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Bezerra M, Ribeiro M, Cosme F, Nunes FM. Overview of the distinctive characteristics of strawberry, raspberry, and blueberry in berries, berry wines, and berry spirits. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13354. [PMID: 38682687 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Red berries have gained popularity as functional and nutritious food due to their health benefits, leading to increased consumer demand and higher production, totaling over 11,000 ktons for strawberries, raspberries, and blueberries combined in 2021. Nutritionally, strawberries, raspberries, and blueberries present high levels of vitamin C (9.7-58.8 mg/100 g dry weight [dw]), folates (6-24 µg/100 g dw), and minerals (96-228 mg/100 g dw). Due to their perishable nature, producers have utilized alcoholic fermentation to extend their shelf life, not only increasing the lifespan of red berries but also attracting consumers through the production of novel beverages. Strawberry, blueberry, and raspberry wines possess low alcohol (5.5-11.1% v/v), high acidity (3.2-17.6 g/L), and interesting bioactive molecules such as phenolic compounds, carotenoids, polysaccharides, and melatonin. Distillation holds tremendous potential for reducing food waste by creating red berry spirits of exceptional quality. Although research on red berry spirits is still in the early stages, future studies should focus on their production and characterization. By incorporating these factors, the production chain would become more sustainable, profitable, and efficient by reducing food waste, capitalizing on consumer acceptance, and leveraging the natural health-promoting characteristics of these products. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of strawberry, blueberry, and red raspberry in berries, wines, and spirits, with a focus on their chemical composition and production methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Bezerra
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ribeiro
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Genetics and Biotechnology Department, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cosme
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Biology and Environment Department, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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2
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Li F, Sun Q, Chen L, Zhang R, Zhang Z. Unlocking the health potential of anthocyanins: a structural insight into their varied biological effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38494796 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2328176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Anthocyanins have become increasingly important to the food industry due to their colorant features and many health-promoting activities. Numerous studies have linked anthocyanins to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic properties, as well as protection against heart disease, certain types of cancer, and a reduced risk of diabetes and cognitive disorders. Anthocyanins from various foods may exhibit distinct biological and health-promoting activities owing to their structural diversity. In this review, we have collected and tabulated the key information from various recent published studies focusing on investigating the chemical structure effect of anthocyanins on their stability, antioxidant activities, in vivo fate, and changes in the gut microbiome. This information should be valuable in comprehending the connection between the molecular structure and biological function of anthocyanins, with the potential to enhance their application as both colorants and functional compounds in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition & Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Quancai Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Long Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ruojie Zhang
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition & Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Zipei Zhang
- Food Science Program, Division of Food, Nutrition & Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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3
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Onjai-Uea N, Paengkoum S, Taethaisong N, Thongpea S, Paengkoum P. Enhancing Milk Quality and Antioxidant Status in Lactating Dairy Goats through the Dietary Incorporation of Purple Napier Grass Silage. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:811. [PMID: 38473195 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants can cause damage to certain cellular components. Purple Napier grass, a semi-dwarf variety, is characterized by its purple leaves and contains anthocyanins, which provide it with antioxidant properties. This study examined the effects of feeding purple Napier grass ("Prince") silage to lactating dairy goats on blood antioxidant activity, milk yield, and milk quality. Eighteen female Saanen crossbred goats, weighing 52.34 ± 2.86 kg and producing milk for 14 ± 2 days, were systematically divided into three groups based on their lactation period in the previous cycle as follows: early, mid, and late lactation. In a randomized complete block design (RCBD), treatments were randomly allocated to six animals in each block. The dairy goats were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of the three following treatments: control (100% Napier Pakchong 1 grass silage), 50% (a 50% replacement of the control with purple Napier grass silage), and 100% (100% purple Napier grass silage). The results show that goats who were fed a diet including 100% purple Napier grass silage showed higher levels of certain milk contents, especially with regard to lactose, when compared to those who were fed a control diet, as well as a diet with a 50% replacement of purple Napier grass silage. The somatic cell count (SCC) of these goats was reduced. In terms of antioxidant activity, dairy goats who were fed 100% purple Napier grass silage showed higher levels of enzymes in both plasma and milk, including glutathione s-transferase, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, compared to the control group and the 50% replacement group. The plasma and milk of these goats showed lower levels of malondialdehyde. The dairy goats who were fed a 100% purple Napier grass silage diet showed higher concentrations of anthocyanins, including C3G, P3G, Peo3G, M3G, Cya, Pel, and total anthocyanins in milk, when compared to the control group and the 50% replacement group. The increased replacement of purple Napier grass silage led to significant differences in lactose levels, somatic cell count, glutathione S-transferase, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, and the composition of anthocyanins. This study provides evidence to support the use of purple Napier grass silage as a beneficial source of roughage for lactating dairy goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narawich Onjai-Uea
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Paengkoum
- Program in Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Taethaisong
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Sorasak Thongpea
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Pramote Paengkoum
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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4
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Jomova K, Raptova R, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Valko M. Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2499-2574. [PMID: 37597078 PMCID: PMC10475008 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
A physiological level of oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radical reactive species (collectively known as ROS/RNS) is termed oxidative eustress or "good stress" and is characterized by low to mild levels of oxidants involved in the regulation of various biochemical transformations such as carboxylation, hydroxylation, peroxidation, or modulation of signal transduction pathways such as Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and other processes. Increased levels of ROS/RNS, generated from both endogenous (mitochondria, NADPH oxidases) and/or exogenous sources (radiation, certain drugs, foods, cigarette smoking, pollution) result in a harmful condition termed oxidative stress ("bad stress"). Although it is widely accepted, that many chronic diseases are multifactorial in origin, they share oxidative stress as a common denominator. Here we review the importance of oxidative stress and the mechanisms through which oxidative stress contributes to the pathological states of an organism. Attention is focused on the chemistry of ROS and RNS (e.g. superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite), and their role in oxidative damage of DNA, proteins, and membrane lipids. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of oxidative stress biomarkers is also discussed. Oxidative stress contributes to the pathology of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, Down syndrome), psychiatric diseases (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), renal disease, lung disease (chronic pulmonary obstruction, lung cancer), and aging. The concerted action of antioxidants to ameliorate the harmful effect of oxidative stress is achieved by antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutases-SODs, catalase, glutathione peroxidase-GPx), and small molecular weight antioxidants (vitamins C and E, flavonoids, carotenoids, melatonin, ergothioneine, and others). Perhaps one of the most effective low molecular weight antioxidants is vitamin E, the first line of defense against the peroxidation of lipids. A promising approach appears to be the use of certain antioxidants (e.g. flavonoids), showing weak prooxidant properties that may boost cellular antioxidant systems and thus act as preventive anticancer agents. Redox metal-based enzyme mimetic compounds as potential pharmaceutical interventions and sirtuins as promising therapeutic targets for age-related diseases and anti-aging strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Jomova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, 949 74, Slovakia
| | - Renata Raptova
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh H Alwasel
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovakia.
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Charoenwoodhipong P, Holt RR, Keen CL, Hedayati N, Sato T, Sone T, Hackman RM. The Effect of Hokkaido Red Wines on Vascular Outcomes in Healthy Adult Men: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4054. [PMID: 37764837 PMCID: PMC10535196 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate red wine intake has been associated with lower cardiovascular mortality, due in part to the intake of polyphenols and anthocyanins, whose content can vary from varietal and year of harvest. This study assessed the vascular effects in response to a single intake of 2015 and 2018 Zweigelt red wines from Hokkaido, Japan. Healthy men were randomly assigned to consume 240 mL each of a red wine, or a sparkling white grape juice as a control in a randomized three-arm cross-over design with a 7 day washout between arms. The augmentation index (AI; a measure of arterial stiffness) and AI at 75 beats/min (AI75), reactive hyperemia index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), and platelet reactivity were assessed at baseline and two and four hours after each beverage intake. Changes from the baseline were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Significant treatment effects (p = 0.02) were observed, with AI 13% lower after the intake of the 2015 or 2018 vintages compared to the control. Intake of the 2018 vintage reduced SBP and DBP (-4.1 mmHg and -5.6 mmHg, respectively; p = 0.02) compared to the 2015 wine and the control drink. The amount of hydroxytyrosol in the 2018 wine was almost twice the amount as in the 2015 wine, which may help explain the variable blood pressure results. Future studies exploring the vascular effects of the same red wine from different vintage years and different phenolic profiles are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta R. Holt
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.C.)
| | - Carl L. Keen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.C.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Nasim Hedayati
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Sato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Teruo Sone
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Robert M. Hackman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.C.)
