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Bhattacharyya HP, Sarma M. Role of Active Centers in Predicting the Catalyst Turnover: A Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2024:e202403631. [PMID: 39499119 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202403631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 11/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/07/2024]
Abstract
Water oxidation catalysis has garnered significant attention due to its potential for sustainable energy conversion. Among molecular catalysts, [Fe(OTf)2(Me 2 ${^{{\rm{Me}}_{\rm{2}} } }$ Pytacn)] complexes have exhibited notable turning-over rates. Although various [M(OTf)2(Me 2 ${^{{\rm{Me}}_{\rm{2}} } }$ Pytacn)] complexes (M=Mn, Co, Ni) have been synthesized, however, the role of active centres has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we apply our newly developed catalytic models, efficiency conceptualization model (ECM) and the maximum kinetic efficiency MaxKinEff framework to assess the role of the active centres in its catalytic performance. Our computational analysis identifies cobalt-based [Co(OTf)2(Me 2 ${^{{\rm{Me}}_{\rm{2}} } }$ Pytacn)] as a superior alternative for water oxidation reactions. Notably, cobalt catalysts exhibit a longer lifespan (∼44 days) and higher turnover numbers (TON), with computed values ofΓ c o m p u t e d T O F 0 ${{\rm{\Gamma }}_{computed\;TOF}^0 }$ (ECM)=3.30 h-1,τ c o m p u t e d T O N 0 ${\tau _{computed\;TON}^0 }$ (ECM)=3456,Γ m a x T O F 0 ${{\rm{\Gamma }}_{max\;TOF}^0 }$ (MaxKinEff)=12.43 h-1, andτ m a x T O N 0 ${\tau _{max\;TON}^0 }$ (MaxKinEff)=3616. These findings suggest that cobalt could play a pivotal role in improving the efficiency of molecular catalysts for water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manabendra Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
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2
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Salomón FF, Abate PO, Baraldo LM. A ruthenium catalyst linked to a redox-active ruthenium polypyridine for water oxidation. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:15083-15092. [PMID: 39207343 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01848f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Chromophore-catalyst assemblies are interesting benchmark molecules for photocatalysis. We have prepared two examples of these assemblies and characterized their behaviour as catalysts for the water oxidation reaction. In the bimetallic complexes [Ru(tpy)(4,4'-X2-bpy)(μ-CN)Ru(bda)(DMSO)](PF6) (X = -H (1), -OCH3 (2), tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, H2bda = 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylic acid and DMSO = (CH3)2SO), a Ru(II)-polypiridine chromophore {Ru(tpy)(4,4'-X2-bpy)} is linked by a cyanide bridge to a {Ru(bda)} water oxidation catalyst. Both complexes catalyze water oxidation both chemically, using Ce(IV) as the terminal oxidant, and electrochemically. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies, aided with (TD)DFT calculations, allowed us to study the different species involved in the catalytic cycle. For the RuIIRuIII, an intense MMCT (metal-to-metal charge transfer) band suggests a geometrical reorganization during the oxidation process. The wave associated with oxidation to the RuIIIRuIV species shows an increased current that suggests that it may be a catalyst for the water oxidation reaction. Further oxidation results in the RuIIIRuV redox state which is an active catalyst for the water oxidation reaction as demonstrated by the evolution of oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F Salomón
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química-Física de Materiales, Ambientes y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro O Abate
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química-Física de Materiales, Ambientes y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis M Baraldo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química-Física de Materiales, Ambientes y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Liu T, Zhan S, Zhang B, Wang L, Shen N, Ahlquist MSG, Fan X, Sun L. Intermolecular O-O Bond Formation between High-Valent Ru-oxo Species. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:16161-16166. [PMID: 39155583 PMCID: PMC11372747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite extensive research on water oxidation catalysts over the past few decades, the relationship between high-valent metal-oxo intermediates and the O-O bond formation pathway has not been well clarified. Our previous study showed that the high spin density on O in RuV=O is pivotal for the interaction of two metal-oxyl radical (I2M) pathways. In this study, we found that introducing an axially coordinating ligand, which is favorable for bimolecular coupling, into the Ru-pda catalyst can rearrange its geometry. The shifts in geometric orientation altered its O-O bond formation pathway from water nucleophilic attack (WNA) to I2M, resulting in a 70-fold increase in water oxidation activity. This implies that the I2M pathway is concurrently influenced by the spin density on oxo and the geometry organization of the catalysts. The observed mechanistic switch and theoretical studies provide insights into controlling reaction pathways for homogeneous water oxidation catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, 325006 Wenzhou, China
| | - Shaoqi Zhan
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry─Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Biaobiao Zhang
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Linqin Wang
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Nannan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Mårten S G Ahlquist
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, 325006 Wenzhou, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Licheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
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4
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Bhattacharyya HP, Sarma M. MaxKinEff: A Collision Theory-Based Approach for Analyzing Turnover Frequency and Turnover Number in Catalytic Processes. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400674. [PMID: 39135419 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/23/2024]
Abstract
The efficiency of catalysts relies on comprehending the underlying kinetics that govern their performance. Under the steady-state regime, the "rate" is referred to as the turnover frequency, where the reaction rate is first order with respect to catalysts. Here, we introduce the Maximum Kinetic Efficiency (MaxKinEff) model, grounded in collision theory, to predict efficiency based on maximum turnover frequency,Γ m a x T O F 0 ${{\rm{\Gamma }}_{max\;TOF}^0 }$ and maximum turnover number,τ m a x T O N 0 ${\tau _{max\;TON}^0 }$ . The model was applied to molecular water oxidation using twenty-six transition metal catalysts from the first (3d), second (4d), and third (5d) rows. A thorough investigation reveals that [Ru(pda)(Br-py)2] (pda=1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylate; Py=pyridinophane) exhibits a notableΓ m a x T O F 0 ${{\rm{\Gamma }}_{max\;TOF}^0 }$ of 1176.87×10-5 s-1 due to its larger collision diameter (σRC) and lower activation energy (Ea). Importantly, the trend in the computedτ m a x T O N 0 ${\tau _{max\;TON}^0 }$ values aligns with experimental TON,τ e x p e r i m e n t a l T O N 0 ${\tau _{experimental\;TON}^0 }$ validating the model's accuracy. For instance, [Cp*Ir(κ2-N,O)NO3] is identified by MaxKinEff as a standout performer, with the normalized maximum computed TON,τ m a x T O N 0 ${\tau _{max\;TON}^0 }$ resembling the experimental TON,τ e x p e r i m e n t a l T O N 0 ${\tau _{experimental\;TON}^0 }$ =2000.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manabendra Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
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5
