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Yanovich A, Vepreva A, Malkova K, Kantin G, Dar’in D. Entry to new spiroheterocycles via tandem Rh(II)-catalyzed O-H insertion/base-promoted cyclization involving diazoarylidene succinimides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:561-569. [PMID: 38505240 PMCID: PMC10949003 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A facile approach to novel medicinally relevant spiro heterocyclic scaffolds (namely furan-2(5H)-ones, tetrahydrofurans and pyrans spiro-conjugated with the succinimide ring) has been developed. The protocol consists of Rh(II)-catalyzed insertion of heterocyclic carbenes derived from diazoarylidene succinimides (DAS) into the O-H bond of propiolic/allenic acids or brominated alcohols, followed by base-promoted cyclization to afford the target spirocyclic compounds in good to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yanovich
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskiy pr., Peterhof, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia Vepreva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskiy pr., Peterhof, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Ksenia Malkova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskiy pr., Peterhof, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Grigory Kantin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskiy pr., Peterhof, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Dar’in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskiy pr., Peterhof, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation
- Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 2-4 Ligovsky pr., Saint Petersburg 191036, Russian Federation
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskiy pr., Peterhof 198504, Russian Federation
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2
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Németh E, Gyuricza B, Forgács V, Cumming P, Henriksen G, Marton J, Bauer B, Mikecz P, Fekete A. Optimization of a Nucleophilic Two-Step Radiosynthesis of 6- O-(2-[ 18F]fluoroethyl)-6- O-desmethyl-diprenorphine ([ 18F]FE-DPN) for PET Imaging of Brain Opioid Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13152. [PMID: 37685958 PMCID: PMC10487412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We have established a method for nucleophilic one-pot, two-step radiosynthesis of the popular opioid receptor radioligand 6-O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-6-O-desmethyl-diprenorphine ([18F]FE-DPN) from the novel precursor 6-O-(2-tosyloxyethyl)-6-O-desmethyl- 3-O-trityl-diprenorphine (TE-TDDPN), which we designate as the Henriksen precursor. We undertook an optimization of the synthesis conditions, aiming to enhance the accessibility of [18F]FE-DPN for positron emission tomography (PET) studies of μ-opioid receptors. Herein, we report an optimized direct nucleophilic 18F-fluorination and the deprotection conditions for a fully automated radiosynthesis of [18F]FE-DPN on a modified GE Tracerlab FX FE synthesis panel. Starting from 1-1.5 GBq of [18F]fluoride and applying an Oasis Max 1cc cartridge for fluorine-18 trapping with a reduced amount of K2CO3 (5.06 μmol K+ ion), [18F]FE-DPN ([18F]11) was produced with 44.5 ± 10.6 RCY (decay-corrected), high radiochemical purity (>99%), and a molar activity of 32.2 ± 11.8 GBq/μmol in 60-65 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Németh
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.N.); (B.G.); (V.F.)
| | - Barbara Gyuricza
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.N.); (B.G.); (V.F.)
| | - Viktória Forgács
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.N.); (B.G.); (V.F.)
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstraße 18, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD-4059, Australia
| | - Gjermund Henriksen
- Norwegian Medical Cyclotron Centre Ltd., Sognsvannsveien 20, N-0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands Vei 24, N-0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - János Marton
- ABX Advanced Biochemical Compounds Biomedizinische Forschungsreagenzien GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany; (J.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Beate Bauer
- ABX Advanced Biochemical Compounds Biomedizinische Forschungsreagenzien GmbH, Heinrich-Glaeser-Strasse 10-14, D-01454 Radeberg, Germany; (J.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Pál Mikecz
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.N.); (B.G.); (V.F.)
| | - Anikó Fekete
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.N.); (B.G.); (V.F.)
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3
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Lopresti BJ, Royse SK, Mathis CA, Tollefson SA, Narendran R. Beyond monoamines: I. Novel targets and radiotracers for Positron emission tomography imaging in psychiatric disorders. J Neurochem 2023; 164:364-400. [PMID: 35536762 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of positron emission tomography (PET) in the late 1970s, psychiatry had access to a tool capable of non-invasive assessment of human brain function. Early applications in psychiatry focused on identifying characteristic brain blood flow and metabolic derangements using radiotracers such as [15 O]H2 O and [18 F]FDG. Despite the success of these techniques, it became apparent that more specific probes were needed to understand the neurochemical bases of psychiatric disorders. The first neurochemical PET imaging probes targeted sites of action of neuroleptic (dopamine D2 receptors) and psychoactive (serotonin receptors) drugs. Based on the centrality of monoamine dysfunction in psychiatric disorders and the measured success of monoamine-enhancing drugs in treating them, the next 30 years witnessed the development of an armamentarium of PET radiopharmaceuticals and imaging methodologies for studying monoamines. Continued development of monoamine-enhancing drugs over this time however was less successful, realizing only modest gains in efficacy and tolerability. As patent protection for many widely prescribed and profitable psychiatric drugs lapsed, drug development pipelines shifted away from monoamines in search of novel targets with the promises of improved efficacy, or abandoned altogether. Over this period, PET radiopharmaceutical development activities closely paralleled drug development priorities resulting in the development of new PET imaging agents for non-monoamine targets. Part one of this review will briefly survey novel PET imaging targets with relevance to the field of psychiatry, which include the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5), purinergic P2 X7 receptor, type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1 ), phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A), and describe radiotracers developed for these and other targets that have matured to human subject investigations. Current limitations of the targets and techniques will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Lopresti
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah K Royse
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chester A Mathis
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Savannah A Tollefson
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rajesh Narendran
- Departments of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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The Opioid System in Depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104800. [PMID: 35914624 PMCID: PMC10166717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain and play an essential role in modulating aspects of human mood, reward, and well-being. Accumulating evidence indicates the endogenous opioid system is dysregulated in depression and that pharmacological modulators of mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors hold potential for the treatment of depression. Here we review animal and clinical data, highlighting evidence to support: dysregulation of the opioid system in depression, evidence for opioidergic modulation of behavioural processes and brain regions associated with depression, and evidence for opioidergic modulation in antidepressant responses. We evaluate clinical trials that have examined the safety and efficacy of opioidergic agents in depression and consider how the opioid system may be involved in the effects of other treatments, including ketamine, that are currently understood to exert antidepressant effects through non-opioidergic actions. Finally, we explore key neurochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the potential therapeutic effects of opioid system engagement, that together provides a rationale for further investigation into this relevant target in the treatment of depression.
