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Zhang B, Genene Z, Wang J, Wang D, Zhao C, Pan J, Liu D, Sun W, Zhu J, Wang E. Facile Synthesis of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Heterojunctions of Glycolated Conjugated Polymer-TiO 2-X for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402649. [PMID: 38949403 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of the organic-inorganic hybrid photocatalysts for water splitting has gained significant attention due to their ability to combine the advantages of both materials and generate synergistic effects. However, they are still far from practical application due to the limited understanding of the interactions between these two components and the complexity of their preparation process. Herein, a facial approach by combining a glycolated conjugated polymer with a TiO2-X mesoporous sphere to prepare high-efficiency hybrid photocatalysts is presented. The functionalization of conjugated polymers with hydrophilic oligo (ethylene glycol) side chains can not only facilitate the dispersion of conjugated polymers in water but also promote the interaction with TiO2-X forming stable heterojunction nanoparticles. An apparent quantum yield of 53.3% at 365 nm and a hydrogen evolution rate of 35.7 mmol h-1 g-1 is achieved by the photocatalyst in the presence of Pt co-catalyst. Advanced photophysical studies based on femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and in situ, XPS analyses reveal the charge transfer mechanism at type II heterojunction interfaces. This work shows the promising prospect of glycolated polymers in the construction of hybrid heterojunctions for photocatalytic hydrogen production and offers a deep understanding of high photocatalytic performance by such heterojunction photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingke Zhang
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Zewdneh Genene
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Jinzhong Wang
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jingwen Pan
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Donghao Liu
- Department of Optoelectronic Information Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Wenhao Sun
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Jiefang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-751 21, Sweden
- The Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of The Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
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2
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Gregorio T, Mombrú D, Romero M, Faccio R, Mombrú ÁW. Exploring Mixed Ionic-Electronic-Conducting PVA/PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels as Channel Materials for Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1478. [PMID: 38891425 PMCID: PMC11174747 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the preparation and evaluation of PVA/PEDOT:PSS-conducting hydrogels working as channel materials for OECT applications, focusing on the understanding of their charge transport and transfer properties. Our conducting hydrogels are based on crosslinked PVA with PEDOT:PSS interacting via hydrogen bonding and exhibit an excellent swelling ratio of ~180-200% w/w. Our electrochemical impedance studies indicate that the charge transport and transfer processes at the channel material based on conducting hydrogels are not trivial compared to conducting polymeric films. The most relevant feature is that the ionic transport through the swollen hydrogel is clearly different from the transport through the solution, and the charge transfer and diffusion processes govern the low-frequency regime. In addition, we have performed in operando Raman spectroscopy analyses in the OECT devices supported by first-principle computational simulations corroborating the doping/de-doping processes under different applied gate voltages. The maximum transconductance (gm~1.05 μS) and maximum volumetric capacitance (C*~2.3 F.cm-3) values indicate that these conducting hydrogels can be promising candidates as channel materials for OECT devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; (T.G.); (R.F.)
| | - Mariano Romero
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; (T.G.); (R.F.)
| | | | - Álvaro W. Mombrú
- Centro NanoMat & Área Física, Departamento de Experimentación y Teoría de la Estructura de la Materia y sus Aplicaciones (DETEMA), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay; (T.G.); (R.F.)
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3
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Lyu P, Ding Z, Doi M, Man X. A Unified Model for Non-Fickian Diffusion and Anomalous Swelling of Glassy Polymer Gels. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:483-488. [PMID: 38592729 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
A sheet of glassy polymers placed in a solvent shows swelling behaviors quite different from that of soft polymers (rubbers and gels). (1) Non-Fickian diffusion (called case II diffusion): As solvent permeates into the sample, a sharp front is created between the swollen part and the glassy part, and it moves toward the center at constant speed. (2) Nonmonotonous swelling: The thickness of the sample first increases and then decreases toward the equilibrium value. Here we propose a theory to explain such anomalous behavior by extending the previous theory for swelling of soft gels. We regard the material as a continuum mixture of a glassy polymer network and solvent. We assume that the polymer network is a viscoelastic gel of glassy polymers, and its relaxation time depends strongly on solvent concentration. We show that this theory explains the above two characteristics of glassy polymers in a simple and unified framework. The theory predicts how the permeation speed of the solvent and the characteristic times of the swelling process depend on material parameters and experimental conditions, which can be checked experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihan Lyu
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhaoyu Ding
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Masao Doi
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xingkun Man
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Peng Huanwu Collaborative Center for Research and Education, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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4
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Diao Y. Gentler, nanoscale ion implantation. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01659-5. [PMID: 38710879 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Molecular Science and Engineering Theme, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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5
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Guo J, Chen SE, Giridharagopal R, Bischak CG, Onorato JW, Yan K, Shen Z, Li CZ, Luscombe CK, Ginger DS. Understanding asymmetric switching times in accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistors. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:656-663. [PMID: 38632374 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the factors underpinning device switching times is crucial for the implementation of organic electrochemical transistors in neuromorphic computing, bioelectronics and real-time sensing applications. Existing models of device operation cannot explain the experimental observations that turn-off times are generally much faster than turn-on times in accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistors. Here, using operando optical microscopy, we image the local doping level of the transistor channel and show that turn-on occurs in two stages-propagation of a doping front, followed by uniform doping-while turn-off occurs in one stage. We attribute the faster turn-off to a combination of engineering as well as physical and chemical factors including channel geometry, differences in doping and dedoping kinetics and the phenomena of carrier-density-dependent mobility. We show that ion transport limits the operation speed in our devices. Our study provides insights into the kinetics of organic electrochemical transistors and guidelines for engineering faster organic electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Guo
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shinya E Chen
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Connor G Bischak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan W Onorato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kangrong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Japan
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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6
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Wu R, Meli D, Strzalka J, Narayanan S, Zhang Q, Paulsen BD, Rivnay J, Takacs CJ. Bridging length scales in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors through internal strain and mesoscale dynamics. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:648-655. [PMID: 38409601 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01813-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the structural and dynamic properties of disordered systems at the mesoscale is crucial. This is particularly important in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs), which undergo significant and complex structural changes when operated in an electrolyte. In this study, we investigate the mesoscale strain, reversibility and dynamics of a model OMIEC material under external electrochemical potential using operando X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. Our results reveal that strain and structural hysteresis depend on the sample's cycling history, establishing a comprehensive kinetic sequence bridging the macroscopic and microscopic behaviours of OMIECs. Furthermore, we uncover the equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics of charge carriers and material-doping states, highlighting the unexpected coupling between charge carrier dynamics and mesoscale order. These findings advance our understanding of the structure-dynamics-function relationships in OMIECs, opening pathways for designing and engineering materials with improved performance and functionality in non-equilibrium states during device operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Dilara Meli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Christopher J Takacs