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Zhu Y, Li X, Wen Z, Zhao R, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Gao H, Wang S, Li F. Highly Efficient Photoelectrochemical Alkene Epoxidation on a Dye-Sensitized Photoanode. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21903-21912. [PMID: 39046794 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, selective oxidation of organic substrates coupled with hydrogen evolution represents a promising approach for value-added chemical production and solar energy conversion. In this study, we report on PEC epoxidation of alkenes at a ruthenium dye-sensitized photoanode in a CH3CN/H2O mixed solvent with LiBr as a mediator and water as the oxygen source. The dye-sensitized photoanode was found to exhibit significant advantages in the simultaneous improvement of charge separation and suppression of charge recombination. First, LiBr as a redox mediator plays a critical role in charge separation, leading to an excellent excited electron injection efficiency of 95% and a high dye regeneration efficiency of 87%. Second, the predominant charge recombination pathway on the dye-sensitized photoanode is efficiently blocked by the reaction between alkene and the in situ generated bromine oxidant. As a result, the current system achieved a remarkable photocurrent density of over 4 mA cm-2 with a record-high incident photo-to-current efficiency (IPCE) of 51% and extraordinary selectivity of up to 99% for the epoxidation of a wide range of alkenes. Meanwhile, nearly 100% Faradaic efficiency for hydrogen evolution was obtained. The performance shown here exceeds that obtained by metal oxide-based semiconductor photoanodes under comparable conditions, demonstrating the great potential of dye-sensitized photoelectrodes for organic synthesis owing to their diversity and tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhibing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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6
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Feng S, Chen J, Wang R, Li H, Xie J, Guo Z, Lau TC, Liu Y. Dual Pathways in Catalytic Ammonia Oxidation by a Ruthenium Complex Bearing a Tetradentate Bipyridine-Bipyrazole Ligand: Isolation of a Diruthenium Intermediate with a μ-Hexazene Derivative. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21490-21495. [PMID: 39054650 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
We report herein chemical and electrochemical ammonia oxidation (AO) catalyzed by a Ru complex, [RuII(H2L)(pic)2]2+ [1, H2L = 6,6'-di(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2,2'-bipyridine, pic = 4-picoline], where H2L is a tetradentate ligand with a bipyridyl unit connected to two pyrazoles. 1 functions as an efficient electrocatalyst for the oxidation of NH3 to N2, with a low overpotential of 0.51 V vs Fc+/0 and a Faradaic efficiency of 96%. 1 also undergoes catalytic chemical AO using (4-BrPh)3N•+ as an oxidant, with a turnover number for N2 reaching 41. A novel binuclear complex, [RuIII(L)(pic)2(N2)RuIII(L)(pic)2]4+ (2), was isolated and structurally characterized in the catalytic chemical AO by 1. Complex 2 possesses a zigzag dianionic μ-hexazene unit where the N2 derived from ammonia oxidation is bonded to the pyrazoles, with an NN2-NN2 bond length of 1.3091(70) Å. 2 readily releases N2 upon treating with NH3. Based on experimental and DFT studies, in chemical AO the formation of an N-N bond is proposed to occur via bimolecular coupling of a ruthenium pyrazole imido intermediate to give 2; while in electrochemical AO the N-N bond is formed by nucleophilic attack of NH3 on the intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushan Feng
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Xie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Zhenguo Guo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077 Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
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Calvani D, Louwersheimer R, Buda F. Effect of Anchoring Dynamics on Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in the Ru(bda) Coordination Oligomer on a Graphitic Surface. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400082. [PMID: 38625893 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The oligomeric ruthenium-based water oxidation catalyst, Ru(bda), is known to be experimentally anchored on graphitic surfaces through CH-π stacking interactions between the auxiliary bda ([2,2'-bipyridine]-6,6'-dicarboxylate) ligand bonded to ruthenium and the hexagonal rings of the surface. This anchoring provides control over their molecular coverage and enables efficient catalysis of water oxidation to dioxygen. The oligomeric nature of the molecule offers multiple anchoring sites at the surface, greatly enhancing the overall stability of the hybrid catalyst-graphitic surface anode through dynamic bonding. However, the impact of this dynamic anchoring on the overall catalytic mechanism is still a topic of debate. In this study, a crucial proton-coupled electron transfer event in the catalytic cycle is investigated using DFT-based molecular dynamics simulations plus metadynamics. The CH-π stacking anchoring plays a critical role not only in stabilizing this hybrid system but also in facilitating the proton-coupled electron transfer event with possible vibronic couplings between the anchoring bonds motion and charge fluctuations at the catalyst - graphitic surface interface. Furthermore, this computational investigation displays the presence of a quartet spin state intermediate that can lead to the experimentally observed and thermodynamically more stable doublet spin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Calvani
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Louwersheimer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Bhattacharyya HP, Sarma M. Efficiency Conceptualization Model: A Theoretical Method for Predicting the Turnover of Catalysts. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400004. [PMID: 38619023 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
In recent times, the theoretical prediction of catalytic efficiency is of utmost urgency. With the advent of density functional theory (DFT), reliable computations can delineate a quantitative aspect of the study. To this state-of-the-art approach, valuable incorporation would be a tool that can acknowledge the efficiency of a catalyst. In the current work, we developed the efficiency conceptualization model (ECM) that utilizes the quantum mechanical tool to achieve efficiency in terms of turnover frequency (TOF). Twenty-six experimentally designed transition metal (TM) water oxidation catalysts were chosen under similar experimental conditions of temperature, pressure, and pH to execute the same. The computations conclude that the Fe-based [Fe(OTf)2(Me2Pytacn)] (MWOC-17) is a highly active catalyst and, therefore, can endure for more time in the catalytic cycle. Our results conclude that the Ir-based catalysts [Cp*Ir(κ2-N,O)X] with MWOC-23: X=Cl; and MWOC-24: X=NO3 report the highest computed turnover numbers (TONs),τ c o m p u t e d T O N 0 ${\tau _{computed\;TON}^0 }$ of 406 and 490 against the highest experimental TONs,τ e x p e r i m e n t a l T O N ${\tau _{experimental\;TON} }$ of 1200 and 2000 respectively, whereas the Co-based [Co(12-TMC)]2+ (MWOC-19) has the lowest TONs (τ c o m p u t e d T O N 0 ${\tau _{computed\;TON}^0 }$ =19, τexperimental TON=16) among the chosen catalysts and thereby successful in corroborating the previous experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manabendra Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
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9
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Yang J, Zhan S, Wang L, Yang H, Duan L, Fan X, Liu T, Sun L. Adaptive water oxidation catalysis on a carboxylate-sulfonate ligand with low onset potential. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6162-6165. [PMID: 38804570 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02303j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
A water oxidation catalyst Ru-bcs (bcs = 2,2'-bipyridine-6'-carboxylate-6-sulfonate) with a hybrid ligand was reported. Ru-bcs utilizes the electron-donating properties of carboxylate ligands and the on-demand coordination feature of sulfonate ligands to enable a low onset potential of 1.21 V vs. NHE and a high TOF over 1000 s-1 at pH 7. The adaptive chemistry uncovered in this work provides new perspectives for developing molecular catalysts with high efficiency under low driving forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China.
