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Lee K, Kim YA, Jung C, Sim J, Rajasekar S, Kwak JH, Viji M, Jung JK. Microwave-Mediated, Catalyst-Free Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5- a]pyridines from Enaminonitriles. Molecules 2024; 29:894. [PMID: 38398645 PMCID: PMC10892893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A catalyst-free, additive-free, and eco-friendly method for synthesizing 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines under microwave conditions has been established. This tandem reaction involves the use of enaminonitriles and benzohydrazides, a transamidation mechanism followed by nucleophilic addition with nitrile, and subsequent condensation to yield the target compound in a short reaction time. The methodology demonstrates a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance, resulting in the formation of products in good-to-excellent yields. Furthermore, the scale-up reaction and late-stage functionalization of triazolo pyridine further demonstrate its synthetic utility. A plausible reaction pathway, based on our findings, has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mayavan Viji
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (K.L.); (Y.-A.K.); (C.J.); (J.S.); (S.R.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Medicinal Research Center (MRC), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (K.L.); (Y.-A.K.); (C.J.); (J.S.); (S.R.); (J.-H.K.)
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2
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Wu H, Li Y, Sun M, Zhang J, Li J, Yang J. Highly Diastereoselective [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Aziridines with Difluorinated Silyl Enol Ethers: Divergent Synthesis of 4,4-Difluoropyrrolidines and 4-Fluoropyrroles. Org Lett 2024; 26:751-756. [PMID: 38214536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A highly diastereoselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition of aziridines with difluorinated silyl enol ethers has been developed. This approach provides a facile methodology for highly functionalized gem-difluorinated pyrrolidines in good to excellent yields with good functional group tolerance. A one-pot, two-step approach for synthesis of structurally interesting fluorinated pyrroles has also been developed through a cycloaddition/aromatization/desulfonation sequence. Moreover, readily available substrates, mild reaction conditions, and easy scale-up synthesis show practical advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Sun
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshan Li
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Science, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, People's Republic of China
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3
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Li Z, Qiu K, Yang X, Zhou W, Cai Q. Base-Promoted Tandem S NAr/Boulton-Katritzky Rearrangement: Access to [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5- a]pyridines. Org Lett 2022; 24:2989-2992. [PMID: 35441511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A base-promoted tandem SNAr/Boulton-Katritzky rearrangement is developed. It offers a simple and straightforward method for the formation of functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines from 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-amines or 3-aminoisoxazoles with 2-fluoropyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Kongxi Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Qian Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No. 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510630, China
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4
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Xiong H, Li Z, Tang H, He L, Zhou W. Tandem C-N Coupling/Boulton-Katritzky Rearrangement Reactions of 3-Aminoisoxazoles or 1,2,4-Oxadiazol-3-amines with 2-Pyridyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate: A Rapid Access to [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00514j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and convenient synthesis of functionalized [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines derivates is presented. The protocol is through a palladium catalyzed tandem C-N coupling/Boulton-Katritzky rearrangement process from 3-aminoisoxazoles or 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-amines with 2-pyridyl trifluoromethanesulfonate....
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5
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El-Sayed HA, Said SA, Abd El-Hamid AM. An efficient and metal-free synthetic protocol for mono-, bis-, and spiro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines utilizing 1,2-diaminopyridine derivative via C–N bond formation. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1961276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A. El-Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Said A. Said
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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6
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Chen X, Zhang H, Tan HJ, Yang L, Qin P, Zheng XH, Tang SS, Liu Y, Tong QX. Rational Molecular Design of Multifunctional Blue-Emitting Materials Based on Phenanthroimidazole Derivatives. Chemistry 2021; 27:7275-7282. [PMID: 33491809 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High-performance deep-blue emitters with external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) exceeding 5 % are still scarce in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this work, by introducing a [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a] pyridine (TP) unit at the N1 position of phenanthroimidazole (PI), two luminescent materials, PTPTPA and PTPTPA, were obtained. Systematic photophysical analysis showed that the TP block is suitable for constructing hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) emitters. Its moderate electron-withdrawing ability and rigid planar structure can enhance the CT component while ensuring color purity. In addition, compared with PTPTPA, the additional phenyl ring of PTPBPTA not only increased the oscillator strength, but also decreased the Stokes shift. TDDFT calculations pointed out facile reverse intersystem crossing processes in PTPTPA from high-lying triplet states to the singlet excited state. A nondoped device based on PTPTPA as emitter showed impressive performance with EQEmax of 7.11 % and CIE coordinates of (0.15, 0.09). At the same time, it was also an efficient host for yellow and red phosphorescent OLEDs. By doping yellow (PPYBA) and red (BTPG) phosphorescent dyes into PTPTPA, a white OLED with a high EQE of 23.85 % was achieved. The successful design of PTPTPA not only provided an optimization choice for OLED emitters, but also demonstrated the empirical rules for the design of multifunctional deep-blue emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural, Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ji Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural, Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural, Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Peng Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural, Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Hui Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural, Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Shun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural, Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Xiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural, Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China
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7
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One-pot two-step chemoenzymatic deracemization of allylic alcohols using laccases and alcohol dehydrogenases. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Upadhyay J, Gajjar A, Suhagia BN. Combined Ligand-Based and Structure-Based Virtual Screening Approach for Identification of New Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 16:426-436. [PMID: 30255759 DOI: 10.2174/1570163815666180926111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP 4) enzyme cleaves an incretin-based glucoregulatory hormone Glucagon Like Peptide -1 from N-terminal where penultimate amino acid is either alanine or proline. Several DPP 4 inhibitors, "gliptins", are approved for the management of Type 2 Diabetes or are under clinical trial. In the present study, combined pharmacophore and docking-based virtual screening protocol were used for the identification of new hits from the Specs Database, which would inhibit DPP 4. METHODS The entire computational studies were performed using the Discovery Studio v. 4.1 software package, Pipeline Pilot v. 9.2 (Accelrys Inc.) and FRED v. 2.2.5 (OpenEye Scientific Software). Common feature pharmacophore model was generated from known DPP 4 inhibitors and validated by Receiver Operating curve analysis and GH-scoring method. Database search of Specs commercial database was performed using validated pharmacophore. Hits obtained from pharmacophore search were further docked into the binding site of DPP 4. Based on the analysis of docked poses of hits, 10 compounds were selected for in- vitro DPP 4 enzyme inhibition assay. RESULTS Based on docking studies, virtual hits were predicted to form interaction with essential amino acid residues of DPP 4 and have an almost similar binding orientation as that of the reference molecule. Three compounds having Specs database ID- AN-465/42837213, AP-064/42049348 and AN- 465/43369427 were found to inhibit DPP 4 enzyme moderately. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates a successful utilization of in-silico tools in the identification of new DPP 4 inhibitor, which can serve as a starting point for the development of novel DPP 4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagatkumar Upadhyay
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India
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9
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Plasma levels of DPP4 activity and sDPP4 are dissociated from inflammation in mice and humans. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3766. [PMID: 32724076 PMCID: PMC7387453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) modulates inflammation by enzymatic cleavage of immunoregulatory peptides and through its soluble form (sDPP4) that directly engages immune cells. Here we examine whether reduction of DPP4 activity alters inflammation. Prolonged DPP4 inhibition increases plasma levels of sDPP4, and induces sDPP4 expression in lymphocyte-enriched organs in mice. Bone marrow transplantation experiments identify hematopoietic cells as the predominant source of plasma sDPP4 following catalytic DPP4 inhibition. Surprisingly, systemic DPP4 inhibition increases plasma levels of inflammatory markers in regular chow-fed but not in high fat-fed mice. Plasma levels of sDPP4 and biomarkers of inflammation are lower in metformin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease, yet exhibit considerable inter-individual variation. Sitagliptin therapy for 12 months reduces DPP4 activity yet does not increase markers of inflammation or levels of sDPP4. Collectively our findings dissociate levels of DPP4 enzyme activity, sDPP4 and biomarkers of inflammation in mice and humans.