- Hard X-ray Material Science Division, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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7
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Surgailis J, Flagg LQ, Richter LJ, Druet V, Griggs S, Wu X, Moro S, Ohayon D, Kousseff CJ, Marks A, Maria IP, Chen H, Moser M, Costantini G, McCulloch I, Inal S. The Role of Side Chains and Hydration on Mixed Charge Transport in n-Type Polymer Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313121. [PMID: 38554042 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Introducing ethylene glycol (EG) side chains to a conjugated polymer backbone is a well-established synthetic strategy for designing organic mixed ion-electron conductors (OMIECs). However, the impact that film swelling has on mixed conduction properties has yet to be scoped, particularly for electron-transporting (n-type) OMIECs. Here, the authors investigate the effect of the length of branched EG chains on mixed charge transport of n-type OMIECs based on a naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic-diimide-bithiophene backbone. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are used to establish the similarities between the common-backbone films in dry conditions. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM-D) and in situ GIWAXS measurements reveal stark changes in film swelling properties and microstructure during electrochemical doping, depending on the side chain length. It is found that even in the loss of the crystallite content upon contact with the aqueous electrolyte, the films can effectively transport charges and that it is rather the high water content that harms the electronic interconnectivity within the OMIEC films. These results highlight the importance of controlling water uptake in the films to impede charge transport in n-type electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jokūbas Surgailis
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lucas Q Flagg
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Materials Science and Engineering Division, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Lee J Richter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Materials Science and Engineering Division, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Griggs
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Xiaocui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Stefania Moro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christina J Kousseff
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Iuliana P Maria
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Hu Chen
- KAUST, KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Giovanni Costantini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- KAUST, KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Kim JH, Halaksa R, Jo IY, Ahn H, Gilhooly-Finn PA, Lee I, Park S, Nielsen CB, Yoon MH. Peculiar transient behaviors of organic electrochemical transistors governed by ion injection directionality. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7577. [PMID: 38016963 PMCID: PMC10684893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in dynamic behaviors at the frequency domain, there exist very few studies on molecular orientation-dependent transient responses of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. In this research, we investigated the effect of ion injection directionality on transient electrochemical transistor behaviors by developing a model mixed conductor system. Two polymers with similar electrical, ionic, and electrochemical characteristics but distinct backbone planarities and molecular orientations were successfully synthesized by varying the co-monomer unit (2,2'-bithiophene or phenylene) in conjunction with a novel 1,4-dithienylphenylene-based monomer. The comprehensive electrochemical analysis suggests that the molecular orientation affects the length of the ion-drift pathway, which is directly correlated with ion mobility, resulting in peculiar OECT transient responses. These results provide the general insight into molecular orientation-dependent ion movement characteristics as well as high-performance device design principles with fine-tuned transient responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Roman Halaksa
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Inho Lee
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Park
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Li Y, Liu SB, Ni W, Gurzadyan GG, Wu Y, Wang J, Kuang GC, Jiang W. Near-Infrared BODIPY Photosensitizer for Modulating Mitochondrial Fusion Proteins and Inhibiting Choroidal Neovascularization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48027-48037. [PMID: 37812497 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitizers have emerged as cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) activators in photodynamic therapy (PDT), which induced cell apoptosis. As the major contributors to ROS and oxidative stress, mitochondria play an important role in cell apoptosis. Although there are many reports about near-infrared 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) as photosensitizers (PSs) for PDT, this kind of PS has rarely been used for treating mitochondrial function and choroidal neovascularization application at the same time. Herein, a novel near-infrared PS (BDP2) characterized by good water solubility, long wavelength excitation, and high ROS quantum yield has been made. Under near-infrared light irradiation, BDP2 would generate ROS with high yield, induce a mitochondrial morphology change, and trigger cell apoptosis by changing the fusion protein level. Deep investigation revealed that BDP2 can cause oxidative stress, break the balance between fusion and fission of mitochondrial dynamics protein through decreasing fusion protein MFN2 and OPA1 expression, and finally cause cell apoptosis. Due to these characteristics, the BDP2 PS was used to treat choroidal neovascularization in animal models and can inhibit neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha 410011, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Lushan South Road 932, Yuelu District, Changsha 410083, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Ni
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, The People's Republic of China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yongquan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha 410011, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Chao Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Lushan South Road 932, Yuelu District, Changsha 410083, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Wenmin Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha 410011, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
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10
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Cao C, Xue XR, Li QY, Zhang MJ, Abrahams BF, Lang JP. Phase Transition-Promoted Rapid Photomechanical Motions of Single Crystals of a Triene Coordination Polymer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306048. [PMID: 37186135 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular crystals with the ability to transform light energy into macroscopic mechanical motions are a promising class of materials with potential applications in actuating and photonic devices. In regard to such materials, coordination polymers that exhibit dynamic photomechanical motion, associated with a phase transition, are unknown. Herein, we report an intriguing photoactive, one-dimensional ZnII coordination polymer, 1, derived from 1,3,5-tri-4-pyridyl-1,2-ethenylbenzene and 3,5-difluorobenzoate. Single crystals of 1 under UV light irradiation exhibit rapid shrinking and bending, violent bursting-jumping, splitting, and cracking behavior. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and 1 H NMR spectroscopy reveal an unusual photoinduced phase transition involving a single-crystal-to-single-crystal [2+2] cycloaddition reaction that results in photomechanical responses. Interestingly, crystals of 1, which are triclinic with space groupP 1 ‾ ${P\bar{1}}$ , are transformed into a higher symmetry, monoclinic cell with space group C2/c. This process represents a rare example of symmetry enhancement upon photoirradiation. The photomechanical activity is likely due to the sudden release of stress associated with strained molecular geometries and significant solid-state molecular movement arising from cleavage and formation of chemical bonds. A composite membrane fabricated from 1 and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) also displays interesting photomechanical behavior under UV light illumination, indicating the material's potential as a photoactuator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Ran Xue
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Yi Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Min-Jie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Brendan F Abrahams
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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11