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Mostafa H, Cheok A, Meroño T, Andres-Lacueva C, Rodriguez-Mateos A. Biomarkers of Berry Intake: Systematic Review Update. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:11789-11805. [PMID: 37499164 PMCID: PMC10416351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Berries are rich in (poly)phenols, and these compounds may be beneficial to human health. Estimating berry consumption through self-reported questionnaires has been challenging due to compliance issues and a lack of precision. Estimation via food-derived biomarkers in biofluids was proposed as a complementary alternative. We aimed to review and update the existing evidence on biomarkers of intake for six different types of berries. A systematic literature search was performed to update a previous systematic review on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from January 2020 until December 2022. Out of 42 papers, only 18 studies were eligible. A multimetabolite panel is suggested for blueberry and cranberry intake. Proposed biomarkers for blueberries include hippuric acid and malvidin glycosides. For cranberries, suggested biomarkers are glycosides of peonidin and cyanidin together with sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of phenyl-γ-valerolactone derivatives. No new metabolite candidates have been found for raspberries, strawberries, blackcurrants, and blackberries. Further studies are encouraged to validate these multimetabolite panels for improving the estimation of berry consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Mostafa
- Biomarkers
and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences
and Gastronomy, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA),
Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento
Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud
Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Alex Cheok
- Department
of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences,
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s
College London, 150 Stamford
Street, SE1 9NH London, U.K.
| | - Tomás Meroño
- Biomarkers
and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences
and Gastronomy, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA),
Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento
Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud
Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers
and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences
and Gastronomy, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA),
Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento
Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud
Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Mateos
- Department
of Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Sciences,
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s
College London, 150 Stamford
Street, SE1 9NH London, U.K.
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Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Kowalczyk T, Zajdel K, Jęcek M, Nowak P, Zajdel R. Food Anthocyanins: Malvidin and Its Glycosides as Promising Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agents with Potential Health Benefits. Nutrients 2023; 15:3016. [PMID: 37447342 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are flavonoid compounds that are abundantly present in fruits and vegetables. These compounds contribute to the color of these foods and offer various health benefits to consumers due to their biological properties. There are more than 1000 types of anthocyanins in nature, all derived from 27 anthocyanidin aglycones that have different glycosylations and acylations. Malvidin is one of the most well-known anthocyanidins. Several studies, including those conducted on cell lines, animals, and humans, have suggested that malvidin and its glycosides possess anti-carcinogenic, diabetes-control, cardiovascular-disease-prevention, and brain-function-improvement properties. These health benefits are primarily attributed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which are influenced by the molecular mechanisms related to the expression and modulation of critical genes. In this article, we review the available information on the biological activity of malvidin and its glycosides concerning their health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Economic and Medical Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Zajdel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-645 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jęcek
- Department of Economic and Medical Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Nowak
- Department of Economic and Medical Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Zajdel
- Department of Economic and Medical Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland
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Ivarsson J, Pecorelli A, Lila MA, Valacchi G. Blueberry Supplementation and Skin Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1261. [PMID: 37371992 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stressors such as air pollutants, ozone, and UV radiation are among the most noxious outdoor stressors affecting human skin and leading to premature skin aging. To prevent the extrinsic aging, the skin is equipped with an effective defensive system. However, cutaneous defense mechanisms can be overwhelmed through chronic exposure to environmental pollutants. Recent studies have suggested that the topical usage of natural compounds, such as blueberries, could be a good strategy to prevent skin damage from the environment. Indeed, blueberries contain bioactive compounds found to induce an active skin response against the environmental noxious effects. In this review, results from recent studies on this topic are discussed in order to build the argument for blueberries to possibly be an effective agent for skin health. In addition, we hope to highlight the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms behind the use of both topical application and dietary supplementation with blueberries to bolster cutaneous systems and defensive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ivarsson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine, Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Onuh JO, Dawkins NL, Aluko RE. Cardiovascular disease protective properties of blueberry polyphenols (Vaccinium corymbosum): a concise review. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-023-00139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIncreasing epidemiological evidence suggests inverse association between consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), metabolic syndrome disorders, certain types of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and other forms of human chronic diseases. This may be due to the contents of some bioactive phytochemicals, especially polyphenols, which are abundant in fruits and vegetables and have antioxidant effects. Berry fruits are reported to have the highest total antioxidant capacity (TAC) among fruits. They may protect against CVD and hypertension either directly or in tandem with other cellular mechanisms. Blueberry anthocyanins have been reported to exhibit cardiovascular protective health effects by preventing cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis, and reduction of oxidative and inflammatory damages to the endothelium through several mechanisms. Such mechanisms may involve suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators, protection against ischemic damage of the heart as well as cardiomyocyte survival, lower systolic and mean arterial pressures and renal nitrite content in addition to multiple other beneficial effects. However, several limitations in existing studies make it difficult to draw conclusions regarding the preventive effects of blueberries and other polyphenols-rich foods, especially as data supporting a causal relationship between direct antioxidant capacity and CVD are insufficient or limited. It is also unclear, which molecules exert this effect since few studies with isolated polyphenols have been conducted in addition to a lack of proper understanding of other mechanisms that may be involved. This review is, therefore aimed at discussing some of the current literature information on the cardiovascular protective effects of blueberries with suggestions for future research directions.
Graphical Abstract
Graphical abstract demonstrating the overall mechanisms of CVD protection by blueberry and blueberry polyphenols and anthocyanins. Blueberry consumption leads to reduced CVD complications due to the modulation of several mechanisms associated with CVD.
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10
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Shibata Y, Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T, Ohara K, Akimoto M. Weak Inhibitory Effects of Anthocyanins on Human Aldehyde Oxidase Activity: An In Vitro Study. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2023; 69:71-75. [PMID: 36858544 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.69.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) plays an important role in the metabolism of antitumor and antiviral drugs, including methotrexate, favipiravir, and acyclovir. The consumption of blueberry fruits or their extracts, which contain large amounts of anthocyanins, has recently increased. The intake of large amounts of anthocyanins occurs through the frequent consumption of blueberries or their functional foods, which may result in unwanted interactions between anthocyanins and medicinal drugs. Therefore, the present study examined the inhibition of AO by anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, and blueberry extracts in human liver cytosol using a HPLC assay. A comparison of the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the test compounds showed that anthocyanidins slightly suppressed AO activity, whereas the inhibitory effects of anthocyanins and blueberry extracts were negligible. The inhibitory activities of the anthocyanins tested were approximately 60- to 130-fold weaker than that of the positive control menadione and were almost negligible. Furthermore, they were approximately 2,000-fold less potent than that of raloxifene, a typical AO inhibitor, and, thus, unlikely to interfere with drug metabolism by AO. In addition, since the plasma concentrations of anthocyanins after their administration were generally lower than the IC50 level, the inhibition of AO substrate metabolism by anthocyanins does not appear to be severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Shibata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Kaori Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Kosuke Ohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Masayuki Akimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
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11
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Black Rice Anthocyanidins Regulates Gut Microbiota and Alleviates Related Symptoms through PI3K/AKT Pathway in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. J Food Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/5876706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Black rice anthocyanins (BRAs) have extremely high nutritional value and health care effects. This study investigated the intervention effect of BRAs on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the regulation effect on intestinal microbiota imbalance in T2DM rats. This study established successfully a T2DM model in a high-fat and high-glucose diet combined with streptozotocin (STZ). BRAs intervention reduced significantly the fasting blood glucose level of T2DM rats, improved the glucose tolerance of rats, reduced the blood lipid level and inflammation state, and repaired liver, oxidative stress, and other injuries. In addition, BRAs’s intervention enhanced the expression of phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), activated the expression of adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK), and the downstream acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT1) in the liver. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that BRAs significantly decreased the abundances of Bifidobacterium and Clostridiaceae_Clostridium, and promoted the abundances of Akkermansia and Lactobacillus. Accelerate the recovery of gut microbiota diversity. BRAs play an antidiabetic role by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and intestinal microbiota in T2MD rats.
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12
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Characterization of Highbush Blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Related MYBs and Functional Analysis of VcMYB Gene. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:379-399. [PMID: 36661513 PMCID: PMC9857026 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most important transcription factors regulating plant anthocyanin biosynthesis, MYB has attracted great attentions. In this study, we identified fifteen candidate anthocyanin biosynthesis related MYB (ABRM) proteins, including twelve R2R3-MYBs and three 1R-MYBs, from highbush blueberry. The subcellular localization prediction results showed that, with the exception of VcRVE8 (localized in chloroplast and nucleus), all of the blueberry ABRMs were nucleus-localized. The gene structure analysis revealed that the exon numbers of the blueberry ABRM genes varied greatly, ranging between one and eight. There are many light-responsive, phytohormone-responsive, abiotic stress-responsive and plant growth and development related cis-acting elements in the promoters of the blueberry ABRM genes. It is noteworthy that almost all of their promoters contain light-, ABA- and MeJA-responsive elements, which is consistent with the well-established results that anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of MYBs are influenced significantly by many factors, such as light, ABA and JA. The gene expression analysis revealed that VcMYB, VcMYB6, VcMYB23, VcMYBL2 and VcPH4 are expressed abundantly in blueberry fruits, and VcMYB is expressed the highest in the red, purple and blue fruits among all blueberry ABRMs. VcMYB shared high similarity with functionally proven ABRMs from many other plant species. The gene cloning results showed that VcMYB had three variable transcripts, but only the transient overexpression of VcMYB-1 promoted anthocyanin accumulation in the green fruits. Our study can provide a basis for future research on the anthocyanin biosynthesis related MYBs in blueberry.
