1
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Gupta S, Janata M, Čadová E, Raus V. Straightforward synthesis of complex polymeric architectures with ultra-high chain density. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12739-12753. [PMID: 39148800 PMCID: PMC11323333 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01739k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of complex polymeric architectures (CPAs) via reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) currently relies on the rather inefficient attachment of monofunctional initiation/transfer sites onto CPA precursors. This drawback seriously limits the overall functionality of the resulting (macro)initiators and, consequently, also the total number of installable polymeric chains, which represents a significant bottleneck in the design of new polymeric materials. Here, we show that the (macro)initiator functionality can be substantially amplified by using trichloroacetyl isocyanate as a highly efficient vehicle for the rapid and clean introduction of trichloroacetyl groups (TAGs) into diverse precursors. Through extensive screening of polymerization conditions and comprehensive NMR and triple-detection SEC studies, we demonstrate that TAGs function as universal trifunctional initiators of copper-mediated RDRP of different monomer classes, affording low-dispersity polymers in a wide molecular weight range. We thus unlock access to a whole new group of ultra-high chain density CPAs previously inaccessible via simple RDRP protocols. We highlight new opportunities in CPA synthesis through numerous examples, including the de novo one-pot synthesis of a novel "star-on-star" CPA, the preparation of β-cyclodextrin-based 45-arm star polymers, and facile grafting from otherwise problematic cellulose substrates both in solution and from surface, obtaining effortlessly ultra-dense, ultra-high-molecular weight bottle-brush copolymers and thick spatially-controlled polymeric coatings, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Gupta
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Janata
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Eva Čadová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Raus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovského nám. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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2
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Szczepaniak G, Kapil K, Adida S, Kim K, Lin TC, Yilmaz G, Murata H, Matyjaszewski K. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Well-Defined Multiblock Copolymers by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22247-22256. [PMID: 39079042 PMCID: PMC11328128 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Solid-phase polymer synthesis, historically rooted in peptide synthesis, has evolved into a powerful method for achieving sequence-controlled macromolecules. This study explores solid-phase polymer synthesis by covalently immobilizing growing polymer chains onto a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based resin, known as ChemMatrix (CM) resin. In contrast to traditional hydrophobic supports, CM resin's amphiphilic properties enable swelling in both polar and nonpolar solvents, simplifying filtration, washing, and drying processes. Combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with solid-phase techniques allowed for the grafting of well-defined block copolymers in high yields. This approach is attractive for sequence-controlled polymer synthesis, successfully synthesizing di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-block copolymers with excellent control over the molecular weight and dispersity. The study also delves into the limitations of achieving high molecular weights due to confinement within resin pores. Moreover, the versatility of the method is demonstrated through its applicability to various monomers in organic and aqueous media. This straightforward approach offers a rapid route to developing tailored block copolymers with unique structures and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Samuel Adida
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Khidong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ting-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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3
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Jogdeo CM, Siddhanta K, Das A, Ding L, Panja S, Kumari N, Oupický D. Beyond Lipids: Exploring Advances in Polymeric Gene Delivery in the Lipid Nanoparticles Era. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404608. [PMID: 38842816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The recent success of gene therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of effective and safe delivery systems. Complementing lipid-based delivery systems, polymers present a promising alternative for gene delivery. Significant advances have been made in the recent past, with multiple clinical trials progressing beyond phase I and several companies actively working on polymeric delivery systems which provides assurance that polymeric carriers can soon achieve clinical translation. The massive advantage of structural tunability and vast chemical space of polymers is being actively leveraged to mitigate shortcomings of traditional polycationic polymers and improve the translatability of delivery systems. Tailored polymeric approaches for diverse nucleic acids and for specific subcellular targets are now being designed to improve therapeutic efficacy. This review describes the recent advances in polymer design for improved gene delivery by polyplexes and covalent polymer-nucleic acid conjugates. The review also offers a brief note on novel computational techniques for improved polymer design. The review concludes with an overview of the current state of polymeric gene therapies in the clinic as well as future directions on their translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay M Jogdeo
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Kasturi Siddhanta
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ashish Das
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ling Ding
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sudipta Panja
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Neha Kumari
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - David Oupický
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
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4
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Campi CE, Parkatzidis K, Anastasaki A, Schindler S. Unusual Stability of an End-on Superoxido Copper(II) Complex under Ambient Conditions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401634. [PMID: 38718317 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Superoxido copper complexes play an important role as usually short-lived intermediates in biology and chemistry. The unusual stability of an end-on superoxido copper complex observed in an oxygen-enhanced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) led to a detailed mechanistic investigation of the formation of [CuII(Me6tren)(O2⋅-)]+ (Me6tren=tris(2-dimethyl-aminoethyl)amine) under ambient conditions. The persistence of the superoxido copper complex could be explained by a reaction cycle including the peroxido complex [(Me6tren)2CuII 2(O2)]2+ together with [CuI(Me6tren)(DMSO)]+ and [CuII(Me6tren)(OH)]+ in the overall reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Eleonora Campi
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Hessen, 35392, Germany
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Siegfried Schindler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Hessen, 35392, Germany
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5
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Mountaki S, Whitfield R, Liarou E, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Open-Air Chemical Recycling: Fully Oxygen-Tolerant ATRP Depolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18848-18854. [PMID: 38958656 PMCID: PMC11258787 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
While oxygen-tolerant strategies have been overwhelmingly developed for controlled radical polymerizations, the low radical concentrations typically required for high monomer recovery render oxygen-tolerant solution depolymerizations particularly challenging. Here, an open-air atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) depolymerization is presented, whereby a small amount of a volatile cosolvent is introduced as a means to thoroughly remove oxygen. Ultrafast depolymerization (i.e., 2 min) could efficiently proceed in an open vessel, allowing a very high monomer retrieval to be achieved (i.e., ∼91% depolymerization efficiency), on par with that of the fully deoxygenated analogue. Oxygen probe studies combined with detailed depolymerization kinetics revealed the importance of the low-boiling point cosolvent in removing oxygen prior to the reaction, thus facilitating effective open-air depolymerization. The versatility of the methodology was demonstrated by performing reactions with a range of different ligands and at high polymer loadings (1 M monomer repeat unit concentration) without significantly compromising the yield. This approach provides a fully oxygen-tolerant, facile, and efficient route to chemically recycle ATRP-synthesized polymers, enabling exciting new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella
Afroditi Mountaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Evelina Liarou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick Library Road, Coventry CV4 7SH, U.K.
