1
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Hammel F, Payne NC, Marando VM, Mazitschek R, Walker S. Identification of a Polypeptide Inhibitor of O-GlcNAc Transferase with Picomolar Affinity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:26320-26330. [PMID: 39276112 PMCID: PMC11440498 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential mammalian enzyme that binds thousands of different proteins, including substrates that it glycosylates and nonsubstrate interactors that regulate its biology. OGT also has one proteolytic substrate, the transcriptional coregulator host cell factor 1 (HCF-1), which it cleaves in a process initiated by glutamate side chain glycosylation at a series of central repeats. Although HCF-1 is OGT's most prominent binding partner, its affinity for the enzyme has not been quantified. Here, we report a time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer assay to measure ligand binding to OGT and show that an HCF-1-derived polypeptide (HCF3R) binds with picomolar affinity to the enzyme (KD ≤ 85 pM). This high affinity is driven in large part by conserved asparagines in OGT's tetratricopeptide repeat domain, which form bidentate contacts to the HCF-1 peptide backbone; replacing any one of these asparagines with alanine reduces binding by more than 5 orders of magnitude. Because the HCF-1 polypeptide binds so tightly to OGT, we tested its ability to inhibit enzymatic function. We found that HCF3R potently inhibits OGT both in vitro and in cells and used this finding to develop a genetically encoded, inducible OGT inhibitor that can be degraded with a small molecule, allowing for reversible and tunable inhibition of OGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest
A. Hammel
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - N. Connor Payne
- Center
for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Victoria M. Marando
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Center
for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- T.H.
Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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2
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Liu X, Wang J, Xiang Y, Wang K, Yan D, Tong Y. The roles of OGT and its mechanisms in cancer. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:121. [PMID: 39285476 PMCID: PMC11406787 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01301-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a common and important post-translational modification (PTM) linking O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine and threonine residues in proteins. Extensive research indicates its impact on target protein stability, activity, and interactions. O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes O-GlcNAc modification, responsible for adding O-GlcNAc to proteins. OGT and O-GlcNAcylation are overexpressed in many tumors and closely associated with tumor growth, invasion, metabolism, drug resistance, and immune evasion. This review delineates the biochemical functions of OGT and summarizes its effects and mechanisms in tumors. Targeting OGT presents a promising novel approach for treating human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Yaoxian Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Kangjie Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Yingying Tong
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Luhe Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China.
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3
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Sengupta S, Chanda P, Manna B, Ghosh A, Datta S. Rational Engineering of a β-Glucosidase (H0HC94) from Glycosyl Hydrolase Family I (GH1) to Improve Catalytic Performance on Cellobiose. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:8628-8640. [PMID: 39221646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c03464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks by cellulases to glucose is a critical step in biofuel production. β-Glucosidases catalyze the final step in cellulose breakdown, producing glucose, and are often the rate-limiting step in biomass hydrolysis. The specific activity of most natural and engineered β-glucosidase is higher on the artificial substrate p-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside (pNPGlc) than on the natural substrate, cellobiose. We report an engineered β-glucosidase (Q319A H0HC94) with a 1.8-fold higher specific activity (366.3 ± 36 μmol/min/mg), a 1.5-fold increase in kcat (340.8 ± 27 s-1), and a 3-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (236.65 mM-1 s-1) over H0HC94 (WT) on cellobiose. Molecular dynamic simulations and protein structure network analysis indicate that the Q319A H0HC94 active site pocket is significantly remodeled compared to the WT, leading to changes in enzyme conformation, better accessibility of cellobiose inside the active site pocket, and higher enzymatic activity. This study shows the impact of rational engineering of a nonconserved residue to increase β-glucosidase substrate accessibility and catalytic efficiency by reducing crowding interaction between cellobiose and active site pocket residues near the gatekeeper region and increasing pocket volume and surface area. Thus, rational engineering of previously characterized enzymes could be an excellent strategy to improve cellulose hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauratej Sengupta
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Pinaki Chanda
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Bharat Manna
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Supratim Datta
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
- Center for the Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
- Center for the Climate and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
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4
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Hu CW, Wang K, Jiang J. The non-catalytic domains of O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes present new opportunities for function-specific control. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 81:102476. [PMID: 38861851 PMCID: PMC11323188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is an essential protein glycosylation governed by two O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) installs a single sugar moiety N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on protein serine and threonine residues, and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) removes them. Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation has been implicated in various diseases. However, the large repertoire of more than 1000 O-GlcNAcylated proteins and the elusive mechanisms of OGT/OGA in substrate recognition present significant challenges in targeting the dysregulated O-GlcNAcylation for therapeutic development. Recently, emerging evidence suggested that the non-catalytic domains play critical roles in regulating the functional specificity of OGT/OGA via modulating their protein interactions and substrate recognition. Here, we discuss recent studies on the structures, mechanisms, and related tools of the OGT/OGA non-catalytic domains, highlighting new opportunities for function-specific control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Hu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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5
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Umapathi P, Aggarwal A, Zahra F, Narayanan B, Zachara NE. The multifaceted role of intracellular glycosylation in cytoprotection and heart disease. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107296. [PMID: 38641064 PMCID: PMC11126959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins by O-linked β-N-actylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an essential posttranslational modification that is common in metozoans. O-GlcNAc is cycled on and off proteins in response to environmental and physiological stimuli impacting protein function, which, in turn, tunes pathways that include transcription, translation, proteostasis, signal transduction, and metabolism. One class of stimulus that induces rapid and dynamic changes to O-GlcNAc is cellular injury, resulting from environmental stress (for instance, heat shock), hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, ischemia reperfusion injury (heart attack, stroke, trauma hemorrhage), and sepsis. Acute elevation of O-GlcNAc before or after injury reduces apoptosis and necrosis, suggesting that injury-induced changes in O-GlcNAcylation regulate cell fate decisions. However, prolonged elevation or reduction in O-GlcNAc leads to a maladaptive response and is associated with pathologies such as hypertrophy and heart failure. In this review, we discuss the impact of O-GlcNAc in both acute and prolonged models of injury with a focus on the heart and biological mechanisms that underpin cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Umapathi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Akanksha Aggarwal
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fiddia Zahra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bhargavi Narayanan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha E Zachara
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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6
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Potter SC, Gibbs BE, Hammel FA, Joiner CM, Paulo JA, Janetzko J, Levine ZG, Fei GQ, Haggarty SJ, Walker S. Dissecting OGT's TPR domain to identify determinants of cellular function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401729121. [PMID: 38768345 PMCID: PMC11145291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401729121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential mammalian enzyme that glycosylates myriad intracellular proteins and cleaves the transcriptional coregulator Host Cell Factor 1 to regulate cell cycle processes. Via these catalytic activities as well as noncatalytic protein-protein interactions, OGT maintains cell homeostasis. OGT's tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain is important in substrate recognition, but there is little information on how changing the TPR domain impacts its cellular functions. Here, we investigate how altering OGT's TPR domain impacts cell growth after the endogenous enzyme is deleted. We find that disrupting the TPR residues required for OGT dimerization leads to faster cell growth, whereas truncating the TPR domain slows cell growth. We also find that OGT requires eight of its 13 TPRs to sustain cell viability. OGT-8, like the nonviable shorter OGT variants, is mislocalized and has reduced Ser/Thr glycosylation activity; moreover, its interactions with most of wild-type OGT's binding partners are broadly attenuated. Therefore, although OGT's five N-terminal TPRs are not essential for cell viability, they are required for proper subcellular localization and for mediating many of OGT's protein-protein interactions. Because the viable OGT truncation variant we have identified preserves OGT's essential functions, it may facilitate their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Potter
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Bettine E. Gibbs
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Forrest A. Hammel
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Cassandra M. Joiner
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Joao A. Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - John Janetzko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Zebulon G. Levine
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - George Q. Fei
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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7
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Wu C, Li J, Lu L, Li M, Yuan Y, Li J. OGT and OGA: Sweet guardians of the genome. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107141. [PMID: 38447797 PMCID: PMC10981121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The past 4 decades have witnessed tremendous efforts in deciphering the role of O-GlcNAcylation in a plethora of biological processes. Chemists and biologists have joined hand in hand in the sweet adventure to unravel this unique and universal yet uncharted post-translational modification, and the recent advent of cutting-edge chemical biology and mass spectrometry tools has greatly facilitated the process. Compared with O-GlcNAc, DNA damage response (DDR) is a relatively intensively studied area that could be traced to before the elucidation of the structure of DNA. Unexpectedly, yet somewhat expectedly, O-GlcNAc has been found to regulate various DDR pathways: homologous recombination, nonhomologous end joining, base excision repair, and translesion DNA synthesis. In this review, we first cover the recent structural studies of the O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase, the elegant duo that "writes" and "erases" O-GlcNAc modification. Then we delineate the intricate roles of O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase in DDR. We envision that this is only the beginning of our full appreciation of how O-GlcNAc regulates the blueprint of life-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China.
| | - Jiaheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Lingzi Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yanqiu Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Non-Clinical Evaluation and Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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8
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Liu X, Cai YD, Chiu JC. Regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation by circadian, metabolic, and cellular signals. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105616. [PMID: 38159854 PMCID: PMC10810748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a dynamic post-translational modification that regulates thousands of proteins and almost all cellular processes. Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation has been associated with numerous diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes. O-GlcNAcylation is highly nutrient-sensitive since it is dependent on UDP-GlcNAc, the end product of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). We previously observed daily rhythmicity of protein O-GlcNAcylation in a Drosophila model that is sensitive to the timing of food consumption. We showed that the circadian clock is pivotal in regulating daily O-GlcNAcylation rhythms given its control of the feeding-fasting cycle and hence nutrient availability. Interestingly, we reported that the circadian clock also modulates daily O-GlcNAcylation rhythm by regulating molecular mechanisms beyond the regulation of food consumption time. A large body of work now indicates that O-GlcNAcylation is likely a generalized cellular status effector as it responds to various cellular signals and conditions, such as ER stress, apoptosis, and infection. In this review, we summarize the metabolic regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation through nutrient availability, HBP enzymes, and O-GlcNAc processing enzymes. We discuss the emerging roles of circadian clocks in regulating daily O-GlcNAcylation rhythm. Finally, we provide an overview of other cellular signals or conditions that impact O-GlcNAcylation. Many of these cellular pathways are themselves regulated by the clock and/or metabolism. Our review highlights the importance of maintaining optimal O-GlcNAc rhythm by restricting eating activity to the active period under physiological conditions and provides insights into potential therapeutic targets of O-GlcNAc homeostasis under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Liu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Yao D Cai
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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9
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Ye L, Ding W, Xiao D, Jia Y, Zhao Z, Ao X, Wang J. O-GlcNAcylation: cellular physiology and therapeutic target for human diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e456. [PMID: 38116061 PMCID: PMC10728774 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a distinctive posttranslational protein modification involving the coordinated action of O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase, primarily targeting serine or threonine residues in various proteins. This modification impacts protein functionality, influencing stability, protein-protein interactions, and localization. Its interaction with other modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination is becoming increasingly evident. Dysregulation of O-GlcNAcylation is associated with numerous human diseases, including diabetes, nervous system degeneration, and cancers. This review extensively explores the regulatory mechanisms of O-GlcNAcylation, its effects on cellular physiology, and its role in the pathogenesis of diseases. It examines the implications of aberrant O-GlcNAcylation in diabetes and tumorigenesis, highlighting novel insights into its potential role in cardiovascular diseases. The review also discusses the interplay of O-GlcNAcylation with other protein modifications and its impact on cell growth and metabolism. By synthesizing current research, this review elucidates the multifaceted roles of O-GlcNAcylation, providing a comprehensive reference for future studies. It underscores the potential of targeting the O-GlcNAcylation cycle in developing novel therapeutic strategies for various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Wei Ding
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao Medical CollegeQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Dandan Xiao
- School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yi Jia
- School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Zhonghao Zhao
- School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Xiang Ao
- School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic MedicineQingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
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10
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Blankenship CM, Xie J, Benz C, Wang A, Ivarsson Y, Jiang J. Motif-dependent binding on the intervening domain regulates O-GlcNAc transferase. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1423-1431. [PMID: 37653170 PMCID: PMC10723112 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The modification of intracellular proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties is a highly dynamic process that spatiotemporally regulates nearly every important cellular program. Despite its significance, little is known about the substrate recognition and regulation modes of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the primary enzyme responsible for O-GlcNAc addition. In this study, we identified the intervening domain (Int-D), a poorly understood protein fold found only in metazoan OGTs, as a specific regulator of OGT protein-protein interactions and substrate modification. Using proteomic peptide phage display (ProP-PD) coupled with structural, biochemical and cellular characterizations, we discovered a strongly enriched peptide motif, employed by the Int-D to facilitate specific O-GlcNAcylation. We further show that disruption of Int-D binding dysregulates important cellular programs, including response to nutrient deprivation and glucose metabolism. These findings illustrate a mode of OGT substrate recognition and offer key insights into the biological roles of this unique domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M Blankenship
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jinshan Xie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caroline Benz
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ao Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ylva Ivarsson
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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11
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Alteen MG, Meek RW, Kolappan S, Busmann JA, Cao J, O’Gara Z, Chou Y, Derda R, Davies GJ, Vocadlo DJ. Phage display uncovers a sequence motif that drives polypeptide binding to a conserved regulatory exosite of O-GlcNAc transferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303690120. [PMID: 37819980 PMCID: PMC10589721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303690120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an important regulator of cell physiology. O-GlcNAc is installed on over a thousand proteins by just one enzyme, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). How OGT is regulated is therefore a topic of interest. To gain insight into these questions, we used OGT to perform phage display selection from an unbiased library of ~109 peptides of 15 amino acids in length. Following rounds of selection and deep mutational panning, we identified a high-fidelity peptide consensus sequence, [Y/F]-x-P-x-Y-x-[I/M/F], that drives peptide binding to OGT. Peptides containing this sequence bind to OGT in the high nanomolar to low micromolar range and inhibit OGT in a noncompetitive manner with low micromolar potencies. X-ray structural analyses of OGT in complex with a peptide containing this motif surprisingly revealed binding to an exosite proximal to the active site of OGT. This structure defines the detailed molecular basis driving peptide binding and explains the need for specific residues within the sequence motif. Analysis of the human proteome revealed this motif within 52 nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. Collectively, these data suggest a mode of regulation of OGT by which polypeptides can bind to this exosite to cause allosteric inhibition of OGT through steric occlusion of its active site. We expect that these insights will drive improved understanding of the regulation of OGT within cells and enable the development of new chemical tools to exert fine control over OGT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Alteen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BCV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Richard W. Meek
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Subramania Kolappan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BCV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jil A. Busmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BCV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jessica Cao
- 48 Hour Discovery, Nanotechnology Research Centre, Edmonton, ABT6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Zoe O’Gara
- 48 Hour Discovery, Nanotechnology Research Centre, Edmonton, ABT6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Ying Chou
- 48 Hour Discovery, Nanotechnology Research Centre, Edmonton, ABT6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Ratmir Derda
- 48 Hour Discovery, Nanotechnology Research Centre, Edmonton, ABT6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YorkYO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BCV5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BCV5A 1S6, Canada
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12
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Ben Ahmed A, Lemaire Q, Scache J, Mariller C, Lefebvre T, Vercoutter-Edouart AS. O-GlcNAc Dynamics: The Sweet Side of Protein Trafficking Regulation in Mammalian Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1396. [PMID: 37408229 PMCID: PMC10216988 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of proteins between the different cellular compartments and the cell surface is governed by the secretory pathway. Alternatively, unconventional secretion pathways have been described in mammalian cells, especially through multivesicular bodies and exosomes. These highly sophisticated biological processes rely on a wide variety of signaling and regulatory proteins that act sequentially and in a well-orchestrated manner to ensure the proper delivery of cargoes to their final destination. By modifying numerous proteins involved in the regulation of vesicular trafficking, post-translational modifications (PTMs) participate in the tight regulation of cargo transport in response to extracellular stimuli such as nutrient availability and stress. Among the PTMs, O-GlcNAcylation is the reversible addition of a single N-acetylglucosamine monosaccharide (GlcNAc) on serine or threonine residues of cytosolic, nuclear, and mitochondrial proteins. O-GlcNAc cycling is mediated by a single couple of enzymes: the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) which catalyzes the addition of O-GlcNAc onto proteins, and the O-GlcNAcase (OGA) which hydrolyses it. Here, we review the current knowledge on the emerging role of O-GlcNAc modification in the regulation of protein trafficking in mammalian cells, in classical and unconventional secretory pathways.