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13
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Iqbal AZ, Javaid N, Hameeda M. Synergic interactions between berry polyphenols and gut microbiota in cardiovascular diseases. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-220071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Now a days, scientific community has been taking initiatives to decrease burden of metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, chronic hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and many others. Many nutraceuticals and functional food have a crucial function in preventing and decreasing burden of chronic diseases. Main purpose of the study was to relate association between mechanism of gut microbiota effecting cardiovascular diseases, moreover, to find out advantageous effects of berry polyphenols on gut microbiota and cardiovascular diseases. To summarize, we explore literature for beneficial effects of berry polyphenols by using multiple search engines including Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed. Original research article, review articles, experimental trials (human and animal studies) and abstract were also included in the current study based on relevancy to the characteristics of berries and their potential benefit on human health. This detailed review revealed that all classes of berries and their metabolites possess a definite impact on human health by preventing onset of chronic diseases by its anti-inflammatory property, thus, consider as one of the beneficial natural compounds that can be consumed on daily basis to prevent various disorders. There is also a positive association between berry polyphenols and modulation of gut microbiota and their metabolites, furthermore, showed a relationship between gut microbiome and incidence of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zafar Iqbal
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore
| | - Nida Javaid
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore
| | - Maryam Hameeda
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
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14
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Banji OJ, Banji D, Makeen HA, Alqahtani SS, Alshahrani S. Neuroinflammation: The Role of Anthocyanins as Neuroprotectants. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2156-2174. [PMID: 35043761 PMCID: PMC9886846 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220119140835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a trigger for several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Exposure to noxious external stimuli induces homeostatic disturbances resulting in morphological changes in microglia, their activation, and elaboration of pro-inflammatory mediators. This leads to neuroinflammation with the progressive loss of neurons. Nutraceuticals such as anthocyanins are a class of brightly colored bioactive compounds present in fruits and vegetables with purported health benefits. They interfere with the activation of several signaling cascades that have a prominent role in preventing neuroinflammation. More importantly, anthocyanins can cross the blood-brain barrier and are safe. Hence, the current review focuses on the bioavailability of anthocyanins, clinical and in vitro evidence on their role in impeding the activation of transcription factors, modulating the immune milieu within the central nervous system, preventing the activation of microglia, and averting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia J.F. Banji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA; ,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA; Tel: 966-557942761; E-mail:
| | - David Banji
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA;
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA;
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
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15
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Gonçalves AC, Falcão A, Alves G, Lopes JA, Silva LR. Employ of Anthocyanins in Nanocarriers for Nano Delivery: In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Approaches for Chronic Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2272. [PMID: 36365091 PMCID: PMC9695229 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are among the best-known phenolic compounds and possess remarkable biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects. Despite their therapeutic benefits, they are not widely used as health-promoting agents due to their instability, low absorption, and, thus, low bioavailability and rapid metabolism in the human body. Recent research suggests that the application of nanotechnology could increase their solubility and/or bioavailability, and thus their biological potential. Therefore, in this review, we have provided, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of in vitro and in vivo studies on nanocarriers used as delivery systems of anthocyanins, and their aglycones, i.e., anthocyanidins alone or combined with conventional drugs in the treatment or management of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João A. Lopes
- iMed.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, University of Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís R. Silva
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG, Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Research Unit for Inland Development (UDI), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
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16
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Ornamental Flowers Grown in Human Surroundings as a Source of Anthocyanins with High Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070948. [PMID: 35407035 PMCID: PMC8997809 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowers have always accompanied people thanks to their manifold aesthetic properties. Some species have also become a component of the human diet. Recent years have seen an increased interest in edible flowers and, consequently, research has been undertaken to determine their chemical composition. Dyes that are abundantly contained in flowers, whose role is to attract pollinating animals, are recognized substances with health-promoting properties. Anthocyanins are a group of dyes that are very common in petals and other parts of flowers. Studies carried out in the twentieth and twenty-first century on flowers growing in temperate climates have found very strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of anthocyanins. Therefore, flowers used by humans for centuries to decorate their surroundings may become an easily available source of nutrients and health-promoting substances. This paper discusses the health-promoting properties of anthocyanins and collects literature on anthocyanin content in edible flowers commonly grown on balconies, terraces, and roofs in countries of temperate climate.
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17
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Lorzadeh E, Heidary Z, Mohammadi M, Nadjarzadeh A, Ramezani-Jolfaie N, Salehi-Abargouei A. Does pomegranate consumption improve oxidative stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 47:117-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Anuyahong T, Chusak C, Adisakwattana S. Riceberry rice beverage decreases postprandial glycemic response, inflammatory markers and antioxidant status induced by a high-carbohydrate and moderate-fat meal in overweight and obese men. Food Funct 2022; 13:834-845. [PMID: 34988564 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03169d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies support the beneficial role of riceberry rice and its food products in controlling the glycemic response in healthy subjects. The aim of the current work was to determine the effects of riceberry rice beverage (RRB) on postprandial glycemic, insulin and triglyceride responses, inflammatory biomarkers, and antioxidant status as well as appetite sensation following a high-carbohydrate and moderate-fat (HCMF) meal in overweight/obese subjects. Thirteen participants, overweight and obese men (age = 24.46 ± 0.90 years and BMI = 25.92 ± 0.69 kg m-2), completed a randomized, crossover intervention study. They consumed an HCMF meal with or without RRB (2 g of riceberry rice extract powder/400 ml). Blood samples and appetite sensation were measured at the fasting state and up to 6 h after meal consumption. The ingestion of the HCMF meal accompanied by RRB had a lower incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum triglyceride concentrations when compared to the control. A significant increase in the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and thiol level, all measures of antioxidant capacity, was also observed in the participants who consumed the HCMF meal accompanied by RRB. The postprandial level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) significantly increased at 3 h and 6 h after the HCMF meal intake when compared to the fasting state. Interestingly, these values were significantly decreased upon consumption of RRB. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the rating scores of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and satiety among the tested meals. In conclusion, RRB intake prevented HCMF meal-induced postprandial glycemic, lipemic, and pro-inflammatory responses and improved plasma antioxidant capacity in overweight and obese participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanisa Anuyahong
- Phytochemical and Functional Food Research Unit for Clinical Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Charoonsri Chusak
- Phytochemical and Functional Food Research Unit for Clinical Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sirichai Adisakwattana
- Phytochemical and Functional Food Research Unit for Clinical Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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19
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YUAN BZ, SUN J. Bibliometric analysis of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) research publications based on Web of Science. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.96321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie SUN
- Library of Huazhong Agricultural University, PR China
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20
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Herrera-Balandrano DD, Chai Z, Beta T, Feng J, Huang W. Blueberry anthocyanins: An updated review on approaches to enhancing their bioavailability. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Jokioja J, Yang B, Linderborg KM. Acylated anthocyanins: A review on their bioavailability and effects on postprandial carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5570-5615. [PMID: 34611984 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins, the natural red and purple colorants of berries, fruits, vegetables, and tubers, improve carbohydrate metabolism and decrease the risk factors of metabolic disorders, but their industrial use is limited by their chemical instability. Acylation of the glycosyl moieties of anthocyanins, however, changes the chemical properties of anthocyanins and provides enhanced stability. Thus, acylated anthocyanins are more usable as natural colorants and bioactive components of innovative functional foods. Acylated anthocyanins are common in pigmented vegetables and tubers, the consumption of which has the potential to increase the intake of health-promoting anthocyanins as part of the daily diet. For the first time, this review presents the current findings on bioavailability, absorption, metabolism, and health effects of acylated anthocyanins with comparison to more extensively investigated nonacylated anthocyanins. The structural differences between nonacylated and acylated anthocyanins lead to enhanced color stability, altered absorption, bioavailability, in vivo stability, and colonic degradation. The impact of phenolic metabolites and their potential health effects regardless of the low bioavailability of the parent anthocyanins as such is discussed. Here, purple-fleshed potatoes are presented as a globally available, eco-friendly model food rich in acylated anthocyanins, which further highlights the industrial possibilities and nutritional relevance of acylated anthocyanins. This work supports the academic community and industry in food research and development by reviewing the current literature and highlighting gaps of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Jokioja
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa M Linderborg
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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22