| | - Shaoqi Zhan
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linqin Wang
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lele Duan
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, 325005, Wenzhou, China.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, 325005, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Licheng Sun
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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Noll N, Würthner F. Bioinspired Water Preorganization in Confined Space for Efficient Water Oxidation Catalysis in Metallosupramolecular Ruthenium Architectures. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1538-1549. [PMID: 38710509 PMCID: PMC11112732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusNature has established a sustainable way to maintain aerobic life on earth by inventing one of the most sophisticated biological processes, namely, natural photosynthesis, which delivers us with organic matter and molecular oxygen derived from the two abundant resources sunlight and water. The thermodynamically demanding photosynthetic water splitting is catalyzed by the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II (OEC-PSII), which comprises a distorted tetramanganese-calcium cluster (CaMn4O5) as catalytic core. As an ubiquitous concept for fine-tuning and regulating the reactivity of the active site of metalloenzymes, the surrounding protein domain creates a sophisticated environment that promotes substrate preorganization through secondary, noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions. Based on the high-resolution X-ray structure of PSII, several water channels were identified near the active site, which are filled with extensive hydrogen-bonding networks of preorganized water molecules, connecting the OEC with the protein surface. As an integral part of the outer coordination sphere of natural metalloenzymes, these channels control the substrate and product delivery, carefully regulate the proton flow by promoting pivotal proton-coupled electron transfer processes, and simultaneously stabilize short-lived oxidized intermediates, thus highlighting the importance of an ordered water network for the remarkable efficiency of the natural OEC.Transferring this concept from nature to the engineering of artificial metal catalysts for fuel production has fostered the fascinating field of metallosupramolecular chemistry by generating defined cavities that conceptually mimic enzymatic pockets. However, the application of supramolecular approaches to generate artificial water oxidation catalysts remained scarce prior to our initial reports, since such molecular design strategies for efficient activation of substrate water molecules in confined nanoenvironments were lacking. In this Account, we describe our research efforts on combining the state-of-the art Ru(bda) catalytic framework with structurally programmed ditopic ligands to guide the water oxidation process in defined metallosupramolecular assemblies in spatial proximity. We will elucidate the governing factors that control the quality of hydrogen-bonding water networks in multinuclear cavities of varying sizes and geometries to obtain high-performance, state-of-the-art water oxidation catalysts. Pushing the boundaries of artificial catalyst design, embedding a single catalytic Ru center into a well-defined molecular pocket enabled sophisticated water preorganization in front of the active site through an encoded basic recognition site, resulting in high catalytic rates comparable to those of the natural counterpart OEC-PSII.To fully explore their potential for solar fuel devices, the suitability of our metallosupramolecular assemblies was demonstrated under (electro)chemical and photocatalytic water oxidation conditions. In addition, testing the limits of structural diversity allowed the fabrication of self-assembled linear coordination oligomers as novel photocatalytic materials and long-range ordered covalent organic framework (COF) materials as recyclable and long-term stable solid-state materials for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Noll
- Institut für Organische Chemie
& Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie
& Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
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11
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de Gracia Triviño JA, Ahlquist MSG. Removing the Barrier in O-O Bond Formation Via the Combination of Intramolecular Radical Coupling and the Oxide Relay Mechanism. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3794-3800. [PMID: 38709647 PMCID: PMC11103688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The Ru(tda) catalyst has been a major milestone in the development of molecular water oxidation catalysts due to its outstanding performance at neutral pH. The role of the noncoordinating carboxylate group is to act as a nucleophile, donating an oxygen atom to the oxo group, thereby acting as an oxide relay (OR) mechanism for O-O bond formation. A substitution of the carboxylates for phosphonate groups has been proposed, resulting in the Ru(tPaO) catalyst, which has shown even more efficient performance in experimental characterization. In this study, we explore the feasibility of the OR mechanism in the newly reported Ru(tPaO) molecular catalyst. We investigated the catalytic cycle using density functional theory and identified a variation of the OR mechanism that involves radical oxygen atoms in O-O bond formation. We have also determined that the subsequent hydroxide nucleophilic attack is the sole rate-limiting step in the catalytic cycle. All activation free energies are very low, with a free-energy barrier of 2.1 kcal/mol for O-O bond formation and 4.2 kcal/mol for OH- nucleophilic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Angel de Gracia Triviño
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry, School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- PDC
Center for High-Performance Computing, School of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten S. G. Ahlquist
- Division
of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry, School
of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Chen J, Yang T, Feng S, Wang L, Xie J, Liu Y. C-H Bond Activation by a Seven-Coordinate Bipyridine-Bipyrazole Ruthenium(IV) Oxo Complex. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4790-4796. [PMID: 38422551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium-oxo species with high coordination numbers have long been proposed as active intermediates in catalytic oxidation chemistry. By employing a tetradentate bipyridine-bipyrazole ligand, we herein reported the synthesis of a seven-coordinate (CN7) ruthenium(IV) oxo complex, [RuIV(tpz)(pic)2(O)]2+ (RuIVO) (tpz = 6,6'-di(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2,2'-bipyridine, pic = 4-picoline), which exhibits high activity toward the oxidation of alkylaromatic hydrocarbons. The large kinetic isotope effects (KIE) for the oxidation of DHA/DHA-d4 (KIE = 10.3 ± 0.1) and xanthene/xanthene-d2 (KIE = 17.2 ± 0.1), as well as the linear relationship between log (rate constants) and bond dissociation energies of alkylaromatics, confirmed a mechanism of hydrogen atom abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Sushan Feng
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Leiyu Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Xie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
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13
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Kirchner P, Schramm L, Ivanova S, Shoyama K, Würthner F, Beuerle F. A Water-Stable Boronate Ester Cage. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5305-5315. [PMID: 38325811 PMCID: PMC10910528 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The reversible condensation of catechols and boronic acids to boronate esters is a paradigm reaction in dynamic covalent chemistry. However, facile backward hydrolysis is detrimental for stability and has so far prevented applications for boronate-based materials. Here, we introduce cubic boronate ester cages 6 derived from hexahydroxy tribenzotriquinacenes and phenylene diboronic acids with ortho-t-butyl substituents. Due to steric shielding, dynamic exchange at the Lewis acidic boron sites is feasible only under acid or base catalysis but fully prevented at neutral conditions. For the first time, boronate ester cages 6 tolerate substantial amounts of water or alcohols both in solution and solid state. The unprecedented applicability of these materials under ambient and aqueous conditions is showcased by efficient encapsulation and on-demand release of β-carotene dyes and heterogeneous water oxidation catalysis after the encapsulation of ruthenium catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp
H. Kirchner
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Louis Schramm
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls
Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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14
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Chen QF, Xian KL, Zhang HT, Su XJ, Liao RZ, Zhang MT. Pivotal Role of Geometry Regulation on O-O Bond Formation Mechanism of Bimetallic Water Oxidation Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317514. [PMID: 38179807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we highlight the impact of catalyst geometry on the formation of O-O bonds in Cu2 and Fe2 catalysts. A series of Cu2 complexes with diverse linkers are designed as electrocatalysts for water oxidation. Interestingly, the catalytic performance of these Cu2 complexes is enhanced as their molecular skeletons become more rigid, which contrasts with the behavior observed in our previous investigation with Fe2 analogs. Moreover, mechanistic studies reveal that the reactivity of the bridging O atom results in distinct pathways for O-O bond formation in Cu2 and Fe2 catalysts. In Cu2 systems, the coupling takes place between a terminal CuIII -OH and a bridging μ-O⋅ radical. Whereas in Fe2 systems, it involves the coupling of two terminal Fe-oxo entities. Furthermore, an in-depth structure-activity analysis uncovers the spatial geometric prerequisites for the coupling of the terminal OH with the bridging μ-O⋅ radical, ultimately leading to the O-O bond formation. Overall, this study emphasizes the critical role of precisely adjusting the spatial geometry of catalysts to align with the O-O bonding pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Fa Chen
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Lin Xian
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Su
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Tian Zhang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
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15
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Amthor S, Ranu K, Bellido CG, Salomón FF, Piccioni A, Mazzaro R, Boscherini F, Pasquini L, Gil-Sepulcre M, Llobet A. Robust Molecular Anodes for Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation Based on Electropolymerized Molecular Cu Complexes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308392. [PMID: 37814460 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
A multistep synthesis of a new tetra-amidate macrocyclic ligand functionalized with alkyl-thiophene moieties, 15,15-bis(6-(thiophen-3-yl)hexyl)-8,13-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,h][1,4,7,10]tetraazacyclotridecine-6,7,14,16(15H,17H)-tetraone, H4 L, is reported. The reaction of the deprotonated ligand, L4- , and Cu(II) generates the complex [LCu]2- , that can be further oxidized to Cu(III) with iodine to generate [LCu]- . The H4 L ligand and their Cu complexes have been thoroughly characterized by analytic and spectroscopic techniques (including X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, XAS). Under oxidative conditions, the thiophene group of [LCu]2- complex polymerizes on the surface of graphitic electrodes (glassy carbon disks (GC), glassy carbon plates (GCp ), carbon nanotubes (CNT), or graphite felts (GF)) generating highly stable thin films. With CNTs deposited on a GC by drop casting, hybrid molecular materials labeled as GC/CNT@p-[LCu]2- are obtained. The latter are characterized by electrochemical techniques that show their capacity to electrocatalytically oxidize water to dioxygen at neutral pH. These new molecular anodes achieve current densities in the range of 0.4 mA cm-2 at 1.30 V versus NHE with an onset overpotential at ≈250 mV. Bulk electrolysis experiments show an excellent stability achieving TONs in the range of 7600 during 24 h with no apparent loss of catalytic activity and maintaining the molecular catalyst integrity, as evidenced by electrochemical techniques and XAS spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Amthor