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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6
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Yao X, Vishnu JA, Lupfer C, Hoenders D, Skarsetz O, Chen W, Dattler D, Perrot A, Wang WZ, Gao C, Giuseppone N, Schmid F, Walther A. Scalable Approach to Molecular Motor-Polymer Conjugates for Light-Driven Artificial Muscles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403514. [PMID: 38613525 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The integration of molecular machines and motors into materials represents a promising avenue for creating dynamic and functional molecular systems, with potential applications in soft robotics or reconfigurable biomaterials. However, the development of truly scalable and controllable approaches for incorporating molecular motors into polymeric matrices has remained a challenge. Here, it is shown that light-driven molecular motors with sensitive photo-isomerizable double bonds can be converted into initiators for Cu-mediated controlled/living radical polymerization enabling the synthesis of star-shaped motor-polymer conjugates. This approach enables scalability, precise control over the molecular structure, block copolymer structures, and high-end group fidelity. Moreover, it is demonstrated that these materials can be crosslinked to form gels with quasi-ideal network topology, exhibiting light-triggered contraction. The influence of arm length and polymer structure is investigated, and the first molecular dynamics simulation framework to gain deeper insights into the contraction processes is developed. Leveraging this scalable methodology, the creation of bilayer soft robotic devices and cargo-lifting artificial muscles is showcased, highlighting the versatility and potential applications of this advanced polymer chemistry approach. It is anticipated that the integrated experimental and simulation framework will accelerate scalable approaches for active polymer materials based on molecular machines, opening up new horizons in materials science and bioscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Yao
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jude Ann Vishnu
- KOMET 1, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudius Lupfer
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoenders
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Skarsetz
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Wen-Zhi Wang
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Chuan Gao
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, 75005, France
| | - Friederike Schmid
- KOMET 1, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France
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7
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Jeon W, Kwon Y, Kwon MS. Highly efficient dual photoredox/copper catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization achieved through mechanism-driven photocatalyst design. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5160. [PMID: 38886349 PMCID: PMC11183263 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with dual photoredox/copper catalysis combines the advantages of photo-ATRP and photoredox-mediated ATRP, utilizing visible light and ensuring broad monomer scope and solvent compatibility while minimizing side reactions. Despite its popularity, challenges include high photocatalyst (PC) loadings (10 to 1000 ppm), requiring additional purification and increasing costs. In this study, we discover a PC that functions at the sub-ppm level for ATRP through mechanism-driven PC design. Through studying polymerization mechanisms, we find that the efficient polymerizations are driven by PCs whose ground state oxidation potential-responsible for PC regeneration-play a more important role than their excited state reducing power, responsible for initiation. This is verified by screening PCs with varying redox potentials and triplet excited state generation capabilities. Based on these findings, we identify a highly efficient PC, 4DCDP-IPN, featuring moderate excited state reducing power and a maximized ground state oxidation potential. Employing this PC at 50 ppb, we synthesize poly(methyl methacrylate) with high conversion, narrow molecular weight distribution, and high chain-end fidelity. This system exhibits oxygen tolerance and supports large-scale reactions under ambient conditions. Our findings, driven by the systematic PC design, offer meaningful insights for controlled radical polymerizations and metallaphotoredox-mediated syntheses beyond ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Ma N, Zhang J, Kong J, Zhang X. Fluorescence Sensing of Eclampsia Biomarkers via the Immunosorbent Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Assay. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8450-8457. [PMID: 38728011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Accurate and quantitative detection of pre-eclampsia markers is crucial in reducing pregnancy mortality rates. This study introduces a novel approach utilizing a fluorescent biosensor by the immunosorbent atom transfer radical polymerization (immuno-ATRP) assay to detect the pre-eclampsia protein marker CD81. The critical step used in this sensor is the novel signal amplification strategy of fluorescein polymerization mediated by ferritin-enhanced controlled radical polymerization, which combines with a traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to further reduce the detection limit of the CD81 protein concentration. The fluorescence intensity was linear versus logarithmic CD81 protein concentration from 0.1 to 10,000 pg mL-1, and the detection limit was 0.067 pg mL-1. Surprisingly, in 30% normal human serum (NHS), the sensor can also detect target protein over 0.1-10,000 pg mL-1, with 0.083 pg mL-1 for the detection limit. Moreover, the proposed biosensor is designed to be cost-effective, making it accessible, particularly in resource-limited settings where expensive detection techniques may not be available. The affordability of this method enables widespread screening and monitoring of preeclampsia, ultimately benefiting many pregnant women by improving their healthcare outcomes. In short, developing of a low-cost and susceptible direct detection method for preeclampsia protein markers, such as CD81, through the use of the immuno-ATRP assay, has significant implications for reducing pregnancy mortality. This method holds promise for early detection, precise treatment, and improved management of preeclampsia, thereby contributing to better maternal and fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Nanjing Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 211200, PR China
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Jinming Kong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
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9
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Çalbaş B, Keobounnam AN, Korban C, Doratan AJ, Jean T, Sharma AY, Wright TA. Protein-polymer bioconjugation, immobilization, and encapsulation: a comparative review towards applicability, functionality, activity, and stability. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2841-2864. [PMID: 38683585 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01861j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Polymer-based biomaterials have received a lot of attention due to their biomedical, agricultural, and industrial potential. Soluble protein-polymer bioconjugates, immobilized proteins, and encapsulated proteins have been shown to tune enzymatic activity, improved pharmacokinetic ability, increased chemical and thermal stability, stimuli responsiveness, and introduced protein recovery. Controlled polymerization techniques, increased protein-polymer attachment techniques, improved polymer surface grafting techniques, controlled polymersome self-assembly, and sophisticated characterization methods have been utilized for the development of well-defined polymer-based biomaterials. In this review we aim to provide a brief account of the field, compare these methods for engineering biomaterials, provide future directions for the field, and highlight impacts of these forms of bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berke Çalbaş
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ashley N Keobounnam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher Korban
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ainsley Jade Doratan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tiffany Jean
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Aryan Yashvardhan Sharma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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10
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Gan N, Zou X, Qian Z, Lv A, Wang L, Ma H, Qian HJ, Gu L, An Z, Huang W. Stretchable phosphorescent polymers by multiphase engineering. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4113. [PMID: 38750029 PMCID: PMC11096371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Stretchable phosphorescence materials potentially enable applications in diverse advanced fields in wearable electronics. However, achieving room-temperature phosphorescence materials simultaneously featuring long-lived emission and good stretchability is challenging because it is hard to balance the rigidity and flexibility in the same polymer. Here we present a multiphase engineering for obtaining stretchable phosphorescent materials by combining stiffness and softness simultaneously in well-designed block copolymers. Due to the microphase separation, copolymers demonstrate an intrinsic stretchability of 712%, maintaining an ultralong phosphorescence lifetime of up to 981.11 ms. This multiphase engineering is generally applicable to a series of binary and ternary initiator systems with color-tunable phosphorescence in the visible range. Moreover, these copolymers enable multi-level volumetric data encryption and stretchable afterglow display. This work provides a fundamental understanding of the nanostructures and material properties for designing stretchable materials and extends the potential of phosphorescence polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xin Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Anqi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Huili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hu-Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Long Gu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Zhongfu An
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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11
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Jeong J, Hu X, Yin R, Fantin M, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Nucleic Acid-Binding Dyes as Versatile Photocatalysts for Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13598-13606. [PMID: 38691811 PMCID: PMC11100002 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-binding dyes (NuABDs) are fluorogenic probes that light up after binding to nucleic acids. Taking advantage of their fluorogenicity, NuABDs have been widely utilized in the fields of nanotechnology and biotechnology for diagnostic and analytical applications. We demonstrate the potential of NuABDs together with an appropriate nucleic acid scaffold as an intriguing photocatalyst for precisely controlled atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Additionally, we systematically investigated the thermodynamic and electrochemical properties of the dyes, providing insights into the mechanism that drives the photopolymerization. The versatility of the NuABD-based platform was also demonstrated through successful polymerizations using several NuABDs in conjunction with diverse nucleic acid scaffolds, such as G-quadruplex DNA or DNA nanoflowers. This study not only extends the horizons of controlled photopolymerization but also broadens opportunities for nucleic acid-based materials and technologies, including nucleic acid-polymer biohybrids and stimuli-responsive ATRP platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaepil Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center