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5
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Ubaldi M, Cannella N, Borruto AM, Petrella M, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Soverchia L, Stopponi S, Weiss F, Cifani C, Ciccocioppo R. Role of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ-NOP Receptor System in the Regulation of Stress-Related Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12956. [PMID: 34884757 PMCID: PMC8657682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is a 17-residue neuropeptide that binds the nociceptin opioid-like receptor (NOP). N/OFQ exhibits nucleotidic and aminoacidics sequence homology with the precursors of other opioid neuropeptides but it does not activate either MOP, KOP or DOP receptors. Furthermore, opioid neuropeptides do not activate the NOP receptor. Generally, activation of N/OFQ system exerts anti-opioids effects, for instance toward opioid-induced reward and analgesia. The NOP receptor is widely expressed throughout the brain, whereas N/OFQ localization is confined to brain nuclei that are involved in stress response such as amygdala, BNST and hypothalamus. Decades of studies have delineated the biological role of this system demonstrating its involvement in significant physiological processes such as pain, learning and memory, anxiety, depression, feeding, drug and alcohol dependence. This review discusses the role of this peptidergic system in the modulation of stress and stress-associated psychiatric disorders in particular drug addiction, mood, anxiety and food-related associated-disorders. Emerging preclinical evidence suggests that both NOP agonists and antagonists may represent a effective therapeutic approaches for substances use disorder. Moreover, the current literature suggests that NOP antagonists can be useful to treat depression and feeding-related diseases, such as obesity and binge eating behavior, whereas the activation of NOP receptor by agonists could be a promising tool for anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (N.C.); (A.M.B.); (M.P.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Nazzareno Cannella
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (N.C.); (A.M.B.); (M.P.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Anna Maria Borruto
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (N.C.); (A.M.B.); (M.P.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Michele Petrella
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (N.C.); (A.M.B.); (M.P.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Micioni Di Bonaventura
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (N.C.); (A.M.B.); (M.P.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Laura Soverchia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (N.C.); (A.M.B.); (M.P.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Serena Stopponi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (N.C.); (A.M.B.); (M.P.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Friedbert Weiss
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (N.C.); (A.M.B.); (M.P.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.U.); (N.C.); (A.M.B.); (M.P.); (M.V.M.D.B.); (L.S.); (S.S.); (C.C.)
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6
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Takamura Y, Kakuta H. In Vivo Receptor Visualization and Evaluation of Receptor Occupancy with Positron Emission Tomography. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5226-5251. [PMID: 33905258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is useful for noninvasive in vivo visualization of disease-related receptors, for evaluation of receptor occupancy to determine an appropriate drug dosage, and for proof-of-concept of drug candidates in translational research. For these purposes, the specificity of the PET tracer for the target receptor is critical. Here, we review work in this area, focusing on the chemical structures of reported PET tracers, their Ki/Kd values, and the physical properties relevant to target receptor selectivity. Among these physical properties, such as cLogP, cLogD, molecular weight, topological polar surface area, number of hydrogen bond donors, and pKa, we focus especially on LogD and LogP as important physical properties that can be easily compared across a range of studies. We discuss the success of PET tracers in evaluating receptor occupancy and consider likely future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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7
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Lugar CW, Clarke CA, Morphy R, Rudyk H, Sapmaz S, Stites RE, Vaught GM, Furness K, Broughton HB, Durst GL, Clawson DK, Stout SL, Guo SY, Durbin JD, Stayrook KR, Edmondson DD, Kikly K, New NE, Bina HA, Chambers MG, Shetler P, Chang WY, Chang VCY, Barr R, Gough WH, Steele JP, Getman B, Patel N, Mathes BM, Richardson TI. Defining Target Engagement Required for Efficacy In Vivo at the Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor C2 (RORγt). J Med Chem 2021; 64:5470-5484. [PMID: 33852312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Th17 pathway has been implicated in autoimmune diseases. The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor C2 (RORγt) is a master regulator of Th17 cells and controls the expression of IL-17A. RORγt is expressed primarily in IL-17A-producing lymphoid cells. Here we describe a virtual screen of the ligand-binding pocket and subsequent screen in a binding assay that identified the 1-benzyl-4',5'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,7'-thieno[2,3-c]pyran]-2'-carboxamide scaffold as a starting point for optimization of binding affinity and functional activity guided by structure-based design. Compound 12 demonstrated activity in a mouse PK/PD model and efficacy in an inflammatory arthritis mouse model that were used to define the level and duration of target engagement required for efficacy in vivo. Further optimization to improve ADME and physicochemical properties with guidance from simulations and modeling provided compound 22, which is projected to achieve the level and duration of target engagement required for efficacy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Lugar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Christian A Clarke
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Richard Morphy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Helene Rudyk
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Selma Sapmaz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Ryan E Stites
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Grant M Vaught
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kelly Furness
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Howard B Broughton
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Greg L Durst
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - David K Clawson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Stephanie L Stout
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Sherry Y Guo
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jim D Durbin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Keith R Stayrook
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Denise D Edmondson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Kristy Kikly
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Nicole E New
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Holly A Bina
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Mark G Chambers
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Pamela Shetler
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - William Y Chang
- Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Veavi Ching-Yun Chang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Rob Barr
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Wendy H Gough
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Jimmy P Steele
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brian Getman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Nita Patel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Brian M Mathes
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Timothy I Richardson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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Abstract
Spirocyclic scaffolds are incorporated in various approved drugs and drug candidates. The increasing interest in less planar bioactive compounds has given rise to the development of synthetic methodologies for the preparation of spirocyclic scaffolds. In this Perspective, we summarize the diverse synthetic routes to obtain spirocyclic systems. The impact of spirocycles on potency and selectivity, including the aspect of stereochemistry, is discussed. Furthermore, we examine the changes in physicochemical properties as well as in in vitro and in vivo ADME using selected studies that compare spirocyclic compounds to their nonspirocyclic counterparts. In conclusion, the value of spirocyclic scaffolds in medicinal chemistry is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hiesinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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9
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Sandulenko IV, Ambartsumyan AA, Moiseev SK. Fluorinated and [ 18F]fluorinated morphinan based opioid ligands. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5533-5557. [PMID: 32672314 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00619j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented in the literature that opioid receptors modulate a large number of physiological functions (pain perception, breathing, mood, gastrointestinal motility, etc.). Natural opiates and 4,5α-epoxymorphinan derivatives obtained by their chemical modifications, which are frequently referred to as semi-synthetic opioids, are among the most important types of opioid ligands. On the other hand, fluorinated compounds have a remarkable record in medicinal chemistry providing developmental candidates for therapeutic applications. The reasons are very similar steric impacts of hydrogen and fluorine along with the influence of substituting fluorine for hydrogen in the molecules of exogenous compounds on their lipophilicity, metabolism, conformation and other properties. This review focuses on the functionalization of 4,5α-epoxymorphinans and their derivatives via substitutions with fluorine or fluorine-containing groups in the search for improved pharmacological profile opioid ligands and 18F-containing opioid receptor radioligands for PET. These functionalizations are typically associated with substituents either at the C(3)-O, C(6)-O, and N(17) positions of the 4,5α-epoxymorphinan core or at C(7) in the thebaine based Diels-Alder type adducts. The syntheses resulted in the preparation of both single fluorinated derivatives or short sets of fluorinated derivatives and the families of fluorine-containing opioids allowing, in principle, the structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Sandulenko