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Clitoria ternatea Flower Extract Attenuates Postprandial Lipemia and Increases Plasma Antioxidant Status Responses to a High-Fat Meal Challenge in Overweight and Obese Participants. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100975. [PMID: 34681074 PMCID: PMC8533577 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Supplementation of high-fat meals with edible plants is the principal strategy to control postprandial dysmetabolism and inflammation. This study demonstrated that consumption of Clitoria ternatea flower extract (CTE) decreased postprandial serum triglyceride and serum free fatty acids, and improved plasma antioxidant status and glutathione peroxidase activity responses to a high-fat meal challenge in overweight and obese participants. However, CTE could not reduce the effect of HF meal-induced increase in postprandial glycemia and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The findings of the present study suggest that CTE may be used as an effective ingredient to suppress postprandial lipemia and improve the antioxidant status in overweight and obese individuals that frequently consume HF diets. Abstract High-fat (HF) meal-induced postprandial lipemia, oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation is exacerbated in overweight and obese individuals. This postprandial dysmetabolism contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Clitoria ternatea flower extract (CTE) possesses antioxidant potential and carbohydrate and fat digestive enzyme inhibitory activity in vitro. However, no evidence supporting a favorable role of CTE in the modulation of postprandial lipemia, antioxidant status and inflammation in humans presently exists. In the present study, we determine the effect of CTE on changes in postprandial glycemic and lipemic response, antioxidant status and pro-inflammatory markers in overweight and obese men after consumption of an HF meal. Following a randomized design, sixteen participants (age, 23.5 ± 0.6 years, and BMI, 25.7 ± 0.7 kg/m2) were assigned to three groups that consumed the HF meal, or HF meal supplemented by 1 g and 2 g of CTE. Blood samples were collected at fasting state and then at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min after the meal consumption. No significant differences were observed in the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for postprandial glucose among the three groups. Furthermore, 2 g of CTE decreased the iAUC for serum triglyceride and attenuated postprandial serum free fatty acids at 360 min after consuming the HF meal. In addition, 2 g of CTE significantly improved the iAUC for plasma antioxidant status, as characterized by increased postprandial plasma FRAP and thiol levels. Postprandial plasma glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly higher at 180 min after the consumption of HF meal with 2 g of CTE. No significant differences in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) were observed at 360 min among the three groups. These findings suggest that CTE can be used as a natural ingredient for reducing postprandial lipemia and improving the antioxidant status in overweight and obese men after consuming HF meals.
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23
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Bonesi M, Leporini M, Tenuta MC, Tundis R. The Role of Anthocyanins in Drug Discovery: Recent Developments. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2021; 17:286-298. [PMID: 30686260 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190125152931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds have always played a key role in drug discovery. Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites belonging to the flavonoids family responsible for the purple, blue, and red colour of many vegetables and fruits. These phytochemicals have attracted the interest of researchers for their important implications in human health and for their use as natural colorants. Many in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the potential effects of anthocyanins and anthocyanins-rich foods in the prevention and/or treatment of diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This review reports the recent literature data and focuses on the potential role of anthocyanins in drug discovery. Their biological activity, analysis of structure-activity relationships, bioavailability, metabolism, and future prospects of their uses are critically described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonesi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Leporini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria C Tenuta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
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24
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Shibata Y, Ohara K, Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T, Akimoto M. Total Anthocyanin Content, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Various Blueberry Cultivars Grown in Togane, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2021; 67:201-209. [PMID: 34193680 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.67.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
More than fifty cultivated varieties of blueberries are grown under the same processing conditions on the farm at Chiba Prefectural Agricultural College in Japan. The fruits from 51 blueberry cultivars, including 16 rabbiteye (RE) cultivars (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and 35 highbush (HB) cultivars (Vaccinium corybosum L.), were evaluated for total anthocyanin contents, phenolic contents, and their contribution to antioxidant activity among cultivars. Total anthocyanin contents varied from 0.74±0.21 ("Barkley") to 4.27±0.18 ("Suwannee") mg as cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-GC) equivalent/g fresh-weight (fw), with phenolic contents in the range of 0.77±0.14 ("Floridablue") to 3.69±0.89 ("Suwannee") mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g fw, which strongly correlated with antioxidant activities assessed using the DPPH and ORAC methods, respectively. Total anthocyanin and phenolic contents were both significantly higher (p<0.05) in RE blueberries than in HB blueberries. Furthermore, the total phenolic values were significantly higher for the RE family than for the HB family (p<0.01). In comparisons of two species, the major anthocyanidin identified were malvidin in RE blueberries and delphinidin in HB blueberries. This result suggests that some RE blueberries, especially "Suwannee," "Homebell" and "Climax," are suitable supply sources with high in vitro antioxidant capacity. This study would be helpful to the quality-oriented cultivation of blueberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Shibata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Kosuke Ohara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Kaori Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Tetsuya Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
| | - Masayuki Akimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University
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25
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Chen G, Li Y, Liang S, Xiao J, Duan X, Zhou Y, Zeng Y, Sun F, Shrestha S, Zhang Z. Associations of dietary anthocyanidins intake with body composition in Chinese children: a cross-sectional study. Food Nutr Res 2021; 65:4428. [PMID: 34393697 PMCID: PMC8344405 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous animal and in vitro studies indicated that anthocyanidins might contribute to the prevention of obesity, while epidemiological evidences were scarce and had not been conducted in children. Objective We explored the associations between anthocyanidins and body composition in children. Design A cross-sectional study involving 452 children aged 6–9 years in Guangzhou, China, was carried out. Dietary information was collected using a 79-items food frequency questionnaire. Fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and fat mass percentage (FMP) at multi-sites (whole body, trunk, limbs, android area, and gynoid area) were measured using a dual-energy X-ray scan. Abdominal obesity was defined as an age- and sex-specific abdominal FM ≥ 85th percentile. Handgrip strength was measured using a hydraulic hand dynamometer. Results After adjusted for several potential covariates, higher dietary intake of anthocyanidin (per one standard deviation increase) was associated with a 0.013–0.223 kg increase of LM, a 0.024–0.134 kg decrease of FM, and a 0.63–0.76% decrease of FMP at multi-sites (P < 0.05). Results were similar and more pronounced for delphinidin and cyanidin, but less significant for peonidin. Higher dietary anthocyanidin intake (per standard deviation increase) was associated with a 41.0% (OR: 0.59, 95%CI: 0.37, 0.94) decreased risk of abdominal obesity. However, no significant associations were observed between anthocyanidin and handgrip strengths. Conclusions Higher dietary intake of anthocyanidin and its components tended to be associated with better body composition, but not handgrip strength, in Chinese children at early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengdong Chen
- Foshan Institute of Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Southern Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujun Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinqiu Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Duan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Zeng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanyiwen Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiksha Shrestha
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Nunes S, Vieira P, Gomes P, Viana SD, Reis F. Blueberry as an Attractive Functional Fruit to Prevent (Pre)Diabetes Progression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1162. [PMID: 34439410 PMCID: PMC8389043 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediabetes, a subclinical impairment between euglycemia and hyperglycemia, is a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated micro- and macrovascular complications. Lifestyle therapy, the first-line treatment of prediabetes, includes physical exercise and dietary regimens enriched in phytochemicals with health-related properties. Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), given their pleasant taste and great abundance in beneficial phytochemicals, have gained public interest all over the world. Along with a high antioxidant activity, this functional fruit is also well-recognized due to its hypoglycemic and insulin-sensitizing effects and has been recommended for overt T2DM management. Yet blueberries target several other pathophysiological traits, namely gut microbiota dysbiosis and hepatic dysmetabolism, that ensue when prediabetes begins and for which pharmacological interventions tend to be delayed. In this work, we revisited preclinical data from in vitro assays, animal models and human studies, aiming to disclose the potential mechanisms by which blueberries may be a fruitful source of phytochemicals able to prevent (pre)diabetes progression. Collectively, future efforts should focus on longer-term studies with standardized interventions and readouts, particularly in humans, that will hopefully bring more robust evidence and concrete guidance for blueberries' effective use in prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nunes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.N.); (P.V.); (P.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Vieira
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.N.); (P.V.); (P.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Gomes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.N.); (P.V.); (P.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Domingues Viana
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.N.); (P.V.); (P.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Pharmacy/Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (S.N.); (P.V.); (P.G.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Gonçalves AC, Nunes AR, Falcão A, Alves G, Silva LR. Dietary Effects of Anthocyanins in Human Health: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070690. [PMID: 34358116 PMCID: PMC8308553 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the consumption of natural-based foods, including beans, fruits, legumes, nuts, oils, vegetables, spices, and whole grains, has been encouraged. This fact is essentially due to their content in bioactive phytochemicals, with the phenolic compounds standing out. Among them, anthocyanins have been a target of many studies due to the presence of catechol, pyrogallol, and methoxy groups in their chemical structure, which confer notable scavenging, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities, being already recommended as supplementation to mitigate or even attenuate certain disorders, such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurological pathologies. The most well-known anthocyanins are cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside. They are widespread in nature, being present in considerable amounts in red fruits and red vegetables. Overall, the present review intends to discuss the most recent findings on the potential health benefits from the daily intake of anthocyanin-rich foods, as well as their possible pharmacological mechanisms of action. However, before that, some emphasis regarding their chemical structure, dietary sources, and bioavailability was done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Gonçalves
- CICS–UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (A.R.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Ana R. Nunes
- CICS–UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (A.R.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Edifício do ICNAS, Pólo 3, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS–UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (A.R.N.); (G.A.)