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Koushik Ranu
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Carlos G Bellido
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Fernando F Salomón
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Alberto Piccioni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale C. Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Raffaello Mazzaro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale C. Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Federico Boscherini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale C. Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale C. Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Marcos Gil-Sepulcre
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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16
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Fei L, Guo X, Liang D, Lei L, Wang D. A dye sensitized photosynthesis cell for stable water oxidation mediated by photo-generated bromine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1297-1300. [PMID: 38197123 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05624d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The critical step of a dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell (DSPEC) is water oxidation. The photoanodes suffer rapid surface carrier recombination due to slow water oxidation kinetics and this results in low solar conversion efficiency and poor stability. Here, we design a novel sensitization-oxidation photo-anode, where the [Ru(4,4'-PO3H2-bpy)(bpy)2]2+ (RuP2+, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) chromophore and [Ru(bda)(pic)2] (pic = picoline, bda = 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate) water oxidation catalyst (WOC) are immobilized separately on the surface of a mesoporous semiconductor thin film. The electrode creates a mobile and strong Br3- oxidant generated by the dye-sensitized electrode, which initiates water oxidation at a remote catalytic site. Under 100 mW cm-2 illumination in pH 4.65 in 0.1 M acetate buffer solution, the photoanode could perform a stable photoelectrochemical water oxidation for 6 hours with a photocurrent density of around 0.25 mA cm-2. This dual electrode could open a new door by utilizing an electron transfer mediator to design highly stable photoelectrochemical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fei
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Research Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science of Ningbo Materials Institute, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liang
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Research Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science of Ningbo Materials Institute, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Lei Lei
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Research Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science of Ningbo Materials Institute, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Degao Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Research Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science of Ningbo Materials Institute, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
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17
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Abate PO, Juárez VM, Baraldo LM. Coupling between two Ru(bda) catalysts bridged by a trans-dicyano complex. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1575-1585. [PMID: 38164735 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We have prepared two trimetallic complexes [{Ru(bda)(DMSO)(μ-CN)}2Ru(L)4] (with bda = 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate) where two {Ru(bda)} centers are bridged by a cyanide complex of the trans-Ru(L)4CN2 family (with L = pyridine and 4-tert-butylpyridine). The complex [{Ru(bda)(DMSO)(μ-CN)}2Ru(py)4] is fully soluble in aqueous solution and is a catalyst for the oxidation of water both chemically, using Ce(IV) at pH = 1 as the terminal oxidant, and electrochemically. Both reactions are first order in the complex and the resting state of the catalyst is the [RuVRuIII(py)4RuIV]2+ redox state. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies together with (TD)DFT calculations show that the coupling between the Ru(bda) fragments for the [RuIIIRuII(py)4RuIII]2+ and [RuIVRuII(py)4RuIV]2+ redox states is very weak, but significant for the [RuVRuII(py)4RuIV]2+ ion due to the orientation of the orbitals involved. This coupling affects the reactivity of the [RuVRuII(py)4RuIV]2+ redox state, making it a much slower catalyst towards the water oxidation reaction than [RuVRuIII(py)4RuIV]2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro O Abate
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química-Física de Materiales, Ambientes y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Virginia M Juárez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química-Física de Materiales, Ambientes y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis M Baraldo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Química-Física de Materiales, Ambientes y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Marchini E, Caramori S, Carli S. Metal Complexes for Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells (DSPECs). Molecules 2024; 29:293. [PMID: 38257206 PMCID: PMC10818894 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Since Mallouk's earliest contribution, dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) have emerged as a promising class of photoelectrochemical devices capable of storing solar light into chemical bonds. This review primarily focuses on metal complexes outlining stabilization strategies and applications. The ubiquity and safety of water have made its splitting an extensively studied reaction; here, we present some examples from the outset to recent advancements. Additionally, alternative oxidative pathways like HX splitting and organic reactions mediated by a redox shuttle are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Marchini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Stefano Carli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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19
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Wang R, Pan Y, Feng S, Liang C, Xie J, Lau TC, Liu Y. Structure and reactivity of a seven-coordinate ruthenium acylperoxo complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:312-315. [PMID: 38063010 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04751b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The use of metal-acylperoxo complexes as oxidants has been little explored. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of the first seven-coordinate Ru-acylperoxo complex, [RuIV(bdpm)(pic)2(mCPBA)]+ (H2bdpm = [2,2'-bipyridine]-6,6'-diylbis(diphenylmethanol); pic = 4-picoline; HmCPBA = m-chloroperbenzoic acid). This complex is a highly reactive oxidant for C-H bond activation and O-atom transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yunling Pan
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Sushan Feng
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chenyi Liang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
- Science Island Branch, Graduate School of USTC, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Xie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
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20
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Zhang L, Li T, Dai X, Zhao J, Liu C, He D, Zhao K, Zhao P, Cui X. Water Activation Triggered by Cu-Co Double-Atom Catalyst for Silane Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313343. [PMID: 37798814 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
High-performance catalysts sufficient to significantly reduce the energy barrier of water activation are crucial in facilitating reactions that are restricted by water dissociation. Herein we present a Cu-Co double-atom catalyst (CuCo-DAC), which possesses a uniform and well-defined CuCoN6 (OH) structure, and works together to promote water activation in silane oxidation. The catalyst achieves superior catalytic performance far exceeding that of single-atom catalysts (SACs). Various functional silanes are converted into silanols with up to 98 % yield and 99 % selectivity. Kinetic studies show that the activation energy of silane oxidation by CuCo-DAC is significantly lower than that of Cu single-atom catalyst (Cu-SAC) and Co single-atom catalyst (Co-SAC). Theoretical calculations demonstrate two different reaction pathways where water splitting is the rate-determining step and it is accelerated by CuCo-DAC, whereas H2 formation is key for its single-atom counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingchao Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ce Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongcheng He
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinjiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China
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21
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Han WK, Liu Y, Feng JD, Yan X, Pang H, Gu ZG. Engineering a molecular ruthenium catalyst into three-dimensional metal covalent organic frameworks for efficient water oxidation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11768-11774. [PMID: 37920350 PMCID: PMC10619619 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03681b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The water oxidation reaction plays an important role in clean energy conversion, utilization, and storage, but mimicking the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II for designing active and stable water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) is still an appealing challenge. Here, we innovatively engineered a molecular ruthenium WOC as a metal complex building unit to construct a series of three-dimensional metal covalent organic frameworks (3D MCOFs) for realizing efficient oxidation catalysis. The resultant MCOFs possessed rare 3D interlocking structures with inclined interpenetration of two-dimensional covalent rhombic nets, and the Ru sites were periodically arranged in the crystalline porous frameworks. Impressively, these MCOFs showed excellent performance towards water oxidation (the O2 evolution rate is as high as 2830 nmol g-1 s-1) via the water nucleophilic attack pathway. Besides, the MCOFs were also reactive for oxidizing organic substrates. This work highlights the potential of MCOFs as a designable platform in integrating molecular catalysts for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Kang Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Jing-Dong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Zhi-Guo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
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22
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McMillion ND, Bruch QJ, Chen CH, Hasanayn F, Miller AJM. Synthesis and bonding analysis of pentagonal bipyramidal rhenium carboxamide oxo complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15115-15123. [PMID: 37814941 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02617e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Seven-coordinate rhenium oxo complexes supported by a tetradentate bipyridine carboxamide/carboxamidate ligand are reported. The neutral dicarboxamide H2Phbpy-da ligand initially coordinates in an L4 (ONNO) fashion to an octahedral rhenium oxo precursor, yielding a seven-coordinate rhenium oxo complex. Subsequent deprotonation generates a new oxo complex featuring the dianionic (L2X2) carboxamidate (NNNN) form of the ligand. Computational studies provide insight into the relative stability of possible linkage isomers upon deprotonation. Structural studies and molecular orbital theory are employed to rationalize the relative isomer stability and provide insight into the rhenium-oxo bond order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah D McMillion
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA.
| | - Quinton J Bruch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA.