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13
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van der Wel H, Garcia AM, Gas-Pascual E, Willis MM, Kim HW, Bandini G, Gaye MM, Costello CE, Samuelson J, West CM. Spindly is a nucleocytosolic O-fucosyltransferase in Dictyostelium and related proteins are widespread in protists and bacteria. Glycobiology 2023; 33:225-244. [PMID: 36250576 PMCID: PMC10114647 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a prominent modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins in animals and plants and is mediated by a single O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). Spindly (Spy), a paralog of OGT first discovered in higher plants, has an ortholog in the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, and both enzymes are now recognized as O-fucosyltransferases (OFTs). Here we investigate the evolution of spy-like genes and experimentally confirm OFT activity in the social amoeba Dictyostelium-a protist that is more related to fungi and metazoa. Immunofluorescence probing with the fucose-specific Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) and biochemical cell fractionation combined with western blotting suggested the occurrence of nucleocytoplasmic fucosylation. The absence of reactivity in mutants deleted in spy or gmd (unable to synthesize GDP-Fuc) suggested monofucosylation mediated by Spy. Genetic ablation of the modE locus, previously predicted to encode a GDP-fucose transporter, confirmed its necessity for fucosylation in the secretory pathway but not for the nucleocytoplasmic proteins. Affinity capture of these proteins combined with mass spectrometry confirmed monofucosylation of Ser and Thr residues of several known nucleocytoplasmic proteins. As in Toxoplasma, the Spy OFT was required for optimal proliferation of Dictyostelium under laboratory conditions. These findings support a new phylogenetic analysis of OGT and OFT evolution that indicates their occurrence in the last eukaryotic common ancestor but mostly complementary presence in its eukaryotic descendants with the notable exception that both occur in red algae and plants. Their generally exclusive expression, high degree of conservation, and shared monoglycosylation targets suggest overlapping roles in physiological regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanke van der Wel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ana Maria Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN), 1951 SW 172nd Ave, Hollywood, FL 33029, USA
| | - Elisabet Gas-Pascual
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Macy M Willis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hyun W Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Giulia Bandini
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Clarivate Analytics (UK) Ltd., 70 St. Mary Axe, London, EC3A 8BE
| | - Maissa Mareme Gaye
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Chemistry Technology Center, Waters Corporation, Milford, MA 01757, USA
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - John Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Christopher M West
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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14
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Li Y, Yang Z, Chen J, Chen Y, Jiang C, Zhong T, Su Y, Liang Y, Sun H. OGT Binding Peptide-Tagged Strategy Increases Protein O-GlcNAcylation Level in E. coli. Molecules 2023; 28:2129. [PMID: 36903375 PMCID: PMC10004047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a single glycosylation of GlcNAc mediated by OGT, which regulates the function of substrate proteins and is closely related to many diseases. However, a large number of O-GlcNAc-modified target proteins are costly, inefficient, and complicated to prepare. In this study, an OGT binding peptide (OBP)-tagged strategy for improving the proportion of O-GlcNAc modification was established successfully in E. coli. OBP (P1, P2, or P3) was fused with target protein Tau as tagged Tau. Tau or tagged Tau was co-constructed with OGT into a vector expressed in E. coli. Compared with Tau, the O-GlcNAc level of P1Tau and TauP1 increased 4~6-fold. Moreover, the P1Tau and TauP1 increased the O-GlcNAc-modified homogeneity. The high O-GlcNAcylation on P1Tau resulted in a significantly slower aggregation rate than Tau in vitro. This strategy was also used successfully to increase the O-GlcNAc level of c-Myc and H2B. These results indicated that the OBP-tagged strategy was a successful approach to improve the O-GlcNAcylation of a target protein for further functional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zelan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yihao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chengji Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yanting Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Yi Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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15
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Balsollier C, Tomašič T, Yasini D, Bijkerk S, Anderluh M, Pieters RJ. Design of OSMI-4 Analogs Using Scaffold Hopping: Investigating the Importance of the Uridine Mimic in the Binding of OGT Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300001. [PMID: 36752318 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
β-N-Acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) inhibition is considered an important topic in medicinal chemistry. The involvement of O-GlcNAcylation in several important biological pathways is pointing to OGT as a potential therapeutic target. The field of OGT inhibitors drastically changed after the discovery of the 7-quinolone-4-carboxamide scaffold and its optimization to the first nanomolar OGT inhibitor: OSMI-4. While OSMI-4 is still the most potent inhibitor reported to date, its physicochemical properties are limiting its use as a potential drug candidate as well as a biological tool. In this study, we have introduced a simple modification (elongation) of the peptide part of OSMI-4 that limits the unwanted cyclisation during OSMI-4 synthesis while retaining OGT inhibitory potency. Secondly, we have kept this modified peptide unchanged while incorporating new sulfonamide UDP mimics to try to improve binding of newly designed OGT inhibitors in the UDP-binding site. With the use of computational methods, a small library of OSMI-4 derivatives was designed, prepared and evaluated that provided information about the OGT binding pocket and its specificity toward quinolone-4-carboxamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Balsollier
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniel Yasini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Bijkerk
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Anderluh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Blankenship C, Xie J, Benz C, Wang A, Ivarsson Y, Jiang J. A novel binding site on the cryptic intervening domain is a motif-dependent regulator of O-GlcNAc transferase. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2531412. [PMID: 36778302 PMCID: PMC9915769 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2531412/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The modification of intracellular proteins with O-linked β- N -acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties is a highly dynamic process that spatiotemporally regulates nearly every important cellular program. Despite its significance, little is known about the substrate recognition and regulation modes of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the primary enzyme responsible for O-GlcNAc addition. In this study, we have identified the intervening domain (Int-D), a poorly understood protein fold found only in metazoan OGTs, as a specific regulator of OGT protein-protein interactions and substrate modification. Utilizing an innovative proteomic peptide phage display (ProP-PD) coupled with structural, biochemical, and cellular characterizations, we discovered a novel peptide motif, employed by the Int-D to facilitate specific O-GlcNAcylation. We further show that disruption of Int-D binding dysregulates important cellular programs including nutrient stress response and glucose metabolism. These findings illustrate a novel mode of OGT substrate recognition and offer the first insights into the biological roles of this unique domain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ao Wang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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17
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Xi X, Xiao G, An G, Liu L, Liu X, Hao P, Wang JY, Song D, Yu W, Gu Y. A novel shark single-domain antibody targeting OGT as a tool for detection and intracellular localization. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1062656. [PMID: 36855630 PMCID: PMC9968394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1062656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction O-GlcNAcylation is a type of reversible post-translational modification on Ser/Thr residues of intracellular proteins in eukaryotic cells, which is generated by the sole O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and removed by O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Thousands of proteins, that are involved in various physiological and pathological processes, have been found to be O-GlcNAcylated. However, due to the lack of favorable tools, studies of the O-GlcNAcylation and OGT were impeded. Immunoglobulin new antigen receptor (IgNAR) derived from shark is attractive to research tools, diagnosis and therapeutics. The variable domain of IgNARs (VNARs) have several advantages, such as small size, good stability, low-cost manufacture, and peculiar paratope structure. Methods We obtained shark single domain antibodies targeting OGT by shark immunization, phage display library construction and panning. ELISA and BIACORE were used to assess the affinity of the antibodies to the antigen and three shark single-domain antibodies with high affinity were successfully screened. The three antibodies were assessed for intracellular function by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence co-localization. Results In this study, three anti-OGT VNARs (2D9, 3F7 and 4G2) were obtained by phage display panning. The affinity values were measured using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) that 2D9, 3F7 and 4G2 bound to OGT with KD values of 35.5 nM, 53.4 nM and 89.7 nM, respectively. Then, the VNARs were biotinylated and used for the detection and localization of OGT by ELISA, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. 2D9, 3F7 and 4G2 were exhibited the EC50 values of 102.1 nM, 40.75 nM and 120.7 nM respectively. VNAR 3F7 was predicted to bind the amino acid residues of Ser375, Phe377, Cys379 and Tyr 380 on OGT. Discussion Our results show that shark single-domain antibodies targeting OGT can be used for in vitro detection and intracellular co-localization of OGT, providing a powerful tool for the study of OGT and O-GlcNAcylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Xi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guokai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guiqi An
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Peiyu Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jennifer Yiyang Wang
- College of Letters and Science Dept. of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dandan Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wengong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuchao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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18
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Structural insights into mechanism and specificity of the plant protein O-fucosyltransferase SPINDLY. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7424. [PMID: 36456586 PMCID: PMC9715652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis glycosyltransferase family 41 (GT41) protein SPINDLY (SPY) plays pleiotropic roles in plant development. Despite the amino acid sequence is similar to human O-GlcNAc transferase, Arabidopsis SPY has been identified as a novel nucleocytoplasmic protein O-fucosyltransferase. SPY-like proteins extensively exist in diverse organisms, indicating that O-fucosylation by SPY is a common way to regulate intracellular protein functions. However, the details of how SPY recognizes and glycosylates substrates are unknown. Here, we present a crystal structure of Arabidopsis SPY/GDP complex at 2.85 Å resolution. SPY adopts a head-to-tail dimer. Strikingly, the conformation of a 'catalytic SPY'/GDP/'substrate SPY' complex formed by two symmetry-related SPY dimers is captured in the crystal lattice. The structure together with mutagenesis and enzymatic data demonstrate SPY can fucosylate itself and SPY's self-fucosylation region negatively regulates its enzyme activity, reveal SPY's substrate recognition and enzyme mechanism, and provide insights into the glycan donor substrate selection in GT41 proteins.