| | - Luís R. Silva
- CICS–UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (A.R.N.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-275-329-077
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Golovinskaia O, Wang CK. Review of Functional and Pharmacological Activities of Berries. Molecules 2021; 26:3904. [PMID: 34202412 PMCID: PMC8271923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional plant-based foods (such as fruits, vegetables, and berries) can improve health, have a preventive effect, and diminish the risk of different chronic diseases during in vivo and in vitro studies. Berries contain many phytochemicals, fibers, vitamins, and minerals. The primary phytochemicals in berry fruits are phenolic compounds including flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, and isoflavonoids), tannins, and phenolic acids. Since berries have a high concentration of polyphenols, it is possible to use them for treating various diseases pharmacologically by acting on oxidative stress and inflammation, which are often the leading causes of diabetes, neurological, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This review examines commonly consumed berries: blackberries, blackcurrants, blueberries, cranberries, raspberries, black raspberries, and strawberries and their polyphenols as potential medicinal foods (due to the presence of pharmacologically active compounds) in the treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular problems, and other diseases. Moreover, much attention is paid to the bioavailability of active berry components. Hence, this comprehensive review shows that berries and their bioactive compounds possess medicinal properties and have therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, future clinical trials are required to study and improve the bioavailability of berries' phenolic compounds and extend the evidence that the active compounds of berries can be used as medicinal foods against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan;
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Karakas MC, Kurunc A, Dincer C. Effects of water deficit on growth and performance of drip irrigated sweet potato varieties. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2961-2973. [PMID: 33170508 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many scientific studies on performance of different sweet potato varieties under water deficits, however, no study on Koganesengan and Beniazuma varieties has been found in the literature. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of water deficit levels (control-WD0 , low-WD25 , medium-WD50 and high-WD75 water deficit levels) on growth, yield and quality parameters, water use efficiency and water-yield response factor values of these sweet potato varieties under drip irrigation. RESULTS The seasonal water consumptions of varieties were calculated as 808 and 826 mm, respectively, under no water deficit. All of the growth (except average tuber length for Koganesengan) and yield parameters of both varieties were significantly affected by water deficit treatments. However, most of the quality parameters including total dry mater, starch, ß-carotene, ascorbic acid, protein, saccharose and glucose contents for both varieties; total ash, crude fiber and phenolic matter content for Beniazuma; and fructose content and antioxidant activity for Koganesengan variety had no response to water deficits at any level. Under high deficit and control, fresh and dry vine, tuber and total yields ranged from 4.80 to 14.54, 0.85 to 2.35, 1.59 to 10.97 and 6.40 to 25.52 t ha-1 for Koganesengan and 6.05 to 27.88, 0.99 to 4.09, 2.17 to 22.91 and 8.22 to 50.79 t ha-1 for Beniazuma, respectively. CONCLUSION The results showed that Beniazuma variety is proportionally more sensitive to water deficit than Koganesengan. It can be concluded that both varieties can be grown in Mediterranean conditions by providing optimum irrigation applications. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmet Kurunc
- Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Dincer
- Food Safety and Agricultural Research Center, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Finike Vocational School, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Borowiec K, Michalak A. Flavonoids from edible fruits as therapeutic agents in neuroinflammation - a comprehensive review and update. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6742-6760. [PMID: 33783286 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1905604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key process in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders, i.e. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. However, there are no anti-inflammatory medical interventions recommended so far in the treatment of neuroinflammation-related brain disorders. Therefore, the burden of searching for effective and safe antineuroinflammatory agents is well founded, especially in the aging society. Compounds of plant origin, mainly (poly)phenols, have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Notably, the role of flavonoids in ameliorating neuroinflammation is in the limelight. Thus, we used comprehensive literature retrieval to summarize the effects and active components of edible fruits and their phenolic compounds. As a result, this review presents a valuable summary of results of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies on the antineuroinflammatory effects of edible fruits and their (poly)phenolic extracts as well as dietary flavonoids and other selected (poly)phenols based on the detailed description of foregoing studies. Additionally, problems resulting from the limited bioavailability of (poly)phenols were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Borowiec
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Michalak
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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31
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Marín-Echeverri C, Piedrahita-Blandón M, Galvis-Pérez Y, Blesso CN, Fernández ML, Nuñez-Rangel V, Barona-Acevedo J. Improvements in antioxidant status after agraz consumption was associated to reductions in cardiovascular risk factors in women with metabolic syndrome. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2021.1884606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Marín-Echeverri
- Toxinology and Food and Therapeutic Alternatives, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Manuela Piedrahita-Blandón
- Toxinology and Food and Therapeutic Alternatives, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Yeisson Galvis-Pérez
- Toxinology and Food and Therapeutic Alternatives, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - María-Luz Fernández
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Vitelbina Nuñez-Rangel
- Toxinology and Food and Therapeutic Alternatives, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jacqueline Barona-Acevedo
- Toxinology and Food and Therapeutic Alternatives, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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Liang Z, Liang H, Guo Y, Yang D. Cyanidin 3- O-galactoside: A Natural Compound with Multiple Health Benefits. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052261. [PMID: 33668383 PMCID: PMC7956414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanidin 3-O-galactoside (Cy3Gal) is one of the most widespread anthocyanins that positively impacts the health of animals and humans. Since it is available from a wide range of natural sources, such as fruits (apples and berries in particular), substantial studies were performed to investigate its biosynthesis, chemical stability, natural occurrences and content, extraction methods, physiological functions, as well as potential applications. In this review, we focus on presenting the previous studies on the abovementioned aspects of Cy3Gal. As a conclusion, Cy3Gal shares a common biosynthesis pathway and analogous stability with other anthocyanins. Galactosyltransferase utilizing uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) and cyanidin as substrates is unique for Cy3Gal biosynthesis. Extraction employing different methods reveals chokeberry as the most practical natural source for mass-production of this compound. The antioxidant properties and other health effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-toxicity, cardiovascular, and nervous protective capacities, are highlighted in purified Cy3Gal and in its combination with other polyphenols. These unique properties of Cy3Gal are discussed and compared with other anthocyanins with related structure for an in-depth evaluation of its potential value as food additives or health supplement. Emphasis is laid on the description of its physiological functions confirmed via various approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.L.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Hongrui Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.L.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yizhan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.L.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Dong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.L.); (H.L.); (Y.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
- Xinghua Industrial Research Centre for Food Science and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Xinghua 225700, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-7129
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Chan SW, Chu TTW, Choi SW, Benzie IFF, Tomlinson B. Impact of short-term bilberry supplementation on glycemic control, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and antioxidant status in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Phytother Res 2021; 35:3236-3245. [PMID: 33599340 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is one of the richest natural sources of anthocyanins which are powerful antioxidants and reported to have antiinflammatory, antidyslipidemic, antihypertensive, and hypoglycemic effects. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of bilberry supplementation on biomarkers of glycemic control, lipid profile, antioxidant, and inflammatory status in patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Twenty patients were randomized to receive either bilberry supplementation (1.4 g/day of extract) daily for 4 weeks followed by 6 weeks of washout and then an additional 4 weeks of matching placebo or vice versa. Blood pressure, metabolic parameters, antioxidant status, and oxidative stress were measured before and after each period. Results showed no effect on body weight, blood pressure, or lipid profile. HbA1c was reduced by 0.31 ± 0.58% during bilberry supplementation, but this change was not significantly different from that with placebo. Antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and inflammatory status showed no significant differences across treatments. This short-term study of bilberry supplementation did not show significant effects on cardiovascular risk factors or antioxidant status, but the tendency for improved glycemic control may suggest a longer treatment period may be effective in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Wa Chan
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tanya T W Chu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siu Wai Choi
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Iris F F Benzie
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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Najjar RS, Turner CG, Wong BJ, Feresin RG. Berry-Derived Polyphenols in Cardiovascular Pathologies: Mechanisms of Disease and the Role of Diet and Sex. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020387. [PMID: 33513742 PMCID: PMC7911141 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence, pathogenesis, and manifestation is differentially influenced by biological sex. Berry polyphenols target several signaling pathways pertinent to CVD development, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiac and vascular remodeling, and there are innate differences in these pathways that also vary by sex. There is limited research systematically investigating sex differences in berry polyphenol effects on these pathways, but there are fundamental findings at this time that suggest a sex-specific effect. This review will detail mechanisms within these pathological pathways, how they differ by sex, and how they may be individually targeted by berry polyphenols in a sex-specific manner. Because of the substantial polyphenolic profile of berries, berry consumption represents a promising interventional tool in the treatment and prevention of CVD in both sexes, but the mechanisms in which they function within each sex may vary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami S. Najjar
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA;
| | - Casey G. Turner
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (C.G.T.); (B.J.W.)