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, V-334, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Asmik A Ambartsumyan
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, V-334, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Sergey K Moiseev
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, V-334, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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10
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Flanigan M, Tollefson S, Himes ML, Jordan R, Roach K, Stoughton C, Lopresti B, Mason NS, Ciccocioppo R, Narendran R. Acute Elevations in Cortisol Increase the In Vivo Binding of [ 11C]NOP-1A to Nociceptin Receptors: A Novel Imaging Paradigm to Study the Interaction Between Stress- and Antistress-Regulating Neuropeptides. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:570-576. [PMID: 31706582 PMCID: PMC7035995 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An imbalance between neuropeptides that promote stress and resilience, such as corticotropin-releasing factor and nociceptin, has been postulated to underlie relapse in addiction. The objective of this study was to develop a paradigm to image the in vivo interaction between stress-promoting neuropeptides and nociceptin (NOP) receptors in humans. METHODS [11C]NOP-1A positron emission tomography was used to measure the binding to NOP receptors at baseline (BASE) and following an intravenous hydrocortisone challenge (CORT) in 19 healthy control subjects. Hydrocortisone was used as a challenge because in microdialysis studies it has been shown to increase corticotropin-releasing factor release in extrahypothalamic brain regions such as the amygdala. [11C]NOP-1A total distribution volume (VT) in 11 regions of interest were measured using a 2-tissue compartment kinetic analysis. The primary outcome measure was hydrocortisone-induced ΔVT calculated as (VT CORT - VT BASE)/VT BASE. RESULTS Hydrocortisone led to an acute increase in plasma cortisol levels. Regional [11C]NOP-1A VT was on average 11% to 16% higher in the post-hydrocortisone condition compared with the baseline condition (linear mixed model, condition, p = .005; region, p < .001; condition × region, p < .001). Independent Student's t tests in all regions of interest were statistically significant and survived multiple comparison correction. Hydrocortisone-induced ΔVT was significantly negatively correlated with baseline VT in several regions of interest. CONCLUSIONS Hydrocortisone administration increases NOP receptor availability. Increased NOP in response to elevated cortisol might suggest a compensatory mechanism in the brain to counteract corticotropin-releasing factor and/or stress. The [11C]NOP-1A and hydrocortisone imaging paradigm should allow for the examination of interactions between stress-promoting neuropeptides and NOP in addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael L Himes
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rehima Jordan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Katherine Roach
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Clara Stoughton
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Brian Lopresti
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - N Scott Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Piantadosi SC, Pizzagalli DA, Bruchas MR. The Complex Role of Nociceptin Signaling in Stress: Clarity Through Neuroimaging? Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:489-491. [PMID: 32081252 PMCID: PMC7875195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Piantadosi
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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12
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A Survey of Molecular Imaging of Opioid Receptors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224190. [PMID: 31752279 PMCID: PMC6891617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of endogenous peptide ligands for morphine binding sites occurred in parallel with the identification of three subclasses of opioid receptor (OR), traditionally designated as μ, δ, and κ, along with the more recently defined opioid-receptor-like (ORL1) receptor. Early efforts in opioid receptor radiochemistry focused on the structure of the prototype agonist ligand, morphine, although N-[methyl-11C]morphine, -codeine and -heroin did not show significant binding in vivo. [11C]Diprenorphine ([11C]DPN), an orvinol type, non-selective OR antagonist ligand, was among the first successful PET tracers for molecular brain imaging, but has been largely supplanted in research studies by the μ-preferring agonist [11C]carfentanil ([11C]Caf). These two tracers have the property of being displaceable by endogenous opioid peptides in living brain, thus potentially serving in a competition-binding model. Indeed, many clinical PET studies with [11C]DPN or [11C]Caf affirm the release of endogenous opioids in response to painful stimuli. Numerous other PET studies implicate μ-OR signaling in aspects of human personality and vulnerability to drug dependence, but there have been very few clinical PET studies of μORs in neurological disorders. Tracers based on naltrindole, a non-peptide antagonist of the δ-preferring endogenous opioid enkephalin, have been used in PET studies of δORs, and [11C]GR103545 is validated for studies of κORs. Structures such as [11C]NOP-1A show selective binding at ORL-1 receptors in living brain. However, there is scant documentation of δ-, κ-, or ORL1 receptors in healthy human brain or in neurological and psychiatric disorders; here, clinical PET research must catch up with recent progress in radiopharmaceutical chemistry.
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Narendran R, Tollefson S, Fasenmyer K, Paris J, Himes ML, Lopresti B, Ciccocioppo R, Mason NS. Decreased Nociceptin Receptors Are Related to Resilience and Recovery in College Women Who Have Experienced Sexual Violence: Therapeutic Implications for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:1056-1064. [PMID: 30954231 PMCID: PMC7035950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress disorder that develops in only some individuals following a traumatic event. Data suggest that a substantial fraction of women recover after sexual violence. Thus, the investigation of stress and antistress neuropeptides in this sample has the potential to inform the neurochemistry of resilience following trauma. Nociceptin is an antistress neuropeptide in the brain that promotes resilience in animal models of PTSD. METHODS [11C]NOP-1A positron emission tomography was used to measure the in vivo binding to nociceptin receptors in 18 college women who had experienced sexual violence irrespective of whether they met DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for PTSD. [11C]NOP-1A data from 18 healthy control subjects were also included to provide a contrast with the sexual violence group. [11C]NOP-1A total distribution volume (VT) in the regions of interest were measured with kinetic analysis using the arterial input function. The relationships between regional VT and Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 total symptom and subscale severity were examined using correlational analyses. RESULTS No differences in [11C]NOP-1A VT were noted between the sexual violence and control groups. VT in the midbrain and cerebellum were positively correlated with PTSD total symptom severity in the past month before positron emission tomography. Intrusion/re-experiencing and avoidance subscale symptoms drove this relationship. Stratification of subjects by a DSM-5 PTSD diagnosis and contrasting their VT with that in control subjects showed no group differences. CONCLUSIONS Decreased midbrain and cerebellum nociceptin receptors are associated with less severe PTSD symptoms. Medications that target nociceptin should be explored to prevent and treat PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | | | - Kelli Fasenmyer
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jennifer Paris
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael L. Himes
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Brian Lopresti
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - N. Scott Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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14
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Narendran R, Tollefson S, Himes ML, Paris J, Lopresti B, Ciccocioppo R, Mason NS. Nociceptin Receptors Upregulated in Cocaine Use Disorder: A Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Study Using [ 11C]NOP-1A. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:468-476. [PMID: 31055968 PMCID: PMC7039303 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18081007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is an antistress neuropeptide transmitter in the brain that counteracts corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-mediated stress and anxiety symptoms during drug and alcohol withdrawal. It also inhibits the release of a wide array of neurotransmitters, including dopamine and glutamate, which allows for it to block the rewarding properties of cocaine. Chronic cocaine administration in rodents has been shown to decrease N/OFQ and increase nociceptive opioid peptide (NOP) receptors in the nucleus accumbens. No previous studies have reported on the in vivo status of NOP in chronic cocaine-abusing humans. METHODS [11C]NOP-1A and positron emission tomography (PET) were used to measure in vivo NOP binding in 24 individuals with cocaine use disorder and 26 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, and smoking status. Participants with cocaine use disorder with no comorbid psychiatric or medical disorders were scanned after 2 weeks of outpatient-monitored abstinence. [11C]NOP-1A distribution volume (VT) was measured with kinetic analysis using the arterial input function in brain regions that mediate reward and stress behaviors. Participants with cocaine use disorder were followed up for 12 weeks after PET scanning to document relapse and relate it to VT. RESULTS A significant increase in [11C]NOP-1A VT was observed in the cocaine use disorder group compared with the healthy control group. This increase, which was generalized across all regions of interest (approximately 10%), was most prominent in the midbrain, ventral striatum, and cerebellum. However, increased VT in these regions did not predict relapse. CONCLUSIONS Increased NOP in cocaine use disorder suggests an adaptive response to decreased N/OFQ, or increased CRF transmission, or both. Future studies should examine the interactions between CRF and NOP to elucidate their role in negative reinforcement and relapse. NOP agonist medications to enhance N/OFQ should be explored as a therapeutic to treat cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Narendran