for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiaolei Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongguan Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Subha R. Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center
for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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12
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Mocny P, Lin TC, Parekh R, Zhao Y, Czarnota M, Urbańczyk M, Majidi C, Matyjaszewski K. Selective and Controlled Grafting from PVDF-Based Materials by Oxygen-Tolerant Green-Light-Mediated ATRP. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16. [PMID: 38652837 PMCID: PMC11082848 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) shows excellent chemical and thermal resistance and displays high dielectric strength and unique piezoelectricity, which are enabling for applications in membranes, electric insulators, sensors, or power generators. However, its low polarity and lack of functional groups limit wider applications. While inert, PVDF has been modified by grafting polymer chains by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), albeit via an unclear mechanism, given the strong C-F bonds. Herein, we applied eosin Y and green-light-mediated ATRP to modify PVDF-based materials. The method gave nearly quantitative (meth)acrylate monomer conversions within 2 h without deoxygenation and without the formation of unattached homopolymers, as confirmed by control experiments and DOSY NMR measurements. The gamma distribution model that accounts for broadly dispersed polymers in DOSY experiments was essential and serves as a powerful tool for the analysis of PVDF. The NMR analysis of poly(methyl acrylate) graft chain-ends on PVDF-CTFE (statistical copolymer with chlorotrifluoroethylene) was carried out successfully for the first time and showed up to 23 grafts per PVDF-CTFE chain. The grafting density was tunable depending on the solvent composition and light intensity during the grafting. The initiation proceeded either from the C-Cl sites of PVDF-CTFE or via unsaturations in the PVDF backbones. The dehydrofluorinated PVDF was 20 times more active than saturated PVDF during the grafting. The method was successfully applied to modify PVDF, PVDF-HFP, and Viton A401C. The obtained PVDF-CTFE-g-PnBMA materials were investigated in more detail. They featured slightly lower crystallinity than PVDF-CTFE (12-18 vs 24.3%) and had greatly improved mechanical performance: Young's moduli of up to 488 MPa, ductility of 316%, and toughness of 46 × 106 J/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mocny
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ting-Chih Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rohan Parekh
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Marek Czarnota
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Urbańczyk
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, 5000 Forbes
Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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13
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Preston-Herrera C, Dadashi-Silab S, Oblinsky DG, Scholes GD, Stache EE. Molecular Photothermal Conversion Catalyst Promotes Photocontrolled Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8852-8857. [PMID: 38507569 PMCID: PMC11299229 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Photothermal conversion is a growing research area that promotes thermal transformations with visible light irradiation. However, few examples of dual photothermal conversion and catalysis limit the power of this phenomenon. Here, we take inspiration from nature's ability to use porphyrinic compounds for nonradiative relaxation to convert light into heat to facilitate thermal polymerization catalysis. We identify the photothermal conversion catalytic activity of a vitamin B12 derivative, heptamethyl ester cobyrinate (HME-Cob), to perform atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) under irradiation. Rapid polymerization are obtained under photothermal activation while maintaining good control over polymerization with the aid of a photoinitiator to enable light-induced catalyst regeneration. The catalyst exhibits exquisite temporal control in photocontrolled thermal polymerization. Ultimately, the activation of this complex is accessed across a broad range of wavelengths, including near-IR light, with excellent temporal control. This work showcases the potential of developing photothermal conversion catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Daniel G Oblinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Erin E Stache
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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14
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Wang P, Ge M, Luo X, Zhai Y, Meckbach N, Strehmel V, Li S, Chen Z, Strehmel B. Confinement of Sustainable Carbon Dots Results in Long Afterglow Emitters and Photocatalyst for Radical Photopolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202402915. [PMID: 38569128 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable carbon dots based on cellulose, particularly carboxymethyl cellulose carbon dots (CMCCDs), were confined in an inorganic network resulting in CMCCDs@SiO2. This resulted in a material exhibiting long afterglow covering a time frame of several seconds also under air. Temperature-dependent emission spectra gave information on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) while photocurrent experiments provided a deeper understanding of charge availability in the dark period, and therefore, its availability on the photocatalyst surface. The photo-ATRP initiator, ethyl α-bromophenylacetate (EBPA), quenched the emission from the millisecond to the nanosecond time frame indicating participation of the triplet state in photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Both free radical and controlled radical polymerization based on photo-ATRP protocol worked successfully. Metal-free photo-ATRP resulted in chain extendable macroinitiators based on a reductive mechanism with either MMA or in combination with styrene. Addition of 9 ppm Cu2+ resulted in Mw/Mn of 1.4 while an increase to 72 ppm improved uniformity of the polymers; that is Mw/Mn=1.03. Complementary experiments with kerria laca carbon dots confined materials, namely KCDs@SiO2, provided similar results. Deposition of Cu2+ (9 ppm) on the photocatalyst surface explains better uniformity of the polymers formed in the ATRP protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Min Ge
- Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Xiongfei Luo
- Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Yingxiang Zhai
- Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Nicolai Meckbach
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Veronika Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Shujun Li
- Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Northeast Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang International Joint Lab of Advanced Biomass Materials, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Bernd Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
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15
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Kim K, Nguyen D, Strong J, Dadashi-Silab S, Sun M, Dau H, Keyes A, Yin R, Harth E, Matyjaszewski K. Block Copolymers of Polyolefins with Polyacrylates: Analyzing and Improving the Blocking Efficiencies Using MILRad/ATRP Approach. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300675. [PMID: 38163327 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite their industrial ubiquity, polyolefin-polyacrylate block copolymers are challenging to synthesize due to the distinct polymerization pathways necessary for respective blocks. This study utilizes MILRad, metal-organic insertion light-initiated radical polymerization, to synthesize polyolefin-b-poly(methyl acrylate) copolymer by combining palladium-catalyzed insertion-coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Brookhart-type Pd complexes used for the living polymerization of olefins are homolytically cleaved by blue-light irradiation, generating polyolefin-based macroradicals, which are trapped with functional nitroxide derivatives forming ATRP macroinitiators. ATRP in the presence of Cu(0), that is, supplemental activators and reducing agents , is used to polymerize methyl acrylate. An increase in the functionalization efficiency of up to 71% is demonstrated in this study by modifying the light source and optimizing the radical trapping condition. Regardless of the radical trapping efficiency, essentially quantitative chain extension of polyolefin-Br macroinitiator with acrylates is consistently demonstrated, indicating successful second block formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khidong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Jacobo Strong
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | | | - Mingkang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Huong Dau
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Anthony Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Rongguan Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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16
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Espuche B, Moya SE, Calderón M. Nanogels: Smart tools to enlarge the therapeutic window of gene therapy. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123864. [PMID: 38309484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy can potentially treat a great number of diseases, from cancer to rare genetic disorders. Very recently, the development and emergency approval of nucleic acid-based COVID-19 vaccines confirmed its strength and versatility. However, gene therapy encounters limitations due to the lack of suitable carriers to vectorize therapeutic genetic material inside target cells. Nanogels are highly hydrated nano-size crosslinked polymeric networks that have been used in many biomedical applications, from drug delivery to tissue engineering and diagnostics. Due to their easy production, tunability, and swelling properties they have called the attention as promising vectors for gene delivery. In this review, nanogels are discussed as vectors for nucleic acid delivery aiming to enlarge gene therapy's therapeutic window. Recent works highlighting the optimization of inherent transfection efficiency and biocompatibility are reviewed here. The importance of the monomer choice, along with the internal structure, surface decoration, and responsive features are outlined for the different transfection modalities. The possible sources of toxicological endpoints in nanogels are analyzed, and the strategies to limit them are compared. Finally, perspectives are discussed to identify the remining challenges for the nanogels before their translation to the market as transfection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Espuche