| | - Brett J. Wong
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; (C.G.T.); (B.J.W.)
| | - Rafaela G. Feresin
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA;
- Correspondence:
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35
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Colored Corn: An Up-Date on Metabolites Extraction, Health Implication, and Potential Use. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010199. [PMID: 33401767 PMCID: PMC7796034 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colored (orange, pink, red, purple, and blue) corn strongly attracted attention on its healthy properties mainly due to its anthocyanin and carotenoid composition which is also responsible for its pigmentation. The present review summarized the recent updates on the extraction and chemical characterization of the main plant secondary metabolites present in colored seeds, kernel, cob, husk, and silk. The main approaches used to stabilize the extracts have been discussed as well as their food and non-food uses. Both in vitro and in vivo (animal models) studies on the different effects (antibacterial, antimutagenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, effects on metabolic syndrome, diabetes, glucose and lipidic metabolism, and neuroprotection) of pigmented extracts on animal and human health have been summarized.
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36
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Myint O, Wattanapongpitak S, Supawat B, Kothan S, Udomtanakunchai C, Tima S, Tungjai M. Protein binding of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid to human serum albumin and their anti-proliferation on doxorubicin-sensitive and doxorubicin-resistant leukemia cells. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1381-1388. [PMID: 34285884 PMCID: PMC8278208 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxybenzoic acids (4-HBA) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (Vanillic acid, VA) have exhibited several pharmacological activities. Generally, the biological activities of compounds are highly involved in the interaction between protein and compounds in blood plasma. The objective was to investigate the interaction of 4-HBA or VA with human serum albumin (HSA) and their anti-proliferation properties on doxorubicin-sensitive K562 and doxorubicin-resistant K562/Dox leukemia cells. The protein binding of 4-HBA or VA to HSA was investigated using fluorescence quenching at temperatures of 298 and 310 Kelvin (K) under the pH of 6.0, 7.4, and 8.0 conditions. The effect of 4-HBA and VA on anti-proliferation was also studied on doxorubicin-sensitive K562 and doxorubicin-resistant K562/Dox leukemia cells using resazurin assay. The results showed that 4-HBA and VA could interact with HSA. The fluorescence quenching process in HSA-4-HBA system might be attributed to static quenching mechanism. In contrast, a dynamic quenching mechanism might be mainly involved in the fluorescence quenching process in the HSA-VA system. Thermodynamic data suggested that the spontaneous interaction between HSA and 4-HBA or VA had occurred in the system and it also indicated that hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces contributed to the binding of HSA to 4-HBA or VA. In addition, 4-HBA and VA decreased K562 and K562/Dox cells viability in a dose- and time-dependence manner. In conclusions, the 4-HBA and VA could interact with HSA. In addition, the 4-HBA and VA decreased in cell viability for both doxorubicin-sensitive K562 and doxorubicin-resistant K562/Dox leukemia cells in a dose- and time-dependence manner. Therefore, these current studies could provide useful information about the nature of 4-HBA or VA binding to protein HSA and their anticancer activities in both of these types of leukemia cells. The cell death mechanisms should be investigated through future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohnmar Myint
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Radiation Research and Medical Imaging, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Ph.D. Degree Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Under the CMU Presidential Scholarship, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sakornniya Wattanapongpitak
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Radiation Research and Medical Imaging, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Benjamaporn Supawat
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Radiation Research and Medical Imaging, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suchart Kothan
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Radiation Research and Medical Imaging, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chatchanok Udomtanakunchai
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Radiation Research and Medical Imaging, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Singkome Tima
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Montree Tungjai
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Radiation Research and Medical Imaging, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Corresponding author at: Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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No Effects of Different Doses of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on Cardiovascular Responses During Rest and Submaximal Exercise Across a Week in Trained Male Cyclists. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2020; 31:66-72. [PMID: 33186898 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Supplementation with anthocyanin-rich blackcurrant increases blood flow, cardiac output, and stroke volume at rest. It is not known whether cardiovascular responses can be replicated over longer timeframes in fed trained cyclists. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 male trained cyclists (age 39 ± 10 years, V˙O2max 55.3 ± 6.7 ml·kg-1·min-1) consumed two doses of New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract (300 and 600 mg/day for 1 week). Cardiovascular parameters were measured during rest and submaximal cycling (65% V˙O2max) on day 1 (D1), D4, and D7. Data were analyzed with an RM ANOVA using dose (placebo vs. 300 vs. 600 mg/day) by time point (D1, D4, and D7). Outcomes from placebo were averaged to determine the coefficient of variation within our experimental model, and 95% confidence interval (CI) was examined for differences between placebo and NZBC. There were no differences in cardiovascular responses at rest between conditions and between days. During submaximal exercise, no positive changes were observed on D1 and D4 after consuming NZBC extract. On D7, intake of 600 mg increased stroke volume (3.08 ml, 95% CI [-2.08, 8.26]; d = 0.16, p = .21), cardiac output (0.39 L/min, 95% CI [-1.39, .60]; d = 0.14, p = .40) (both +2.5%), and lowered total peripheral resistance by 6.5% (-0.46 mmHg·min/ml, 95% CI [-1.80, .89]; d = 0.18, p = .46). However, these changes were trivial and fell within the coefficient of variation of our study design. Therefore, we can conclude that NZBC extract was not effective in enhancing cardiovascular function during rest and submaximal exercise in endurance-trained fed cyclists.
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Huang Y, Wang D, Liu Y, Zhou H, Sun Y. Measurement of Early Disease Blueberries Based on Vis/NIR Hyperspectral Imaging System. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20205783. [PMID: 33066056 PMCID: PMC7600744 DOI: 10.3390/s20205783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blueberries, which are rich in nutrition, are susceptible to fungal infection during postharvest or storage. However, early detection of diseases in blueberry is challenging because of their opaque appearance and the inconspicuousness of spots in the early stage of disease. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential of hyperspectral imaging over the spectral range of 400–1000 nm to discriminate early disease in blueberries. Scanning electron microscope observation verified that fungal damage to the cellular structure takes place during the early stages. A total of 400 hyperspectral images, 200 samples each of healthy and early disease groups, were collected to obtain mean spectra of each blueberry samples. Spectral correlation analysis was performed to select an effective spectral range. Partial least square discrimination analysis (PLSDA) models were developed using two types of spectral range (i.e., full wavelength range of 400–1000 nm and effective spectral range of 685–1000 nm). The results showed that the effective spectral range made it possible to provide better classification results due to the elimination of the influence of irrelevant variables. Moreover, the effective spectral range combined with an autoscale preprocessing method was able to obtain optimal classification accuracies, with recognition rates of 100% and 99% for healthy and early disease blueberries. This study demonstrated that it is feasible to use hyperspectral imaging to measure early disease blueberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Huang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.H.); (D.W.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Dezhen Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.H.); (D.W.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.H.); (D.W.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.H.); (D.W.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Ye Sun
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-159-9630-1891
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Flavonoids in adipose tissue inflammation and atherosclerosis: one arrow, two targets. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1403-1432. [PMID: 32556180 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables, in addition to beverages such as tea and coffee. Flavonoids are emerging as potent therapeutic agents for cardiovascular as well as metabolic diseases. Several studies corroborated an inverse relationship between flavonoid consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or adipose tissue inflammation (ATI). Flavonoids exert their anti-atherogenic effects by increasing nitric oxide (NO), reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, flavonoids alleviate ATI by decreasing triglyceride and cholesterol levels, as well as by attenuating inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, flavonoids inhibit synthesis of fatty acids and promote their oxidation. In this review, we discuss the effect of the main classes of flavonoids, namely flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, anthocyanins, and isoflavones, on atherosclerosis and ATI. In addition, we dissect the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of action for these flavonoids. We conclude by supporting the potential benefit for flavonoids in the management or treatment of CVD; yet, we call for more robust clinical studies for safety and pharmacokinetic values.