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19
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Lim D, Zhou Q, Cox KJ, Law BK, Lee M, Kokkonda P, Sreekanth V, Pergu R, Chaudhary SK, Gangopadhyay SA, Maji B, Lai S, Amako Y, Thompson DB, Subramanian HKK, Mesleh MF, Dančík V, Clemons PA, Wagner BK, Woo CM, Church GM, Choudhary A. A general approach to identify cell-permeable and synthetic anti-CRISPR small molecules. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1766-1775. [PMID: 36396978 PMCID: PMC9891305 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The need to control the activity and fidelity of CRISPR-associated nucleases has resulted in a demand for inhibitory anti-CRISPR molecules. The small-molecule inhibitor discovery platforms available at present are not generalizable to multiple nuclease classes, only target the initial step in the catalytic activity and require high concentrations of nuclease, resulting in inhibitors with suboptimal attributes, including poor potency. Here we report a high-throughput discovery pipeline consisting of a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay that is generalizable to contemporary and emerging nucleases, operates at low nuclease concentrations and targets all catalytic steps. We applied this pipeline to identify BRD7586, a cell-permeable small-molecule inhibitor of SpCas9 that is twofold more potent than other inhibitors identified to date. Furthermore, unlike the reported inhibitors, BRD7586 enhanced SpCas9 specificity and its activity was independent of the genomic loci, DNA-repair pathway or mode of nuclease delivery. Overall, these studies describe a general pipeline to identify inhibitors of contemporary and emerging CRISPR-associated nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Lim
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Qingxuan Zhou
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kurt J Cox
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin K Law
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miseon Lee
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Praveen Kokkonda
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vedagopuram Sreekanth
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajaiah Pergu
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Santosh K Chaudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soumyashree A Gangopadhyay
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Basudeb Maji
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophia Lai
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuka Amako
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David B Thompson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hari K K Subramanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Michael F Mesleh
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vlado Dančík
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul A Clemons
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bridget K Wagner
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christina M Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit Choudhary
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Divisions of Renal Medicine and Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Fahie KMM, Papanicolaou KN, Zachara NE. Integration of O-GlcNAc into Stress Response Pathways. Cells 2022; 11:3509. [PMID: 36359905 PMCID: PMC9654274 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytosolic proteins by O-linked βN-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) has emerged as a dynamic and essential post-translational modification of mammalian proteins. O-GlcNAc is cycled on and off over 5000 proteins in response to diverse stimuli impacting protein function and, in turn, epigenetics and transcription, translation and proteostasis, metabolism, cell structure, and signal transduction. Environmental and physiological injury lead to complex changes in O-GlcNAcylation that impact cell and tissue survival in models of heat shock, osmotic stress, oxidative stress, and hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, as well as ischemic reperfusion injury. Numerous mechanisms that appear to underpin O-GlcNAc-mediated survival include changes in chaperone levels, impacts on the unfolded protein response and integrated stress response, improvements in mitochondrial function, and reduced protein aggregation. Here, we discuss the points at which O-GlcNAc is integrated into the cellular stress response, focusing on the roles it plays in the cardiovascular system and in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamau M. M. Fahie
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kyriakos N. Papanicolaou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Natasha E. Zachara
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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21
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Hu CW, Xie J, Jiang J. The Emerging Roles of Protein Interactions with O-GlcNAc Cycling Enzymes in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5135. [PMID: 36291918 PMCID: PMC9600386 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic O-GlcNAc modification of intracellular proteins is an important nutrient sensor for integrating metabolic signals into vast networks of highly coordinated cellular activities. Dysregulation of the sole enzymes responsible for O-GlcNAc cycling, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and the associated cellular O-GlcNAc profile is a common feature across nearly every cancer type. Many studies have investigated the effects of aberrant OGT/OGA expression on global O-GlcNAcylation activity in cancer cells. However, recent studies have begun to elucidate the roles of protein-protein interactions (PPIs), potentially through regions outside of the immediate catalytic site of OGT/OGA, that regulate greater protein networks to facilitate substrate-specific modification, protein translocalization, and the assembly of larger biomolecular complexes. Perturbation of OGT/OGA PPI networks makes profound changes in the cell and may directly contribute to cancer malignancies. Herein, we highlight recent studies on the structural features of OGT and OGA, as well as the emerging roles and molecular mechanisms of their aberrant PPIs in rewiring cancer networks. By integrating complementary approaches, the research in this area will aid in the identification of key protein contacts and functional modules derived from OGT/OGA that drive oncogenesis and will illuminate new directions for anti-cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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22
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Liu Y, Hu Y, Li S. Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Metabolic Modulation of Skeletal Muscle: A Bright but Long Way to Go. Metabolites 2022; 12:888. [PMID: 36295790 PMCID: PMC9610910 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is an atypical, dynamic and reversible O-glycosylation that is critical and abundant in metazoan. O-GlcNAcylation coordinates and receives various signaling inputs such as nutrients and stresses, thus spatiotemporally regulating the activity, stability, localization and interaction of target proteins to participate in cellular physiological functions. Our review discusses in depth the involvement of O-GlcNAcylation in the precise regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism, such as glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondrial biogenesis. The complex interaction and precise modulation of O-GlcNAcylation in these nutritional pathways of skeletal muscle also provide emerging mechanical information on how nutrients affect health, exercise and disease. Meanwhile, we explored the potential role of O-GlcNAcylation in skeletal muscle pathology and focused on its benefits in maintaining proteostasis under atrophy. In general, these understandings of O-GlcNAcylation are conducive to providing new insights into skeletal muscle (patho) physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shize Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
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23
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Substrate multiplexed protein engineering facilitates promiscuous biocatalytic synthesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5242. [PMID: 36068220 PMCID: PMC9448781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes with high activity are readily produced through protein engineering, but intentionally and efficiently engineering enzymes for an expanded substrate scope is a contemporary challenge. One approach to address this challenge is Substrate Multiplexed Screening (SUMS), where enzyme activity is measured on competing substrates. SUMS has long been used to rigorously quantitate native enzyme specificity, primarily for in vivo settings. SUMS has more recently found sporadic use as a protein engineering approach but has not been widely adopted by the field, despite its potential utility. Here, we develop principles of how to design and interpret SUMS assays to guide protein engineering. This rich information enables improving activity with multiple substrates simultaneously, identifies enzyme variants with altered scope, and indicates potential mutational hot-spots as sites for further engineering. These advances leverage common laboratory equipment and represent a highly accessible and customizable method for enzyme engineering. Efficient engineering of enzymes for expanded substrate scope is currently challenging. Here, the authors develop simple principles of how to design and interpret Substrate Multiplexed Screening assays to guide protein engineering to enable activity improvements with simultaneously with multiple substrates.