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Halaksa R, Kim JH, Thorley KJ, Gilhooly‐Finn PA, Ahn H, Savva A, Yoon M, Nielsen CB. The Influence of Regiochemistry on the Performance of Organic Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conductors. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202304390. [PMID: 38528843 PMCID: PMC10962556 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202304390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Thiophenes functionalised in the 3-position are ubiquitous building blocks for the design and synthesis of organic semiconductors. Their non-centrosymmetric nature has long been used as a powerful synthetic design tool exemplified by the vastly different properties of regiorandom and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) owing to the repulsive head-to-head interactions between neighbouring side chains in the regiorandom polymer. The renewed interest in highly electron-rich 3-alkoxythiophene based polymers for bioelectronic applications opens up new considerations around the regiochemistry of these systems as both the head-to-tail and head-to-head couplings adopt near-planar conformations due to attractive intramolecular S-O interactions. To understand how this increased flexibility in the molecular design can be used advantageously, we explore in detail the geometrical and electronic effects that influence the optical, electrochemical, structural, and electrical properties of a series of six polythiophene derivatives with varying regiochemistry and comonomer composition. We show how the interplay between conformational disorder, backbone coplanarity and polaron distribution affects the mixed ionic-electronic conduction. Ultimately, we use these findings to identify a new conformationally restricted polythiophene derivative for p-type accumulation-mode organic electrochemical transistor applications with performance on par with state-of-the-art mixed conductors evidenced by a μC* product of 267 F V-1 cm-1 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Halaksa
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Center for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40511USA
| | | | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECHPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Myung‐Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Christian B. Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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12
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Halaksa R, Kim JH, Thorley KJ, Gilhooly‐Finn PA, Ahn H, Savva A, Yoon M, Nielsen CB. The Influence of Regiochemistry on the Performance of Organic Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conductors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304390. [PMID: 37204070 PMCID: PMC10962546 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiophenes functionalised in the 3-position are ubiquitous building blocks for the design and synthesis of organic semiconductors. Their non-centrosymmetric nature has long been used as a powerful synthetic design tool exemplified by the vastly different properties of regiorandom and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) owing to the repulsive head-to-head interactions between neighbouring side chains in the regiorandom polymer. The renewed interest in highly electron-rich 3-alkoxythiophene based polymers for bioelectronic applications opens up new considerations around the regiochemistry of these systems as both the head-to-tail and head-to-head couplings adopt near-planar conformations due to attractive intramolecular S-O interactions. To understand how this increased flexibility in the molecular design can be used advantageously, we explore in detail the geometrical and electronic effects that influence the optical, electrochemical, structural, and electrical properties of a series of six polythiophene derivatives with varying regiochemistry and comonomer composition. We show how the interplay between conformational disorder, backbone coplanarity and polaron distribution affects the mixed ionic-electronic conduction. Ultimately, we use these findings to identify a new conformationally restricted polythiophene derivative for p-type accumulation-mode organic electrochemical transistor applications with performance on par with state-of-the-art mixed conductors evidenced by a μC* product of 267 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Halaksa
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Center for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40511USA
| | | | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECHPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Myung‐Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Christian B. Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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13
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Ding B, Jo IY, Yu H, Kim JH, Marsh AV, Gutiérrez-Fernández E, Ramos N, Rapley CL, Rimmele M, He Q, Martín J, Gasparini N, Nelson J, Yoon MH, Heeney M. Enhanced Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers Modified with Hybrid Glycol/Ionic Side Chains by Postpolymerization Modification. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3290-3299. [PMID: 37123107 PMCID: PMC10134426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emergent bioelectronic technologies are underpinned by the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), which employs an electrolyte medium to modulate the conductivity of its organic semiconductor channel. Here we utilize postpolymerization modification (PPM) on a conjugated polymer backbone to directly introduce glycolated or anionic side chains via fluoride displacement. The resulting polymers demonstrated increased volumetric capacitances, with subdued swelling, compared to their parent polymer in p-type enhancement mode OECTs. This increase in capacitance was attributed to their modified side chain configurations enabling cationic charge compensation for thin film electrochemical oxidation, as deduced from electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements. An overall improvement in OECT performance was recorded for the hybrid glycol/ionic polymer compared to the parent, owing to its low swelling and bimodal crystalline orientation as imaged by grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, enabling its high charge mobility at 1.02 cm2·V-1·s-1. Compromised device performance was recorded for the fully glycolated derivative compared to the parent, which was linked to its limited face-on stacking, which hindered OECT charge mobility at 0.26 cm2·V-1·s-1, despite its high capacitance. These results highlight the effectiveness of anionic side chain attachment by PPM as a means of increasing the volumetric capacitance of p-type conjugated polymers for OECTs, while retaining solid-state macromolecular properties that facilitate hole transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Yu
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Adam V. Marsh
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez-Fernández
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicolás Ramos
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Charlotte L. Rapley
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Rimmele
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Qiao He
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Grupo de
Polímeros, Departamento de Física e Ciencias da Terra,
Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT), Universidade da Coruña, Esteiro, 15471 Ferrol, Spain
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju
Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane
Shepherd’s Bush, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
- KAUST
Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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14
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LeCroy G, Cendra C, Quill TJ, Moser M, Hallani R, Ponder JF, Stone K, Kang SD, Liang AYL, Thiburce Q, McCulloch I, Spano FC, Giovannitti A, Salleo A. Role of aggregates and microstructure of mixed-ionic-electronic-conductors on charge transport in electrochemical transistors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023. [PMID: 37089107 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic efforts have delivered a library of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) with high performance in electrochemical transistors. The most promising materials are redox-active conjugated polymers with hydrophilic side chains that reach high transconductances in aqueous electrolytes due to volumetric electrochemical charging. Current approaches to improve transconductance and device stability focus mostly on materials chemistry including backbone and side chain design. However, other parameters such as the initial microstructure and microstructural rearrangements during electrochemical charging are equally important and are influenced by backbone and side chain chemistry. In this study, we employ a polymer system to investigate the fundamental electrochemical charging mechanisms of OMIECs. We couple in situ electronic charge transport measurements and spectroelectrochemistry with ex situ X-ray scattering electrochemical charging experiments and find that polymer chains planarize during electrochemical charging. Our work shows that the most effective conductivity modulation is related to electrochemical accessibility of well-ordered, interconnected aggregates that host high mobility electronic charge carriers. Electrochemical stress cycling induces microstructural changes, but we find that these aggregates can largely maintain order, providing insights on the structural stability and reversibility of electrochemical charging in these systems. This work shows the importance of material design for creating OMIECs that undergo structural rearrangements to accommodate ions and electronic charge carriers during which percolating networks are formed for efficient electronic charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Tyler J Quill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | - Rawad Hallani
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - James F Ponder
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, USA
| | - Kevin Stone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Stephen D Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | | - Quentin Thiburce
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden.