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Ulaszewska M, Garcia-Aloy M, Vázquez-Manjarrez N, Soria-Florido MT, Llorach R, Mattivi F, Manach C. Food intake biomarkers for berries and grapes. GENES AND NUTRITION 2020; 15:17. [PMID: 32967625 PMCID: PMC7509942 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-020-00675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Grapes and berries are two types of widely consumed fruits characterized by a high content in different phytochemicals. However, their accurate dietary assessment is particularly arduous, because of the already wide recognized bias associated with self-reporting methods, combined with the large range of species and cultivars and the fact that these fruits are popularly consumed not only in fresh and frozen forms but also as processed and derived products, including dried and canned fruits, beverages, jams, and jellies. Reporting precise type and/or quantity of grape and berries in FFQ or diaries can obviously be affected by errors. Recently, biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) rose as a promising tool to provide accurate information indicating consumption of certain food items. Protocols for performing systematic reviews in this field, as well as for assessing the validity of candidate BFIs have been developed within the Food Biomarker Alliance (FoodBAll) Project. This paper aims to evaluate the putative BIFs for blueberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, cranberries, blackcurrant, and grapes. Candidate BFIs for grapes were resveratrol metabolites and tartaric acid. The metabolites considered as putative BFI for berries consumption were mostly anthocyanins derivatives together with several metabolites of ellagitannins and some aroma compounds. However, identification of BFIs for single berry types encountered more difficulties. In the absence of highly specific metabolites reported to date, we suggested some multi-metabolite panels that may be further investigated as putative biomarkers for some berry fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ulaszewska
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre Food Quality and Nutrition, Via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center for Omics Sciences, Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility - ProMeFa, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - M Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - N Vázquez-Manjarrez
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Dirección de Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Slavador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M T Soria-Florido
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Llorach
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomic Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Mattivi
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre Food Quality and Nutrition, Via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trent, Trento, Italy
| | - C Manach
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Montanari S, Şahin MA, Lee BJ, Blacker SD, Willems ME. No Effects of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on Physiological and Performance Responses in Trained Male Cyclists Undertaking Repeated Testing across a Week Period. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8080114. [PMID: 32823733 PMCID: PMC7466623 DOI: 10.3390/sports8080114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin supplements are receiving attention due to purported benefits to physiological, metabolic, and exercise responses in trained individuals. However, the efficacy of anthocyanin intake over multiple testing days is not known. We compared a placebo and two doses of anthocyanin-rich New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract (300 and 600 mg·day−1) on plasma lactate, substrate oxidation, and 16.1 km time trial (TT) performance on three occasions over 7-days in a fed state (day 1 (D1), D4, and D7). Thirteen male cyclists participated in a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled double-blind design. There was no difference in plasma lactate and substrate oxidation between conditions and between days. A time difference was observed between D1 (1701 ± 163 s) and D4 (1682 ± 162 s) for 600 mg (p = 0.05), with an increment in average speed (D1 = 34.3 ± 3.4 vs. D4 = 34.8 ± 3.4 km·h−1, p = 0.04). However, there was no difference between the other days and between conditions. Overall, one week of intake of NZBC extract did not affect physiological and metabolic responses. Intake of 600 mg of NZBC extract showed inconsistent benefits in improving 16.1 km time trial performance over a week period in trained fed cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Montanari
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK; (S.M.); (M.A.Ş.); (B.J.L.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Mehmet A. Şahin
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK; (S.M.); (M.A.Ş.); (B.J.L.); (S.D.B.)
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Ben J. Lee
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK; (S.M.); (M.A.Ş.); (B.J.L.); (S.D.B.)
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Sam D. Blacker
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK; (S.M.); (M.A.Ş.); (B.J.L.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Mark E.T. Willems
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK; (S.M.); (M.A.Ş.); (B.J.L.); (S.D.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Prado JM, Veggi PC, Náthia-Neves G, Meireles MAA. Extraction Methods for Obtaining Natural Blue Colorants. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666181115125740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Blue is a color not often present in food. Even so, it is especially attractive
to children. Today, most blue coloring agents used by the food industry are synthetic. With increasing
health issues concern by the scientific community and the general population, there is a trend to look
for natural alternatives to most synthetic products. There only exist few natural blue colorants, which
are presented in a literature survey, along with the methods currently used for their recovery from
natural sources. The best extraction methods and process parameters for the extraction of blue anthocyanins,
iridoids and phycocyanin are discussed.
Methods:
A literature survey was conducted to detect the main sources of blue colorants found in nature.
The focus was on the extraction methods used to recover such molecules, with the objective of
finding efficient and environmentally safe techniques for application at industrial level, and, thus, allowing
the production of natural blue colorants at scale high enough for food industry consumption.
Results:
The main natural blue colorants found in literature are anthocyanins, phycocyanin, and genipin.
While anthocyanins can be recovered from a variety of plants, the source of phycocyanin are
algae, and genipin can be obtained specifically from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and Genipa americana
L. Several extraction techniques have been applied to recover blue colorants from such sources,
from classical methods using organic solvents, to more sophisticated technologies as ultrasoundassisted
extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, high-pressure extraction,
and enzyme-assisted extraction.
Conclusion:
There is great potential for anthocyanins, phycocyanin and genipin use as natural food
additives with health benefits, besides imparting color. However, the technologies for the colorants
recovery and application are not mature enough. Therefore, this area is still developing, and it is necessary
to evaluate the economic feasibility of the proposed extraction processes, along with the safety
and acceptance of colored food using these additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M. Prado
- Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscilla C. Veggi
- Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), School of Chemical Engineering, 210 Sao Nicolau Street, 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Náthia-Neves
- LASEFI/DEA/FEA (College of Food Engineering)/ UNICAMP (University of Campinas), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80; 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Angela A. Meireles
- LASEFI/DEA/FEA (College of Food Engineering)/ UNICAMP (University of Campinas), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80; 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Kah Hui C, Majid NI, Mohd Yusof H, Mohd Zainol K, Mohamad H, Mohd Zin Z. Catechin profile and hypolipidemic activity of Morinda citrifolia leaf water extract. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04337. [PMID: 32637711 PMCID: PMC7327747 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are silent killers and hyperlipidemia is a high-risk factor. Morinda citrolia leaf (MCL), which is commonly consumed by many cultural groups and has high level of catechins, might exert antihyperlipidemic properties. In this study, the catechins profile of MCL water extract was determined via HPLC and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-traveling wave ion mobility-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TWIMS-QTOF). The major catechin in MCL and the most widely studied catechin with hypolipidemic activity, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), was studied in a cytotoxicity test on HepG2 cells prior the in vitro anti-hyperlipidemic assay. The total catechins of MCL reached 141.88 ± 5.04 mg/g, with catechin gallate (CG) (75.27 ± 8.49 mg/g) as the major catechin. Catechin derivatives that were identified include epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) with m/z 459.0912 [M + H]+, epigallocatechin (EGC) with m/z 307.0818 [M + H]+, CG with m/z 443.0976 [M + H]+, epigallocatechin(4β→8)-gallocatechin with m/z 649.0951 [M + K]+, and gallocatechin(4α→8)-epicatechin with m/z 633.1 [M + K]+. Cell inhibitions of MCL, CG and EGCG were more than IC50 of 100 μg/ml. MCL increased LDL-c uptake up to 1.11 ± 0.03-fold, but this was insignificant relative to control. CG and EGCG significantly increased LDL-c uptake up to 1.37 ± 0.19-fold and 1.59 ± 0.19-fold, respectively. Thus, MCL with CG has shown potential for modulating hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Kah Hui
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Izwanie Majid
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Hayati Mohd Yusof
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Khairi Mohd Zainol
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Habsah Mohamad
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Zamzahaila Mohd Zin
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Chan SW, Tomlinson B. Effects of Bilberry Supplementation on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Molecules 2020; 25:E1653. [PMID: 32260262 PMCID: PMC7180827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of interrelated conditions that is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Oxidative stress may impair normal physiological functions, leading to various illnesses. T2DM is considered to be associated with increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia, which may play a significant role in the development of cardiovascular complications, cancer and vision loss through cataracts and retinopathy. While conventional therapies are a cornerstone for the management of the major risk factors of metabolic syndrome, increasing antioxidant defense by increasing intake of antioxidant-rich foods may improve long term prospects in CVD, obesity and T2DM. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is one of the richest natural sources of anthocyanins which give berries their red/purple/blue coloration. Anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants and are reported to play an important role in the prevention of metabolic disease and CVD as well as cancer and other conditions. This review focuses on the potential effects of bilberry supplementation on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. Although there is evidence to support the use of bilberry supplementation as part of a healthy diet, the potential benefits from the use of bilberry supplementation in patients with T2DM or CVD needs to be clarified in large clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Wa Chan
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science & Technology, Macau 853, China
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Postprandial Glycemia, Insulinemia, and Antioxidant Status in Healthy Subjects after Ingestion of Bread made from Anthocyanin-Rich Riceberry Rice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030782. [PMID: 32188005 PMCID: PMC7146297 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Riceberry rice, a gluten-free grain, contains many nutrient components, including carbohydrates, proteins, certain fatty acids, and micronutrients, as well as bioactive non-nutrient compounds, such as polyphenolic compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bread made from anthocyanin-rich Riceberry rice on the postprandial glycemic response, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), antioxidant status, and subjective ratings of appetite. In the crossover design, 16 healthy participants (six men and 10 women) completed four sessions involving blood collection in the fasting state and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after food consumption (50 g of available carbohydrate) in a randomized order: 1) glucose solution, 2) wheat bread (WB), 3) Riceberry rice bread (RRB), and 4) Hom Mali bread (HMB). Consumption of RRB resulted in significantly lower postprandial plasma glucose concentration at 30 and 60 min when compared to HMB. No difference in postprandial glucose concentration between RRB and WB was observed. In addition, postprandial plasma insulin showed a significant decrease in the group which received RRB at 15 and 60 min, as compared to HMB. In comparison with 50 g of glucose, as a reference, the glycemic index (GI) of RRB, WB, and HMB was 69.3 ± 4.4, 77.8 ± 4.6, and 130.6 ± 7.9, respectively. Interestingly, the ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) level was shown to significantly increase after consumption of RRB. In the meantime, a significant decrease in the postprandial FRAP level was also observed following an intake of WB and HMB. All breads caused increases in the postprandial plasma protein thiol group and had similar effects on hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and satiety ratings. However, consumption of RBB, WB, and HMB did not change plasma GLP-1 and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels when compared to the baseline. The findings suggest that anthocyanin-rich Riceberry rice can be a natural ingredient for gluten-free bread which reduced glycemic response together with improvement of antioxidant status in healthy subjects.