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA.
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Alexander J M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA.
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23
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Franco LR, Toledo KCF, Matias TA, Araujo CM, Araki K, Coutinho K. Theoretical investigation of solvent and oxidation/deprotonation effects on the electronic structure of a mononuclear Ru-aqua-polypyridine complex in aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24475-24494. [PMID: 37655780 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02154h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear polypyridine ruthenium (Ru) complexes can catalyze various reactions, including water splitting, and can also serve as photosensitizers in solar cells. Despite recent progress in their synthesis, accurately modeling their physicochemical properties, particularly in solution, remains challenging. Herein, we conduct a theoretical investigation of the structural and electronic properties of a mononuclear Ru-aqua polypyridine complex in aqueous solution, considering five of its possible oxidation/protonation states species: [RuII(H2O)(py)(bpy)2]2+, [RuII(OH)(py)(bpy)2]+, [RuIII(H2O)(py)(bpy)2]3+, [RuIII(OH)(py)(bpy)2]2+ and [RuIV(O)(py)(bpy)2]2+, where py = pyridine and bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine. At first, we investigate the impact of proton-coupled and non-coupled electron transfer reactions on the geometry and electronic structure of the complexes in vacuum and in solution, using an implicit solvent model. Then, using a sequential multiscale approach that combines quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (S-QM/MM), we examine the explicit solvent effects on the electronic excitations of the complexes, and compare them with the experimental results. The complexes were synthesized, and their absorption spectra measured in aqueous solution. To accurately describe the QM interactions between the metal center and the aqueous ligand in the MM simulations, we developed new force field parameters for the Ru atom. We analyze the solvent structure around the complexes and account for its explicit influence on the polarization and electronic excitations of the complexes. Notably, accounting for the explicit solvent polarization effects of the first solvation shells is essential to correctly describe the energy of the electronic transitions, and the explicit treatment of the hydrogen bonds at the QM level in the excitation calculations improves the accuracy of the description of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer bands. Transition density matrix analysis is used to characterize all electronic transitions in the visible and ultraviolet ranges according to their charge-transfer (CT) character. This study elucidates the electronic structure of those ruthenium polypyridyl complexes in aqueous solution and underscores the importance of precisely describing solvent effects, which can be achieved employing the S-QM/MM method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Rezende Franco
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Cidade Universitaria, 05508-090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden.
| | | | - Tiago Araujo Matias
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C Moyses Araujo
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden.
- Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Koiti Araki
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kaline Coutinho
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Cidade Universitaria, 05508-090 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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24
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Wei XZ, Ding TY, Wang Y, Yang B, Yang QQ, Ye S, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Tracking an Fe V (O) Intermediate for Water Oxidation in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308192. [PMID: 37431961 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
High-valent iron-oxo species are appealing for conducting O-O bond formation for water oxidation reactions. However, their high reactivity poses a great challenge to the dissection of their chemical transformations. Herein, we introduce an electron-rich and oxidation-resistant ligand, 2-[(2,2'-bipyridin)-6-yl]propan-2-ol to stabilize such fleeting intermediates. Advanced spectroscopies and electrochemical studies demonstrate a high-valent FeV (O) species formation in water. Combining kinetic and oxygen isotope labelling experiments and organic reactions indicates that the FeV (O) species is responsible for O-O bond formation via water nucleophilic attack under the real catalytic water oxidation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Yu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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25
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Liu T, Zhan S, Shen N, Wang L, Szabó Z, Yang H, Ahlquist MSG, Sun L. Bioinspired Active Site with a Coordination-Adaptive Organosulfonate Ligand for Catalytic Water Oxidation at Neutral pH. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11818-11828. [PMID: 37196315 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many enzymes use adaptive frameworks to preorganize substrates, accommodate various structural and electronic demands of intermediates, and accelerate related catalysis. Inspired by biological systems, a Ru-based molecular water oxidation catalyst containing a configurationally labile ligand [2,2':6',2″-terpyridine]-6,6″-disulfonate was designed to mimic enzymatic framework, in which the sulfonate coordination is highly flexible and functions as both an electron donor to stabilize high-valent Ru and a proton acceptor to accelerate water dissociation, thus boosting the catalytic water oxidation performance thermodynamically and kinetically. The combination of single-crystal X-ray analysis, various temperature NMR, electrochemical techniques, and DFT calculations was utilized to investigate the fundamental role of the self-adaptive ligand, demonstrating that the on-demand configurational changes give rise to fast catalytic kinetics with a turnover frequency (TOF) over 2000 s-1, which is compared to oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in natural photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shaoqi Zhan
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC Box 576, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Nannan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Linqin Wang
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten S G Ahlquist
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), Dalian 116024, China
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26
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Pan Y, Zhou M, Wang R, Song D, Yiu SM, Xie J, Lau KC, Lau TC, Liu Y. Structure and Reactivity of a Seven-Coordinate Ruthenium Iodosylbenzene Complex. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7772-7778. [PMID: 37146252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Seven-coordinate (CN7) ruthenium-oxo species have attracted much attention as highly reactive intermediates in both organic and water oxidation. Apart from metal-oxo, other metal-oxidant adducts, such as metal-iodosylarenes, have also recently emerged as active oxidants. We reported herein the first example of a CN7 Ru-iodosylbenzene complex, [RuIV(bdpm)(pic)2(O)I(Cl)Ph]+ (H2bdpm = [2,2'-bipyridine]-6,6'-diylbis(diphenylmethanol); pic = 4-picoline). The X-ray crystal structure of this complex shows that it adopts a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry with Ru-O(I) and O-I distances of 2.0451(39) and 1.9946(40) Å, respectively. This complex is highly reactive, and it readily undergoes O-atom transfer (OAT) and C-H bond activation reactions with various organic substrates. This work should provide insights for the development of new highly reactive oxidizing agents based on CN7 geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Pan
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Dan Song
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Xie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
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27
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Feng Y, Sun W, Liang X, Dong X, Yang X, Hu C, Li B, Yang J, Ma B, Ding Y. Mononuclear ruthenium (II) complex covalently anchored on melem and g-C 3N 4 as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for chemical water oxidation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 643:480-488. [PMID: 37088051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Ru-melem and Ru-C3N4 were synthesized by a simple and facile strategy to construct a novel covalently anchoring by introducing easily synthesized amide bond as a bridge connecting the Ru-terpy and melem or g-C3N4, respectively. The covalent anchoring of Ru complex on melem or C3N4 not only makes these materials exhibit water oxidation activity under CeIV-driven (CeIV = Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6) reaction condition, but also makes the obtained heterogeneous catalysts show higher catalytic activity than the corresponding homogeneous catalysts, which reveals that the covalent anchoring strategy of Ru complex is beneficial to improve the catalytic activity of homogeneous Ru catalysts. The synthetic method of hybrid catalysts offers an insightful strategy for enhancing water oxidation activity of molecular catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wanjun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiangming Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chunlian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bonan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Baochun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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28
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den Boer D, Konovalov AI, Siegler MA, Hetterscheid DGH. Unusual Water Oxidation Mechanism via a Redox-Active Copper Polypyridyl Complex. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5303-5314. [PMID: 36989161 PMCID: PMC10091478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