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10
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Metal free [4+1] and [5+1] annulation reactions to prepare heterocycles using DMF and its derivatives as one-carbon source. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Drug discovery approaches targeting the incretin pathway. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103810. [PMID: 32325333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Incretin pathway plays an important role in the development of diabetes medications. Interventions in DPP-4 and GLP-1 receptor have shown remarkable efficacy in experimental and clinical studies and imperatively become one of the most promising therapeutic approaches in the T2DM drug discovery pipeline. Herein, we analyzed the actionmechanismsof DPP-4 and GLP-1 receptor targeting the incretin pathway in T2DM treatment. We gave an insight into the structural requirements for the potent DPP-4 inhibitors and revealed a classification of DPP-4 inhibitors by stressing on the binding modes of these ligands to the enzyme. We then reviewed the drug discovery strategies for the development of peptide and non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs). Furthermore, the drug design strategies for DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1R agonists were detailed accurately. This review might provide an efficient evidence for the highly potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitors and the GLP-1 RAs, as novel medicines for patients suffering from T2DM.
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12
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Johnson BM, Shu YZ, Zhuo X, Meanwell NA. Metabolic and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Fluorinated Compounds. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6315-6386. [PMID: 32182061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The applications of fluorine in drug design continue to expand, facilitated by an improved understanding of its effects on physicochemical properties and the development of synthetic methodologies that are providing access to new fluorinated motifs. In turn, studies of fluorinated molecules are providing deeper insights into the effects of fluorine on metabolic pathways, distribution, and disposition. Despite the high strength of the C-F bond, the departure of fluoride from metabolic intermediates can be facile. This reactivity has been leveraged in the design of mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors and has influenced the metabolic fate of fluorinated compounds. In this Perspective, we summarize the literature associated with the metabolism of fluorinated molecules, focusing on examples where the presence of fluorine influences the metabolic profile. These studies have revealed potentially problematic outcomes with some fluorinated motifs and are enhancing our understanding of how fluorine should be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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Hao L, Wang G, Sun J, Xu J, Li H, Duan G, Xia C, Zhang P. From Phenylhydrazone to 1
H
‐1,2,4‐Triazoles via Nitrification, Reduction and Cyclization. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Hao
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences 619 Changcheng Road Taian 271016 People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences 619 Changcheng Road Taian 271016 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Sun
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences 619 Changcheng Road Taian 271016 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 310036 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongshuang Li
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences 619 Changcheng Road Taian 271016 People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyun Duan
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences 619 Changcheng Road Taian 271016 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcai Xia
- Institute of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences 619 Changcheng Road Taian 271016 People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 310036 People's Republic of China
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Ibrahim HM, Behbehani H, Ahmed Arafa WA. A facile, practical and metal-free microwave-assisted protocol for mono- and bis-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines synthesis utilizing 1-amino-2-imino-pyridine derivatives as versatile precursors. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15554-15572. [PMID: 35495427 PMCID: PMC9052378 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02256j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A facile and effective assembly of several substituted functionalized mono- and bis-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines from conveniently attainable 1-amino-2-imino-pyridines has been established. Using microwave irradiation speeds up the reaction efficiently, proceeding with a higher rate and yields than with conventional heating. In the presented protocol, a broad variety of carboxylic acids could be employed effectively to synthesize the respective derivatives via direct metal-free C–N bond construction. Interestingly, other substrates such as aldehydes (or their arylidene malononitriles), phenyl isothiocyanate, glyoxalic acid, and acrylonitriles could also provide the corresponding 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines successfully. This versatile and convergent approach performs well with both deactivating and activating substrates in an environmentally benign manner compared with other already reported protocols. Other notable merits of the current strategy involve no need for column chromatography, no tedious work-up, and a direct pathway for the fast design of triazolopyridine frameworks. The identity of the newly synthesized compounds was established using several spectroscopic techniques, and X-ray single-crystal tools were employed to authenticate the suggested structures of some representative samples. A novel and highly efficient, protocol for synthesizing mono- and bis-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines has been established utilizing the readily attainable 1-amino-2-imino-pyridines and microwave irradiation as green energy source.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haider Behbehani
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Kuwait University
- Safat 13060
- Kuwait
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15
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Pantaleão SQ, Philot EA, de Oliveira Almeida M, Lima AN, de Sairre MI, Scott AL, Honorio KM. Integrated Protocol to Design Potential Inhibitors of Dipeptidyl Peptidase- 4 (DPP-4). Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 20:209-226. [PMID: 31878857 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666191226101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A strategy for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus is the inhibition of the enzyme known as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). AIMS This study aims to investigate the main interactions between DPP-4 and a set of inhibitors, as well as proposing potential candidates to inhibit this enzyme. METHODS We performed molecular docking studies followed by the construction and validation of CoMFA and CoMSIA models. The information provided from these models was used to aid in the search for new candidates to inhibit DPP-4 and the design of new bioactive ligands from structural modifications in the most active molecule of the studied series. RESULTS We were able to propose a set of analogues with biological activity predicted by the CoMFA and CoMSIA models, suggesting that our protocol can be used to guide the design of new DPP-4 inhibitors as drug candidates to treat diabetes. CONCLUSION Once the integration of the techniques mentioned in this article was effective, our strategy can be applied to design possible new DPP-4 inhibitors as candidates to treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Queiroz Pantaleão
- Center for Sciences Natural and Human, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric Allison Philot
- Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Angelica Nakagawa Lima
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirela Inês de Sairre
- Center for Sciences Natural and Human, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Ligia Scott
- Center for Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kathia Maria Honorio
- Center for Sciences Natural and Human, Federal University of ABC, Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Dipeptidyl dipeptidase-4 inhibitor recovered ischemia through an increase in vasculogenic endothelial progenitor cells and regeneration-associated cells in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0205477. [PMID: 30889182 PMCID: PMC6424405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS), overlapping type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and/or hypertension, owing to high-fat diet, poses risk for cardiovascular disease. A critical feature associated with such risk is the functional impairment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Dipeptidyl dipeptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 i) not only inhibit degradation of incretins to control blood glucose levels, but also improve EPC bioactivity and induce anti-inflammatory effects in tissues. In the present study, we investigated the effects of such an inhibitor, MK-06266, in an ischemia model of MS using diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. EPC bioactivity was examined in MK-0626-administered DIO mice and a non-treated control group, using an EPC colony-forming assay and bone marrow cKit+ Sca-1+ lineage-cells, and peripheral blood-mononuclear cells. Our results showed that, in vitro, the effect of MK-0626 treatment on EPC bioactivities and differentiation was superior compared to the control. Furthermore, microvascular density and pericyte-recruited arteriole number increased in MK-0626-administered mice, but not in the control group. Lineage profiling of isolated cells from ischemic tissues revealed that MK-0626 administration has an inhibitory effect on unproductive inflammation. This occurred via a decrease in the influx of total blood cells and pro-inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, total macrophages, M1, total T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and B-cells, with a concomitant increase in number of regeneration-associated cells, such as M2/M ratio and Treg/T-helper. Laser Doppler analysis revealed that at day 14 after ischemic injury, blood perfusion in hindlimb was greater in MK-0626-treated DIO mice, but not in control. In conclusion, the DPP-4 i had a positive effect on EPC differentiation in MS model of DIO mice. Following ischemic injury, DPP-4 i sharply reduced recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells into ischemic tissue and triggered regeneration and reparation, making it a promising therapeutic agent for MS treatment.