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergio E Moya
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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17
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Mountaki SA, Whitfield R, Parkatzidis K, Antonopoulou MN, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Chemical recycling of bromine-terminated polymers synthesized by ATRP. RSC APPLIED POLYMERS 2024; 2:275-283. [PMID: 38525379 PMCID: PMC10955525 DOI: 10.1039/d3lp00279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polymers is one of the biggest challenges in materials science. Recently, remarkable achievements have been made by utilizing polymers prepared by controlled radical polymerization to trigger low-temperature depolymerization. However, in the case of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), depolymerization has nearly exclusively focused on chlorine-terminated polymers, even though the overwhelming majority of polymeric materials synthesized with this method possess a bromine end-group. Herein, we report an efficient depolymerization strategy for bromine-terminated polymethacrylates which employs an inexpensive and environmentally friendly iron catalyst (FeBr2/L). The effect of various solvents and the concentration of metal salt and ligand on the depolymerization are judiciously explored and optimized, allowing for a depolymerization efficiency of up to 86% to be achieved in just 3 minutes. Notably, the versatility of this depolymerization is exemplified by its compatibility with chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvents, and both Fe(ii) and Fe(iii) salts. This work significantly expands the scope of ATRP materials compatible with depolymerization and creates many future opportunities in applications where the depolymerization of bromine-terminated polymers is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Afroditi Mountaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Maria-Nefeli Antonopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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18
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Zeng Y, Xu T, Chen W, Fang J, Chen D. Quasi-Chromophores Segregated by Single-Chain Nanoparticles of Fluorinated Zwitterionic Random Copolymers Showing Remarkably Enhanced Fluorescence Emission Capable of Fluorescent Cell Imaging. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400029. [PMID: 38477018 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Organic and polymer fluorescent nanomaterials are a frontier research focus. Here in this work, a series of fluorinated zwitterionic random copolymers end-attached with a quasi-chromophoric group of pyrene or tetraphenylethylene (TPE) are well synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization with activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET ATRP). Those random copolymers with total degree of polymerization 100 or 200 are able to produce fluorescent single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) through intra-chain self-folding assembly with quite uniform diameters in the range of 10-20 nm as characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. By virtue of the segregation or confinement effect, both SCNPs functionalized with pyrene or TPE group are capable of emitting fluorescence, with pyrene tethered SCNPs exhibiting stronger fluorescence emission reaching the highest quantum yield ≈20%. Moreover, such kind of fluorescent SCNPs manifest low cytotoxicity and good cell imaging performance for Hela cells. The creation of fluorescent SCNPs through covalently attached one quasi-chromophore to the end of one fluorinated zwitterionic random copolymer provides an alternative strategy for preparing polymeric luminescence nanomaterials, promisingly serving as a new type of fluorescent nanoprobes for biological imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Tianchi Xu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weizhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianglin Fang
- Center for Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dongzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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19
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Zhao Y, Sun Y, Xie X, Liang Y, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Feng W. Compact Micropatterned Chip Empowers Undisturbed and Programmable Drug Addition in High-Throughput Cell Screening. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306814. [PMID: 37793694 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously adding multiple drugs and other chemical reagents to individual droplets at specific time points presents a significant challenge, particularly when dealing with tiny droplets in high-throughput screening applications. In this study, a micropatterned polymer chip is developed as a miniaturized platform for light-induced programmable drug addition in cell-based screening. This chip incorporates a porous superhydrophobic polymer film with atom transfer radical polymerization reactivity, facilitating the efficient grafting of azobenzene methacrylate, a photoconformationally changeable group, onto the hydrophilic regions of polymer matrix at targeted locations and with precise densities. By employing light irradiation, the cyclodextrin-azobenzene host-guest complexes formed on the polymer chip can switch from an "associated" to a "dissociated" state, granting precise photochemical control over the supramolecular coding system and its surface patterning ability. Significantly, the exceptional spatial and temporal control offered by these chemical transitions empowers to utilize digital light processing systems for simultaneous regulation and release of cyclodextrin-bearing drugs across numerous droplets containing suspended or adhered cells. This approach minimizes mechanical disruption while achieving precise control over the timing of addition, dosage, and integration varieties of released drugs in high-throughput screening, all programmable to meet specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyi Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yingxue Sun
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xinjian Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yujia Liang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | | | - Wenqian Feng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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20
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Wang Z, Wu C, Liu W. Toward the Rational Design of Organic Catalysts for Organocatalysed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:323. [PMID: 38337212 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Thanks to their diversity, organic photocatalysts (PCs) have been widely used in manufacturing polymeric products with well-defined molecular weights, block sequences, and architectures. Still, however, more universal property-performance relationships are needed to enable the rational design of such PCs. That is, a set of unique descriptors ought to be identified to represent key properties of the PCs relevant for polymerisation. Previously, the redox potentials of excited PCs (PC*) were used as a good descriptor for characterising very structurally similar PCs. However, it fails to elucidate PCs with diverse chromophore cores and ligands, among which those used for polymerisation are a good representative. As showcased by model systems of organocatalysed atom transfer radical polymerisation (O-ATRP), new universal descriptors accounting for additional factors, such as the binding and density overlap between the PC* and initiator, are proposed and proved to be successful in elucidating the experimental performances of PCs in polymerisation. While O-ATRP is exemplified here, the approach adopted is general for studying other photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Wang
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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21
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Kröckert KW, Garg F, Heck J, Heinz MV, Lange J, Schmidt R, Hoffmann A, Herres-Pawlis S. ATRP catalysts of tetradentate guanidine ligands - do guanidine donors induce a faster atom transfer? Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38258473 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Tripodal tetradentate N donor ligands stabilise the most active ATRP catalyst systems. Here, we set out to synthesise the new guanidine ligand TMG-4NMe2uns-penp, inspired by p-substituted tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) ligands. The impact of changing pyridine against guanidine donors was examined through solid state and solution experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In the solid state, the molecular structures of copper complexes based on the ligands TMG-4NMe2uns-penp, TMG-uns-penp and TMG3tren were discussed concerning the influence of a NMe2 substituent at the pyridines and the guanidine donors. In solution, the TMG-4NMe2uns-penp system was investigated by several methods, including UV/Vis, EPR and NMR spectroscopy indicating similar properties to that of the highly active TPMANMe2 system. The redox potentials were determined and related to the catalytic activity. Besides the expected trends between these and the ligand structures, there is evidence that guanidine donors in tripodal ligand systems lead to a better deactivation and possibly a faster exchange within the ATRP equilibrium than TPMA systems. Supported by DFT calculations, it derives from an easier cleavable Cu-Br bond of the copper(II) deactivator species. The high activity was stated by a controlled initiator for continuous activator regeneration (ICAR) ATRP of styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin W Kröckert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Felix Garg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Joshua Heck
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Michel V Heinz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Justin Lange
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Regina Schmidt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sonja Herres-Pawlis
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1a, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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22
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Bernat R, Szczepaniak G, Kamiński K, Paluch M, Matyjaszewski K, Maksym P. Visible-light-induced ATRP under high-pressure: synthesis of ultra-high-molecular-weight polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:843-846. [PMID: 38131455 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04982e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a high-pressure-assisted photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (p ≤ 250 MPa) enabled the synthesis of ultra-high-molecular-weight polymers (UHMWPs) of up to 9 350 000 and low/moderate dispersity (1.10 < Đ < 1.46) in a co-solvent system (water/DMSO), without reaction mixture deoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksana Bernat
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Marian Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Paulina Maksym
- Silesian Center of Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.
- Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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23
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Gazzola G, Antonello A, Isse AA, Fantin M. Simple Iron Halides Enable Electrochemically Mediated ATRP in Nonpolar Media. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1602-1607. [PMID: 37955645 PMCID: PMC10734308 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemically controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) was successfully carried out with a minimal amount (ppm-level) of FeBr3 catalyst in a nonpolar solvent, specifically anisole. Traditionally, nonpolar media have been advantageous for Fe-based ATRP, but their low conductivity has hindered any electrochemical application. This study introduces the application of electrocatalytic methods in a highly nonpolar polymerization medium. Precise control over the polymerization was obtained by employing anhydrous anisole with only 400 ppm of FeBr3 and applying a negative overpotential of 0.3 V. Additionally, employing an undivided cell setup with two simple iron wire electrodes resulted in a significant 15-fold reduction in electrical resistance compared to traditional divided cell setups. This enabled the production of polymers with a dispersity of ≤1.2. Lastly, an examination of kinetic and thermodynamic aspects indicated that the ppm-level catalysis was facilitated by the high ATRP equilibrium constant of Fe catalysts in nonpolar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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24
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Jeong J, An SY, Hu X, Zhao Y, Yin R, Szczepaniak G, Murata H, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Biomass RNA for the Controlled Synthesis of Degradable Networks by Radical Polymerization. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21912-21922. [PMID: 37851525 PMCID: PMC10655241 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids extracted from biomass have emerged as sustainable and environmentally friendly building blocks for the fabrication of multifunctional materials. Until recently, the fabrication of biomass nucleic acid-based structures has been facilitated through simple crosslinking of biomass nucleic acids, which limits the possibility of material properties engineering. This study presents an approach to convert biomass RNA into an acrylic crosslinker through acyl imidazole chemistry. The number of acrylic moieties on RNA was engineered by varying the acylation conditions. The resulting RNA crosslinker can undergo radical copolymerization with various acrylic monomers, thereby offering a versatile route for creating materials with tunable properties (e.g., stiffness and hydrophobic characteristics). Further, reversible-deactivation radical polymerization methods, such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), were also explored as additional approaches to engineer the hydrogel properties. The study also demonstrated the metallization of the biomass RNA-based material, thereby offering potential applications in enhancing electrical conductivity. Overall, this research expands the opportunities in biomass-based biomaterial fabrication, which allows tailored properties for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaepil Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center
for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - So Young An
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiaolei Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongguan Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- University
of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Subha R. Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center
for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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25
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Hu X, Szczepaniak G, Lewandowska-Andralojc A, Jeong J, Li B, Murata H, Yin R, Jazani AM, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Red-Light-Driven Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for High-Throughput Polymer Synthesis in Open Air. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24315-24327. [PMID: 37878520 PMCID: PMC10636753 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (photo-RDRP) techniques offer exceptional control over polymerization, providing access to well-defined polymers and hybrid materials with complex architectures. However, most photo-RDRP methods rely on UV/visible light or photoredox catalysts (PCs), which require complex multistep synthesis. Herein, we present the first example of fully oxygen-tolerant red/NIR-light-mediated photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP) in a high-throughput manner under biologically relevant conditions. The method uses commercially available methylene blue (MB+) as the PC and [X-CuII/TPMA]+ (TPMA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) complex as the deactivator. The mechanistic study revealed that MB+ undergoes a reductive quenching cycle in the presence of the TPMA ligand used in excess. The formed semireduced MB (MB•) sustains polymerization by regenerating the [CuI/TPMA]+ activator and together with [X-CuII/TPMA]+ provides control over the polymerization. This dual catalytic system exhibited excellent oxygen tolerance, enabling polymerizations with high monomer conversions (>90%) in less than 60 min at low volumes (50-250 μL) and high-throughput synthesis of a library of well-defined polymers and DNA-polymer bioconjugates with narrow molecular weight distributions (Đ < 1.30) in an open-air 96-well plate. In addition, the broad absorption spectrum of MB+ allowed ATRP to be triggered under UV to NIR irradiation (395-730 nm). This opens avenues for the integration of orthogonal photoinduced reactions. Finally, the MB+/Cu catalysis showed good biocompatibility during polymerization in the presence of cells, which expands the potential applications of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Lewandowska-Andralojc
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- Center
for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz
University, Uniwersytetu
Poznanskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaepil Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center
for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Bingda Li
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongguan Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Arman Moini Jazani
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Subha R. Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center
for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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26
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Iwasaki Y. Photoassisted Surface Modification with Zwitterionic Phosphorylcholine Polymers for the Fabrication of Ideal Biointerfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15417-15430. [PMID: 37899752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification using zwitterionic 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymers is commonly performed to fabricate interfaces that reduce nonspecific fouling by biomolecules and cells. Accordingly, several clinically used devices, such as guide wires, stents, oxygenators, left ventricular assist devices, and microcatheters have been modified using MPC polymers. The specific types of surface modifications vary across substrates and applications. Recently, photoreactions have garnered attention for surface modification due to their stability and tunability. This review highlights various studies that employed photoreactions to modify surfaces using MPC polymers, especially photoinduced graft polymerization of MPC. In addition to antifouling materials, several micromanipulated, long-lasting hydrophilic, and super antiwear surfaces are summarized. Furthermore, several photoreactive MPC polymers that can be used to control interactions between biomolecules and materials are presented along with their potential to form selective recognition surfaces that target biomolecules for biosensors and diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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27
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Bellotti V, Wang HS, Truong NP, Simonutti R, Anastasaki A. Temporal Regulation of PET-RAFT Controlled Radical Depolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313232. [PMID: 37814385 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalytic RAFT-controlled radical depolymerization method is introduced for precisely conferring temporal control under visible light irradiation. By regulating the deactivation of the depropagating chains and suppressing thermal initiation, an excellent temporal control was enabled, exemplified by several consecutive "on" and "off" cycles. Minimal, if any, depolymerization could be observed during the dark periods while the polymer chain-ends could be efficiently re-activated and continue to depropagate upon re-exposure to light. Notably, favoring deactivation resulted in the gradual unzipping of polymer chains and a stepwise decrease in molecular weight over time. This synthetic approach constitutes a simple methodology to modulate temporal control during the chemical recycling of RAFT-synthesized polymers while offering invaluable mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bellotti
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Department of Material Science, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, Milan, 20125, Italy
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Simonutti
- Department of Material Science, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, Milan, 20125, Italy
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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28
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Ferrier RC, Kumbhar G, Crum-Dacon S, Lynd NA. A guide to modern methods for poly(thio)ether synthesis using Earth-abundant metals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12390-12410. [PMID: 37753731 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyethers and polythioethers have a long and storied history dating back to the start of polymer science as a distinct field. As such, these materials have been utilized in a wide range of commercial applications and fundamental studies. The breadth of their material properties and the contexts in which they are applied is ultimately owed to their diverse monomer pre-cursors, epoxides and thiiranes, respectively. The facile polymerization of these monomers, both historically and contemporaneously, across academia and industry, has occurred through the use of Earth-abundant metals as catalysts and/or initiators. Despite this, polymerization methods for these monomers are underutilized compared to other monomer classes like cyclic olefins, vinyls, and (meth)acrylates. We feel a focused review that clearly outlines the benefits and shortcomings of extant synthetic methods for poly(thio)ethers along with their proposed mechanisms and quirks will help facilitate the utilization of these methods and by extension the unique polymer materials they create. Therefore, this Feature Article briefly describes the applications of poly(thio)ethers before discussing the feature-set of each poly(thio)ether synthetic method and qualitatively scoring them on relevant metrics (e.g., ease-of-use, molecular weight control, etc.) to help would-be poly(thio)ether-makers find an appropriate synthetic approach. The article is concluded with a look ahead at the future of poly(thio)ether synthesis with Earth-abundant metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Ferrier
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Gouree Kumbhar
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Shaylynn Crum-Dacon
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Nathaniel A Lynd
- University of Texas-Austin, McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Austin, TX, USA
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29