To improve Cu-based water oxidation (WO) catalysts, a proper mechanistic understanding of these systems is required. In contrast to other metals, high-oxidation-state metal-oxo species are unlikely intermediates in Cu-catalyzed WO because π donation from the oxo ligand to the Cu center is difficult due to the high number of d electrons of CuII and CuIII. As a consequence, an alternative WO mechanism must take place instead of the typical water nucleophilic attack and the inter- or intramolecular radical-oxo coupling pathways, which were previously proposed for Ru-based catalysts. [CuII(HL)(OTf)2] [HL = Hbbpya = N,N-bis(2,2'-bipyrid-6-yl)amine)] was investigated as a WO catalyst bearing the redox-active HL ligand. The Cu catalyst was found to be active as a WO catalyst at pH 11.5, at which the deprotonated complex [CuII(L-)(H2O)]+ is the predominant species in solution. The overall WO mechanism was found to be initiated by two proton-coupled electron-transfer steps. Kinetically, a first-order dependence in the catalyst, a zeroth-order dependence in the phosphate buffer, a kinetic isotope effect of 1.0, a ΔH⧧ value of 4.49 kcal·mol-1, a ΔS⧧ value of -42.6 cal·mol-1·K-1, and a ΔG⧧ value of 17.2 kcal·mol-1 were found. A computational study supported the formation of a Cu-oxyl intermediate, [CuII(L•)(O•)(H2O)]+. From this intermediate onward, formation of the O-O bond proceeds via a single-electron transfer from an approaching hydroxide ion to the ligand. Throughout the mechanism, the CuII center is proposed to be redox-inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan den Boer
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrey I. Konovalov
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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29
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Liu T, Sun L. Proton transfer regulating in catalytic water oxidation by Ru-complexes: second coordination sphere and beyond. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:854-856. [PMID: 37059664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden; Centre of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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30
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Green Energy by Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting, Water Oxidation Catalysis and Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling. INORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics11020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we want to explain how the burning of fossil fuels is pushing us towards green energy. Actually, for a long time, we have believed that everything is profitable, that resources are unlimited and there are no consequences. However, the reality is often disappointing. The use of non-renewable resources, the excessive waste production and the abandonment of the task of recycling has created a fragile thread that, once broken, may never restore itself. Metaphors aside, we are talking about our planet, the Earth, and its unique ability to host life, including ourselves. Our world has its balance; when the wind erodes a mountain, a beach appears, or when a fire devastates an area, eventually new life emerges from the ashes. However, humans have been distorting this balance for decades. Our evolving way of living has increased the number of resources that each person consumes, whether food, shelter, or energy; we have overworked everything to exhaustion. Scientists worldwide have already said actively and passively that we are facing one of the biggest problems ever: climate change. This is unsustainable and we must try to revert it, or, if we are too late, slow it down as much as possible. To make this happen, there are many possible methods. In this review, we investigate catalysts for using water as an energy source, or, instead of water, alcohols. On the other hand, the recycling of gases such as CO2 and N2O is also addressed, but we also observe non-catalytic means of generating energy through solar cell production.
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31
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Xu G, Cai C, Zhao W, Liu Y, Wang T. Rational design of catalysts with earth‐abundant elements. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaomou Xu
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science Westlake University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Cheng Cai
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science Westlake University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Wanghui Zhao
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science Westlake University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science Westlake University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
| | - Tao Wang
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science Westlake University Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China
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32
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Schlossarek T, Stepanenko V, Beuerle F, Würthner F. Self-assembled Ru(bda) Coordination Oligomers as Efficient Catalysts for Visible Light-Driven Water Oxidation in Pure Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211445. [PMID: 36315034 PMCID: PMC10100213 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble multinuclear complexes based on ruthenium 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate (bda) and ditopic bipyridine linker units are investigated in three-component visible light-driven water oxidation catalysis. Systematic studies revealed a strong enhancement of the catalytic efficiency in the absence of organic co-solvents and with increasing oligomer length. In-depth kinetic and morphological investigations suggest that the enhanced performance is induced by the self-assembly of linear Ru(bda) oligomers into aggregated superstructures. The obtained turnover frequencies (up to 14.9 s-1 ) and turnover numbers (more than 1000) per ruthenium center are the highest reported so far for Ru(bda)-based photocatalytic water oxidation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schlossarek
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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33
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Hong YH, Lee YM, Nam W, Fukuzumi S. Reaction Intermediates in Artificial Photosynthesis with Molecular Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Hyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Korea
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Korea
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34
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Yazdani S, Breyer CJ, Kumari P, Rheingold AL, Jazzar R, Bertrand G, Grotjahn DB. Six-coordinate ruthenium water oxidation catalysts bearing equatorial polypyridinedicarboxylato and axial phosphine ligands. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Schlossarek T, Stepanenko V, Beuerle F, Würthner F. Self‐assembled Ru(bda) Coordination Oligomers as Efficient Catalysts for Visible Light‐Driven Water Oxidation in Pure Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202211445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schlossarek
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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36
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Kessinger M, Soudackov AV, Schneider J, Bangle RE, Hammes-Schiffer S, Meyer GJ. Reorganization Energies for Interfacial Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer to a Water Oxidation Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20514-20524. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kessinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | | | - Jenny Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | - Rachel E. Bangle
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
| | | | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
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37
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Enzyme-like water preorganization in a synthetic molecular cleft for homogeneous water oxidation catalysis. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Wang L, Wang L. Ligands modification strategies for mononuclear water splitting catalysts. Front Chem 2022; 10:996383. [PMID: 36238101 PMCID: PMC9551221 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.996383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis (AP) has been proved to be a promising way of alleviating global climate change and energy crisis. Among various materials for AP, molecular complexes play an important role due to their favorable efficiency, stability, and activity. As a result of its importance, the topic has been extensively reviewed, however, most of them paid attention to the designs and preparations of complexes and their water splitting mechanisms. In fact, ligands design and preparation also play an important role in metal complexes’ properties and catalysis performance. In this review, we focus on the ligands that are suitable for designing mononuclear catalysts for water splitting, providing a coherent discussion at the strategic level because of the availability of various activity studies for the selected complexes. Two main designing strategies for ligands in molecular catalysts, substituents modification and backbone construction, are discussed in detail in terms of their potentials for water splitting catalysts.
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39
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Karak S, Stepanenko V, Addicoat MA, Keßler P, Moser S, Beuerle F, Würthner F. A Covalent Organic Framework for Cooperative Water Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17661-17670. [PMID: 36168797 PMCID: PMC9523720 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The future of water-derived hydrogen as the “sustainable
energy source” straightaway bets on the success of the sluggish
oxygen-generating half-reaction. The endeavor to emulate the natural
photosystem II for efficient water oxidation has been extended across
the spectrum of organic and inorganic combinations. However, the achievement
has so far been restricted to homogeneous catalysts rather than their
pristine heterogeneous forms. The poor structural understanding and
control over the mechanistic pathway often impede the overall development.