- The Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Narendran, Tollefson, Himes, Paris, Lopresti, Mason); and the School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy (Ciccocioppo)
| | - Savannah Tollefson
- The Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Narendran, Tollefson, Himes, Paris, Lopresti, Mason); and the School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy (Ciccocioppo)
| | - Michael L Himes
- The Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Narendran, Tollefson, Himes, Paris, Lopresti, Mason); and the School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy (Ciccocioppo)
| | - Jennifer Paris
- The Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Narendran, Tollefson, Himes, Paris, Lopresti, Mason); and the School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy (Ciccocioppo)
| | - Brian Lopresti
- The Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Narendran, Tollefson, Himes, Paris, Lopresti, Mason); and the School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy (Ciccocioppo)
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- The Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Narendran, Tollefson, Himes, Paris, Lopresti, Mason); and the School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy (Ciccocioppo)
| | - N Scott Mason
- The Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (Narendran, Tollefson, Himes, Paris, Lopresti, Mason); and the School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy (Ciccocioppo)
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15
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Burns JA, Kroll DS, Feldman DE, Kure Liu C, Manza P, Wiers CE, Volkow ND, Wang GJ. Molecular Imaging of Opioid and Dopamine Systems: Insights Into the Pharmacogenetics of Opioid Use Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:626. [PMID: 31620026 PMCID: PMC6759955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use in the United States has steadily risen since the 1990s, along with staggering increases in addiction and overdose fatalities. With this surge in prescription and illicit opioid abuse, it is paramount to understand the genetic risk factors and neuropsychological effects of opioid use disorder (OUD). Polymorphisms disrupting the opioid and dopamine systems have been associated with increased risk for developing substance use disorders. Molecular imaging studies have revealed how these polymorphisms impact the brain and contribute to cognitive and behavioral differences across individuals. Here, we review the current molecular imaging literature to assess how genetic variations in the opioid and dopamine systems affect function in the brain's reward, cognition, and stress pathways, potentially resulting in vulnerabilities to OUD. Continued research of the functional consequences of genetic variants and corresponding alterations in neural mechanisms will inform prevention and treatment of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Burns
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Danielle S Kroll
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dana E Feldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Peter Manza
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
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16
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Abstract
The nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor-related ligands have been demonstrated in preclinical studies for several therapeutic applications. This article highlights (1) how nonhuman primates (NHP) were used to facilitate the development and application of positron emission tomography tracers in humans; (2) effects of an endogenous NOP ligand, nociceptin/orphanin FQ, and its interaction with mu opioid peptide (MOP) receptor agonists; and (3) promising functional profiles of NOP-related agonists in NHP as analgesics and treatment for substance use disorders. NHP models offer the most phylogenetically appropriate evaluation of opioid and non-opioid receptor functions and drug effects. Based on preclinical and clinical data of ligands with mixed NOP/MOP receptor agonist activity, several factors including their intrinsic efficacies for activating NOP versus MOP receptors and different study endpoints in NHP could contribute to different pharmacological profiles. Ample evidence from NHP studies indicates that bifunctional NOP/MOP receptor agonists have opened an exciting avenue for developing safe, effective medications with fewer side effects for treating pain and drug addiction. In particular, bifunctional NOP/MOP partial agonists hold a great potential as (1) effective spinal analgesics without itch side effects; (2) safe, nonaddictive analgesics without opioid side effects such as respiratory depression; and (3) effective medications for substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Kiguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mei-Chuan Ko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Narendran R, Ciccocioppo R, Lopresti B, Paris J, Himes ML, Mason NS. Nociceptin Receptors in Alcohol Use Disorders: A Positron Emission Tomography Study Using [ 11C]NOP-1A. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:708-714. [PMID: 28711193 PMCID: PMC5711613 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropeptide transmitter nociceptin, which binds to the nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor, is a core component of the brain's antistress system. Nociceptin exerts its antistress effect by counteracting the functions of corticotropin-releasing factor, the primary stress-mediating neuropeptide in the brain. Basic investigations support a role for medications that target nociceptin receptors in the treatment of alcohol use disorders. Thus, it is of high interest to measure the in vivo status of NOP receptors in individuals with alcohol use disorders. METHODS Here, we used [11C]NOP-1A and positron emission tomography to measure the in vivo binding to NOP receptors in 15 alcohol-dependent humans as identified by DSM-IV and 15 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex, and smoking status. Alcohol-dependent individuals with no comorbid psychiatric, medical, or drug abuse disorders were scanned following 2 weeks of outpatient monitored abstinence (confirmed with three times per week urine alcohol metabolite testing). [11C]NOP-1A distribution volume in regions of interest (including the amygdala, hippocampus, and midbrain, striatal, and prefrontal cortical subdivisions) was measured with kinetic analysis using the arterial input function. RESULTS Regional [11C]NOP-1A distribution volume in alcohol dependence was not significantly different compared with healthy control subjects. No relationship between [11C]NOP-1A distribution volume and other clinical measures (including duration and severity of alcohol abuse, craving, and anxiety or depressive symptoms) were significant after correction for the multiple hypotheses tested. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study do not support alterations in the binding to NOP receptors in alcohol dependence. However, this finding does not necessarily rule out alterations in nociceptin transmission in alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Brian Lopresti
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Paris
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael L Himes
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - N Scott Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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18
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Zhang L, Chen L, Dutra JK, Beck EM, Nag S, Takano A, Amini N, Arakawa R, Brodney MA, Buzon LM, Doran SD, Lanyon LF, McCarthy TJ, Bales KR, Nolan CE, O’Neill BT, Schildknegt K, Halldin C, Villalobos A. Identification of a Novel Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Ligand for Imaging β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE-1) in Brain. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3296-3308. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Laigao Chen
- Clinical & Translational Imaging, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jason K. Dutra
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Beck
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sangram Nag
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nahid Amini
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryosuke Arakawa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael A. Brodney
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Leanne M. Buzon
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shawn D. Doran
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lorraine F. Lanyon
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Timothy J. McCarthy
- Clinical & Translational Imaging, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kelly R. Bales
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Charles E. Nolan
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brian T. O’Neill
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Klaas Schildknegt
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anabella Villalobos