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17
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Varin EM, Mulvihill EE, Beaudry JL, Pujadas G, Fuchs S, Tanti JF, Fazio S, Kaur K, Cao X, Baggio LL, Matthews D, Campbell JE, Drucker DJ. Circulating Levels of Soluble Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Are Dissociated from Inflammation and Induced by Enzymatic DPP4 Inhibition. Cell Metab 2019; 29:320-334.e5. [PMID: 30393019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) controls glucose homeostasis through enzymatic termination of incretin action. We report that plasma DPP-4 activity correlates with body weight and fat mass, but not glucose control, in mice. Genetic disruption of adipocyte Dpp4 expression reduced plasma DPP-4 activity in older mice but did not perturb incretin levels or glucose homeostasis. Knockdown of hepatocyte Dpp4 completely abrogated the obesity-associated increase in plasma DPP-4 activity, reduced liver cytokine expression, and partially attenuated inflammation in adipose tissue without changes in incretin levels or glucose homeostasis. In contrast, circulating levels of soluble DPP4 (sDPP4) were dissociated from inflammation in mice with endothelial-selective or global genetic inactivation of Dpp4. Remarkably, inhibition of DPP-4 enzymatic activity upregulated circulating levels of sDPP4 originating from endothelial or hematopoietic cells without inducing systemic or localized inflammation. Collectively, these findings reveal unexpected complexity in regulation of soluble versus enzymatic DPP-4 and control of inflammation and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie M Varin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Gemma Pujadas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Shai Fuchs
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jean-François Tanti
- INSERM U1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine, University Côte d'Azur, Faculty of Medicine, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Sofia Fazio
- INSERM U1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine, University Côte d'Azur, Faculty of Medicine, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Xiemin Cao
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Dianne Matthews
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, LTRI, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada.
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18
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Huang J, Deng X, Zhou S, Wang N, Qin Y, Meng L, Li G, Xiong Y, Fan Y, Guo L, Lan D, Xing J, Jiang W, Li Q. Identification of novel uracil derivatives incorporating benzoic acid moieties as highly potent Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:644-654. [PMID: 30642693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV (DPP-4) is a validated therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. Aiming to interact with both residues Try629 and Lys554 in S2' site, a series of novel uracil derivatives 1a-l and 2a-i incorporating benzoic acid moieties at the N3 position were designed and evaluated for their DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) study led to the identification of the optimal compound 2b as a potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitor (IC50 = 1.7 nM). Docking study revealed the additional salt bridge formed between the carboxylic acid and primary amine of Lys554 has a key role in the enhancement of the activity. Furthermore, compound 2b exhibited no cytotoxicity in human hepatocyte LO2 cells up to 50 μM. Subsequent in vivo evaluations revealed that the ester of 2b robustly improves the glucose tolerance in normal mice. The overall results have shown that compound 2b has the potential to a safe and efficacious treatment for T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Huang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Siru Zhou
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Na Wang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yujun Qin
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Liuwei Meng
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Guobao Li
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yuhua Xiong
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yating Fan
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Danni Lan
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Junhao Xing
- Department of Organic Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weizhe Jiang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Qing Li
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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19
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The Diverse supramolecular synthons formed by 2-subsituted 5-morpholinomethylphenyl Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines in solid state. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Ghosh AK, Brindisi M, Sarkar A. The Curtius Rearrangement: Applications in Modern Drug Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2351-2373. [PMID: 30187672 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Curtius rearrangement is the thermal decomposition of an acyl azide derived from carboxylic acid to produce an isocyanate as the initial product. The isocyanate can undergo further reactions to provide amines and their derivatives. Due to its tolerance for a large variety of functional groups and complete retention of stereochemistry during rearrangement, the Curtius rearrangement has been used in the synthesis of a wide variety of medicinal agents with amines and amine-derived functional groups such as ureas and urethanes. The current review outlines various applications of the Curtius rearrangement in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. In particular, the review highlights some widely used rearrangement methods, syntheses of some key agents for popular drug targets and FDA-approved drugs. In addition, the review highlights applications of the Curtius rearrangement in continuous-flow protocols for the scale-up of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Anindya Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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21
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Lv J, He Z, Zhang J, Guo Y, Han Z, Bao X. One-pot synthesis of [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines from azines and benzylidenemalononitriles via copper-catalyzed tandem cyclization. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Ojeda-Montes MJ, Gimeno A, Tomas-Hernández S, Cereto-Massagué A, Beltrán-Debón R, Valls C, Mulero M, Pujadas G, Garcia-Vallvé S. Activity and selectivity cliffs for DPP-IV inhibitors: Lessons we can learn from SAR studies and their application to virtual screening. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1874-1915. [PMID: 29660786 DOI: 10.1002/med.21499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) has emerged over the last decade as one of the most effective treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus, and consequently (a) 11 DPP-IV inhibitors have been on the market since 2006 (three in 2015), and (b) 74 noncovalent complexes involving human DPP-IV and drug-like inhibitors are available at the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The present review aims to (a) explain the most important activity cliffs for DPP-IV noncovalent inhibition according to the binding site structure of DPP-IV, (b) explain the most important selectivity cliffs for DPP-IV noncovalent inhibition in comparison with other related enzymes (i.e., DPP8 and DPP9), and (c) use the information deriving from this activity/selectivity cliff analysis to suggest how virtual screening protocols might be improved to favor the early identification of potent and selective DPP-IV inhibitors in molecular databases (because they have not succeeded in identifying selective DPP-IV inhibitors with IC50 ≤ 100 nM). All these goals are achieved with the help of available homology models for DPP8 and DPP9 and an analysis of the structure-activity studies used to develop the noncovalent inhibitors that form part of some of the complexes with human DPP-IV available at the PDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Ojeda-Montes
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gimeno
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sarah Tomas-Hernández
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Adrià Cereto-Massagué
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Raúl Beltrán-Debón
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Valls
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel Mulero
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gerard Pujadas
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain.,EURECAT, TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus, Spain
| | - Santiago Garcia-Vallvé
- Research Group in Cheminformatics & Nutrition, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus de Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain.,EURECAT, TECNIO, CEICS, Avinguda Universitat 1, Reus, Spain
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23
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Meanwell NA. Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5822-5880. [PMID: 29400967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1358] [Impact Index Per Article: 226.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543-4000 , United States
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24