Herein, we have synthesized a highly crystalline covalent organic
framework (COF) for chemical and photochemical water oxidation. The
interpenetrated structure assures the catalyst stability, as the catalyst’s
performance remains unaltered after several cycles. This COF exhibits
the highest ever accomplished catalytic activity for such an organometallic
crystalline solid-state material where the rate of oxygen evolution
is as high as ∼26,000 μmol L–1 s–1 (second-order rate constant k ≈
1650 μmol L s–1 g–2). The
catalyst also proves its exceptional activity (k ≈
1600 μmol L s–1 g–2) during
light-driven water oxidation under very dilute conditions. The cooperative
interaction between metal centers in the crystalline network offers
20–30-fold superior activity during chemical as well as photocatalytic
water oxidation as compared to its amorphous polymeric counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Karak
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Matthew A. Addicoat
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Philipp Keßler
- Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg D-97074, Germany
| | - Simon Moser
- Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg D-97074, Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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40
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Nicholas KM, Lander C, Shao Y. Computational Evaluation of Potential Molecular Catalysts for Nitrous Oxide Decomposition. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14591-14605. [PMID: 36067530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) with limited use as a mild anesthetic and underdeveloped reactivity. Nitrous oxide splitting (decomposition) is critical to its mitigation as a GHG. Although heterogeneous catalysts for N2O decomposition have been developed, highly efficient, long-lived solid catalysts are still needed, and the details of the catalytic pathways are not well understood. Reported herein is a computational evaluation of three potential molecular (homogeneous) catalysts for N2O splitting, which could aid in the development of more active and robust catalysts and provide deeper mechanistic insights: one Cu(I)-based, [(CF3O)4Al]Cu (A-1), and two Ru(III)-based, Cl(POR)Ru (B-1) and (NTA)Ru (C-1) (POR = porphyrin, NTA = nitrilotriacetate). The structures and energetic viability of potential intermediates and key transition states are evaluated according to a two-stage reaction pathway: (A) deoxygenation (DO), during which a metal-N2O complex undergoes N-O bond cleavage to produce N2 and a metal-oxo species and (B) (di)oxygen evolution (OER), in which the metal-oxo species dimerizes to a dimetal-peroxo complex, followed by conversion to a metal-dioxygen species from which dioxygen dissociates. For the (F-L)Cu(I) activator (A-1), deoxygenation of N2O is facilitated by an O-bound (F-L)Cu-O-N2 or better by a bimetallic N,O-bonded, (F-L)Cu-NNO-Cu(F-L) complex; the resulting copper-oxyl (F-L)Cu-O is converted exergonically to (F-L)Cu-(η2,η2-O2)-Cu(F-L), which leads to dioxygen species (F-L)Cu(η2-O2), that favorably dissociates O2. Key features of the DO/OER process for (POR)ClRu (B-1) include endergonic N2O coordination, facile N2 evolution from LR'u-N2O-RuL to Cl(POR)RuO, moderate barrier coupling of Cl(POR)RuO to peroxo Cl(POR)Ru(O2)Ru(POR)Cl, and eventual O2 dissociation from Cl(POR)Ru(η1-O2), which is nearly thermoneutral. N2O decomposition promoted by (NTA)Ru(III) (C-1) can proceed with exergonic N2O coordination, facile N2 dissociation from (NTA)Ru-ON2 or (NTA)Ru-N2O-Ru(NTA) to form (NTA)Ru-O; dimerization of the (NTA)Ru-oxo species is facile to produce (NTA)Ru-O-O-Ru(NTA), and subsequent OE from the peroxo species is moderately endergonic. Considering the overall energetics, (F-L)Cu and Cl(POR)Ru derivatives are deemed the best candidates for promoting facile N2O decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Nicholas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Chance Lander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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41
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Thangamuthu M, Ruan Q, Ohemeng PO, Luo B, Jing D, Godin R, Tang J. Polymer Photoelectrodes for Solar Fuel Production: Progress and Challenges. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11778-11829. [PMID: 35699661 PMCID: PMC9284560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Converting solar energy to fuels has attracted substantial interest over the past decades because it has the potential to sustainably meet the increasing global energy demand. However, achieving this potential requires significant technological advances. Polymer photoelectrodes are composed of earth-abundant elements, e.g. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, which promise to be more economically sustainable than their inorganic counterparts. Furthermore, the electronic structure of polymer photoelectrodes can be more easily tuned to fit the solar spectrum than inorganic counterparts, promising a feasible practical application. As a fast-moving area, in particular, over the past ten years, we have witnessed an explosion of reports on polymer materials, including photoelectrodes, cocatalysts, device architectures, and fundamental understanding experimentally and theoretically, all of which have been detailed in this review. Furthermore, the prospects of this field are discussed to highlight the future development of polymer photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madasamy Thangamuthu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Qiushi Ruan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Peter Osei Ohemeng
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Bing Luo
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- International
Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of
Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Dengwei Jing
- International
Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of
Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Robert Godin
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of British
Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
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42
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Zhu Y, Liu G, Zhao R, Gao H, Li X, Sun L, Li F. Photoelectrochemical water oxidation improved by pyridine N-oxide as a mimic of tyrosine-Z in photosystem II. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4955-4961. [PMID: 35655895 PMCID: PMC9067620 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00443g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis provides a way to store solar energy in chemical bonds with water oxidation as a major challenge for creating highly efficient and robust photoanodes that mimic photosystem II. We report here an easily available pyridine N-oxide (PNO) derivative as an efficient electron transfer relay between an organic light absorber and molecular water oxidation catalyst on a nanoparticle TiO2 photoanode. Spectroscopic and kinetic studies revealed that the PNO/PNO+˙ couple closely mimics the redox behavior of the tyrosine/tyrosyl radical pair in PSII in improving light-driven charge separation via multi-step electron transfer. The integrated photoanode exhibited a 1 sun current density of 3 mA cm-2 in the presence of Na2SO3 and a highly stable photocurrent density of >0.5 mA cm-2 at 0.4 V vs. NHE over a period of 1 h for water oxidation at pH 7. The performance shown here is superior to those of previously reported organic dye-based photoanodes in terms of photocurrent and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Guoquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
| | - Licheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm 10044 Sweden
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 China
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43
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Zou Y, Hu Y, Shen Z, Yao L, Tang D, Zhang S, Wang S, Hu B, Zhao G, Wang X. Application of aluminosilicate clay mineral-based composites in photocatalysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 115:190-214. [PMID: 34969448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aluminosilicate clay mineral (ACM) is a kind of typical raw materials that used widely in manufacturing industry owing to the abundant reserve and low-cost exploring. In past two decades, in-depth understanding on unique layered structure and abundant surface properties endows ACM in the emerging research and application fields. In field of solar-chemical energy conversion, ACM has been widely used to support various semiconductor photocatalysts, forming the composites and achieving efficient conversion of reactants under sunlight irradiation. To date, classic ACM such as kaolinite and montmorillonite, loaded with semiconductor photocatalysts has been widely applied in photocatalysis. This review summaries the recent works on ACM-based composites in photocatalysis. Focusing on the properties of surface and layered structure, we elucidate the different features in the composition with various functional photocatalysts on two typical kinds of ACM, i.e., type 1:1 and type 2:1. Not only large surface area and active surface hydroxyl group assist the substrate adsorption, but also the layered structure provides more space to enlarge the application of ACM-based photocatalysts. Besides, we overview the modifications on ACM from both external surface and the inter-layer space that make the formation of composites more efficiently and boost the photo-chemical process. This review could inspire more upcoming design and synthesis for ACM-based photocatalysts, leading this kind of economic and eco-friendly materials for more practical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtong Zou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Yezi Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zewen Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ling Yao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Duoyue Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Baowei Hu
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Guixia Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Xiangke Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
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44
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Chemical and electrochemical water oxidation catalyzed by heteroleptic Ru(III) complexes of anionic 2,6 pyridine dicarboxylate ligand: Experimental and theoretical study. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Liu T, Li G, Shen N, Wang L, Timmer BJJ, Kravchenko A, Zhou S, Gao Y, Yang Y, Yang H, Xu B, Zhang B, Ahlquist MSG, Sun L. Promoting Proton Transfer and Stabilizing Intermediates in Catalytic Water Oxidation via Hydrophobic Outer Sphere Interactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104562. [PMID: 35289447 PMCID: PMC9314586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The outer coordination sphere of metalloenzyme often plays an important role in its high catalytic activity, however, this principle is rarely considered in the design of man-made molecular catalysts. Herein, four Ru-bda (bda=2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate) based molecular water oxidation catalysts with well-defined outer spheres are designed and synthesized. Experimental and theoretical studies showed that the hydrophobic environment around the Ru center could lead to thermodynamic stabilization of the high-valent intermediates and kinetic acceleration of the proton transfer process during catalytic water oxidation. By this outer sphere stabilization, a 6-fold rate increase for water oxidation catalysis has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Liu
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Engineering Sciences inChemistry Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & BiologySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology10691StockholmSweden
| | - Nannan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSchool for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD−X) andCollaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsSoochow University215123SuzhouChina
| | - Linqin Wang
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar FuelsSchool of ScienceWestlake University310024HangzhouChina
| | - Brian J. J. Timmer
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Engineering Sciences inChemistry Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
| | - Alexander Kravchenko
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Engineering Sciences inChemistry Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
| | - Shengyang Zhou
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Sciences and EngineeringThe Ångström LaboratoryUppsala University751 03UppsalaSweden
| | - Ying Gao
- Wallenberg Wood Science CenterDepartment of Fiber and Polymer TechnologyKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyStockholm10044Sweden
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Engineering Sciences inChemistry Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Engineering Sciences inChemistry Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Engineering Sciences inChemistry Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
| | - Biaobiao Zhang
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar FuelsSchool of ScienceWestlake University310024HangzhouChina
| | - Mårten S. G. Ahlquist
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry & BiologySchool of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology10691StockholmSweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Engineering Sciences inChemistry Biotechnology and HealthKTH Royal Institute of Technology10044StockholmSweden
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar FuelsSchool of ScienceWestlake University310024HangzhouChina
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis (IAP)State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology (DUT)Dalian116024China
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46
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Boer DD, Siberie Q, Siegler MA, Ferber TH, Moritz DC, Hofmann JP, Hetterscheid DGH. On the Homogeneity of a Cobalt-Based Water Oxidation Catalyst. ACS Catal 2022; 12:4597-4607. [PMID: 35465245 PMCID: PMC9016703 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The homogeneity of
molecular Co-based water oxidation catalysts
(WOCs) has been a subject of debate over the last 10 years as assumed
various homogeneous Co-based WOCs were found to actually form CoOx under operating conditions. The homogeneity
of the Co(HL) (HL = N,N-bis(2,2′-bipyrid-6-yl)amine) system was investigated
with cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance,
and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The obtained experimental results
were compared with heterogeneous CoOx.
