanoparticles. Our study unveils an unprecedented characteristic of polymer-grafted metallic nanoparticles in response to external mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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32
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Klein IM, Husic CC, Kovács DP, Choquette NJ, Robb MJ. Validation of the CoGEF Method as a Predictive Tool for Polymer Mechanochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16364-16381. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M. Klein
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Corey C. Husic
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Dávid P. Kovács
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicolas J. Choquette
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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33
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Deneke N, Rencheck ML, Davis CS. An engineer's introduction to mechanophores. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6230-6252. [PMID: 32567642 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanophores (MPs) are a class of stimuli-responsive materials that are of increasing interest to engineers due to their potential applications as stress sensors. These mechanically responsive molecules change color or become fluorescent upon application of a mechanical stimulus as they undergo a chemical reaction when a load is applied. By incorporating MPs such as spirolactam, spiropyran, or dianthracene into a material system, the real-time stress distribution of the matrix can be directly observed through a visual response, ideal for damage and failure sensing applications. A wide array of applications that require continuous structural health monitoring could benefit from MPs including flexible electronics, protective coatings, and polymer matrix composites. However, there are significant technical challenges preventing MP implementation in industry. Effective strategies to quantitatively calibrate the photo response of the MP with applied stress magnitudes must be developed. Additionally, environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet light exposure can potentially impact the performance of MPs. By addressing these limitations, engineers can work to move MPs from the synthetic chemistry bench to the field. This review aims to highlight recent progress in MP research, discuss barriers to implementation, and provide an outlook on the future of MPs, specifically focused on polymeric material systems. Although the focus is on engineering MPs for bulk materials, a brief overview of mechanochemistry will be discussed followed by methods for activation and quantification of MP photo response (concentrating specifically on fluorescently active species). Finally, current challenges and future directions in MP research will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Deneke
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Mitchell L Rencheck
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Chelsea S Davis
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
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34
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Chen W, Yuan Y, Chen Y. Visualized Bond Scission in Mechanochemiluminescent Polymethyl Acrylate/Cellulose Nanocrystals Composites. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:438-442. [PMID: 35648498 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of nanocomposites based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and polymethyl acrylate (PMA) with covalently incorporated 1,2-dioxetane as a luminescent mechanophore were prepared. Through surface-initiated single-electron transfer radical polymerization, the CNCs nanofiller offers good compatibility with polymer matrix. As a consequence, all the composite materials exhibit reinforced mechanical properties with increased stiffness and strength. Most importantly, 1,2-dioxetane is demonstrated as a sensitive platform to characterize the dissipation pathway of fracture energy, as well as the polymer chain scission in the Mullins effect within these polymer nanocomposites. The combined use of mechanical macroscopic testing and molecular bond scission data herein provides detailed information on how force distributes and failure occurs in complex soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300354, People’s Republic of China
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35
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Kim TA, Lamuta C, Kim H, Leal C, Sottos NR. Interfacial Force-Focusing Effect in Mechanophore-Linked Nanocomposites. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903464. [PMID: 32274322 PMCID: PMC7141001 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced force transmission to mechanophores is demonstrated in polymer nanocomposite materials. Spiropyran (SP) mechanophores that change color and fluorescence under mechanical stimuli are functionalized at the interface between SiO2 nanoparticles and polymers. Successful mechanical activation of SP at the interface is confirmed in both solution and solid states. Compared with SP-linked in bulk polymers, interfacial activation induces greater conversion of SP to its colored merocyanine form and also significantly decreases the activation threshold under tension. Experimental observations are supported by finite element simulation of the interfacial stress state. The interfacial force-focusing strategy opens a new way to control the reactivity of mechanophores and also potentially indicates interfacial damage in composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Ann Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Photo‐Electronic Hybrids Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Caterina Lamuta
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of IowaIowa CityIA52242USA
| | - Hojun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringBeckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
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36