- Medicinal Synthesis Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Tollefson S, Himes M, Narendran R. Imaging corticotropin-releasing-factor and nociceptin in addiction and PTSD models. Int Rev Psychiatry 2017; 29:567-579. [PMID: 29231765 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2017.1404445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is composed of three phases: intoxication, withdrawal, and craving. Negative reinforcement, strengthening a behaviour by removing an aversive stimulus, has been associated with the withdrawal phase. An imbalance of neurotransmitters within the brain's stress (nociceptin, neuropeptide Y) and anti-stress (CRF, norepinephrine, etc.) system is attributed to negatively reinforced compulsive behaviours associated with relapse. Similarly, post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by an overactive stress system. In a PTSD mouse model, rodents exhibited impaired cued-fear memory consolidation when nociceptin transmission was blocked. Furthermore, a single-nucleotide polymorphism has been identified between women diagnosed with PTSD and the severity of PTSD symptoms, suggesting a genetic basis. Therefore, it is critical to understand the functions and interactions between the brain's stress and anti-stress neurotransmitters, specifically nociceptin. This paper will examine the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, evaluate the functions of corticotropin-releasing-factor and nociceptin, discuss nociceptin's role as an anxiolytic or anxiogenic, and discuss PET-imaging studies-all of which targeted nociceptin receptors (NOP-R). Finally, the discussion of pharmacological interventions will be proposed as preventative or therapeutic treatments for those suffering from PTSD and substance-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Tollefson
- a Department of Radiology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Michael Himes
- a Department of Radiology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Rajesh Narendran
- a Department of Radiology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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20
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Zhang L, Chen L, Beck EM, Chappie TA, Coelho RV, Doran SD, Fan KH, Helal CJ, Humphrey JM, Hughes Z, Kuszpit K, Lachapelle EA, Lazzaro JT, Lee C, Mather RJ, Patel NC, Skaddan MB, Sciabola S, Verhoest PR, Young JM, Zasadny K, Villalobos A. The Discovery of a Novel Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4B-Preferring Radioligand for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8538-8551. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Medicine
Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Laigao Chen
- Clinical & Translational Imaging, Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Beck
- Medicine
Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Thomas A. Chappie
- Medicine
Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard V. Coelho
- Bioimaging
Center, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shawn D. Doran
- Medicine
Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsien Fan
- Bioimaging
Center, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J. Helal
- Medicine
Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John M. Humphrey
- Medicine
Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Zoe Hughes
- Internal
Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kyle Kuszpit
- Bioimaging
Center, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Erik A. Lachapelle
- Medicine
Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John T. Lazzaro
- Medicine
Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chewah Lee
- Medicine
Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert J. Mather
- Internal
Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nandini C. Patel
- Medicine
Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marc B. Skaddan
- Bioimaging
Center, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simone Sciabola
- Medicine
Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick R. Verhoest
- Medicine
Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph M. Young
- Medicine
Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kenneth Zasadny
- Bioimaging
Center, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anabella Villalobos
- Medicinal
Synthesis Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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21
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Zhang L, Villalobos A. Strategies to facilitate the discovery of novel CNS PET ligands. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2016; 1:13. [PMID: 29564389 PMCID: PMC5843814 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-016-0016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography (PET), as a non-invasive translatable imaging technology, can be incorporated into various stages of the CNS drug discovery process to provide valuable information for key preclinical and clinical decision-making. Novel CNS PET ligand discovery efforts in the industry setting, however, are facing unique challenges associated with lead design and prioritization, and budget constraints. In this review, three strategies aiming toward improving the central nervous system (CNS) PET ligand discovery process are described: first, early determination of receptor density (Bmax) and bio-distribution to inform PET viability and resource allocation; second, rational design and design prioritization guided by CNS PET design parameters; finally, a cost-effective in vivo specific binding assessment using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) “cold tracer” method. Implementation of these strategies allowed a more focused and rational CNS PET ligand discovery effort to identify high quality PET ligands for neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Anabella Villalobos
- Neuroscience and Pain Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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22
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Raddad E, Chappell A, Meyer J, Wilson A, Ruegg CE, Tauscher J, Statnick MA, Barth V, Zhang X, Verfaille SJ. Occupancy of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Peptide Receptors by the Antagonist LY2940094 in Rats and Healthy Human Subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1536-42. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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23
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Rorick-Kehn LM, Ciccocioppo R, Wong CJ, Witkin JM, Martinez-Grau MA, Stopponi S, Adams BL, Katner JS, Perry KW, Toledo MA, Diaz N, Lafuente C, Jiménez A, Benito A, Pedregal C, Weiss F, Statnick MA. A Novel, Orally Bioavailable Nociceptin Receptor Antagonist, LY2940094, Reduces Ethanol Self-Administration and Ethanol Seeking in Animal Models. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:945-54. [PMID: 27084498 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nociceptin/orphanin-FQ (or opioid receptor-like [ORL1]) receptor (NOP) is localized in the mesolimbic reward pathway and has been suggested to play a role in feeding, mood, stress, and addiction. Since its deorphanization in 1995, there has been a clear dichotomy in the literature regarding whether an agonist or antagonist would provide therapeutic benefit. Specifically, the literature reports indicate that NOP receptor antagonists produce efficacy in animal models of hyperphagia and antidepressant-like activity, whereas NOP agonists produce anxiolytic-like effects and dampen reward/addiction behaviors including ethanol consumption. METHODS We characterize here the potent, orally bioavailable NOP antagonist, LY2940094, in rodent models of ethanol consumption, including ethanol self-administration, progressive ratio operant self-administration, stress-induced reinstatement of ethanol seeking, and in vivo microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens. RESULTS LY2940094 dose dependently reduced homecage ethanol self-administration in Indiana alcohol-preferring (P) and Marchigian Sardinian alcohol-preferring (msP) rats, without affecting food/water intake or locomotor activity. Reduced ethanol intake in P rats did not show significant tolerance over 4 days of subchronic dosing. LY2940094 attenuated progressive ratio operant responding and break points for ethanol in P rats. Moreover, stress-induced reinstatement of ethanol seeking in msP rats was completely blocked by LY2940094. Furthermore, LY2940094 blocked ethanol-stimulated dopamine release in response to ethanol challenge (1.1 g/kg, intraperitoneally). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate for the first time that blockade of NOP receptors attenuates ethanol self-administration and ethanol-motivated behaviors, stress-induced ethanol seeking, and ethanol-induced stimulation of brain reward pathways in lines of rats that exhibit excessive ethanol consumption. Results suggest that LY2940094 may have potential therapeutic utility in treating alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Conrad J Wong
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Serena Stopponi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Benjamin L Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jason S Katner
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth W Perry
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Friedbert Weiss
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael A Statnick
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Zaveri NT. Nociceptin Opioid Receptor (NOP) as a Therapeutic Target: Progress in Translation from Preclinical Research to Clinical Utility. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7011-28. [PMID: 26878436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the two decades since the discovery of the nociceptin opioid receptor (NOP) and its ligand, nociceptin/orphaninFQ (N/OFQ), steady progress has been achieved in understanding the pharmacology of this fourth opioid receptor/peptide system, aided by genetic and pharmacologic approaches. This research spawned an explosion of small-molecule NOP receptor ligands from discovery programs in major pharmaceutical companies. NOP agonists have been investigated for their efficacy in preclinical models of anxiety, cough, substance abuse, pain (spinal and peripheral), and urinary incontinence, whereas NOP antagonists have been investigated for treatment of pain, depression, and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Translation of preclinical findings into the clinic is guided by PET and receptor occupancy studies, particularly for NOP antagonists. Recent progress in preclinical NOP research suggests that NOP agonists may have clinical utility for pain treatment and substance abuse pharmacotherapy. This review discusses the progress toward validating the NOP-N/OFQ system as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurulain T Zaveri