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24
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Liu Y, Hu YJ, Fan WX, Quan X, Xu B, Li SZ. O-GlcNAcylation: The Underestimated Emerging Regulators of Skeletal Muscle Physiology. Cells 2022; 11:1789. [PMID: 35681484 PMCID: PMC9180116 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a highly dynamic, reversible and atypical glycosylation that regulates the activity, biological function, stability, sublocation and interaction of target proteins. O-GlcNAcylation receives and coordinates different signal inputs as an intracellular integrator similar to the nutrient sensor and stress receptor, which target multiple substrates with spatio-temporal analysis specifically to maintain cellular homeostasis and normal physiological functions. Our review gives a brief description of O-GlcNAcylation and its only two processing enzymes and HBP flux, which will help to better understand its physiological characteristics of sensing nutrition and environmental cues. This nutritional and stress-sensitive properties of O-GlcNAcylation allow it to participate in the precise regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. This review discusses the mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation to alleviate metabolic disorders and the controversy about the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle. The level of global O-GlcNAcylation is precisely controlled and maintained in the "optimal zone", and its abnormal changes is a potential factor in the pathogenesis of cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes and diabetic complications. Although the essential role of O-GlcNAcylation in skeletal muscle physiology has been widely studied and recognized, it still is underestimated and overlooked. This review highlights the latest progress and potential mechanisms of O-GlcNAcylation in the regulation of skeletal muscle contraction and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bin Xu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (Y.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-X.F.); (X.Q.)
| | - Shi-Ze Li
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (Y.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-X.F.); (X.Q.)
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25
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Abstract
Post-translational modification with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), a process referred to as O-GlcNAcylation, occurs on a vast variety of proteins. Mounting evidence in the past several decades has clearly demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is a unique and ubiquitous modification. Reminiscent of a code, protein O-GlcNAcylation functions as a crucial regulator of nearly all cellular processes studied. The primary aim of this review is to summarize the developments in our understanding of myriad protein substrates modified by O-GlcNAcylation from a systems perspective. Specifically, we provide a comprehensive survey of O-GlcNAcylation in multiple species studied, including eukaryotes (e.g., protists, fungi, plants, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, murine, and human), prokaryotes, and some viruses. We evaluate features (e.g., structural properties and sequence motifs) of O-GlcNAc modification on proteins across species. Given that O-GlcNAcylation functions in a species-, tissue-/cell-, protein-, and site-specific manner, we discuss the functional roles of O-GlcNAcylation on human proteins. We focus particularly on several classes of relatively well-characterized human proteins (including transcription factors, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and E3 ubiquitin-ligases), with representative O-GlcNAc site-specific functions presented. We hope the systems view of the great endeavor in the past 35 years will help demystify the O-GlcNAc code and lead to more fascinating studies in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Ma
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Chunyan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Ci Wu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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26
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Zhang N, Jiang H, Zhang K, Zhu J, Wang Z, Long Y, He Y, Feng F, Liu W, Ye F, Qu W. OGT as potential novel target: Structure, function and inhibitors. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 357:109886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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27
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Mannino MP, Hart GW. The Beginner’s Guide to O-GlcNAc: From Nutrient Sensitive Pathway Regulation to Its Impact on the Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828648. [PMID: 35173739 PMCID: PMC8841346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) on the hydroxy group of serine/threonine residues is known as O-GlcNAcylation (OGN). The dynamic cycling of this monosaccharide on and off substrates occurs via O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase (OGA) respectively. These enzymes are found ubiquitously in eukaryotes and genetic knock outs of the ogt gene has been found to be lethal in embryonic mice. The substrate scope of these enzymes is vast, over 15,000 proteins across 43 species have been identified with O-GlcNAc. OGN has been known to play a key role in several cellular processes such as: transcription, translation, cell signaling, nutrient sensing, immune cell development and various steps of the cell cycle. However, its dysregulation is present in various diseases: cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes. O-GlcNAc is heavily involved in cross talk with other post-translational modifications (PTM), such as phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, by regulating each other’s cycling enzymes or directly competing addition on the same substrate. This crosstalk between PTMs can affect gene expression, protein localization, and protein stability; therefore, regulating a multitude of cell signaling pathways. In this review the roles of OGN will be discussed. The effect O-GlcNAc exerts over protein-protein interactions, the various forms of crosstalk with other PTMs, and its role as a nutrient sensor will be highlighted. A summary of how these O-GlcNAc driven processes effect the immune system will also be included.
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28
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Meek RW, Blaza JN, Busmann JA, Alteen MG, Vocadlo DJ, Davies GJ. Cryo-EM structure provides insights into the dimer arrangement of the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine transferase OGT. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6508. [PMID: 34764280 PMCID: PMC8586251 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification is a core signalling mechanism, with erroneous patterns leading to cancer and neurodegeneration. Although thousands of proteins are subject to this modification, only a single essential glycosyltransferase catalyses its installation, the O-GlcNAc transferase, OGT. Previous studies have provided truncated structures of OGT through X-ray crystallography, but the full-length protein has never been observed. Here, we report a 5.3 Å cryo-EM model of OGT. We show OGT is a dimer, providing a structural basis for how some X-linked intellectual disability mutations at the interface may contribute to disease. We observe that the catalytic section of OGT abuts a 13.5 tetratricopeptide repeat unit region and find the relative positioning of these sections deviate from the previously proposed, X-ray crystallography-based model. We also note that OGT exhibits considerable heterogeneity in tetratricopeptide repeat units N-terminal to the dimer interface with repercussions for how OGT binds protein ligands and partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Meek
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James N Blaza
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Jil A Busmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Matthew G Alteen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gideon J Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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29
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Ramirez DH, Yang B, D'Souza AK, Shen D, Woo CM. Truncation of the TPR domain of OGT alters substrate and glycosite selection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7385-7399. [PMID: 34725712 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that installs O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to thousands of protein substrates. OGT and its isoforms select from these substrates through the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, yet the impact of truncations to the TPR domain on substrate and glycosite selection is unresolved. Here, we report the effects of iterative truncations to the TPR domain of OGT on substrate and glycosite selection with the model protein GFP-JunB and the surrounding O-GlcNAc proteome in U2OS cells. Iterative truncation of the TPR domain of OGT maintains glycosyltransferase activity but alters subcellular localization of OGT in cells. The glycoproteome and glycosites modified by four OGT TPR isoforms were examined on the whole proteome and a single target protein, GFP-JunB. We found the greatest changes in O-GlcNAc on proteins associated with mRNA splicing processes and that the first four TPRs of the canonical nucleocytoplasmic OGT had the broadest substrate scope. Subsequent glycosite analysis revealed that alteration to the last four TPRs corresponded to the greatest shift in the resulting O-GlcNAc consensus sequence. This dataset provides a foundation to analyze how perturbations to the TPR domain and expression of OGT isoforms affect the glycosylation of substrates, which will be critical for future efforts in protein engineering of OGT, the biology of OGT isoforms, and diseases associated with the TPR domain of OGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandria K D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dacheng Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christina M Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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30
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Saha A, Bello D, Fernández-Tejada A. Advances in chemical probing of protein O-GlcNAc glycosylation: structural role and molecular mechanisms. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10451-10485. [PMID: 34338261 PMCID: PMC8451060 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The addition of O-linked-β-D-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto serine and threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins is an abundant, unique post-translational modification governing important biological processes. O-GlcNAc dysregulation underlies several metabolic disorders leading to human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration and diabetes. This review provides an extensive summary of the recent progress in probing O-GlcNAcylation using mainly chemical methods, with a special focus on discussing mechanistic insights and the structural role of O-GlcNAc at the molecular level. We highlight key aspects of the O-GlcNAc enzymes, including development of OGT and OGA small-molecule inhibitors, and describe a variety of chemoenzymatic and chemical biology approaches for the study of O-GlcNAcylation. Special emphasis is placed on the power of chemistry in the form of synthetic glycopeptide and glycoprotein tools for investigating the site-specific functional consequences of the modification. Finally, we discuss in detail the conformational effects of O-GlcNAc glycosylation on protein structure and stability, relevant O-GlcNAc-mediated protein interactions and its molecular recognition features by biological receptors. Future research in this field will provide novel, more effective chemical strategies and probes for the molecular interrogation of O-GlcNAcylation, elucidating new mechanisms and functional roles of O-GlcNAc with potential therapeutic applications in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Saha
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Centre for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC-bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio 48160, Biscay, Spain.