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Hong SK, Choo EH, Ihm SH, Chang K, Seung KB. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor attenuates obesity-induced myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting transforming growth factor-βl and Smad2/3 pathways in high-fat diet-induced obesity rat model. Metabolism 2017; 76:42-55. [PMID: 28987239 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced myocardial fibrosis may lead to diastolic dysfunction and ultimately heart failure. Activation of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-βl and its downstream Smad2/3 pathways may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced myocardial fibrosis, and the antidiabetic dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4i) might affect these pathways. We investigated whether DPP4i reduces myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 pathways in the myocardium of a diet-induced obesity (DIO) rat model. Eight-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were fed either a normal fat diet (chow) or a high-fat diet (HFD) and then the HFD-fed SHRs were randomized to either the DPP4i (MK-0626) or control (distilled water) groups for 12weeks. At 20weeks old, all the rats underwent hemodynamic and metabolic studies and Doppler echocardiography. Compared with the normal fat diet (chow)-fed SHRs, the HFD-fed SHRs developed a more intense degree of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia and showed a constellation of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, and exacerbated myocardial fibrosis, as well as activation of the TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 pathways. DPP4i significantly improved the metabolic and hemodynamic parameters. The echocardiogram showed that DPP4i improved the LV diastolic dysfunction (early to late ventricular filling velocity [E/A] ratio, 1.49±0.21 vs. 1.77±0.09, p<0.05). Furthermore, DPP4i significantly reduced myocardial fibrosis and collagen production by the myocardium and suppressed TGF-β1 and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in the heart. In addition, DPP4i decreased TGF-β1-induced collagen production and TGF-β1-mediated phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 in rat cardiac fibroblasts. In conclusion, DPP4 inhibition attenuated myocardial fibrosis and improved LV diastolic dysfunction in a DIO rat model by modulating the TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul-Ki Hong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ho Choo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Ihm
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kiyuk Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bae Seung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Rea D, Van Elzen R, De Winter H, Van Goethem S, Landuyt B, Luyten W, Schoofs L, Van Der Veken P, Augustyns K, De Meester I, Fülöp V, Lambeir AM. Crystal structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and structure-activity relationships based on inhibitor profiling. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:482-491. [PMID: 28826083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with chronic periodontitis. Clinical isolates of P. gingivalis strains with high dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) expression also had a high capacity for biofilm formation and were more infective. The X-ray crystal structure of P. gingivalis DPP4 was solved at 2.2 Å resolution. Despite a sequence identity of 32%, the overall structure of the dimer was conserved between P. gingivalis DPP4 and mammalian orthologues. The structures of the substrate binding sites were also conserved, except for the region called S2-extensive, which is exploited by specific human DPP4 inhibitors currently used as antidiabetic drugs. Screening of a collection of 450 compounds as inhibitors revealed a structure-activity relationship that mimics in part that of mammalian DPP9. The functional similarity between human and bacterial DPP4 was confirmed using 124 potential peptide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Rea
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Roos Van Elzen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Hans De Winter
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sebastiaan Van Goethem
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Bart Landuyt
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KULeuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Walter Luyten
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KULeuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KULeuven, Naamsestraat 59, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Vilmos Fülöp
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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26
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Gorski JN, Pachanski MJ, Mane J, Plummer CW, Souza S, Thomas-Fowlkes BS, Ogawa AM, Weinglass AB, Di Salvo J, Cheewatrakoolpong B, Howard AD, Colletti SL, Trujillo ME. GPR40 reduces food intake and body weight through GLP-1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E37-E47. [PMID: 28292762 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00435.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) partial agonists lower glucose through the potentiation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, which is believed to provide significant glucose lowering without the weight gain or hypoglycemic risk associated with exogenous insulin or glucose-independent insulin secretagogues. The class of small-molecule GPR40 modulators, known as AgoPAMs (agonist also capable of acting as positive allosteric modulators), differentiate from partial agonists, binding to a distinct site and functioning as full agonists to stimulate the secretion of both insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Here we show that GPR40 AgoPAMs significantly increase active GLP-1 levels and reduce acute and chronic food intake and body weight in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. These effects of AgoPAM treatment on food intake are novel and required both GPR40 and GLP-1 receptor signaling pathways, as demonstrated in GPR40 and GLP-1 receptor-null mice. Furthermore, weight loss associated with GPR40 AgoPAMs was accompanied by a significant reduction in gastric motility in these DIO mice. Chronic treatment with a GPR40 AgoPAM, in combination with a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, synergistically decreased food intake and body weight in the mouse. The effect of GPR40 AgoPAMs on GLP-1 secretion was recapitulated in lean, healthy rhesus macaque demonstrating that the putative mechanism mediating weight loss translates to higher species. Together, our data indicate effects of AgoPAMs that go beyond glucose lowering previously observed with GPR40 partial agonist treatment with additional potential for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Gorski
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Michele J Pachanski
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Joel Mane
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Christopher W Plummer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Sarah Souza
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey; and
| | - Brande S Thomas-Fowlkes
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey; and
| | - Aimie M Ogawa
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey; and
| | - Adam B Weinglass
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey; and
| | - Jerry Di Salvo
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey; and
| | | | - Andrew D Howard
- Department of Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Steven L Colletti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey
| | - Maria E Trujillo
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey;
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27
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Moloney H, Magnus NA, Buser JY, Embry MC. Cyclization of Methyl-Coumalate-Derived Methyl 1-Benzamido-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylates: Assembly of the [1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine Ring System. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6279-6288. [PMID: 28494588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient three-step synthesis of a series of fused bicyclic s-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines 1 was accomplished utilizing novel intermediates derived from inexpensive, commercially available hydrazides A and methyl coumalate B. A significant feature of this approach was the formation of a dihydrazide intermediate 2, bypassing the need for oxidative N-N bond formation in the 1,2,4-triazole synthesis. Further purification of the dihydrazides 2, beyond simple isolation, proved to be unnecessary owing to the impurity rejection afforded by the crystalline oxadiazolium salts 3. Additionally, the prepared oxadiazolium perchlorate salts showed excellent moisture stability, an unusual feature in compounds of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Moloney
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Nicholas A Magnus
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jonas Y Buser
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Matthew C Embry
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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28
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Zhao B, Sensintaffar J, Bian Z, Belmar J, Lee T, Olejniczak ET, Fesik SW. Structure of a Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) inhibitor bound to drug site 3 of Human Serum Albumin. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3087-3092. [PMID: 28428041 PMCID: PMC6690437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Amplification of the gene encoding Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) is one of the most common genetic aberrations in human cancer and is associated with high tumor grade and poor survival. Recently, we reported on the discovery of high affinity Mcl-1 inhibitors that elicit mechanism-based cell activity. These inhibitors are lipophilic and contain an acidic functionality which is a common chemical profile for compounds that bind to albumin in plasma. Indeed, these Mcl-1 inhibitors exhibited reduced in vitro cell activity in the presence of serum. Here we describe the structure of a lead Mcl-1 inhibitor when bound to Human Serum Albumin (HSA). Unlike many acidic lipophilic compounds that bind to drug site 1 or 2, we found that this Mcl-1 inhibitor binds predominantly to drug site 3. Site 3 of HSA may be able to accommodate larger, more rigid compounds that do not fit into the smaller drug site 1 or 2. Structural studies of molecules that bind to this third site may provide insight into how some higher molecular weight compounds bind to albumin and could be used to aid in the design of compounds with reduced albumin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - John Sensintaffar
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Zhiguo Bian
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Johannes Belmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Taekyu Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Edward T Olejniczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen W Fesik
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA.