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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15
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Quill TJ, LeCroy G, Halat DM, Sheelamanthula R, Marks A, Grundy LS, McCulloch I, Reimer JA, Balsara NP, Giovannitti A, Salleo A, Takacs CJ. An ordered, self-assembled nanocomposite with efficient electronic and ionic transport. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:362-368. [PMID: 36797383 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mixed conductors-materials that can efficiently conduct both ionic and electronic species-are an important class of functional solids. Here we demonstrate an organic nanocomposite that spontaneously forms when mixing an organic semiconductor with an ionic liquid and exhibits efficient room-temperature mixed conduction. We use a polymer known to form a semicrystalline microstructure to template ion intercalation into the side-chain domains of the crystallites, which leaves electronic transport pathways intact. Thus, the resulting material is ordered, exhibiting alternating layers of rigid semiconducting sheets and soft ion-conducting layers. This unique dual-network microstructure leads to a dynamic ionic/electronic nanocomposite with liquid-like ionic transport and highly mobile electronic charges. Using a combination of operando X-ray scattering and in situ spectroscopy, we confirm the ordered structure of the nanocomposite and uncover the mechanisms that give rise to efficient electron transport. These results provide fundamental insights into charge transport in organic semiconductors, as well as suggesting a pathway towards future improvements in these nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Quill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Garrett LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David M Halat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rajendar Sheelamanthula
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lorena S Grundy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nitash P Balsara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division and Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher J Takacs
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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16
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Ohayon D, Druet V, Inal S. A guide for the characterization of organic electrochemical transistors and channel materials. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1001-1023. [PMID: 36637165 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is one of the most versatile devices within the bioelectronics toolbox, with its compatibility with aqueous media and the ability to transduce and amplify ionic and biological signals into an electronic output. The OECT operation relies on the mixed (ionic and electronic charge) conduction properties of the material in its channel. With the increased popularity of OECTs in bioelectronics applications and to benchmark mixed conduction properties of channel materials, the characterization methods have broadened somewhat heterogeneously. We intend this review to be a guide for the characterization methods of the OECT and the channel materials used. Our review is composed of two main sections. First, we review techniques to fabricate the OECT, introduce different form factors and configurations, and describe the device operation principle. We then discuss the OECT performance figures of merit and detail the experimental procedures to obtain these characteristics. In the second section, we shed light on the characterization of mixed transport properties of channel materials and describe how to assess films' interactions with aqueous electrolytes. In particular, we introduce experimental methods to monitor ion motion and diffusion, charge carrier mobility, and water uptake in the films. We also discuss a few theoretical models describing ion-polymer interactions. We hope that the guidelines we bring together in this review will help researchers perform a more comprehensive and consistent comparison of new materials and device designs, and they will be used to identify advances and opportunities to improve the device performance, progressing the field of organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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17
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Guo J, Flagg LQ, Tran DK, Chen SE, Li R, Kolhe NB, Giridharagopal R, Jenekhe SA, Richter LJ, Ginger DS. Hydration of a Side-Chain-Free n-Type Semiconducting Ladder Polymer Driven by Electrochemical Doping. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1866-1876. [PMID: 36630664 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We study the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) performance of the ladder polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) in an attempt to better understand how an apparently hydrophobic side-chain-free polymer is able to operate as an OECT with favorable redox kinetics in an aqueous environment. We examine two BBLs of different molecular masses from different sources. Regardless of molecular mass, both BBLs show significant film swelling during the initial reduction step. By combining electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance gravimetry, in-operando atomic force microscopy, and both ex-situ and in-operando grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), we provide a detailed structural picture of the electrochemical charge injection process in BBL in the absence of any hydrophilic side-chains. Compared with ex-situ measurements, in-operando GIWAXS shows both more swelling upon electrochemical doping than has previously been recognized and less contraction upon dedoping. The data show that BBL films undergo an irreversible hydration driven by the initial electrochemical doping cycle with significant water retention and lamellar expansion that persists across subsequent oxidation/reduction cycles. This swelling creates a hydrophilic environment that facilitates the subsequent fast hydrated ion transport in the absence of the hydrophilic side-chains used in many other polymer systems. Due to its rigid ladder backbone and absence of hydrophilic side-chains, the primary BBL water uptake does not significantly degrade the crystalline order, and the original dehydrated, unswelled state can be recovered after drying. The combination of doping induced hydrophilicity and robust crystalline order leads to efficient ionic transport and good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Guo
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Lucas Q Flagg
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
| | - Duyen K Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Shinya E Chen
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York11973, United States
| | - Nagesh B Kolhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Rajiv Giridharagopal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Lee J Richter
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States.,Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
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18
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Moro S, Siemons N, Drury O, Warr DA, Moriarty TA, Perdigão LM, Pearce D, Moser M, Hallani RK, Parker J, McCulloch I, Frost JM, Nelson J, Costantini G. The Effect of Glycol Side Chains on the Assembly and Microstructure of Conjugated Polymers. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21303-21314. [PMID: 36516000 PMCID: PMC9798861 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with glycol-based chains, are emerging as a material class with promising applications as organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors, particularly in bioelectronics and thermoelectrics. However, little is still known about their microstructure and the role of the side chains in determining intermolecular interactions and polymer packing. Here, we use the combination of electrospray deposition and scanning tunneling microscopy to determine the microstructure of prototypical glycolated conjugated polymers (pgBTTT and p(g2T-TT)) with submonomer resolution. Molecular dynamics simulations of the same surface-adsorbed polymers exhibit an excellent agreement with the experimental images, allowing us to extend the characterization of the polymers to the atomic scale. Our results prove that, similarly to their alkylated counterparts, glycolated polymers assemble through interdigitation of their side chains, although significant differences are found in their conformation and interaction patterns. A model is proposed that identifies the driving force for the polymer assembly in the tendency of the side chains to adopt the conformation of their free analogues, i.e., polyethylene and polyethylene glycol, for alkyl or ethylene glycol side chains, respectively. For both classes of polymers, it is also demonstrated that the backbone conformation is determined to a higher degree by the interaction between the side chains rather than by the backbone torsional potential energy. The generalization of these findings from two-dimensional (2D) monolayers to three-dimensional thin films is discussed, together with the opportunity to use this type of 2D study to gain so far inaccessible, subnm-scale information on the microstructure of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Moro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Siemons
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Drury
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Warr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Moriarty
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Luís M.