| | - Davide Bello
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Centre for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC-bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio 48160, Biscay, Spain.
| | - Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical Immunology Lab, Centre for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC-bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio 48160, Biscay, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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31
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Ma J, Hou C, Li Y, Chen S, Wu C. OGT Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN): A Curated Database of Experimentally Identified Interaction Proteins of OGT. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179620. [PMID: 34502531 PMCID: PMC8431785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between proteins are essential to any cellular process and constitute the basis for molecular networks that determine the functional state of a cell. With the technical advances in recent years, an astonishingly high number of protein–protein interactions has been revealed. However, the interactome of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme adding the O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) onto its target proteins, has been largely undefined. To that end, we collated OGT interaction proteins experimentally identified in the past several decades. Rigorous curation of datasets from public repositories and O-GlcNAc-focused publications led to the identification of up to 929 high-stringency OGT interactors from multiple species studied (including Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, and others). Among them, 784 human proteins were found to be interactors of human OGT. Moreover, these proteins spanned a very diverse range of functional classes (e.g., DNA repair, RNA metabolism, translational regulation, and cell cycle), with significant enrichment in regulating transcription and (co)translation. Our dataset demonstrates that OGT is likely a hub protein in cells. A webserver OGT-Protein Interaction Network (OGT-PIN) has also been created, which is freely accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Ma
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (Y.L.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-202-6873802
| | - Chunyan Hou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Yaoxiang Li
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (Y.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Shufu Chen
- School of Engineering, Pennsylvania State University Behrend, Erie, PA 16563, USA;
| | - Ci Wu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; (Y.L.); (C.W.)
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32
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Wang X, Ma Q, Shen J, Wang B, Gao X, Zhao L. Application Fields, Positions, and Bioinformatic Mining of Non-active Sites: A Mini-Review. Front Chem 2021; 9:661008. [PMID: 34136463 PMCID: PMC8201498 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.661008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Active sites of enzymes play a vital role in catalysis, and researchhas been focused on the interactions between active sites and substrates to understand the biocatalytic process. However, the active sites distal to the catalytic cavity also participate in catalysis by maintaining the catalytic conformations. Therefore, some researchers have begun to investigate the roles of non-active sites in proteins, especially for enzyme families with different functions. In this mini-review, we focused on recent progress in research on non-active sites of enzymes. First, we outlined two major research methodswith non-active sites as direct targets, including understanding enzymatic mechanisms and enzyme engineering. Second, we classified the positions of reported non-active sites in enzyme structures and studied the molecular mechanisms underlying their functions, according to the literature on non-active sites. Finally, we summarized the results of bioinformatic analysisof mining non-active sites as targets for protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Qinyuan Ma
- School of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Shandong Jincheng Pharmaceutical Group Co.LTD, Zibo, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Shandong Jincheng Pharmaceutical Group Co.LTD, Zibo, China
| | - Xiuzhen Gao
- School of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- School of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.,Shandong Jincheng Pharmaceutical Group Co.LTD, Zibo, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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33
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Balana AT, Moon SP, Pratt MR. O-GlcNAcylated peptides and proteins for structural and functional studies. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 68:84-93. [PMID: 33434850 PMCID: PMC8222092 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is an enzymatic post-translational modification occurring in hundreds of protein substrates. This modification occurs through the addition of the monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues on intracellular proteins in the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria. As a highly dynamic form of modification, changes in O-GlcNAc levels coincide with alterations in metabolic state, the presence of stressors, and cellular health. At the protein level, the consequences of the sugar modification can vary, thus necessitating biochemical investigations on protein-specific and site-specific effects. To this end, enzymatic and chemical methods to 'encode' the modification have been developed and the utilization of these synthetic glycopeptides and glycoproteins has since been instrumental in the discovery of the mechanisms by which O-GlcNAcylation can affect a diverse array of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Balana
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Stuart P Moon
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States; Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States.
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34
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Joiner CM, Hammel FA, Janetzko J, Walker S. Protein Substrates Engage the Lumen of O-GlcNAc Transferase's Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain in Different Ways. Biochemistry 2021; 60:847-853. [PMID: 33709700 PMCID: PMC8040631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins is an essential post-translational modification in mammals. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the sole enzyme responsible for this modification, glycosylates more than 1000 unique nuclear and cytoplasmic substrates. How OGT selects its substrates is a fundamental question that must be answered to understand OGT's unusual biology. OGT contains a long tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain that has been implicated in substrate selection, but there is almost no information about how changes to this domain affect glycosylation of individual substrates. By profiling O-GlcNAc in cell extracts and probing glycosylation of purified substrates, we show here that ladders of asparagines and aspartates that extend the full length of OGT's TPR lumen control substrate glycosylation. Different substrates are sensitive to changes in different regions of OGT's TPR lumen. We also found that substrates with glycosylation sites close to the C-terminus bypass lumenal binding. Our findings demonstrate that substrates can engage OGT in a variety of different ways for glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Joiner
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Forrest A. Hammel
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - John Janetzko
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston MA 02115, USA
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35
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Gao Q, Shao J, Tang M, Xin Y, Zhang L. Promote the expression and corrected folding of an extremely stable N-demethylase by promoter reconstruction, native environment simulation and surface design. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:434-443. [PMID: 33647338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermomicrobium roseum sarcosine oxidase (TrSOX) was a N-demethylase with specific substrate chiral selectivity, outstanding thermostability and environmental resistance. To promote the expression of TrSOX in Bacillus subtilis W600, the HpaII promoter of pMA5 plasmid was replaced by constitutive or inducible promoters. Through orthogonal experiment, the expression process was optimized, B. subtilis W600 cells containing pMA5-Pxyl-trSOX plasmid were cultivated until OD600nm reached 2.0 and were then induced with 1.6% xylose at 37 °C for 2 h, and the native environment of T. roseum was simulated by heating at 80 °C, with the productivity of TrSOX increased from ~8.3 to ~66.7 μg/g wet cells; and the simulated high temperature was the key switch for the final folding. To reduce the surface hydrophobicity, a S320R mutant was built to form a hydrophilic lid around the entrance of the substrate pocket, and the yield of TrSOX (S320R) was ~163.0 μg/g wet cells, approximately 20 folds as that in the initial expression system. This mutant revealed the similar secondary structure, stability, resistance, chiral substrate selectivity and optimal reaction environment with wild type TrSOX; however, the N-demethylation activities for amino acid derivative substrates were dramatically increased, while those for hydrophobic non-amino acid compounds were repressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengwei Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yu Xin
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, PR China.