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29
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Mu QC, Lv JY, Chen MY, Bai XF, Chen J, Xia CG, Xu LW. Bimetallic copper and zinc-catalyzed oxidative cycloaddition of 3-aminopyridazines and nitriles: a direct synthesis of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-b]pyridazines via C–N and N–N bond-forming process. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06727e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One-pot formation of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-b]pyridazine derivatives is presented in this manuscript, in which the targets are offered via cooperative Cu(i)/Zn(ii)-catalyzed tandem C–N addition and I2/KI-mediated intramolecular N–N bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Chao Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P. R. China
| | - Ji-Yuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Mu-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 311121
- P. R. China
| | - Xing-Feng Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P. R. China
| | - Chun-Gu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P. R. China
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Zhou Q, Srinivas HD, Zhang S, Watson MP. Accessing Both Retention and Inversion Pathways in Stereospecific, Nickel-Catalyzed Miyaura Borylations of Allylic Pivalates. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11989-11995. [PMID: 27589327 PMCID: PMC5023504 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a stereospecific, nickel-catalyzed Miyaura borylation of allylic pivalates, which delivers highly enantioenriched α-stereogenic γ-aryl allylboronates with good yields and regioselectivities. Our complementary sets of conditions enable access to either enantiomer of allylboronate product from a single enantiomer of readily prepared allylic pivalate substrate. Excellent functional group tolerance, yields, regioselectivities, and stereochemical fidelities are observed. The stereochemical switch from stereoretention to stereoinversion largely depends upon solvent and can be explained by competitive pathways for the oxidative addition step. Our mechanistic investigations support a stereoretentive pathway stemming from a directed oxidative addition and a stereoinvertive pathway that is dominant when MeCN blocks coordination of the directing group by binding the nickel catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Songnan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Mary P. Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Nojima H, Kanou K, Terashi G, Takeda-Shitaka M, Inoue G, Atsuda K, Itoh C, Iguchi C, Matsubara H. Comprehensive analysis of the Co-structures of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its inhibitor. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:11. [PMID: 27491540 PMCID: PMC4974693 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-016-0062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background We comprehensively analyzed X-ray cocrystal structures of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) and its inhibitor to clarify whether DPP-4 alters its general or partial structure according to the inhibitor used and whether DPP-4 has a common rule for inhibitor binding. Results All the main and side chains in the inhibitor binding area were minimally altered, except for a few side chains, despite binding to inhibitors of various shapes. Some residues (Arg125, Glu205, Glu206, Tyr662 and Asn710) in the area had binding modes to fix a specific atom of inhibitor to a particular spatial position in DPP-4. We found two specific water molecules that were common to 92 DPP-4 structures. The two water molecules were close to many inhibitors, and seemed to play two roles: maintaining the orientation of the Glu205 and Glu206 side chains through a network via the water molecules, and arranging the inhibitor appropriately at the S2 subsite. Conclusions Our study based on high-quality resources may provide a necessary minimum consensus to help in the discovery of a novel DPP-4 inhibitor that is commercially useful. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12900-016-0062-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nojima
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Kanou
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.,Present address: Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Genki Terashi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Mayuko Takeda-Shitaka
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Gaku Inoue
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Koichiro Atsuda
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Chihiro Itoh
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Chie Iguchi
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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Takada S, Masaki Y, Kinugawa S, Matsumoto J, Furihata T, Mizushima W, Kadoguchi T, Fukushima A, Homma T, Takahashi M, Harashima S, Matsushima S, Yokota T, Tanaka S, Okita K, Tsutsui H. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor improved exercise capacity and mitochondrial biogenesis in mice with heart failure via activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signalling. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 111:338-47. [PMID: 27450980 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Exercise capacity is reduced in heart failure (HF) patients, due mostly to skeletal muscle abnormalities including impaired energy metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, fibre type transition, and atrophy. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been shown to improve exercise capacity in HF patients. We investigated the effects of the administration of a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor on the exercise capacity and skeletal muscle abnormalities in an HF mouse model after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS AND RESULTS MI was created in male C57BL/6J mice by ligating the left coronary artery, and a sham operation was performed in other mice. The mice were then divided into two groups according to the treatment with or without a DPP-4 inhibitor, MK-0626 [1 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day] provided in the diet. Four weeks later, the exercise capacity evaluated by treadmill test was revealed to be limited in the MI mice, and it was ameliorated in the MI + MK-0626 group without affecting the infarct size or cardiac function. The citrate synthase activity, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity, supercomplex formation, and their quantity were reduced in the skeletal muscle from the MI mice, and these decreases were normalized in the MI + MK-0626 group, in association with the improvement of mitochondrial biogenesis. Immunohistochemical staining also revealed that a shift toward the fast-twitch fibre type in the MI mice was also reversed by MK-0626. Favourable effects of MK-0626 were significantly inhibited by treatment of GLP-1 antagonist, Exendin-(9-39) (150 pmol/kg BW/min, subcutaneous osmotic pumps) in MI + MK-0626 mice. Similarly, exercise capacity and mitochondrial function were significantly improved by treatment of GLP-1 agonist, Exendin-4 (1 nmol/kg/BW/h, subcutaneous osmotic pumps). CONCLUSIONS A DPP-4 inhibitor may be a novel therapeutic agent against the exercise intolerance seen in HF patients by improving the mitochondrial biogenesis in their skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Takada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Masaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kinugawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junichi Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Furihata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Mizushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Kadoguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arata Fukushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Homma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masashige Takahashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Harashima
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shouji Matsushima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi Okita
- Graduate School of Program in Lifelong Sport, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Mulvihill EE, Varin EM, Ussher JR, Campbell JE, Bang KWA, Abdullah T, Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Impairs Ventricular Function and Promotes Cardiac Fibrosis in High Fat-Fed Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:742-54. [PMID: 26672095 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes are cardioprotective in preclinical studies; however, some cardiovascular outcome studies revealed increased hospitalization rates for heart failure (HF) among a subset of DPP4 inhibitor-treated subjects with diabetes. We evaluated cardiovascular function in young euglycemic Dpp4(-/-) mice and in older, high fat-fed, diabetic C57BL/6J mice treated with either the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist liraglutide or the highly selective DPP4 inhibitor MK-0626. We assessed glucose metabolism, ventricular function and remodeling, and cardiac gene expression profiles linked to inflammation and fibrosis after transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery, a pressure-volume overload model of HF. Young euglycemic Dpp4(-/-) mice exhibited a cardioprotective response after TAC surgery or doxorubicin administration, with reduced fibrosis; however, cardiac mRNA analysis revealed increased expression of inflammation-related transcripts. Older, diabetic, high fat-fed mice treated with the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide exhibited preservation of cardiac function. In contrast, diabetic mice treated with MK-0626 exhibited modest cardiac hypertrophy, impairment of cardiac function, and dysregulated expression of genes and proteins controlling inflammation and cardiac fibrosis. These findings provide a model for the analysis of mechanisms linking fibrosis, inflammation, and impaired ventricular function to DPP4 inhibition in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Mulvihill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elodie M Varin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John R Ussher