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Lorandi F, Fantin M, Jafari H, Gorczynski A, Szczepaniak G, Dadashi-Silab S, Isse AA, Matyjaszewski K. Reactivity Prediction of Cu-Catalyzed Halogen Atom Transfer Reactions Using Data-Driven Techniques. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21587-21599. [PMID: 37733464 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In catalysis, linear free energy relationships (LFERs) are commonly used to identify reaction descriptors that enable the prediction of outcomes and the design of more effective catalysts. Herein, LFERs are established for the reductive cleavage of the C(sp3)-X bond in alkyl halides (RX) by Cu complexes. This reaction represents the activation step in atom transfer radical polymerization and atom transfer radical addition/cyclization. The values of the activation rate constant, kact, for 107 Cu complex/RX couples in 5 different solvents spanning over 13 orders of magnitude were effectively interpolated by the equation: log kact = sC(I + C + S), where I, C, and S are, respectively, the initiator, catalyst, and solvent parameters, and sC is the catalyst-specific sensitivity parameter. Furthermore, each of these parameters was correlated to relevant descriptors, which included the bond dissociation free energy of RX and its Tolman cone angle θ, the electron affinity of X, the radical stabilization energy, the standard reduction potential of the Cu complex, the polarizability parameter π* of the solvent, and the distortion energy of the complex in its transition state. This set of descriptors establishes the fundamental properties of Cu complexes and RX that determine their reactivity and that need to be considered when designing novel systems for atom transfer radical reactions. Finally, a multivariate linear regression (MLR) approach was adopted to develop an objective model that surpassed the predictive capability of the LFER equation. Thus, the MLR model was employed to predict kact values for >2000 Cu complex/RX pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Hossein Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Adam Gorczynski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Abdirisak A Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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30
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Parkatzidis K, Truong NP, Matyjaszewski K, Anastasaki A. Photocatalytic ATRP Depolymerization: Temporal Control at Low ppm of Catalyst Concentration. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21146-21151. [PMID: 37737835 PMCID: PMC10557129 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalytic ATRP depolymerization is introduced that significantly suppresses the reaction temperature from 170 to 100 °C while enabling temporal regulation. In the presence of low-toxicity iron-based catalysts and under visible light irradiation, near-quantitative monomer recovery could be achieved (up to 90%), albeit with minimal temporal control. By employing ppm concentrations of either FeCl2 or FeCl3, the depolymerization during the dark periods could be completely eliminated, thus enabling temporal control and the possibility to modulate the rate by simply turning the light "on" and "off". Notably, our approach allowed preservation of the end-group fidelity throughout the reaction, could be carried out at high polymer loadings (up to 2M), and was compatible with various polymers and light sources. This methodology provides a facile, environmentally friendly, and temporally regulated route to chemically recycle ATRP-synthesized polymers, thus opening the door for further opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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31
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Li Z, Wang Z, Wang C, Li W, Fan W, Zhao R, Feng H, Peng D, Huang W. Mechanoluminescent Materials Enable Mechanochemically Controlled Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Polymer Mechanotransduction. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0243. [PMID: 37795336 PMCID: PMC10546606 DOI: 10.34133/research.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic mechanophores have been widely adopted for polymer mechanotransduction. However, most examples of polymer mechanotransduction inevitably experience macromolecular chain rupture, and few of them mimic mussel's mechanochemical regeneration, a mechanically mediated process from functional units to functional materials in a controlled manner. In this paper, inorganic mechanoluminescent (ML) materials composed of CaZnOS-ZnS-SrZnOS: Mn2+ were used as a mechanotransducer since it features both piezoelectricity and mechanolunimescence. The utilization of ML materials in polymerization enables both mechanochemically controlled radical polymerization and the synthesis of ML polymer composites. This procedure features a mechanochemically controlled manner for the design and synthesis of diverse mechanoresponsive polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Wenxi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Wenru Fan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Ruoqing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Haoyang Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Dengfeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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32
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Häfliger F, Truong NP, Wang HS, Anastasaki A. Fate of the RAFT End-Group in the Thermal Depolymerization of Polymethacrylates. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1207-1212. [PMID: 37615956 PMCID: PMC10515620 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Thermal RAFT depolymerization has recently emerged as a promising methodology for the chemical recycling of polymers. However, while much attention has been given to the regeneration of monomers, the fate of the RAFT end-group after depolymerization has been unexplored. Herein, we identify the dominant small molecules derived from the RAFT end-group of polymethacrylates. The major product was found to be a unimer (DP = 1) RAFT agent, which is not only challenging to synthesize using conventional single-unit monomer insertion strategies, but also a highly active RAFT agent for methyl methacrylate, exhibiting faster consumption and yielding polymers with lower dispersities compared to the original, commercially available 2-cyano-2-propyl dithiobenzoate. Solvent-derived molecules were also identified predominantly at the beginning of the depolymerization, thus suggesting a significant mechanistic contribution from the solvent. Notably, the formation of both the unimer and the solvent-derived products remained consistent regardless of the RAFT agent, monomer, or solvent employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Häfliger
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash
University, 399 Royal
Parade, Parkville, VIC 3152, Australia
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Whitfield R, Jones GR, Truong NP, Manring LE, Anastasaki A. Solvent-Free Chemical Recycling of Polymethacrylates made by ATRP and RAFT polymerization: High-Yielding Depolymerization at Low Temperatures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309116. [PMID: 37523176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Although controlled radical polymerization is an excellent tool to make precision polymeric materials, reversal of the process to retrieve the starting monomer is far less explored despite the significance of chemical recycling. Here, we investigate the bulk depolymerization of RAFT and ATRP-synthesized polymers under identical conditions. RAFT-synthesized polymers undergo a relatively low-temperature solvent-free depolymerization back to monomer thanks to the partial in situ transformation of the RAFT end-group to macromonomer. Instead, ATRP-synthesized polymers can only depolymerize at significantly higher temperatures (>350 °C) through random backbone scission. To aid a more complete depolymerization at even lower temperatures, we performed a facile and quantitative end-group modification strategy in which both ATRP and RAFT end-groups were successfully converted to macromonomers. The macromonomers triggered a lower temperature bulk depolymerization with an onset at 150 °C yielding up to 90 % of monomer regeneration. The versatility of the methodology was demonstrated by a scalable depolymerization (≈10 g of starting polymer) retrieving 84 % of the starting monomer intact which could be subsequently used for further polymerization. This work presents a new low-energy approach for depolymerizing controlled radical polymers and creates many future opportunities as high-yielding, solvent-free and scalable depolymerization methods are sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glen R Jones
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, D-MATL, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg-5, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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34
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Zhang S, Wang Y, Huang H, Cao D. A Strategy for Controlling the Polymerizations of Thiyl Radical Propagation by RAFT Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308524. [PMID: 37478164 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to extend the polymerizations of thiyl radical propagation to be regulated by existing controlled methods would be highly desirable, yet remained very challenging to achieve because the thiyl radicals still cannot be reversibly controlled by these methods. In this article, we reported a novel strategy that could enable the radical ring-opening polymerization of macrocyclic allylic sulfides, wherein propagating specie is thiyl radical, to be controlled by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents. The key to the success of this strategy is the propagating thiyl radical can undergo desulfurization with isocyanide and generate a stabilized alkyl radical for reversible control. Systematic optimization of the reaction conditions allowed good control over the polymerization, leading to the formation of polymers with well-defined architectures, exemplified by the radical block copolymerization of macrocyclic allylic sulfides and vinyl monomers and the incorporation of sequence-defined segments into the polymer backbone. This work represents a significant step toward directly enabling the polymerizations of heteroatom-centered radical propagation to be regulated by existing reversible-deactivation radical polymerization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongjin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hanchu Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Derong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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35
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Dadashi-Silab S, Preston-Herrera C, Stache EE. Vitamin B 12 Derivative Enables Cobalt-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19387-19395. [PMID: 37606469 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Advances in controlled radical polymerizations by cobalt complexes have primarily taken advantage of the reactivity of cobalt as a persistent radical to reversibly deactivate propagating chains by forming a carbon-cobalt bond. However, cobalt-mediated radical polymerizations require stoichiometric ratios of a cobalt complex, deterring its utility in synthesizing well-defined polymers. Here, we developed a strategy to use cobalt as a catalyst to control radical polymerizations via halogen atom transfer with alkyl halide initiators. Using a modified, hydrophobic analogue of vitamin B12 (heptamethyl ester cobyrinate) as a cobalt precatalyst, we controlled the polymerization of acrylate monomers. The polymerization efficiency of the cobalt catalyst was significantly improved by additional bromide anions, which enhanced the deactivation of propagating radicals yielding polymers with dispersity values <1.2 using catalyst concentrations as low as 5 mol %. We anticipate that the development of cobalt catalysis in atom transfer radical polymerization will enable new opportunities in designing catalytic systems for the controlled synthesis of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Cristina Preston-Herrera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Erin E Stache
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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36