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36
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Stephen HM, Praissman JL, Wells L. Generation of an Interactome for the Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain of O-GlcNAc Transferase Indicates a Role for the Enzyme in Intellectual Disability. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:1229-1242. [PMID: 33356293 PMCID: PMC8577549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) modifies nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc). With thousands of O-GlcNAc-modified proteins but only one OGT encoded in the mammalian genome, a prevailing question is how OGT selects its substrates. Prior work has indicated that the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of OGT is involved in substrate selection. Furthermore, several variants of OGT causal for X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) occur in the TPR domain. Therefore, we adapted the BioID labeling method to identify interactors of a TPR-BirA* fusion protein in HeLa cells. We identified 115 interactors representing known and novel O-GlcNAc-modified proteins and OGT interactors (raw data deposited in MassIVE, Dataset ID MSV000085626). The interactors are enriched in known OGT processes (e.g., chromatin remodeling) as well as processes in which OGT has yet to be implicated (e.g., pre-mRNA processing). Importantly, the identified TPR interactors are linked to several disease states but most notably are enriched in pathologies featuring intellectual disability that may underlie the mechanism by which mutations in OGT lead to XLID. This interactome for the TPR domain of OGT serves as a jumping-off point for future research exploring the role of OGT, the TPR domain, and its protein interactors in multiple cellular processes and disease mechanisms, including intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Stephen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States of America
| | - Jeremy L. Praissman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States of America
| | - Lance Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States of America
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37
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Kositzke A, Fan D, Wang A, Li H, Worth M, Jiang J. Elucidating the protein substrate recognition of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) toward O-GlcNAcase (OGA) using a GlcNAc electrophilic probe. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 169:51-59. [PMID: 33333092 PMCID: PMC7856287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The essential human O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is the sole enzyme responsible for modifying thousands of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide O-GlcNAc. This unique modification plays crucial roles in human health and disease, but the substrate recognition of OGT remains poorly understood. Intriguingly, the only human enzyme reported to remove this modification, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), is O-GlcNAc modified. Here, we exploited a GlcNAc electrophilic probe (GEP1A) to rapidly screen OGT mutants in a fluorescence assay that can discriminate between altered OGT-sugar and -protein substrate binding to help elucidate the binding mode of OGT toward OGA protein substrate. Since OGT tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain plays a key role in OGT-OGA binding, we screened 30 OGT TPR mutants, which revealed 15 "ladder like" asparagine or aspartate residues spanning TPRs 3-7 and 10-13.5 that affect OGA O-GlcNAcylation. By applying a truncated OGA construct, we found that OGA's N-terminal region or pseudo histone acetyltransferase domain is not required for its O-GlcNAcylation, suggesting OGT functionally interacts with OGA through its catalytic and/or stalk domains. This work represents the first effort to systemically investigate each OGT TPR and our findings will facilitate the development of new strategies to investigate the role of substrate-specific O-GlcNAcylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kositzke
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Dacheng Fan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ao Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Matthew Worth
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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38
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Stephen HM, Adams TM, Wells L. Regulating the Regulators: Mechanisms of Substrate Selection of the O-GlcNAc Cycling Enzymes OGT and OGA. Glycobiology 2021; 31:724-733. [PMID: 33498085 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of nuclear and cytosolic proteins are modified with a single β-N-acetylglucosamine on serine and threonine residues in mammals, a modification termed O-GlcNAc. This modification is essential for normal development and plays important roles in virtually all intracellular processes. Additionally, O-GlcNAc is involved in many disease states, including cancer, diabetes, and X-linked intellectual disability. Given the myriad of functions of the O-GlcNAc modification, it is therefore somewhat surprising that O-GlcNAc cycling is mediated by only two enzymes: the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which adds O-GlcNAc, and the O-GlcNAcase (OGA), which removes it. A significant outstanding question in the O-GlcNAc field is how do only two enzymes mediate such an abundant and dynamic modification. In this review, we explore the current understanding of mechanisms for substrate selection for the O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes. These mechanisms include direct substrate interaction with specific domains of OGT or OGA, selection of interactors via partner proteins, posttranslational modification of OGT or OGA, nutrient sensing, and localization alteration. Altogether, current research paints a picture of an exquisitely regulated and complex system by which OGT and OGA select substrates. We also make recommendations for future work, toward the goal of identifying interaction mechanisms for specific substrates that may be able to be exploited for various research and medical treatment goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Stephen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Trevor M Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
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39
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Itkonen HM, Loda M, Mills IG. O-GlcNAc Transferase - An Auxiliary Factor or a Full-blown Oncogene? Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:555-564. [PMID: 33472950 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The β-linked N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) is a posttranslational modification of serine and threonine residues catalyzed by the enzyme O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). Increased OGT expression is a feature of most human cancers and inhibition of OGT decreases cancer cell proliferation. Antiproliferative effects are attributed to posttranslational modifications of known regulators of cancer cell proliferation, such as MYC, FOXM1, and EZH2. In general, OGT amplifies cell-specific phenotype, for example, OGT overexpression enhances reprogramming efficiency of mouse embryonic fibroblasts into stem cells. Genome-wide screens suggest that certain cancers are particularly dependent on OGT, and understanding these addictions is important when considering OGT as a target for cancer therapy. The O-GlcNAc modification is involved in most cellular processes, which raises concerns of on-target undesirable effects of OGT-targeting therapy. Yet, emerging evidence suggest that, much like proteasome inhibitors, specific compounds targeting OGT elicit selective antiproliferative effects in cancer cells, and can prime malignant cells to other treatments. It is, therefore, essential to gain mechanistic insights on substrate specificity for OGT, develop reagents to more specifically enrich for O-GlcNAc-modified proteins, identify O-GlcNAc "readers," and develop OGT small-molecule inhibitors. Here, we review the relevance of OGT in cancer progression and the potential targeting of this metabolic enzyme as a putative oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri M Itkonen
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York.,The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,The New York Genome Center, New York, New York
| | - Ian G Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom. .,PCUK/Movember Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Patrick G Johnston Centre, for Cancer Research (PGJCCR), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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40
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Ma J, Wu C, Hart GW. Analytical and Biochemical Perspectives of Protein O-GlcNAcylation. Chem Rev 2021; 121:1513-1581. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Ma
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Ci Wu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Gerald W. Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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41
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Bandini G, Agop-Nersesian C, van der Wel H, Mandalasi M, Kim HW, West CM, Samuelson J. The nucleocytosolic O-fucosyltransferase SPINDLY affects protein expression and virulence in Toxoplasma gondii. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100039. [PMID: 33158988 PMCID: PMC7949088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Once considered unusual, nucleocytoplasmic glycosylation is now recognized as a conserved feature of eukaryotes. While in animals, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) modifies thousands of intracellular proteins, the human pathogen Toxoplasma gondii transfers a different sugar, fucose, to proteins involved in transcription, mRNA processing, and signaling. Knockout experiments showed that TgSPY, an ortholog of plant SPINDLY and paralog of host OGT, is required for nuclear O-fucosylation. Here we verify that TgSPY is the nucleocytoplasmic O-fucosyltransferase (OFT) by 1) complementation with TgSPY-MYC3, 2) its functional dependence on amino acids critical for OGT activity, and 3) its ability to O-fucosylate itself and a model substrate and to specifically hydrolyze GDP-Fuc. While many of the endogenous proteins modified by O-Fuc are important for tachyzoite fitness, O-fucosylation by TgSPY is not essential. Growth of Δspy tachyzoites in fibroblasts is modestly affected, despite marked reductions in the levels of ectopically expressed proteins normally modified with O-fucose. Intact TgSPY-MYC3 localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas catalytic mutants often displayed reduced abundance. Δspy tachyzoites of a luciferase-expressing type II strain exhibited infection kinetics in mice similar to wild-type but increased persistence in the chronic brain phase, potentially due to an imbalance of regulatory protein levels. The modest changes in parasite fitness in vitro and in mice, despite profound effects on reporter protein accumulation, and the characteristic punctate localization of O-fucosylated proteins suggest that TgSPY controls the levels of proteins to be held in reserve for response to novel stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bandini
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Carolina Agop-Nersesian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanke van der Wel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Msano Mandalasi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Hyun W Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher M West
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - John Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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42