A. Perdigão
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Drew Pearce
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Rawad K. Hallani
- Physical
Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joseph Parker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Physical
Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jarvist M. Frost
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department
of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Costantini
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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19
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Benaglia S, Drakopoulou S, Biscarini F, Garcia R. In operando nanomechanical mapping of PEDOT:PSS thin films in electrolyte solutions with bimodal AFM. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14146-14154. [PMID: 36111590 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay between the nanomechanical properties of organic electronic materials and their electronic properties is central to developing sensors and transducers for applications ranging from immunosensing to e-skin. Controlling organic device operations in aqueous electrolyte solutions and their mechanical compliance with the host tissue or living systems, as for instance in active implants for the recording or stimulation of neural signals, is still largely unexplored. Here, we implemented bimodal AFM to map the nanomechanical and structural properties of thin films made from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), the most widely used conducting polymer blend, during operation as a microelectrode in an electrolyte solution. Nanomechanical maps showed the film consisting of a granular structure made from PEDOT:PSS regions embedded in the PSS matrix. The film swelled upon immersion in an aqueous solution. In operando bimodal AFM data obtained by applying a sequence of doping/de-doping bias cycles showed a significant decrease in the modulus (70%) that saturated after about 10 cycles. A similar sequence of biases at the opposite polarity did not significantly influence the mechanical behaviour of PEDOT:PSS. The decrease in the modulus was explained by the development of persistent hydration, which was enhanced by the cations trapped inside the organic electronic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Benaglia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sofia Drakopoulou
- Life Science Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 101, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Dept. of Physics, Information Science and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Life Science Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 101, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Keene ST, Gueskine V, Berggren M, Malliaras GG, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Exploiting mixed conducting polymers in organic and bioelectronic devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19144-19163. [PMID: 35942679 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transport of both ionic and electronic charges in conjugated polymers (CPs) has enabled a wide range of novel electrochemical devices spanning applications from energy storage to bioelectronic devices. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the fundamental physical processes which underlie the operation of mixed conducting polymer (MCP) devices. While charge injection and transport have been studied extensively in both ionic and electronic conductors, translating these principles to mixed conducting systems proves challenging due to the complex relationships among the individual materials properties. We break down the process of electrochemical (de)doping, the basic feature exploited in mixed conducting devices, into its key steps, highlighting recent advances in the study of these physical processes in the context of MCPs. Furthermore, we identify remaining challenges in further extending fundamental understanding of MCP-based device operation. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the elementary processes governing operation in MCPs will drive the advancement in both materials design and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Keene
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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21
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Flagg LQ, Asselta LE, D'Antona N, Nicolini T, Stingelin N, Onorato JW, Luscombe CK, Li R, Richter LJ. In Situ Studies of the Swelling by an Electrolyte in Electrochemical Doping of Ethylene Glycol-Substituted Polythiophene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29052-29060. [PMID: 35696277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic electronic conductors (OMIECs) have the potential to enable diverse new technologies, ranging from biosensors to flexible energy storage devices and neuromorphic computing platforms. However, a study of these materials in their operating state, which convolves both passive and potential-driven solvent, cation, and anion ingress, is extremely difficult, inhibiting rational material design. In this report, we present a novel approach to the in situ studies of the electrochemical switching of a prototypical OMIEC based on oligoethylene glycol (oEG) substitution of semicrystalline regioregular polythiophene via grazing-incidence X-ray scattering. By studying the crystal lattice both dry and in contact with the electrolyte while maintaining potential control, we can directly observe the evolution of the crystalline domains and their relationship to film performance in an electrochemically gated transistor. Despite the oEG side-chain enabling bulk electrolyte uptake, we find that the crystalline regions are relatively hydrophobic, exhibiting little (less than one water per thiophene) swelling of the undoped polymer, suggesting that the amorphous regions dominate the reported passive swelling behavior. With applied potential, we observe that the π-π separation in the crystals contracts while the lamella spacing increases in a balanced fashion, resulting in a negligible change in the crystal volume. The potential-induced changes in the crystal structure do not clearly correlate to the electrical performance of the film as an organic electrochemical transistor, suggesting that the transistor performance is strongly influenced by the amorphous regions of the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Q Flagg
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lauren E Asselta
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Nicholas D'Antona
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Tommaso Nicolini
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie de Polymères Organiques UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie de Polymères Organiques UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
| | - Jonathan W Onorato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tanacha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lee J Richter
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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22
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Jacobs IE, Lin Y, Huang Y, Ren X, Simatos D, Chen C, Tjhe D, Statz M, Lai L, Finn PA, Neal WG, D'Avino G, Lemaur V, Fratini S, Beljonne D, Strzalka J, Nielsen CB, Barlow S, Marder SR, McCulloch I, Sirringhaus H. High-Efficiency Ion-Exchange Doping of Conducting Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2102988. [PMID: 34418878 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular doping-the use of redox-active small molecules as dopants for organic semiconductors-has seen a surge in research interest driven by emerging applications in sensing, bioelectronics, and thermoelectrics. However, molecular doping carries with it several intrinsic problems stemming directly from the redox-active character of these materials. A recent breakthrough was a doping technique based on ion-exchange, which separates the redox and charge compensation steps of the doping process. Here, the equilibrium and kinetics of ion exchange doping in a model system, poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene) (PBTTT) doped with FeCl3 and an ionic liquid, is studied, reaching conductivities in excess of 1000 S cm-1 and ion exchange efficiencies above 99%. Several factors that enable such high performance, including the choice of acetonitrile as the doping solvent, which largely eliminates electrolyte association effects and dramatically increases the doping strength of FeCl3 , are demonstrated. In this high ion exchange efficiency regime, a simple connection between electrochemical doping and ion exchange is illustrated, and it is shown that the performance and stability of highly doped PBTTT is ultimately limited by intrinsically poor stability at high redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Jacobs
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Yue Lin
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Dimitrios Simatos
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Chen Chen
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Dion Tjhe
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Martin Statz
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Lianglun Lai
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Peter A Finn
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - William G Neal
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Gabriele D'Avino
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38042, France
| | - Vincent Lemaur