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Li Y, Zhang J, Shi Y, Zhang Y, Shi G, Zhang X, Cui Z, Fu P, Liu M, Qiao X, He Y, Wang Y, Zhao H, Zhang W, Pang X. Robust Strategy to Improve the Compatibility between Incorporated Upconversion Nanoparticles and the Bulk Transparent Polymer Matrix. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32159-32167. [PMID: 37692212 PMCID: PMC10483650 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditional transparent polymer nanocomposites combined with functional fluorescent inorganic nanofillers are promising for many advanced optical applications. However, the aggregation of the incorporated functional nanoparticles results in light scattering and will decrease the transparency of nanocomposites, which will restrain the application of the transparent nanocomposites. Herein, a robust synthesis strategy was proposed to modify upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to form UCNP@PMMA core@shell nanocomposites though metal-free photoinduced surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-SI-ATRP), and thus, the dispersity of UCNP@PMMA and the interface compatibility between the surface of UCNPs and the bulk PMMA matrix was greatly improved. The obtained PMMA nanocomposites possess high transparency and show strong upconversion photoluminescence properties, which promises great opportunities for application in 3D display and related optoelectronic fields. This strategy could also be applied to fabricate other kinds of functional transparent polymer nanocomposites with inorganic nanoparticles uniformly dispersed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Li
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Junle Zhang
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
- Faculty
of Engineering, Huanghe Science & Technology
University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yaxuan Shi
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yuancheng Zhang
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ge Shi
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Cui
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Peng Fu
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Minying Liu
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Qiao
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yanjie He
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xinchang Pang
- Henan
Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations
and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon
Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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37
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De Luca
Bossa F, Yilmaz G, Matyjaszewski K. Fast Bulk Depolymerization of Polymethacrylates by ATRP. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1173-1178. [PMID: 37531639 PMCID: PMC10433507 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Fast bulk depolymerization of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate), prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), is reported in the temperature range between 150 and 230 °C. Depolymerization of Cl-terminated polymethacrylates was catalyzed by a CuCl2/TPMA complex (0.022 or 0.22 equiv vs P-Cl) and was studied using TGA, also under isothermal conditions. Relatively rapid 5-20 min depolymerization was observed at 230 and 180 °C. The preparative scale reactions were carried out using a short-path distillation setup with up to 84% depolymerization within 15 min at 230 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando De Luca
Bossa
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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38
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Jazani AM, Schild DJ, Sobieski J, Hu X, Matyjaszewski K. Visible Light-ATRP Driven by Tris(2-Pyridylmethyl)Amine (TPMA) Impurities in the Open Air. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200855. [PMID: 36471106 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of oligo(ethylene oxide) monomethyl ether methacrylate (OEOMA500 ) in water is enabled using CuBr2 with tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) as a ligand under blue or green-light irradiation without requiring any additional reagent, such as a photo-reductant, or the need for prior deoxygenation. Polymers with low dispersity (Đ = 1.18-1.25) are synthesized at high conversion (>95%) using TPMA from three different suppliers, while no polymerization occurred with TPMA is synthesized and purified in the laboratory. Based on spectroscopic studies, it is proposed that TPMA impurities (i.e., imine and nitrone dipyridine), which absorb blue and green light, can act as photosensitive co-catalyst(s) in a light region where neither pure TPMA nor [(TPMA)CuBr]+ absorbs light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Dirk J Schild
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Julian Sobieski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiaolei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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39
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Kapil K, Xu S, Lee I, Murata H, Kwon SJ, Dordick JS, Matyjaszewski K. Highly Sensitive Detection of Bacteria by Binder-Coupled Multifunctional Polymeric Dyes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2723. [PMID: 37376368 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens are a health burden, but traditional pathogen identification methods are complex and time-consuming. In this work, we have developed well-defined, multifunctional copolymers with rhodamine B dye synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using fully oxygen-tolerant photoredox/copper dual catalysis. ATRP enabled the efficient synthesis of copolymers with multiple fluorescent dyes from a biotin-functionalized initiator. Biotinylated dye copolymers were conjugated to antibody (Ab) or cell-wall binding domain (CBD), resulting in a highly fluorescent polymeric dye-binder complex. We showed that the unique combination of multifunctional polymeric dyes and strain-specific Ab or CBD exhibited both enhanced fluorescence and target selectivity for bioimaging of Staphylococcus aureus by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The ATRP-derived polymeric dyes have the potential as biosensors for the detection of target DNA, protein, or bacteria, as well as bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shirley Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Inseon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Seok-Joon Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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40
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Olszewski M, Hu X, Lin TC, Matyjaszewski K, Lebedeva N, Taylor P. Oscillatory and Relaxation Study of the Interfacial Rheology of Star Polymers with Low-Grafting-Density PEO Arms and Hydrophobic Poly(divinylbenzene) Cores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37216597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Star polymers have been gaining interest due to their tunable properties. They have been used as effective stabilizers for Pickering emulsions. Herein, star polymers were synthesized via activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with terminal α-bromoisobutyrate ATRP functionality was used as a macroinitiator and divinylbenzene as a crosslinker for the arm-first star synthesis. Stars with PEO arms with a molar mass of either 2 or 5 kDa had a relatively low density of grafted chains, i.e., ca. 0.25 chain/nm2. The properties of PEO stars adsorbed at oil-water interfaces were investigated using interfacial tension and interfacial rheology. The magnitude of interfacial tensions at oil-water interfaces depends on the nature of the oil phase, being lower at the m-xylene/water interface than at the n-dodecane/water interface. Small differences were observed for stars with different molecular weights of PEO arms. The overall behavior of PEO stars adsorbed at an interface can be considered as an intermediate between a particle and a linear/branched polymer. Obtained results offer an important insight into the interfacial rheology of PEO star polymers in the context of their application as stabilizers for Pickering emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiaolei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ting-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Natalia Lebedeva
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - Philip Taylor
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K
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41
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Fang WW, Yang GY, Fan ZH, Chen ZC, Hu XL, Zhan Z, Hussain I, Lu Y, He T, Tan BE. Conjugated cross-linked phosphine as broadband light or sunlight-driven photocatalyst for large-scale atom transfer radical polymerization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2891. [PMID: 37210380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of light to regulate photocatalyzed reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) under mild conditions, especially driven by broadband light or sunlight directly, is highly desired. But the development of a suitable photocatalyzed polymerization system for large-scale production of polymers, especially block copolymers, has remained a big challenge. Herein, we report the development of a phosphine-based conjugated hypercrosslinked polymer (PPh3-CHCP) photocatalyst for an efficient large-scale photoinduced copper-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (Cu-ATRP). Monomers including acrylates and methyl acrylates can achieve near-quantitative conversions under a wide range (450-940 nm) of radiations or sunlight directly. The photocatalyst could be easily recycled and reused. The sunlight-driven Cu-ATRP allowed the synthesis of homopolymers at 200 mL from various monomers, and monomer conversions approached 99% in clouds intermittency with good control over polydispersity. In addition, block copolymers at 400 mL scale can also be obtained, which demonstrates its great potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Gui-Yu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Zi-Hui Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Zi-Chao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Xun-Liang Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China
| | - Irshad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science & Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore Cantt, Lahore, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Yang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China
| | - Tao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, PR China.
| | - Bi-En Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, PR China.
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42
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Wang H, Ma L, Jin Z, Cui Z, Yang H, Miao M. Highly sensitive fluorescence detection of tobacco mosaic virus RNA based on polysaccharide and ARGET ATRP double signal amplification. Talanta 2023; 257:124360. [PMID: 36801566 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by tobacco mosaic viruses (TMV) reduce the yield and quality of crops and cause significant losses. Early detection and prevention of TMV has important value of research and reality. Herein, a fluorescent biosensor was constructed for highly sensitive detection of TMV RNA (tRNA) based on the principle of base complementary pairing, polysaccharides and atom transfer radical polymerization by electron transfer activated regeneration catalysts (ARGET ATRP) as double signal amplification strategy. The 5'-end sulfhydrylated hairpin capture probe (hDNA) was first immobilized on amino magnetic beads (MBs) by a cross-linking agent, which specifically recognizes tRNA. Then, chitosan binds to BIBB, providing numerous active sites for fluorescent monomer polymerization, which successfully significantly amplifying the fluorescent signal. Under optimal experimental conditions, the proposed fluorescent biosensor for the detection of tRNA has a wide detection range from 0.1 pM to 10 nM (R2 = 0.998) with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1.14 fM. In addition, the fluorescent biosensor showed satisfactory applicability for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of tRNA in real samples, thereby demonstrating the potential in the field of viral RNA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesen Wang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Ma
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Jin
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Cui
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaixia Yang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingsan Miao
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.