- Astraea Therapeutics , 320 Logue Avenue, Suite 142, Mountain View, California 94043, United States
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Koga K, Maeda J, Tokunaga M, Hanyu M, Kawamura K, Ohmichi M, Nakamura T, Nagai Y, Seki C, Kimura Y, Minamimoto T, Zhang MR, Fukumura T, Suhara T, Higuchi M. Development of TASP0410457 (TASP457), a novel dihydroquinolinone derivative as a PET radioligand for central histamine H3 receptors. EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:11. [PMID: 26860293 PMCID: PMC4747952 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histamine H3 receptor (H3R) is a potential therapeutic target of sleep- and cognition-related disorders. The purpose of the present study is to develop a novel positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for H3Rs from dihydroquinolinone derivatives, which we previously found to have high affinity with these receptors. Methods Six compounds were selected from a dihydroquinolinone compound library based on structural capability for 11C labeling and binding affinity for H3Rs. Their in vivo kinetics in the rat brain were examined in a comparative manner by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Chemicals with appropriate kinetic properties were then labeled with 11C and evaluated in rats and monkeys using PET. Results Of the six compounds, TASP0410457 (also diminutively called TASP457) and TASP0434988 exhibited fast kinetics and relatively high brain uptakes in ex vivo LC-MS/MS and were selected as candidate PET imaging agents. PET data in rat brains were mostly consistent with LC-MS/MS findings, and rat and monkey PET scans demonstrated that [11C]TASP0410457 was superior to [11C]TASP0434988 for high-contrast H3R PET imaging. In the monkey brain PET, distribution volume for [11C]TASP0410457 could be quantified, and receptor occupancy by a nonradioactive compound was measurable using this radioligand. The specific binding of [11C]TASP0410457 to H3Rs was confirmed by autoradiography using rat and monkey brain sections. Conclusions We developed [11C]TASP0410457 as a radioligand enabling a robust quantification of H3Rs in all brain regions and demonstrated the utility of ex vivo LC-MS/MS and in vivo PET assays for selecting appropriate imaging tracers. [11C]TASP0410457 will help to examine the implication of H3Rs in neuropsychiatric disorders and to characterize emerging therapeutic agents targeting H3Rs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-016-0170-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Koga
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.,Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, 331-9530, Japan.,Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Tokunaga
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hanyu
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawamura
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Mari Ohmichi
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, 331-9530, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakamura
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, 331-9530, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chie Seki
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kimura
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Fukumura
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
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Veronese M, Zanotti-Fregonara P, Rizzo G, Bertoldo A, Innis RB, Turkheimer FE. Measuring specific receptor binding of a PET radioligand in human brain without pharmacological blockade: The genomic plot. Neuroimage 2016; 130:1-12. [PMID: 26850512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PET studies allow in vivo imaging of the density of brain receptor species. The PET signal, however, is the sum of the fraction of radioligand that is specifically bound to the target receptor and the non-displaceable fraction (i.e. the non-specifically bound radioligand plus the free ligand in tissue). Therefore, measuring the non-displaceable fraction, which is generally assumed to be constant across the brain, is a necessary step to obtain regional estimates of the specific fractions. The nondisplaceable binding can be directly measured if a reference region, i.e. a region devoid of any specific binding, is available. Many receptors are however widely expressed across the brain, and a true reference region is rarely available. In these cases, the nonspecific binding can be obtained after competitive pharmacological blockade, which is often contraindicated in humans. In this work we introduce the genomic plot for estimating the nondisplaceable fraction using baseline scans only. The genomic plot is a transformation of the Lassen graphical method in which the brain maps of mRNA transcripts of the target receptor obtained from the Allen brain atlas are used as a surrogate measure of the specific binding. Thus, the genomic plot allows the calculation of the specific and nondisplaceable components of radioligand uptake without the need of pharmacological blockade. We first assessed the statistical properties of the method with computer simulations. Then we sought ground-truth validation using human PET datasets of seven different neuroreceptor radioligands, where nonspecific fractions were either obtained separately using drug displacement or available from a true reference region. The population nondisplaceable fractions estimated by the genomic plot were very close to those measured by actual human blocking studies (mean relative difference between 2% and 7%). However, these estimates were valid only when mRNA expressions were predictive of protein levels (i.e. there were no significant post-transcriptional changes). This condition can be readily established a priori by assessing the correlation between PET and mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Zanotti-Fregonara
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; INCIA UMR-CNRS 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gaia Rizzo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Pike VW. Considerations in the Development of Reversibly Binding PET Radioligands for Brain Imaging. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:1818-69. [PMID: 27087244 PMCID: PMC5579844 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160418114826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of reversibly binding radioligands for imaging brain proteins in vivo, such as enzymes, neurotransmitter transporters, receptors and ion channels, with positron emission tomography (PET) is keenly sought for biomedical studies of neuropsychiatric disorders and for drug discovery and development, but is recognized as being highly challenging at the medicinal chemistry level. This article aims to compile and discuss the main considerations to be taken into account by chemists embarking on programs of radioligand development for PET imaging of brain protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Rm. B3C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Statnick MA, Chen Y, Ansonoff M, Witkin JM, Rorick-Kehn L, Suter TM, Song M, Hu C, Lafuente C, Jiménez A, Benito A, Diaz N, Martínez-Grau MA, Toledo MA, Pintar JE. A Novel Nociceptin Receptor Antagonist LY2940094 Inhibits Excessive Feeding Behavior in Rodents: A Possible Mechanism for the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:493-502. [PMID: 26659925 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.228221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), a 17 amino acid peptide, is the endogenous ligand of the ORL1/nociceptin-opioid-peptide (NOP) receptor. N/OFQ appears to regulate a variety of physiologic functions including stimulating feeding behavior. Recently, a new class of thienospiro-piperidine-based NOP antagonists was described. One of these molecules, LY2940094 has been identified as a potent and selective NOP antagonist that exhibited activity in the central nervous system. Herein, we examined the effects of LY2940094 on feeding in a variety of behavioral models. Fasting-induced feeding was inhibited by LY2940094 in mice, an effect that was absent in NOP receptor knockout mice. Moreover, NOP receptor knockout mice exhibited a baseline phenotype of reduced fasting-induced feeding, relative to wild-type littermate controls. In lean rats, LY2940094 inhibited the overconsumption of a palatable high-energy diet, reducing caloric intake to control chow levels. In dietary-induced obese rats, LY2940094 inhibited feeding and body weight regain induced by a 30% daily caloric restriction. Last, in dietary-induced obese mice, LY2940094 decreased 24-hour intake of a high-energy diet made freely available. These are the first data demonstrating that a systemically administered NOP receptor antagonist can reduce feeding behavior and body weight in rodents. Moreover, the hypophagic effect of LY2940094 is NOP receptor dependent and not due to off-target or aversive effects. Thus, LY2940094 may be useful in treating disorders of appetitive behavior such as binge eating disorder, food choice, and overeating, which lead to obesity and its associated medical complications and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Statnick
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Yanyun Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Michael Ansonoff
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Linda Rorick-Kehn
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Todd M Suter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Min Song
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Charlie Hu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Celia Lafuente
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Alma Jiménez
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Ana Benito
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Nuria Diaz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Maria Angeles Martínez-Grau
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - Miguel A Toledo
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
| | - John E Pintar
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (M.A.S., Y.C., J.M.W., L.R.K., T.M.S., M.S., C.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Madrid, Spain (C.L., A.J., A.B., N.D., M.A.M.G., M.A.T.); and Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (M.A., J.E.P.)