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, B-7000, Belgium
| | - Simone Fratini
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38042, France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Mons, B-7000, Belgium
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Seth R Marder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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23
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Kukhta NA, Luscombe CK. Gaining control over conjugated polymer morphology to improve the performance of organic electronics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6982-6997. [PMID: 35604084 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01430k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are widely used in various domains of organic electronics. However, the performance of organic electronic devices can be variable due to the lack of precise predictive control over the polymer microstructure. While the chemical structure of CPs is important, CP microstructure also plays an important role in determining the charge-transport, optical and mechanical properties suitable for a target device. Understanding the interplay between CP microstructure and the resulting properties, as well as predicting and targeting specific polymer morphologies, would allow current comprehension of organic electronic device performance to be improved and potentially enable more facile device optimization and fabrication. In this Feature Article, we highlight the importance of investigating CP microstructure, discuss previous developments in the field, and provide an overview of the key aspects of the CP microstructure-property relationship, carried out in our group over recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya A Kukhta
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, USA
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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24
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Song X, Zhu X, Yao H, Shang W, Du C, Lu W, Liu M, Tian W. Topological-skeleton controlled chirality expression of supramolecular hyperbranched and linear polymers. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 2:422-428. [PMID: 38933405 PMCID: PMC11197627 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The topology of polymers plays an essential role in their chemical, physical and biological properties. However, their effects on chirality-related functions remain unclear. Here, we reported the topology-controlled chirality expression in the chiral supramolecular system for the first time. Two topological supramolecular polymers, hyperbranched (HP) and linear (LP) supramolecular polymers produced by the host-guest interactions of branched and linear monomers, respectively, exhibited completely different chirality expressions despite the same molecular chirality of their monomers. Significantly, due to the branch points and strong steric hindrance existing in HP, cis-HP showed an enhanced and sign-inverted Cotton effect in the n-π* bands compared with cis-LP, as a result that the distinctive chirality induction and transfer were controlled by the topological skeletons. This topology-controlled chirality induction and transfer in the photoswitchable supramolecular polymers not only enables us to elucidate the in-depth effects of topology on the chiral expression in biopolymers but also inspires the design of chiroptical and bioinspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hao Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
| | - Weili Shang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Cong Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wensheng Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) ZhongGuanCun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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25
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He Y, Kukhta NA, Marks A, Luscombe CK. The effect of side chain engineering on conjugated polymers in organic electrochemical transistors for bioelectronic applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:2314-2332. [PMID: 35310858 PMCID: PMC8852261 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05229b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics focuses on the establishment of the connection between the ion-driven biosystems and readable electronic signals. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) offer a viable solution for this task. Organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs) rest at the heart of OECTs. The balance between the ionic and electronic conductivities of OMIECs is closely connected to the OECT device performance. While modification of the OMIECs' electronic properties is largely related to the development of conjugated scaffolds, properties such as ion permeability, solubility, flexibility, morphology, and sensitivity can be altered by side chain moieties. In this review, we uncover the influence of side chain molecular design on the properties and performance of OECTs. We summarise current understanding of OECT performance and focus specifically on the knowledge of ionic-electronic coupling, shedding light on the significance of side chain development of OMIECs. We show how the versatile synthetic toolbox of side chains can be successfully employed to tune OECT parameters via controlling the material properties. As the field continues to mature, more detailed investigations into the crucial role side chain engineering plays on the resultant OMIEC properties will allow for side chain alternatives to be developed and will ultimately lead to further enhancements within the field of OECT channel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei He
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
| | - Nadzeya A Kukhta
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195-2120 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle Washington 98195 USA
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26
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Wu R, Matta M, Paulsen BD, Rivnay J. Operando Characterization of Organic Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conducting Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4493-4551. [PMID: 35026108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Operando characterization plays an important role in revealing the structure-property relationships of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs), enabling the direct observation of dynamic changes during device operation and thus guiding the development of new materials. This review focuses on the application of different operando characterization techniques in the study of OMIECs, highlighting the time-dependent and bias-dependent structure, composition, and morphology information extracted from these techniques. We first illustrate the needs, requirements, and challenges of operando characterization then provide an overview of relevant experimental techniques, including spectroscopy, scattering, microbalance, microprobe, and electron microscopy. We also compare different in silico methods and discuss the interplay of these computational methods with experimental techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future development of operando for OMIEC-based devices and look toward multimodal operando techniques for more comprehensive and accurate description of OMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Micaela Matta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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27
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Synthesis and characterization of PANI nanofibers high-performance thin films via electrochemical methods. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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28
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Wagner J, Song Y, Lee T, Katz HE. The combined influence of polythiophene side chains and electrolyte anions on organic electrochemical transistors. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Wagner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Yunjia Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Taein Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
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29
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Kukhta NA, Marks A, Luscombe CK. Molecular Design Strategies toward Improvement of Charge Injection and Ionic Conduction in Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4325-4355. [PMID: 34902244 PMCID: PMC8874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Expanding the toolbox
of the biology and electronics mutual conjunction
is a primary aim of bioelectronics. The organic electrochemical transistor
(OECT) has undeniably become a predominant device for mixed conduction
materials, offering impressive transconduction properties alongside
a relatively simple device architecture. In this review, we focus
on the discussion of recent material developments in the area of mixed
conductors for bioelectronic applications by means of thorough structure–property
investigation and analysis of current challenges. Fundamental operation
principles of the OECT are revisited, and characterization methods
are highlighted. Current bioelectronic applications of organic mixed
ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs) are underlined. Challenges
in the performance and operational stability of OECT channel materials
as well as potential strategies for mitigating them, are discussed.