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Estevez A, Zhu D, Blankenship C, Jiang J. Molecular Interrogation to Crack the Case of O-GlcNAc. Chemistry 2020; 26:12086-12100. [PMID: 32207184 PMCID: PMC7724648 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification, termed O-GlcNAcylation, is an essential and dynamic post-translational modification in cells. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) installs this modification on serine and threonine residues, whereas O-GlcNAcase (OGA) hydrolyzes it. O-GlcNAc modifications are found on thousands of intracellular proteins involved in diverse biological processes. Dysregulation of O-GlcNAcylation and O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes has been detected in many diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, recent advances in the development of molecular tools to investigate OGT and OGA functions and substrate recognition are discussed. New chemical approaches to study O-GlcNAc dynamics and its potential roles in the immune system are also highlighted. It is hoped that this minireview will encourage more research in these areas to advance the understanding of O-GlcNAc in biology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielis Estevez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Dongsheng Zhu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Connor Blankenship
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jiaoyang Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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43
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Tan ZW, Fei G, Paulo JA, Bellaousov S, Martin SES, Duveau DY, Thomas CJ, Gygi SP, Boutz PL, Walker S. O-GlcNAc regulates gene expression by controlling detained intron splicing. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:5656-5669. [PMID: 32329777 PMCID: PMC7261177 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intron detention in precursor RNAs serves to regulate expression of a substantial fraction of genes in eukaryotic genomes. How detained intron (DI) splicing is controlled is poorly understood. Here, we show that a ubiquitous post-translational modification called O-GlcNAc, which is thought to integrate signaling pathways as nutrient conditions fluctuate, controls detained intron splicing. Using specific inhibitors of the enzyme that installs O-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc transferase, or OGT) and the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc (O-GlcNAcase, or OGA), we first show that O-GlcNAc regulates splicing of the highly conserved detained introns in OGT and OGA to control mRNA abundance in order to buffer O-GlcNAc changes. We show that OGT and OGA represent two distinct paradigms for how DI splicing can control gene expression. We also show that when DI splicing of the O-GlcNAc-cycling genes fails to restore O-GlcNAc homeostasis, there is a global change in detained intron levels. Strikingly, almost all detained introns are spliced more efficiently when O-GlcNAc levels are low, yet other alternative splicing pathways change minimally. Our results demonstrate that O-GlcNAc controls detained intron splicing to tune system-wide gene expression, providing a means to couple nutrient conditions to the cell's transcriptional regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Fei
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stanislav Bellaousov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Sara E S Martin
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Damien Y Duveau
- National Institutes of Health Chemical Genomics Center, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- National Institutes of Health Chemical Genomics Center, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul L Boutz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Center for Biomedical Informatics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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44
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Gorelik A, van Aalten DMF. Tools for functional dissection of site-specific O-GlcNAcylation. RSC Chem Biol 2020; 1:98-109. [PMID: 34458751 PMCID: PMC8386111 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-GlcNAcylation is an abundant post-translational modification of intracellular proteins with the monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine covalently tethered to serines and threonines. Modification of proteins with O-GlcNAc is required for metazoan embryo development and maintains cellular homeostasis through effects on transcription, signalling and stress response. While disruption of O-GlcNAc homeostasis can have detrimental impact on cell physiology and cause various diseases, little is known about the functions of individual O-GlcNAc sites. Most of the sites are modified sub-stoichiometrically which is a major challenge to the dissection of O-GlcNAc function. Here, we discuss the application, advantages and limitations of the currently available tools and technologies utilised to dissect the function of O-GlcNAc on individual proteins and sites in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we provide a perspective on future developments required to decipher the protein- and site-specific roles of this essential sugar modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Gorelik
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee UK
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee Dundee UK
- Institute for Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha China
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45
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Chatham JC, Zhang J, Wende AR. Role of O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine Protein Modification in Cellular (Patho)Physiology. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:427-493. [PMID: 32730113 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mid-1980s, the identification of serine and threonine residues on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins modified by a N-acetylglucosamine moiety (O-GlcNAc) via an O-linkage overturned the widely held assumption that glycosylation only occurred in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory pathways. In contrast to traditional glycosylation, the O-GlcNAc modification does not lead to complex, branched glycan structures and is rapidly cycled on and off proteins by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. Since its discovery, O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to contribute to numerous cellular functions, including signaling, protein localization and stability, transcription, chromatin remodeling, mitochondrial function, and cell survival. Dysregulation in O-GlcNAc cycling has been implicated in the progression of a wide range of diseases, such as diabetes, diabetic complications, cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review will outline our current understanding of the processes involved in regulating O-GlcNAc turnover, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cellular physiology, and how dysregulation in O-GlcNAc cycling contributes to pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Chatham
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Adam R Wende
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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46
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Ramirez DH, Aonbangkhen C, Wu HY, Naftaly JA, Tang S, O’Meara TR, Woo CM. Engineering a Proximity-Directed O-GlcNAc Transferase for Selective Protein O-GlcNAcylation in Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1059-1066. [PMID: 32119511 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a monosaccharide that plays an essential role in cellular signaling throughout the nucleocytoplasmic proteome of eukaryotic cells. Strategies for selectively increasing O-GlcNAc levels on a target protein in cells would accelerate studies of this essential modification. Here, we report a generalizable strategy for introducing O-GlcNAc into selected target proteins in cells using a nanobody as a proximity-directing agent fused to O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). Fusion of a nanobody that recognizes GFP (nGFP) or a nanobody that recognizes the four-amino acid sequence EPEA (nEPEA) to OGT yielded nanobody-OGT constructs that selectively delivered O-GlcNAc to a series of tagged target proteins (e.g., JunB, cJun, and Nup62). Truncation of the tetratricopeptide repeat domain as in OGT(4) increased selectivity for the target protein through the nanobody by reducing global elevation of O-GlcNAc levels in the cell. Quantitative chemical proteomics confirmed the increase in O-GlcNAc to the target protein by nanobody-OGT(4). Glycoproteomics revealed that nanobody-OGT(4) or full-length OGT produced a similar glycosite profile on the target protein JunB and Nup62. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to selectively target endogenous α-synuclein for O-GlcNAcylation in HEK293T cells. These first proximity-directed OGT constructs provide a flexible strategy for targeting additional proteins and a template for further engineering of OGT and the O-GlcNAc proteome in the future. The use of a nanobody to redirect OGT substrate selection for glycosylation of desired proteins in cells may further constitute a generalizable strategy for controlling a broader array of post-translational modifications in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Chanat Aonbangkhen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Naftaly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Stephanie Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Timothy R. O’Meara
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christina M. Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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47
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Abstract
O-Linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a protein modification found on thousands of nuclear, cytosolic, and mitochondrial proteins. Many O-GlcNAc sites occur in proximity to protein sites that are likewise modified by phosphorylation. While several studies have uncovered crosstalk between these two signaling modifications on individual proteins and pathways, an understanding of the role of O-GlcNAc in regulating kinases, the enzymes that install the phosphate modification, is still emerging. Here we review recent methods to profile the O-GlcNAc modification on a global scale that have revealed more than 100 kinases are modified by O-GlcNAc and highlight existing studies about regulation of these kinases by O-GlcNAc. Continuing efforts to profile the O-GlcNAc proteome and understand the role of O-GlcNAc on kinases will reveal new mechanisms of regulation and potential avenues for manipulation of the signaling mechanisms at the intersection of O-GlcNAc and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Schwein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christina M. Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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48
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King DT, Males A, Davies GJ, Vocadlo DJ. Molecular mechanisms regulating O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc)-processing enzymes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 53:131-144. [PMID: 31654859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The post-translational modification of proteins by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) dynamically programmes cellular physiology to maintain homoeostasis and tailor biochemical pathways to meet context-dependent cellular needs. Despite diverse roles of played by O-GlcNAc, only two enzymes act antagonistically to govern its cycling; O-GlcNAc transferase installs the monosaccharide on target proteins, and O-GlcNAc hydrolase removes it. The recent literature has exposed a network of mechanisms regulating these two enzymes to choreograph global, and target-specific, O-GlcNAc cycling in response to cellular stress and nutrient availability. Herein, we amalgamate these emerging mechanisms from a structural and molecular perspective to explore how the cell exerts fine control to regulate O-GlcNAcylation of diverse proteins in a selective fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T King
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Alexandra Males
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | - Gideon J Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, England
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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