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K W Annie Bang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tahmid Abdullah
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Shirakawa J, Okuyama T, Kyohara M, Yoshida E, Togashi Y, Tajima K, Yamazaki S, Kaji M, Koganei M, Sasaki H, Terauchi Y. DPP-4 inhibition improves early mortality, β cell function, and adipose tissue inflammation in db/db mice fed a diet containing sucrose and linoleic acid. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2016; 8:16. [PMID: 26937254 PMCID: PMC4774120 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-016-0138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes therapy that not only lowers glucose levels but also lengthens life spans is required. We previously demonstrated that DPP-4 inhibition ameliorated β cell apoptosis and adipose tissue inflammation in β cell-specific glucokinase haploinsufficient mice fed a diet containing a combination of sucrose and linoleic acid (SL). METHODS In this study, we investigated the effects of DPP-4 inhibition in obese diabetic db/db mice fed an SL diet or a control diet containing sucrose and oleic acid (SO). We also examined the effects of DPP-4 inhibition in IRS-1-deficient mice fed an SL or SO diet as a model of insulin resistance. RESULTS DPP-4 inhibition efficiently increases the active GLP-1 levels in db/db mice. Unexpectedly, the SL diet, but not the SO diet, markedly increases mortality in the db/db mice. DPP-4 inhibition reduces the early lethality in SL-fed db/db mice. DPP-4 inhibition improves glucose tolerance, β cell function, and adipose tissue inflammation in db/db mice fed either diet. No significant changes in glycemic control or β cell mass were observed in any of the IRS-1-deficient mouse groups. CONCLUSIONS A diet containing a combination of sucrose and linoleic acid causes early lethality in obese diabetic db/db mice, but not in lean and insulin resistant IRS-1 knockout mice. DPP-4 inhibition has protective effects against the diet-induced lethality in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shirakawa
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Tomoko Okuyama
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Mayu Kyohara
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Eiko Yoshida
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Yu Togashi
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Kazuki Tajima
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamazaki
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Kaji
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
| | - Megumi Koganei
- />Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Odawara, Japan
| | - Hajime Sasaki
- />Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., Odawara, Japan
- />Department of Nutritional and Life Sciences, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- />Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004 Japan
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Wang XM, Mao S, Cao L, Xie XX, Xin MH, Lian JF, Cao YX, Zhang SQ. Modification of N -(6-(2-methoxy-3-(4-fluorophenylsulfonamido)pyridin-5-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- a ]pyridin-2-yl)acetamide as PI3Ks inhibitor by replacement of the acetamide group with alkylurea. Bioorg Med Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The role of fluorine in drug design and development is expanding rapidly as we learn more about the unique properties associated with this unusual element and how to deploy it with greater sophistication. The judicious introduction of fluorine into a molecule can productively influence conformation, pKa, intrinsic potency, membrane permeability, metabolic pathways, and pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, (18)F has been established as a useful positron emitting isotope for use with in vivo imaging technology that potentially has extensive application in drug discovery and development, often limited only by convenient synthetic accessibility to labeled compounds. The wide ranging applications of fluorine in drug design are providing a strong stimulus for the development of new synthetic methodologies that allow more facile access to a wide range of fluorinated compounds. In this review, we provide an update on the effects of the strategic incorporation of fluorine in drug molecules and applications in positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Gillis
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kyle J Eastman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Matthew D Hill
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - David J Donnelly
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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Aroor AR, Habibi J, Ford DA, Nistala R, Lastra G, Manrique C, Dunham MM, Ford KD, Thyfault JP, Parks EJ, Sowers JR, Rector RS. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition ameliorates Western diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance through hepatic lipid remodeling and modulation of hepatic mitochondrial function. Diabetes 2015; 64:1988-2001. [PMID: 25605806 PMCID: PMC4439570 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel therapies are needed for treating the increasing prevalence of hepatic steatosis in Western populations. In this regard, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have recently been reported to attenuate the development of hepatic steatosis, but the potential mechanisms remain poorly defined. In the current study, 4-week-old C57Bl/6 mice were fed a high-fat/high-fructose Western diet (WD) or a WD containing the DPP-4 inhibitor, MK0626, for 16 weeks. The DPP-4 inhibitor prevented WD-induced hepatic steatosis and reduced hepatic insulin resistance by enhancing insulin suppression of hepatic glucose output. WD-induced accumulation of hepatic triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) content was significantly attenuated with DPP-4 inhibitor treatment. In addition, MK0626 significantly reduced mitochondrial incomplete palmitate oxidation and increased indices of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, TCA cycle flux, and hepatic TAG secretion. Furthermore, DPP-4 inhibition rescued WD-induced decreases in hepatic PGC-1α and CPT-1 mRNA expression and hepatic Sirt1 protein content. Moreover, plasma uric acid levels in mice fed the WD were decreased after MK0626 treatment. These studies suggest that DPP-4 inhibition ameliorates hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance by suppressing hepatic TAG and DAG accumulation through enhanced mitochondrial carbohydrate utilization and hepatic TAG secretion/export with a concomitant reduction of uric acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annayya R Aroor
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Javad Habibi
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - David A Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ravi Nistala
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Guido Lastra
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Camila Manrique
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Merlow M Dunham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kaitlin D Ford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - John P Thyfault
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - Elizabeth J Parks
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | - James R Sowers
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - R Scott Rector
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
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Ligand deconstruction: Why some fragment binding positions are conserved and others are not. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2585-94. [PMID: 25918377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501567112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) relies on the premise that the fragment binding mode will be conserved on subsequent expansion to a larger ligand. However, no general condition has been established to explain when fragment binding modes will be conserved. We show that a remarkably simple condition can be developed in terms of how fragments coincide with binding energy hot spots--regions of the protein where interactions with a ligand contribute substantial binding free energy--the locations of which can easily be determined computationally. Because a substantial fraction of the free energy of ligand binding comes from interacting with the residues in the energetically most important hot spot, a ligand moiety that sufficiently overlaps with this region will retain its location even when other parts of the ligand are removed. This hypothesis is supported by eight case studies. The condition helps identify whether a protein is suitable for FBDD, predicts the size of fragments required for screening, and determines whether a fragment hit can be extended into a higher affinity ligand. Our results show that ligand binding sites can usefully be thought of in terms of an anchor site, which is the top-ranked hot spot and dominates the free energy of binding, surrounded by a number of weaker satellite sites that confer improved affinity and selectivity for a particular ligand and that it is the intrinsic binding potential of the protein surface that determines whether it can serve as a robust binding site for a suitably optimized ligand.