This is further expanded to sketch a synopsis of the history of mixed
conduction materials for both p- and n-type channel operation, detailing
the synthetic challenges and milestones which have been overcome to
frequently produce higher performing OECT devices. The cumulative
work of multiple research groups is summarized, and synthetic design
strategies are extracted to present a series of design principles
that can be utilized to drive figure-of-merit performance values even
further for future OMIEC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya A Kukhta
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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30
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Song Y, Wagner J, Katz HE. The behavior of carboxylated and hydroxylated polythiophene as bioreceptor layer: Anti‐human IgG and human IgG interaction detection based on organic electrochemical transistors. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Justine Wagner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
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31
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Paulsen BD, Giovannitti A, Wu R, Strzalka J, Zhang Q, Rivnay J, Takacs CJ. Electrochemistry of Thin Films with In Situ/Operando Grazing Incidence X-Ray Scattering: Bypassing Electrolyte Scattering for High Fidelity Time Resolved Studies. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103213. [PMID: 34549509 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive polymer thin films undergo repeated reversible structural change during operation in electrochemical applications. While synchrotron X-ray scattering is powerful for the characterization of stand-alone and ex situ organic thin films, in situ/operando structural characterization has been underutilized-in large part due to complications arising from supporting electrolyte scattering. This has greatly hampered the development of application relevant structure property relationships. Therefore, a new methodology for in situ/operando X-ray characterization that separates the incident and scattered X-ray beam path from the electrolyte is developed. As a proof of concept, the operando structural characterization of weakly-scattering, organic mixed conducting thin films in an aqueous electrolyte environment is demonstrated, accessing previously unexplored changes in the π-π peak and diffuse scatter, while capturing the solvent swollen thin film structure which is inaccessible in previous ex situ studies. These in situ/operando measurements improve the sensitivity to structural changes, capturing minute changes not possible ex situ, and have multimodal potential such as combined Raman measurements that also serve to validate the true in situ/operando conditions of the cell. Finally, new directions enabled by this in situ/operando cell design are examined and state of the art measurements are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Christopher J Takacs
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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32
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Szumska AA, Maria IP, Flagg LQ, Savva A, Surgailis J, Paulsen BD, Moia D, Chen X, Griggs S, Mefford JT, Rashid RB, Marks A, Inal S, Ginger DS, Giovannitti A, Nelson J. Reversible Electrochemical Charging of n-Type Conjugated Polymer Electrodes in Aqueous Electrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14795-14805. [PMID: 34469688 PMCID: PMC8447255 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Conjugated polymers
achieve redox activity in electrochemical devices
by combining redox-active, electronically conducting backbones with
ion-transporting side chains that can be tuned for different electrolytes.
In aqueous electrolytes, redox activity can be accomplished by attaching
hydrophilic side chains to the polymer backbone, which enables ionic
transport and allows volumetric charging of polymer electrodes. While
this approach has been beneficial for achieving fast electrochemical
charging in aqueous solutions, little is known about the relationship
between water uptake by the polymers during electrochemical charging
and the stability and redox potentials of the electrodes, particularly
for electron-transporting conjugated polymers. We find that excessive
water uptake during the electrochemical charging of polymer electrodes
harms the reversibility of electrochemical processes and results in
irreversible swelling of the polymer. We show that small changes of
the side chain composition can significantly increase the reversibility
of the redox behavior of the materials in aqueous electrolytes, improving
the capacity of the polymer by more than one order of magnitude. Finally,
we show that tuning the local environment of the redox-active polymer
by attaching hydrophilic side chains can help to reach high fractions
of the theoretical capacity for single-phase electrodes in aqueous
electrolytes. Our work shows the importance of chemical design strategies
for achieving high electrochemical stability for conjugated polymers
in aqueous electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Szumska
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Iuliana P Maria
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Q Flagg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jokubas Surgailis
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Davide Moia
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - J Tyler Mefford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sahika Inal
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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33
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Li P, Lei T. Molecular design strategies for
high‐performance
organic electrochemical transistors. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Peking University Beijing China
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Wang X, Zhou J, Tang W. Emerging polymer electrodes for aqueous energy storage. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2373-2386. [PMID: 34870290 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00672j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
New generation energy storage devices call for electrodes with high capacity, high cycling performance and environmental benignity. Polymer electrode materials (PEMs) are attractive for their abundant structural diversity and tunability as well as engineered conductivity, desirable processability and electrochemical properties for aqueous batteries. We herein overview the state-of-the-art development of PEMs for aqueous batteries, including conventional doped, redox-backbone, redox-pendant and hydrophilic conducting polymers. The merits and demerits of PEMs, and their structural modification and energy storage performance are discussed in detail. To provide a comprehensive understanding of polymer-based aqueous batteries, we correlate the molecular structures of PEMs with their conductivity, morphology and electrochemical behaviors. The review offers an insight into the rational design of conducting polymer electrodes for safe and cost-effective aqueous batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Weihua Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
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35
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Giridharagopal R, Guo J, Kong J, Ginger DS. Nanowire Architectures Improve Ion Uptake Kinetics in Conjugated Polymer Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:34616-34624. [PMID: 34270213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors are believed to face an inherent material design tension between optimizing for ion mobility and for electronic mobility. These devices transduce ion uptake into electrical current, thereby requiring high ion mobility for efficient electrochemical doping and rapid turn-on kinetics and high electronic mobility for the maximum transconductance. Here, we explore a facile route to improve operational kinetics and volumetric capacitance in a high-mobility conjugated polymer (poly[2,5-(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-5,5-(2,5-di(thien-2-yl)thieno [3,2-b]thiophene)], DPP-DTT) by employing a nanowire morphology. For equivalent thicknesses, the DPP-DTT nanowire films exhibit consistently faster kinetics (∼6-10× faster) compared to a neat DPP-DTT film. The nanowire architectures show ∼4× higher volumetric capacitance, increasing from 7.1 to 27.7 F/cm3, consistent with the porous structure better enabling ion uptake throughout the film. The nanowires also exhibit a small but energetically favorable shift in a threshold voltage of ∼17 mV, making the nanostructured system both faster and energetically easier to electrochemically dope compared to neat films. We explain the variation using two atomic force microscopy methods: in situ electrochemical strain microscopy and nanoinfrared imaging via photoinduced force microscopy. These data show that the nanowire film's structure allows greater swelling and ion uptake throughout the active layer, indicating that the nanowire architecture exhibits volumetric operation, whereas the neat film is largely operating via the field effect. We propose that for higher-mobility materials, casting the active layer in a nanowire form may offer faster kinetics, enhanced volumetric capacitance, and possibly lower threshold voltage while maintaining desirable device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Giridharagopal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiajie Guo