Although it is shown that Co(HL) interacts with the electrode
during electrocatalysis, the formation of CoOx was not observed. Instead, a molecular deposit of Co(HL) was found to be formed on the electrode surface. This study
shows that deposition of catalytic material is not necessarily linked
to the decomposition of homogeneous cobalt-based water oxidation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan den Boer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, RA, Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Quentin Siberie
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, RA, Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore 21218 Maryland, United States
| | - Thimo H. Ferber
- Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Strasse 3, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Dominik C. Moritz
- Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Strasse 3, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Strasse 3, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
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47
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Wu P, Yan S, Fang W, Wang B. Molecular Mechanism of the Mononuclear Copper Complex-Catalyzed Water Oxidation from Cluster-Continuum Model Calculations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102508. [PMID: 35080143 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cluster-continuum model calculations were conducted to decipher the mechanism of water oxidation catalyzed by a mononuclear copper complex. Among various O-O bond formation mechanisms investigated in this study, the most favorable pathway involved the nucleophilic attack of OH- onto the .+ L-CuII -OH- intermediate. During such process, the initial binding of OH- to the proximity of .+ L-CuII -OH- would result in the spontaneous oxidation of OH- , leading to OH⋅ radical and CuII -OH- species. The further O-O coupling between OH⋅ radical and CuII -OH- was associated with a barrier of 14.8 kcal mol-1 , leading to the formation of H2 O2 intermediate. Notably, the formation of "CuIII -O.- " species, a widely proposed active species for O-O bond formation, was found to be thermodynamically unfavorable and could be bypassed during the catalytic reactions. On the basis the present calculations, a catalytic cycle of the mononuclear copper complex-catalyzed water oxidation was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 360015, P. R. China
| | - Shengheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 360015, P. R. China
| | - Wenhan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 360015, P. R. China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 360015, P. R. China
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48
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Tsubonouchi Y, Hayasaka T, Wakai Y, Mohamed EA, Zahran ZN, Yagi M. Highly Efficient and Durable Electrocatalysis by a Molecular Catalyst with Long Alkoxyl Chains Immobilized on a Carbon Electrode for Water Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15154-15164. [PMID: 35319176 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A dinuclear Ru complex, proximal,proximal-[Ru2L(C8Otpy)2(OH)(OH2)]3+ (C8Otpy = 4'-octyloxy-2,2'; 6',2″-terpyridine) (1) with long alkoxyl chains, was synthesized to be immobilized on a carbon paper (CP) electrode via hydrophobic interactions between the long alkoxyl chains and the CP surface. The 1/CP electrode demonstrated efficient electrocatalytic water oxidation with a low overpotential (ηonset) of 0.26 V (based on the onset potential for water oxidation) in an aqueous medium at pH 7.0, which is compared advantageously with those of hitherto-reported molecular anodes for water oxidation. The active species of RuIIIRuIII(μ-OO) with a μ-OO bridge was involved in water oxidation at 0.95 V versus Ag/AgCl. As the applied potential increased to 1.40 V, water oxidation was promoted by participation of the more active species of RuIIIRuIV(μ-OO), and very durable electrocatalysis was gained for more than 35 h without elution of 1 into the electrolyte solution. The introduced long alkoxyl chains act as a dual role of the linker of 1 on the CP surface and decrease the η value. Theoretical investigation provides insights into the O-O bond formation mechanism and the activity difference between RuIIIRuIII(μ-OO) and RuIIIRuIV(μ-OO) for electrocatalytic water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsubonouchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
| | - Taichi Hayasaka
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
| | - Yuki Wakai
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
| | - Eman A Mohamed
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
| | - Zaki N Zahran
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yagi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 9050-2181, Japan
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Hsu WC, Wang YH. Homogeneous Water Oxidation Catalyzed by First-Row Transition Metal Complexes: Unveiling the Relationship between Turnover Frequency and Reaction Overpotential. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102378. [PMID: 34881515 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of earth-abundant low-toxicity metal ions in the construction of highly active and efficient molecular catalysts promoting the water oxidation reaction is important for developing a sustainable artificial energy cycle. However, the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the currently available molecular water oxidation catalysts (MWOCs) have not been comprehensively investigated. This Review summarizes the current status of MWOCs based on first-row transition metals in terms of their turnover frequency (TOF, a kinetic property) and overpotential (η, a thermodynamic property) and uses the relationship between log(TOF) and η to assess catalytic performance. Furthermore, the effects of the same ligand classes on these MWOCs are discussed in terms of TOF and η, and vice versa. The collective analysis of these relationships provides a metric for the direct comparison of catalyst systems and identifying factors crucial for catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chi Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Heng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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50
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Patel J, Bury G, Ravari AK, Ezhov R, Pushkar Y. Systematic Influence of Electronic Modification of Ligands on the Catalytic Rate of Water Oxidation by a Single-Site Ru-Based Catalyst. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202101657. [PMID: 34905663 PMCID: PMC10063387 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic water oxidation is an important process for the development of clean energy solutions and energy storage. Despite the significant number of reports on active catalysts, systematic control of the catalytic activity remains elusive. In this study, descriptors are explored that can be correlated with catalytic activity. [Ru(tpy)(pic)2 (H2 O)](NO3 )2 and [Ru(EtO-tpy)(pic)2 (H2 O)](NO3 )2 (where tpy=2,2' : 6',2"-terpyridine, EtO-tpy=4'-(ethoxy)-2,2':6',2"-terpyridine, pic=4-picoline) are synthesized and characterized by NMR, UV/Vis, EPR, resonance Raman, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and electrochemical analysis. Addition of the ethoxy group increases the catalytic activity in chemically driven and photocatalytic water oxidation. Thus, the effect of the electron-donating group known for the [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(H2 O)]2+ family is transferable to architectures with a tpy ligand trans to the Ru-oxo unit. Under catalytic conditions, [Ru(EtO-tpy)(pic)2 (H2 O)](NO3 )2 displays new spectroscopic signals tentatively assigned to a peroxo intermediate. Reaction pathways were analyzed by using DFT calculations. [Ru(EtO-tpy)(pic)2 (H2 O)](NO3 )2 is found to be one of the most active catalysts functioning by a water nucleophilic attack mechanism.
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