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Structural Chemistry and Molecular Modeling in the Design of DPP4 Inhibitors. MULTIFACETED ROLES OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHY IN MODERN DRUG DISCOVERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9719-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Cheng J, Guo Z, Lu Y, Tian B. DPP IV inhibitor suppresses STZ-induced islets injury dependent on activation of the IGFR/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways by GLP-1 in monkeys. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:139-44. [PMID: 25446112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the protective effect of the DPP IV inhibitor in STZ-induced islet injury and to identify the molecular events that protect islet against apoptosis. METHODS 4 diabetic monkeys were treated with streptozotocin (70 mg/kg) in the presence or absence of the DPP IV inhibitor (Sitagliptin), continuing administered for 4 weeks after STZ. The monkeys were evaluated by plasma DPP IV activity, serum active GLP-1 response, blood glucose, insulin and C-P levels, the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), and the expression of insulin, caspase-3, IGF receptor (IGFR), p-Akt and p-mTOR in pancreas islets tissues. To test that DPP IV inhibitors might against islets apoptosis via IGFR/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways, the isolated islets from the normal monkeys were pre-treated with or without 10mM STZ for 1h, followed by GLP-1 (10 μM) in the presence or absence of NVP-AEW541 or Wortmannin for 24h, to determined islets function and islet apoptosis. RESULTS DPP IV inhibitors treatment showed depressing the degradation of GLP-1 and significantly increased serum GLP-1 levels in DM monkeys. Moreover, treatment of diabetic monkeys with the DPP IV inhibitor or treatment of isolated islets with GLP-1 can decrease islet apoptosis, and enhanced islet function and survival, and the expression of IGF receptor, p-Akt and p-mTOR in islets. When the IGFR/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways was blocked by NVP-AEW541 or Wortmannin, the protective effects of GLP1 on STZ-induced islets injury were inhibited in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our data provides evidence that DPP IV inhibitors confer resistance to STZ-induced islet injury. The protective effects of DPP IV inhibitor on STZ-induced islets injury were dependent on activation of the IGFR/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways by GLP-1 in islets of monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Younan Chen
- Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichaun University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichaun University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhiguang Guo
- International Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichaun University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Bole Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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Patel S, Cohen F, Dean BJ, De La Torre K, Deshmukh G, Estrada AA, Ghosh AS, Gibbons P, Gustafson A, Huestis MP, Le Pichon CE, Lin H, Liu W, Liu X, Liu Y, Ly CQ, Lyssikatos JP, Ma C, Scearce-Levie K, Shin YG, Solanoy H, Stark KL, Wang J, Wang B, Zhao X, Lewcock JW, Siu M. Discovery of Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase (DLK, MAP3K12) Inhibitors with Activity in Neurodegeneration Models. J Med Chem 2014; 58:401-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5013984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Changyou Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhonglu, Wai Gao Qiao Free
Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | - Jian Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., 288 Fute Zhonglu, Wai Gao Qiao Free
Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, P. R. China
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42
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Combining MK626, a novel DPP-4 inhibitor, and low-dose monoclonal CD3 antibody for stable remission of new-onset diabetes in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107935. [PMID: 25268801 PMCID: PMC4182446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining immune intervention with therapies that directly influence the functional state of the β-cells is an interesting strategy in type 1 diabetes cure. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors elevate circulating levels of active incretins, which have been reported to enhance insulin secretion and synthesis, can support β-cell survival and possibly stimulate β-cell proliferation and neogenesis. In the current study, we demonstrate that the DPP-4 inhibitor MK626, which has appropriate pharmacokinetics in mice, preceded by a short-course of low-dose anti-CD3 generated durable diabetes remission in new-onset diabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Induction of remission involved recovery of β-cell secretory function with resolution of destructive insulitis and preservation of β-cell volume/mass, along with repair of the islet angioarchitecture via SDF-1- and VEGF-dependent actions. Combination therapy temporarily reduced the CD4-to-CD8 distribution in spleen although not in pancreatic draining lymph nodes (PLN) and increased the proportion of effector/memory T cells as did anti-CD3 alone. In contrast, only combination therapy amplified Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in PLN and locally in pancreas. These findings open new opportunities for the treatment of new-onset type 1 diabetes by introducing DPP-4 inhibitors in human CD3-directed clinical trials.
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Sueyoshi R, Woods Ignatoski KM, Okawada M, Hartmann B, Holst J, Teitelbaum DH. Stimulation of intestinal growth and function with DPP4 inhibition in a mouse short bowel syndrome model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G410-9. [PMID: 24970775 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00363.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) has been shown to be effective in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS), but it is rapidly inactivated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4). We used an orally active DPP4 inhibitor (DPP4-I), MK-0626, to determine the efficacy of this approach to promote adaptation after SBS, determined optimal dosing, and identified further functional actions in a mouse model of SBS. Ten-week-old mice underwent a 50% proximal small bowel resection. Dose optimization was determined over a 3-day post-small bowel resection period. The established optimal dose was given for 7, 30, and 90 days and for 7 days followed by a 23-day washout period. Adaptive response was assessed by morphology, intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), epithelial barrier function (transepithelial resistance), RT-PCR for intestinal transport proteins and GLP-2 receptor, IGF type 1 receptor, and GLP-2 plasma levels. Glucose-stimulated sodium transport was assessed for intestinal absorptive function. Seven days of DPP4-I treatment facilitated an increase in GLP-2 receptor levels, intestinal growth, and IEC proliferation. Treatment led to differential effects over time, with greater absorptive function at early time points and enhanced proliferation at later time points. Interestingly, adaptation continued in the group treated for 7 days followed by a 23-day washout. DPP4-I enhanced IEC proliferative action up to 90 days postresection, but this action seemed to peak by 30 days, as did GLP-2 plasma levels. Thus DPP4-I treatment may prove to be a viable option for accelerating intestinal adaptation with SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sueyoshi
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | | | - Manabu Okawada
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel H Teitelbaum
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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Bostick B, Habibi J, Ma L, Aroor A, Rehmer N, Hayden MR, Sowers JR. Dipeptidyl peptidase inhibition prevents diastolic dysfunction and reduces myocardial fibrosis in a mouse model of Western diet induced obesity. Metabolism 2014; 63:1000-11. [PMID: 24933400 PMCID: PMC4128682 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Consumption of a high-fat/high-fructose Western diet (WD) is linked to rising obesity and heart disease, particularly diastolic dysfunction which characterizes early obesity/metabolic cardiomyopathy. Mounting evidence supports a role for inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis in the pathophysiology of metabolic cardiomyopathy. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a circulating exopeptidase recently reported to be elevated in the plasma of patients with insulin resistance (IR), obesity and heart failure. We hypothesized that a model of WD induced obesity/metabolic cardiomyopathy would exhibit increased DPP-4 activity and cardiac fibrosis with DPP-4 inhibition preventing cardiac fibrosis and the associated diastolic dysfunction. MATERIALS/METHODS Four-week-old C57BL6/J mice were fed a high-fat/high-fructose WD with the DPP-4 inhibitor MK0626 for 16 weeks. Cardiac function was examined by high-resolution cine-cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Phenotypic analysis included measurements of body and heart weight, systemic IR and DPP-4 activity. Immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to identify underlying pathologic mechanisms. RESULTS We found that chronic WD consumption caused obesity, IR, elevated plasma DPP-4 activity, heart enlargement and diastolic dysfunction. DPP-4 inhibition with MK0626 in WD fed mice resulted in >75% reduction in plasma DPP-4 activity, improved IR and normalized diastolic relaxation. WD consumption induced myocardial oxidant stress and fibrosis with amelioration by MK0626. TEM of hearts from WD fed mice revealed abnormal mitochondrial and perivascular ultrastructure partially corrected by MK0626. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of a role for increased DPP-4 activity in metabolic cardiomyopathy and a potential role for DPP-4 inhibition in prevention and/or correction of oxidant stress/fibrosis and associated diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bostick
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA