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jessica Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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36
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Delavari N, Gladisch J, Petsagkourakis I, Liu X, Modarresi M, Fahlman M, Stavrinidou E, Linares M, Zozoulenko I. Water Intake and Ion Exchange in PEDOT:Tos Films upon Cyclic Voltammetry: Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Investigation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Delavari
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Petsagkourakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Group of Scientific Visualization, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Center (SeRC), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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37
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Bargigia I, Savagian LR, Österholm AM, Reynolds JR, Silva C. Charge-Transfer Intermediates in the Electrochemical Doping Mechanism of Conjugated Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:294-308. [PMID: 33373233 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We address the nature of electrochemically induced charged states in conjugated polymers, their evolution as a function of electrochemical potential, and their coupling to their local environment by means of transient absorption and Raman spectroscopies synergistically performed in situ throughout the electrochemical doping process. In particular, we investigate the fundamental mechanism of electrochemical doping in an oligoether-functionalized 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) copolymer. The changes embedded in both linear and transient absorption features allow us to identify a precursor electronic state with charge-transfer (CT) character that precedes polaron formation and bulk electronic conductivity. This state is shown to contribute to the ultrafast quenching of both neutral molecular excitations and polarons. Raman spectra relate the electronic transition of this precursor state predominantly to the Cβ-Cβ stretching mode of the thiophene heterocycle. We characterize the coupling of the CT-like state with primary excitons and electrochemically induced charge-separated states, providing insight into the energetic landscape of a heterogeneous polymer-electrolyte system and demonstrating how such coupling depends on environmental parameters, such as polymer structure, electrolyte composition, and environmental polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bargigia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lisa R Savagian
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Anna M Österholm
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, 837 State Street NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Nicolini T, Surgailis J, Savva A, Scaccabarozzi AD, Nakar R, Thuau D, Wantz G, Richter LJ, Dautel O, Hadziioannou G, Stingelin N. A Low-Swelling Polymeric Mixed Conductor Operating in Aqueous Electrolytes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005723. [PMID: 33251656 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed conductors find use in batteries, bioelectronics technologies, neuromorphic computing, and sensing. While great progress has been achieved, polymer-based mixed conductors frequently experience significant volumetric changes during ion uptake/rejection, i.e., during doping/de-doping and charging/discharging. Although ion dynamics may be enhanced in expanded networks, these volumetric changes can have undesirable consequences, e.g., negatively affecting hole/electron conduction and severely shortening device lifetime. Here, the authors present a new material poly[3-(6-hydroxy)hexylthiophene] (P3HHT) that is able to transport ions and electrons/holes, as tested in electrochemical absorption spectroscopy and organic electrochemical transistors, and that exhibits low swelling, attributed to the hydroxylated alkyl side-chain functionalization. P3HHT displays a thickness change upon passive swelling of only +2.5%, compared to +90% observed for the ubiquitous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate, and +10 to +15% for polymers such as poly(2-(3,3'-bis(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)-[2,2'-bithiophen]-5-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (p[g2T-TT]). Applying a bias pulse during swelling, this discrepancy becomes even more pronounced, with the thickness of P3HHT films changing by <10% while that of p(g2T-TT) structures increases by +75 to +80%. Importantly, the initial P3HHT film thickness is essentially restored after de-doping while p(g2T-TT) remains substantially swollen. The authors, thus, expand the materials-design toolbox for the creation of low-swelling soft mixed conductors with tailored properties and applications in bioelectronics and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Nicolini
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Institut de Sciences Moléculaires UMR 5255, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, Pessac, 33607, France
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Jokubas Surgailis
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana Nakar
- Charles Gerhardt Institute of Montpellier, UR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Montpellier, 34296, France
| | - Damien Thuau
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système UMR 5218, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, Pessac, 33607, France
| | - Guillaume Wantz
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système UMR 5218, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, Pessac, 33607, France
| | - Lee J Richter
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Olivier Dautel
- Charles Gerhardt Institute of Montpellier, UR 5253 CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Montpellier, 34296, France
| | - Georges Hadziioannou
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS Bordeaux INP/ENSCBP, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polyméres Organiques UMR 5629, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, 33615, France
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30318, USA
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Paulsen BD, Wu R, Takacs CJ, Steinrück HG, Strzalka J, Zhang Q, Toney MF, Rivnay J. Time-Resolved Structural Kinetics of an Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003404. [PMID: 32864811 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The structure and packing of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors have an especially significant effect on transport properties. In operating devices, this structure is not fixed but is responsive to changes in electrochemical potential, ion intercalation, and solvent swelling. Toward this end, the steady-state and transient structure of the model organic mixed conductor, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), is characterized using multimodal time-resolved operando techniques. Steady-state operando X-ray scattering reveals a doping-induced lamellar expansion of 1.6 Å followed by 0.4 Å relaxation at high doping levels. Time-resolved operando X-ray scattering reveals asymmetric rates of lamellar structural change during doping and dedoping that do not directly depend on potential or charging transients. Time-resolved spectroscopy establishes a link between structural transients and the complex kinetics of electronic charge carrier subpopulations, in particular the polaron-bipolaron equilibrium. These findings provide insight into the factors limiting the response time of organic mixed-conductor-based devices, and present the first real-time observation of the structural changes during doping and dedoping of a conjugated polymer system via X-ray scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Christopher J Takacs
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, Paderborn, 33098, Germany
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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40
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Pankow RM, Thompson BC. The development of conjugated polymers as the cornerstone of organic electronics. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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