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Phenolic and Anthocyanin Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Tamarillo ( Solanum betaceum Cav.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020169. [PMID: 32085645 PMCID: PMC7070485 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined phenolics and anthocyanins present in Amber, Laird’s Large and Mulligan cultivars of tamarillo that were cultivated in Whangarei, Northland of New Zealand. Samples were further separated by their tissue types, peel and pulp. Using LC-MS/MS, twelve polyphenols were quantified and six (ellagic acid, rutin, catechin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3-rutinoside and isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside) were detected for the first time in tamarillo. Mulligan cultivar showed the highest amounts of phenolic and anthocyanin compounds and the highest antioxidant activity. Phenolic compounds were mostly synthesized from shikimic acid route, and chlorogenic acid dominated the profile regardless of cultivar and tissue types. Anthocyanin profile was dominated by delphinidin-3-rutinoside in pulp. Higher amounts of anthocyanins were detected in this study, which may be explained by favourable growth conditions (high light intensity and low temperature) for anthocyanin biosynthesis in New Zealand. Higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in peels than in pulps were found when assessed by Cupric Ion-Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC), Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) and Folin–Ciocalteu assays, and a positive correlation (r > 0.9, p ≤ 0.01) between the three assays was observed. Current findings endorse that tamarillo has a great bioactive potential to be developed further as a functional ingredient with considerable levels of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity.
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Sukprasansap M, Chanvorachote P, Tencomnao T. Cyanidin-3-glucoside activates Nrf2-antioxidant response element and protects against glutamate-induced oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:46. [PMID: 32046712 PMCID: PMC7076852 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a major anthocyanin present in berries, exhibits a strong antioxidant and has been shown to possess a neuroprotection. Prolonged exposure to glutamate will lead to oxidative damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress which could play a key detrimental role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect and underlying mechanisms of C3G on the reduction of oxidative/ER stress-induced apoptosis by glutamate in HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells. Method Cells were pre-treated with C3G in various concentrations, followed by glutamate. Cell viability and toxicity were examined using MTT and LDH assays. The apoptotic and necrotic cell death were carried out by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide co-staining assays. Generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells was measured by flow cytometry using DCFH-DA probe. Expression of antioxidant genes was evaluated by Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The possible signaling pathways and proteins involved were subsequently demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Result The pretreatment of the HT22 cells with C3G protected cell death from oxidative toxicity induced by glutamate. We demonstrated that treatment cells with glutamate caused several radical forms of ROS formation, and they were abolished by specific ROS inhibitors. Interestingly, C3G directly scavenged radical activity and inhibited intracellular ROS generation in our cell-based system. In addition, C3G pretreatment suppressed the up-regulation of specific ER proteins namely calpain, caspase-12 and C/EBP homologous proteins (CHOP) induced by glutamate-mediated oxidative and ER stress signal by up-regulating the expressions of survival proteins, including extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Furthermore, dramatically activated gene expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (i.e. superoxide dismutases (SODs), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), and phase II enzymes (glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs)) was found in C3G-treated with cells. Conclusions Our finding suggest that C3G could be a promising neuroprotectant via inhibition of glutamate-induced oxidative and ER stress signal and activation of ERK/Nrf2 antioxidant mechanism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monruedee Sukprasansap
- Food Toxicology Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya campus, 25/25 Phuttamonthon 4 Road, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Cell-based Drug and Health Products Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Abstract
Fruits come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and flavors. This chapter will cover selected fruits that are known to be healthy and highly nutritious. These fruits were chosen due to their common usage and availability. Since it is not possible to cover all health benefits or essential nutrients and important phytochemicals of the fruit composition, this chapter will focus on the key valuable constituents and their potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan G Mohammed
- Qatar Research Leadership Program (QRLP), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - M Walid Qoronfleh
- Research & Policy Department, World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
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49
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Guo Y, Zhang P, Liu Y, Zha L, Ling W, Guo H. A dose-response evaluation of purified anthocyanins on inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers and metabolic risk factors in healthy young adults: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2020; 74:110745. [PMID: 32278858 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anthocyanins derived from different plant sources have been found to possess a variety of health-promoting effects, including antiinflammatory properties and protection from oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-response relationship between anthocyanins and metabolic risk factors as well as inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in healthy adult volunteers. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, which included an increasing dosing schedule of 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 mg of purified anthocyanins or placebo. Participants (n = 111) were administered either agent for 14 consecutive days. RESULTS No significant differences in either baseline characteristics or daily intake of dietary nutrients were detected between the experimental and control groups. After anthocyanin supplementation, there was a significant difference in adjusted fasting plasma glucose levels. The group receiving 80 mg/d of anthocyanin had the lowest baseline-adjusted fasting plasma glucose when compared with placebo (F = 3.556, P = 0.007). Logarithmically adjusted plasma interleukin-10 levels were negatively correlated with increasing anthocyanin dose (F = 2.738, P = 0.025). Similarly, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α levels decreased with increasing anthocyanins dose (F = 3.513, P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that anthocyanin supplementation at a dose greater than 80 mg/d is an effective antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yongji Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Henry Fok School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Longying Zha
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghui Guo
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China; Department of Nutrition, Henry Fok School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China.
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50
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Kaiser M, Müller-Ehl L, Passon M, Schieber A. Development and Validation of Methods for the Determination of Anthocyanins in Physiological Fluids via UHPLC-MS n. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030518. [PMID: 31991680 PMCID: PMC7037091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent in vitro and in vivo studies on anthocyanins confirmed numerous health-promoting effects in humans. Daily anthocyanin intake can be estimated via food databases, but the amount absorbed by the organism still remains uncertain because anthocyanin bioavailability is yet to be elucidated in its entirety. For this purpose, suitable and validated methods of sample preparation and analysis are required. Therefore, a sample preparation method for anthocyanin metabolite analysis in plasma was successfully established and validated. The validation yielded acceptable results for the anthocyanins in terms of recovery (54–108%) and precision (coefficient of variation (CV) < 15%). The UHPLC-MS method used in the consecutive reaction monitoring (CRM) mode was sufficiently sensitive, resulting in limits of detection <2.3 ng/mL and limits of quantification < 8.1 ng/mL with associated repeatability of the MS system with CVs of <5.1%. In addition, a method for the sum parameter determination of anthocyanidins in urine comprising solely the evaporation of acidified samples was developed, validated, and successfully applied to real samples. The results showed that this method is applicable for the methylated anthocyanidins, but not for the hydroxylated anthocyanidins, due to the chosen CRM modes required for optimum selectivity.
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