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Stratigaki M, Göstl R. Methods for Exerting and Sensing Force in Polymer Materials Using Mechanophores. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1095-1103. [PMID: 31958366 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, polymer mechanochemistry has evolved as a methodology to provide insights into the action-reaction relationships of polymers and polymer-based materials and composites in terms of macroscopic force application (stress) and subsequent deformation (strain) through a mechanophore-assisted coupling of mechanical and chemical phenomena. The perplexity of the process, however, from the viewpoint of mechanophore activation via a molecular-scaled disruption of the structure that yields a macroscopically detectable optical signal, renders this otherwise rapidly evolving field challenging. Motivated by this, we highlight here recent advancements of polymer mechanochemistry with particular focus on the establishment of methodologies for the efficient activation and quantification of mechanophores and anticipate to aptly pinpoint unresolved matters and limitations of the respective approaches, thus highlighting possible developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stratigaki
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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37
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Izak-Nau E, Campagna D, Baumann C, Göstl R. Polymer mechanochemistry-enabled pericyclic reactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemical pericyclic reactions are reviewed with regard to their structural features and substitution prerequisites to the polymer framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Izak-Nau
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Davide Campagna
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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38
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Brega V, Yan Y, Thomas SW. Acenes beyond organic electronics: sensing of singlet oxygen and stimuli-responsive materials. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9191-9209. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01744b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although they are often detrimental in organic electronics, the cycloaddition reactions of acenes, especially with singlet oxygen, are useful in a range of responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Chemistry
- Tufts University
- Medford
- USA
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39
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Wang T, Zhang N, Ge Y, Wang C, Hang Z, Zhang Z. Pyrene Functionalized Mechanochromic Elastomer with Switchable White Fluorescence. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Yuanmeng Ge
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Changchun Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Zusheng Hang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
| | - Zewu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology Nanjing 211167 P. R. China
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40
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Peterson GI, Lee J, Choi TL. Multimechanophore Graft Polymers: Mechanochemical Reactions at Backbone–Arm Junctions. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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41
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Yildiz D, Baumann C, Mikosch A, Kuehne AJC, Herrmann A, Göstl R. Anti-Stokes Stress Sensing: Mechanochemical Activation of Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photon Upconversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12919-12923. [PMID: 31265744 PMCID: PMC6772058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of methods to detect damage in macromolecular materials is of paramount importance to understand their mechanical failure and the structure-property relationships of polymers. Mechanofluorophores are useful and sensitive molecular motifs for this purpose. However, to date, tailoring of their optical properties remains challenging and correlating emission intensity to force induced material damage and the respective events on the molecular level is complicated by intrinsic limitations of fluorescence and its detection techniques. Now, this is tackled by developing the first stress-sensing motif that relies on photon upconversion. By combining the Diels-Alder adduct of a π-extended anthracene with the porphyrin-based triplet sensitizer PtOEP in polymers, triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion of green to blue light is mechanochemically activated in solution as well as in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yildiz
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Annabel Mikosch
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Alexander J. C. Kuehne
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
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42
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Kabb CP, O'Bryan CS, Morley CD, Angelini TE, Sumerlin BS. Anthracene-based mechanophores for compression-activated fluorescence in polymeric networks. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7702-7708. [PMID: 31588318 PMCID: PMC6764261 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02487e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent attention given to functionalities that respond to mechanical force has led to a deeper understanding of force transduction and mechanical wear in polymeric materials. Furthermore, polymers have been carefully designed such that activation of "mechanophores" leads to productive outputs, such as material reinforcement or changes in optical properties. In this work, a crosslinker containing an anthracene-maleimide linkage was designed and used to prepare networks that display a fluorescence response when damaged. The pressure-dependent damage of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) networks was monitored using solid-state fluorescence spectroscopy, with increasing compressive forces leading to higher degrees of mechanophore activation. When a stamp was used to compress the networks, only the areas in contact with the raised portion of the stamp underwent mechanophore activation, resulting in the generation of patterns that were only visible under UV light. Finally, an isomeric "flex" mechanophore was designed and used to prepare networks that were compressed and compared to the previously described networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Kabb
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory , Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering , Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA .
| | - Christopher S O'Bryan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA
| | - Cameron D Morley
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA
| | - Thomas E Angelini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA
- Institute for Cell and Regenerative Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory , Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering , Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL 32611 , USA .