| | - Javad Habibi
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lixin Ma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya Aroor
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nathan Rehmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Melvin R Hayden
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia MO, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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45
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Jin L, Lim SW, Doh KC, Piao SG, Jin J, Heo SB, Chung BH, Yang CW. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor MK-0626 attenuates pancreatic islet injury in tacrolimus-induced diabetic rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100798. [PMID: 24959755 PMCID: PMC4069160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tacrolimus (TAC)-induced pancreatic islet injury is one of the important causes of new-onset diabetes in transplant recipients. This study was performed to evaluate whether a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor is effective in improving TAC-induced diabetes mellitus by reducing pancreatic islet injury. Methods Rats were treated with TAC (1.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously) and the DPP IV inhibitor MK-0626 (10 or 20 mg/kg, oral gavage) for 4 weeks. The effect of MK-0626 on TAC-induced diabetes was evaluated by assessing pancreatic islet function, histopathology. TAC-induced incretin dysfunction was also examined based on active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels in the serum after glucose loading. The protective effect of MK-0626 was evaluated by measuring markers of oxidative stress, oxidative resistance, and apoptosis. To determine whether enhanced GLP-1 signaling is associated with these protective effects, we measured the expression of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and the effect of the GLP-1 analog exendin-4 on cell viability and oxidative stress in isolated islets. Results MK-0626 treatment attenuated TAC-induced pancreatic islet dysfunction and islet morphology. TAC treatment led to a defect in active GLP-1 secretion; however, MK-0626 reversed these effects. TAC treatment increased the level of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), the number of apoptotic death, and the level of active caspase-3, and decreased the level of manganese superoxide dismutase and heme oxygenase-1; MK-0626 treatment reversed these changes. MK-0626 treatment restored the expression of GLP-1R, and direct administration of exendin-4 to isolated islets reduced TAC-induced cell death and 8-OHdG expression. Conclusions The DPP IV inhibitor MK-0626wasan effective antidiabetic agent that exerted antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects via enhanced GLP-1 signaling in TAC-induced diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jin
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Woo Lim
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Chan Doh
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shang Guo Piao
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jian Jin
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Beom Heo
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Woo Yang
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Transplant Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Nistala R, Habibi J, Lastra G, Manrique C, Aroor AR, Hayden MR, Garro M, Meuth A, Johnson M, Whaley-Connell A, Sowers JR. Prevention of obesity-induced renal injury in male mice by DPP4 inhibition. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2266-76. [PMID: 24712875 PMCID: PMC4020930 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Therapies to prevent renal injury in obese hypertensive individuals are being actively sought due to the obesity epidemic arising from the Western diet (WD), which is high in fructose and fat. Recently, activation of the immune system and hyperuricemia, observed with high fructose intake, have been linked to the pathophysiology of hypertension and renal injury. Because dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a driver of maladaptive T-cell/macrophage responses, renal-protective benefits of DPP4 inhibition in the WD-fed mice were examined. Mice fed a WD for 16 weeks were given the DPP4 inhibitor MK0626 in their diet beginning at 4 weeks of age. WD-fed mice were obese, hypertensive, and insulin-resistant and manifested proteinuria and increased plasma DPP4 activity and uric acid levels. WD-fed mice also had elevated kidney DPP4 activity and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and IL-12 levels and suppressed IL-10 levels in the kidney, suggesting macrophage-driven inflammation, glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury. WD-induced increases in DPP4 activation in the plasma and kidney and proteinuria in WD mice were abrogated by MK0626, although blood pressure and systemic insulin sensitivity were not improved. Contemporaneously, MK0626 reduced serum uric acid levels, renal oxidative stress, and IL-12 levels and increased IL-10 levels, suggesting that suppression of DPP4 activity leads to suppression of renal immune/inflammatory injury responses to a WD. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DPP4 inhibition prevents high-fructose/high-fat diet-induced glomerular and tubular injury independent of blood pressure/insulin sensitivity and offers a potentially novel therapy for diabetic and obesity-related kidney disease.
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Zheng Z, Ma S, Tang L, Zhang-Negrerie D, Du Y, Zhao K. PhI(OCOCF3)2-Mediated Intramolecular Oxidative N–N Bond Formation: Metal-Free Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4687-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500298j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zisheng Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shuangyu Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Linlin Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Daisy Zhang-Negrerie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunfei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kang Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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48
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Gallagher EJ, Sun H, Kornhauser C, Tobin-Hess A, Epstein S, Yakar S, LeRoith D. The effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibition on bone in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2014; 30:191-200. [PMID: 24023014 PMCID: PMC5496098 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at greater risk of bone fractures than those without diabetes. Certain oral diabetic medications may further increase the risk of fracture. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are incretin-based therapies that are being increasingly used for the management of T2D. It has been hypothesized that these agents may reduce fracture risk in those with T2D. In this study, we used a mouse model of T2D to examine the effects of the DPP-IV inhibitor, MK-0626, on bone. METHODS Male wild type (WT) and diabetic muscle-lysine-arginine (MKR) mice were treated with MK-0626, pioglitazone, alendronate or vehicle. The effects of treatment with MK-0626 on bone microarchitecture and turnover were compared with treatment with pioglitazone, alendronate and vehicle. Osteoblast differentiation was determined by alkaline phosphatase staining of bone marrow cells from WT and MKR mice after treatment with pioglitazone, MK-0626 or phosphate buffered saline. RESULTS We found that MK-0626 had neutral effects on cortical and trabecular bone in diabetic mice. Pioglitazone had detrimental effects on the trabecular bone of WT but not of diabetic mice. Alendronate caused improvements in cortical and trabecular bone architecture in diabetic and WT mice. MK-0626 did not alter osteoblast differentiation, but pioglitazone impaired osteoblast differentiation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the DPP-IV inhibitor, MK-0626, had no adverse effects on bone in an animal model of T2D or directly on osteoblasts in culture. These findings are reassuring as DPP-IV inhibitors are being widely used to treat patients with T2D who are already at an increased risk of fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jane Gallagher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hui Sun
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Kornhauser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aviva Tobin-Hess
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sol Epstein
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Correspondence to: Derek LeRoith, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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49
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Patel BD, Ghate MD. Recent approaches to medicinal chemistry and therapeutic potential of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:574-605. [PMID: 24531198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is one of the widely explored novel targets for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) currently. Research has been focused on the strategy to preserve the endogenous glucagon like peptide (GLP)-1 activity by inhibiting the DPP-4 action. The DPP-4 inhibitors are weight neutral, well tolerated and give better glycaemic control over a longer duration of time compared to existing conventional therapies. The journey of DPP-4 inhibitors in the market started from the launch of sitagliptin in 2006 to latest drug teneligliptin in 2012. This review is mainly focusing on the recent medicinal aspects and advancements in the designing of DPP-4 inhibitors with the therapeutic potential of DPP-4 as a target to convey more clarity in the diffused data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika D Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Manjunath D Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
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Sowmya H, Suresha Kumara T, Nagendrappa G, Jasinski JP, Millikan SP, Jose G, R D, Sujan Ganapathy P. Solvent free synthesis, crystal studies, docking studies and antibacterial properties of some novel fluorinated pyridazinone derivatives. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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