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Ubaldi M, Cannella N, Ciccocioppo R. Emerging targets for addiction neuropharmacology: From mechanisms to therapeutics. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 224:251-84. [PMID: 26822362 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse represents a considerable burden of disease and has enormous economic impacts on societies. Over the years, few medications have been developed for clinical use. Their utilization is endowed with several limitations, including partial efficacy or significant side effects. On the other hand, the successful advancement of these compounds provides an important proof of concept for the feasibility of drug development programs in addiction. In recent years, a wealth of information has been generated on the psychological mechanisms, genetic or epigenetic predisposing factors, and neurobiological adaptations induced by drug consumption that interact with each other to contribute to disease progression. It is now clear that addiction develops through phases, from initial recreational use to excessive consumption and compulsive drug seeking, with a shift from positive to negative reinforcement driving motivated behaviors. A greater understanding of these mechanisms has opened new vistas in drug development programs. Researchers' attention has been shifted from investigation of classical targets associated with reward to biological substrates responsible for negative reinforcement, impulse loss of control, and maladaptive mechanisms resulting from protracted drug use. From this research, several new biological targets for the development of innovative therapies have started to emerge. This chapter offers an overview of targets currently under scrutiny for the development of new medications for addiction. This work is not exhaustive but rather it provides a few examples of how this research has advanced in recent years by virtue of studies carried out in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Cannella
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
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Oi N, Tokunaga M, Suzuki M, Nagai Y, Nakatani Y, Yamamoto N, Maeda J, Minamimoto T, Zhang MR, Suhara T, Higuchi M. Development of Novel PET Probes for Central 2-Amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic Acid Receptors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8444-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Oi
- Tsukuba
Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Tokunaga
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Suzuki
- Tsukuba
Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakatani
- Tsukuba
Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Noboru Yamamoto
- Tsukuba
Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Molecular
Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Andero R. Nociceptin and the nociceptin receptor in learning and memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 62:45-50. [PMID: 25724763 PMCID: PMC4458422 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There are many processes in which the neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ or nociceptin) is involved in the brain. The role of nociceptin in learning and memory holds promise in modulating these processes in health and disease in the human brain. This review summarizes the body of research focused on N/OFQ and its specific receptor, the nociceptin receptor (NOP receptor), in learning and memory, and its potential mechanisms of action, in which acetylcholine, NMDA receptor, and noradrenaline may be critical. Finally, the association between NOP receptor and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a psychiatric disorder with altered fear learning, is examined as one of the potential outcomes resulting from pathological consequences of dysregulation of N/OFQ-NOP receptor in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raül Andero
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Barth V, Need A. Identifying novel radiotracers for PET imaging of the brain: application of LC-MS/MS to tracer identification. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:1148-53. [PMID: 24828747 DOI: 10.1021/cn500072r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear medicine imaging biomarker applications are limited by the radiotracers available. Radiotracers enable the measurement of target engagement, or occupancy in relation to plasma exposure. These tracers can also be used as pharmacodynamic biomarkers to demonstrate functional consequences of binding a target. More recently, radiotracers have also been used for patient tailoring in Alzheimer's disease seen with amyloid imaging. Radiotracers for the central nervous system (CNS) are challenging to identify, as they require a unique intersection of multiple properties. Recent advances in tangential technologies, along with the use of iterative learning for the purposes of deriving in silico models, have opened up additional opportunities to identify radiotracers. Mass spectral technologies and in silico modeling have made it possible to measure and predict in vivo characteristics of molecules to indicate potential tracer performance. By analyzing these data alongside other measures, it is possible to delineate guidelines to increase the likelihood of selecting compounds that can perform as radiotracers or serve as the best starting point to develop a radiotracer following additional structural modification. The application of mass spectrometry based technologies is an efficient way to evaluate compounds as tracers in vivo, but more importantly enables the testing of potential tracers that have either no label site or complex labeling chemistry which may deter assessment by traditional means; therefore, use of this technology allows for more rapid iterative learning. The ability to differentially distribute toward target rich tissues versus tissue with no/less target present is a unique defining feature of a tracer. By testing nonlabeled compounds in vivo and analyzing tissue levels by LC-MS/MS, rapid assessment of a compound's ability to differentially distribute in a manner consistent with target expression biology guides the focus of chemistry resources for both designing and labeling tracer candidates. LC-MS/MS has only recently been used for de novo tracer identification; however, this connection of mass spectral technology to imaging has initiated engagement from a wider community that brings diverse backgrounds into the tracer discovery arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Barth
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Anne Need
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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Joshi EM, Need A, Schaus J, Chen Z, Benesh D, Mitch C, Morton S, Raub TJ, Phebus L, Barth V. Efficiency gains in tracer identification for nuclear imaging: can in vivo LC-MS/MS evaluation of small molecules screen for successful PET tracers? ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:1154-63. [PMID: 25247893 DOI: 10.1021/cn500073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has become a useful noninvasive technique to explore molecular biology within living systems; however, the utility of this method is limited by the availability of suitable radiotracers to probe specific targets and disease biology. Methods to identify potential areas of improvement in the ability to predict small molecule performance as tracers prior to radiolabeling would speed the discovery of novel tracers. In this retrospective analysis, we characterized the brain penetration or peak SUV (standardized uptake value), binding potential (BP), and brain exposure kinetics across a series of known, nonradiolabeled PET ligands using in vivo LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry) and correlated these parameters with the reported PET ligand performance in nonhuman primates and humans available in the literature. The PET tracers studied included those reported to label G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), intracellular enzymes, and transporters. Additionally, data for each tracer was obtained from a mouse brain uptake assay (MBUA), previously published, where blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and clearance parameters were assessed and compared against similar data collected on a broad compound set of central nervous system (CNS) therapeutic compounds. The BP and SUV identified via nonradiolabeled LC-MS/MS, while different from the published values observed in the literature PET tracer data, allowed for an identification of initial criteria values we sought to facilitate increased potential for success from our early discovery screening paradigm. Our analysis showed that successful, as well as novel, clinical PET tracers exhibited BP of greater than 1.5 and peak SUVs greater than approximately 150% at 5 min post dose in rodents. The brain kinetics appeared similar between both techniques despite differences in tracer dose, suggesting linearity across these dose ranges. The assessment of tracers in a CNS exposure model, the mouse brain uptake assessment (MBUA), showed that those compound with initial brain-to-plasma ratios >2 and unbound fraction in brain homogenate >0.01 were more likely to be clinically successful PET ligands. Taken together, early incorporation of a LC/MS/MS cold tracer discovery assay and a parallel MBUA can be an useful screening paradigm to prioritize and rank order potential novel PET radioligands during early tracer discovery efforts. Compounds considered for continued in vivo PET assessments can be identified quickly by leveraging in vitro affinity and selectivity measures, coupled with data from a MBUA, primarily the 5 min brain-to-plasma ratio and unbound fraction data. Coupled utilization of these data creates a strategy to efficiently screen for the identification of appropriate chemical space to invest in for radiotracer discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Joshi