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43
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Hannewald N, Enke M, Nischang I, Zechel S, Hager MD, Schubert US. Mechanical Activation of Terpyridine Metal Complexes in Polymers. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-019-01274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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44
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Yildiz D, Baumann C, Mikosch A, Kuehne AJC, Herrmann A, Göstl R. Anti‐Stokes‐Belastungsanzeige: Mechanochemische Aktivierung der Triplett‐Triplett‐Annihilierung‐Photonen‐Hochkonversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yildiz
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Annabel Mikosch
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Alexander J. C. Kuehne
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
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45
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Shinohara A, Pan C, Guo Z, Zhou L, Liu Z, Du L, Yan Z, Stadler FJ, Wang L, Nakanishi T. Viskoelastische konjugierte polymere Fluide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shinohara
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan Shenzhen 518055 China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Chengjun Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhenfeng Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liyang Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Lei Du
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhichao Yan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Florian J. Stadler
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan Shenzhen 518055 China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen University Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Takashi Nakanishi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen University Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan Shenzhen 518055 China
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA)National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Namiki 1-1 Tsukuba 305-0044 Japan
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46
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Shinohara A, Pan C, Guo Z, Zhou L, Liu Z, Du L, Yan Z, Stadler FJ, Wang L, Nakanishi T. Viscoelastic Conjugated Polymer Fluids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9581-9585. [PMID: 31034736 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of optoelectronic functions into viscoelastic polymers can yield highly sophisticated soft materials for biomedical devices and autonomous robotics. However, viscoelasticity and excellent optoelectronic properties are difficult to achieve because the presence of a large number of π-conjugated moieties drastically stiffens a polymer. Here, we report a variation of additive-free viscoelastic conjugated polymers (VE-CPs) at room temperature by using an intact π-conjugated backbone and bulky, yet flexible, alkyl side chains as "internal plasticizers." Some of these polymers exhibit gel- and elastomer-like rheological behaviors without cross-linking or entanglement. Furthermore, binary blends of these VE-CPs exhibit a never-seen-before dynamic miscibility with self-restorable and mechanically induced fluorescence color changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shinohara
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chengjun Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhenfeng Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liyang Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lei Du
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhichao Yan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Florian J Stadler
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Takashi Nakanishi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Xueyuan Avenue 1066, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
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47
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Sagara Y, Karman M, Seki A, Pannipara M, Tamaoki N, Weder C. Rotaxane-Based Mechanophores Enable Polymers with Mechanically Switchable White Photoluminescence. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:874-881. [PMID: 31139723 PMCID: PMC6535770 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Three mechanoresponsive polyurethane elastomers whose blue, green, and orange photoluminescence can be reversibly turned on by mechanical force were prepared and combined to create a blend that exhibits deformation-induced white photoluminescence. The three polyurethanes contain rotaxane-based supramolecular mechanoluminophores based on π-extended pyrene, anthracene, or 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) luminophores, respectively, and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide as an electronically matched quencher. Each polymer shows instantly reversible, strain-dependent switching of its photoluminescence intensity when stretched and relaxed, as deformation leads to a spatial separation of the luminophore and quencher. The present study shows that the photoluminescence color can easily be tailored by variation of the luminophore and also by combining several mechanophores in one material and demonstrates that adaptability is a key advantage of supramolecular approaches to create mechanoresponsive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Marc Karman
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Atsushi Seki
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Mehboobali Pannipara
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, Guraiger, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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48
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Kim G, Lau VM, Halmes AJ, Oelze ML, Moore JS, Li KC. High-intensity focused ultrasound-induced mechanochemical transduction in synthetic elastomers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10214-10222. [PMID: 31076556 PMCID: PMC6534979 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901047116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While study in the field of polymer mechanochemistry has yielded mechanophores that perform various chemical reactions in response to mechanical stimuli, there is not yet a triggering method compatible with biological systems. Applications such as using mechanoluminescence to generate localized photon flux in vivo for optogenetics would greatly benefit from such an approach. Here we introduce a method of triggering mechanophores by using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) as a remote energy source to drive the spatially and temporally resolved mechanical-to-chemical transduction of mechanoresponsive polymers. A HIFU setup capable of controlling the excitation pressure, spatial location, and duration of exposure is employed to activate mechanochemical reactions in a cross-linked elastomeric polymer in a noninvasive fashion. One reaction is the chromogenic isomerization of a naphthopyran mechanophore embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) network. Under HIFU irradiation evidence of the mechanochemical transduction is the observation of a reversible color change as expected for the isomerization. The elastomer exhibits this distinguishable color change at the focal spot, depending on ultrasonic exposure conditions. A second reaction is the demonstration that HIFU irradiation successfully triggers a luminescent dioxetane, resulting in localized generation of visible blue light at the focal spot. In contrast to conventional stimuli such as UV light, heat, and uniaxial compression/tension testing, HIFU irradiation provides spatiotemporal control of the mechanochemical activation through targeted but noninvasive ultrasonic energy deposition. Targeted, remote light generation is potentially useful in biomedical applications such as optogenetics where a light source is used to trigger a cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Kim
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820
| | - Vivian M Lau
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Abigail J Halmes
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Michael L Oelze
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - King C Li
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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49
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Chancellor AJ, Seymour BT, Zhao B. Characterizing Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticles: From Basic Defining Parameters to Behavior in Solvents and Self-Assembled Structures. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6391-6402. [PMID: 31013073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-grafted nanoparticles, often called hairy nanoparticles (HNPs), are an intriguing class of nanostructured hybrid materials with great potential in a variety of applications, including advanced polymer nanocomposite fabrication, drug delivery, imaging, and lubrication. This Feature provides an introduction to characterization of various aspects of HNPs, from basic defining parameters to behavior of HNPs in solvents and self-assembled structures of multicomponent brush nanoparticles, by using a broad range of analytical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Chancellor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Bryan T Seymour
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
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50
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Sulkanen AR, Sung J, Robb MJ, Moore JS, Sottos NR, Liu GY. Spatially Selective and Density-Controlled Activation of Interfacial Mechanophores. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4080-4085. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R. Sulkanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | | | - Gang-yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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