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43
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Jones GR, Wang HS, Parkatzidis K, Whitfield R, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. Reversed Controlled Polymerization (RCP): Depolymerization from Well-Defined Polymers to Monomers. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9898-9915. [PMID: 37127289 PMCID: PMC10176471 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlled polymerization methods are well-established synthetic protocols for the design and preparation of polymeric materials with a high degree of precision over molar mass and architecture. Exciting recent work has shown that the high end-group fidelity and/or functionality inherent in these techniques can enable new routes to depolymerization under relatively mild conditions. Converting polymers back to pure monomers by depolymerization is a potential solution to the environmental and ecological concerns associated with the ultimate fate of polymers. This perspective focuses on the emerging field of depolymerization from polymers synthesized by controlled polymerizations including radical, ionic, and metathesis polymerizations. We provide a critical review of current literature categorized according to polymerization technique and explore numerous concepts and ideas which could be implemented to further enhance depolymerization including lower temperature systems, catalytic depolymerization, increasing polymer scope, and controlled depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R Jones
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kostas Parkatzidis
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory for Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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44
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Bu Q, Li P, Xia Y, Hu D, Li W, Shi D, Song K. Design, Synthesis, and Biomedical Application of Multifunctional Fluorescent Polymer Nanomaterials. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093819. [PMID: 37175229 PMCID: PMC10179976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Luminescent polymer nanomaterials not only have the characteristics of various types of luminescent functional materials and a wide range of applications, but also have the characteristics of good biocompatibility and easy functionalization of polymer nanomaterials. They are widely used in biomedical fields such as bioimaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. Designing and constructing new controllable synthesis methods for multifunctional fluorescent polymer nanomaterials with good water solubility and excellent biocompatibility is of great significance. Exploring efficient functionalization methods for luminescent materials is still one of the core issues in the design and development of new fluorescent materials. With this in mind, this review first introduces the structures, properties, and synthetic methods regarding fluorescent polymeric nanomaterials. Then, the functionalization strategies of fluorescent polymer nanomaterials are summarized. In addition, the research progress of multifunctional fluorescent polymer nanomaterials for bioimaging is also discussed. Finally, the synthesis, development, and application fields of fluorescent polymeric nanomaterials, as well as the challenges and opportunities of structure-property correlations, are comprehensively summarized and the corresponding perspectives are well illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpan Bu
- School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Yunfei Xia
- School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Die Hu
- School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- School of Education, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Dongfang Shi
- Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
| | - Kai Song
- School of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
- Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China
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45
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Wang Y, Lorandi F, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Atom transfer radical polymerization in dispersed media with low-ppm catalyst loading. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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46
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Mechanistic aspect for the atom transfer radical polymerization of itaconimide monomers with methyl methacrylate: a computational study. PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2022-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a versatile & famous technique for the synthesis of well defined molecular architectures. In ATRP, there is a dynamic equilibrium exists between active & dormant species. Therefore, ATRP progress through a sequence of activation & deactivation cycles, ending upon complete monomer consumption & termination reactions are minimized. This paper presents a systematic computational study on kinetics & thermodynamics associates in the ATRP of itaconimide monomers & methyl methacrylate (MMA). For this, the copolymerization system is modeled as a unimer, dimer & trimer of various itaconimides & MMA monomer. The density functional theory with B3LYP functional & 6–31 + G(d)/LanL2DZ basis sets is used in the prediction of geometries & energetics associated with the dissociation of terminal R–X bond present in the unimer, dimer & trimer. The relative equilibrium constant (K
ATRP) for the ATRP activation/deactivation steps is calculated from the free energy values associated with dissociation of R–X bond. The relative K
ATRP values of dimer & trimer of selected monomers is compared with their respective unimer. From the transition state geometries of the dimeric propagating radical, activation energy is calculated. The gas phase rate coefficients for propagation (k
p) (of itaconimides & MMA copolymerization) are calculated using the standard transition state theory. The effect of system parameters such as solvent, temperature & substituent on K
ATRP & k
p values of dimer is investigated systematically. The change in the initiating system & temperature has significant effect on k
p values as compared to solvent & various substituent. The K
ATRP values of dimer & trimer dormant species are higher as compared to their respective monomeric species. The neighboring monomer & penultimate monomer plays vital role in kinetics & thermodynamics associated with copolymerization. The obtained initial results show that the mechanism of copolymerization of itaconimide monomers & MMA follows penultimate model.
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47
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Hu Q, Wan J, Liang Z, Li S, Feng W, Liang Y, Luo Y, Cao X, Ma Y, Han D, Niu L. Dually Amplified Electrochemical Aptasensor for Endotoxin Detection via Target-Assisted Electrochemically Mediated ATRP. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5463-5469. [PMID: 36921250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
As the entering of bacterial endotoxin into blood can cause various life-threatening pathological conditions, the screening and detection of low-abundance endotoxin are of great importance to human health. Taking advantage of signal amplification by target-assisted electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (teATRP), we illustrate herein a simple and cost-effective electrochemical aptasensor capable of detecting endotoxin with high sensitivity and selectivity. Specifically, the aptamer receptor was employed for the selective capture of endotoxin, of which the glycan chain was then decorated with ATRP initiators via covalent coupling between the diol sites and phenylboronic acid (PBA) group, followed by the recruitment of ferrocene signal reporters via the grafting of polymer chains through potentiostatic eATRP under ambient temperature. As the glycan chain of endotoxin can be decorated with hundreds of ATRP initiators while the further grafting of polymer chains through eATRP can recruit hundreds to thousands of signal reporters to each initiator-decorated site, the teATRP-based strategy allows for the dual amplification of the detection signal. This dually amplified electrochemical aptasensor has the ability to sensitively and selectively detect endotoxin at a concentration as low as 1.2 fg/mL, and its practical applicability has been further demonstrated using human serum samples. Owing to the simplicity, high efficiency, biocompatibility, and inexpensiveness of the teATRP-based amplification strategy, this electrochemical aptasensor holds great application potential in the sensitive and selective detection of low-abundance endotoxin and many other glycan chain-containing bio-targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Wan
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Liang
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Feng
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Liang
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Luo
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Cao
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingming Ma
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Kapil K, Jazani AM, Szczepaniak G, Murata H, Olszewski M, Matyjaszewski K. Fully Oxygen-Tolerant Visible-Light-Induced ATRP of Acrylates in Water: Toward Synthesis of Protein-Polymer Hybrids. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2017-2026. [PMID: 36938511 PMCID: PMC10019465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, photoinduced ATRP techniques have been developed to harness the energy of light to generate radicals. Most of these methods require the use of UV light to initiate polymerization. However, UV light has several disadvantages: it can degrade proteins, damage DNA, cause undesirable side reactions, and has low penetration depth in reaction media. Recently, we demonstrated green-light-induced ATRP with dual catalysis, where eosin Y (EYH2) was used as an organic photoredox catalyst in conjunction with a copper complex. This dual catalysis proved to be highly efficient, allowing rapid and well-controlled aqueous polymerization of oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate without the need for deoxygenation. Herein, we expanded this system to synthesize polyacrylates under biologically relevant conditions using CuII/Me6TREN (Me6TREN = tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine) and EYH2 at ppm levels. Water-soluble oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether acrylate (average M n = 480, OEOA480) was polymerized in open reaction vessels under green light irradiation (520 nm). Despite continuous oxygen diffusion, high monomer conversions were achieved within 40 min, yielding polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (1.17 ≤ D̵ ≤ 1.23) for a wide targeted DP range (50-800). In situ chain extension and block copolymerization confirmed the preserved chain end functionality. In addition, polymerization was triggered/halted by turning on/off a green light, showing temporal control. The optimized conditions also enabled controlled polymerization of various hydrophilic acrylate monomers, such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate), and zwitterionic carboxy betaine acrylate. Notably, the method allowed the synthesis of well-defined acrylate-based protein-polymer hybrids using a straightforward reaction setup without rigorous deoxygenation.
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Zaborniak I, Pieńkowska N, Chmielarz P, Bartosz G, Dziedzic A, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Nitroxide-containing amphiphilic polymers prepared by simplified electrochemically mediated ATRP as candidates for therapeutic antioxidants. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
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50
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Sharma B, Verma A, Saini S, Kumar U. Tris[(3-salicylideneimino)ethyl]amine an effective ATRP ligand for the copolymerization of n-butyl acrylate and 1-octene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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