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Anne Need
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John Schaus
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Zhaogen Chen
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Dana Benesh
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Charles Mitch
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Stuart Morton
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Thomas J. Raub
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Lee Phebus
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Vanessa Barth
- Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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34
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Zhang L, Drummond E, Brodney MA, Cianfrogna J, Drozda SE, Grimwood S, Vanase-Frawley MA, Villalobos A. Design, synthesis and evaluation of [(3)H]PF-7191, a highly specific nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptor radiotracer for in vivo receptor occupancy (RO) studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5219-23. [PMID: 25442316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the identification of (+)-N-(2-((1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-((1R,3r,5S)-6'-fluoro-8-azaspiro[bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-3,1'-isochroman]-8-yl)propyl)-N-[(3)H]-methylacetamide {[(3)H]PF-7191 [(+)-11]} as a promising radiotracer for the nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptor. (+)-11 demonstrated high NOP binding affinity (Ki = 0.1 nM), excellent selectivity over other opioid receptors (>1000×) and good brain permeability in rats (C(b,u)/C(p,u) = 0.29). Subsequent characterization of [(3)H](+)-11 showed a high level of specific binding and a brain bio-distribution pattern consistent with known NOP receptor expression. Furthermore, the in vivo brain binding of [(3)H](+)-11 in rats was inhibited by a selective NOP receptor antagonist in a dose-responsive manner. This overall favorable profile indicated that [(3)H](+)-11 is a robust radiotracer for pre-clinical in vivo receptor occupancy (RO) measurements and a possible substrate for carbon-11 labeling for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in higher species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Elena Drummond
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael A Brodney
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Julie Cianfrogna
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Susan E Drozda
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Sarah Grimwood
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Ciccocioppo R, Stopponi S, Economidou D, Kuriyama M, Kinoshita H, Heilig M, Roberto M, Weiss F, Teshima K. Chronic treatment with novel brain-penetrating selective NOP receptor agonist MT-7716 reduces alcohol drinking and seeking in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2601-10. [PMID: 24863033 PMCID: PMC4207340 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ)-NOP receptor system has been extensively investigated as a promising target to treat alcoholism. Encouraging results obtained with the endogenous ligand N/OFQ stimulated research towards the development of novel brain-penetrating NOP receptor agonists with a pharmacological and toxicological profile compatible with clinical development. Here we describe the biochemical and alcohol-related behavioral effects of the novel NOP receptor agonist MT-7716. MT-7716 has high affinity for human NOP receptors expressed in HEK293 cells with a Ki value of 0.21 nM. MT-7716 concentration-dependently stimulated GTPγ(35)S binding with an EC50 value of 0.30 nM and its efficacy was similar to N/OFQ, suggesting that MT7716 is a full agonist at NOP receptors. In the two bottle choice test MT-7716 (0, 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg, bid) given orally for 14 days dose-dependently decreased voluntary alcohol intake in Marchigian Sardinian rats. The effect became gradually stronger following repeated administration, and was still significant 1 week after discontinuation of the drug. Oral naltrexone (30 mg/kg, bid) for 14 days also reduced ethanol intake; however, the effect decreased over the treatment period and rapidly disappeared when drug treatment was discontinued. MT-7716 is also effective for preventing reinstatement caused by both ethanol-associated environmental stimuli and stress. Finally, to investigate the effect of MT-7716 on alcohol withdrawal symptoms, Wistar rats were withdrawn from a 7-day alcohol liquid diet. MT-7716 significantly attenuated somatic alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Together these findings indicate that MT-7716 is a promising candidate for alcoholism treatment remaining effective with chronic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ciccocioppo
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Serena Stopponi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Daina Economidou
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Makoto Kuriyama
- Department II (CNS), Pharmacology Research Laboratories I, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinoshita
- Department II (CNS), Pharmacology Research Laboratories I, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Friedbert Weiss
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Koji Teshima
- Department II (CNS), Pharmacology Research Laboratories I, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
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DeBaillie AC, Jones CD, Magnus NA, Mateos C, Torrado A, Wepsiec JP, Tokala R, Raje P. Synthesis of an ORL-1 Receptor Antagonist via a Radical Bromination and Deoxyfluorination to Afford a gem-Difluorospirocycle. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op5000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. DeBaillie
- Small
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Chauncey D. Jones
- Small
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Magnus
- Small
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly, Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Torrado
- Centro de Investigación Lilly, Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
| | - James P. Wepsiec
- Small
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Ramachandar Tokala
- Research
and Development Group, Cambridge Major Laboratories, W130 N10497 Washington Drive, Germantown, Wisconsin 53022, United States
| | - Prasad Raje
- Research
and Development Group, Cambridge Major Laboratories, W130 N10497 Washington Drive, Germantown, Wisconsin 53022, United States
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37
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Toledo MA, Pedregal C, Lafuente C, Diaz N, Martinez-Grau MA, Jiménez A, Benito A, Torrado A, Mateos C, Joshi EM, Kahl SD, Rash KS, Mudra DR, Barth VN, Shaw DB, McKinzie D, Witkin JM, Statnick MA. Discovery of a novel series of orally active nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOP) receptor antagonists based on a dihydrospiro(piperidine-4,7'-thieno[2,3-c]pyran) scaffold. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3418-29. [PMID: 24678969 DOI: 10.1021/jm500117r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nociceptin/OFQ (N/OFQ) is a 17 amino acid peptide that is the endogenous ligand for the ORL1/NOP receptor. Nociceptin appears to regulate a host of physiological functions such as biological reactions to stress, anxiety, mood, and drug abuse, in addition to feeding behaviors. To develop tools to study the function of nociceptin and NOP receptor, our research effort sought to identify orally available NOP antagonists. Our effort led to the discovery of a novel chemical series based on the dihydrospiro(piperidine-4,7'-thieno[2,3-c]pyran) scaffold. Herein we show that dihydrospiro(piperidine-4,7'-thieno[2,3-c]pyran)-derived compounds are potent NOP antagonists with high selectivity versus classical opioid receptors (μ, δ, and κ). Moreover, these compounds exhibit sufficient bioavailability to produce a high level of NOP receptor occupancy in the brain following oral administration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Toledo
- Centro de Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
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38
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Witkin JM, Statnick MA, Rorick-Kehn LM, Pintar JE, Ansonoff M, Chen Y, Tucker RC, Ciccocioppo R. The biology of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) related to obesity, stress, anxiety, mood, and drug dependence. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 141:283-99. [PMID: 24189487 PMCID: PMC5098338 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is a 17 amino acid peptide that was deorphanized in 1995. The generation of specific agonists, antagonists and receptor deficient mice and rats has enabled progress in elucidating the biological functions of N/OFQ. Additionally, radio-imaging technologies have been advanced for investigation of this system in animals and humans. Together with traditional neurobehavioral techniques, these tools have been utilized to identify the biological significance of the N/OFQ system and its interacting partners. The present review focuses on the role of N/OFQ in the regulation of feeding, body weight homeostasis, stress, the stress-related psychiatric disorders of depression and anxiety, and in drug and alcohol dependence. Critical evaluation of the current scientific preclinical literature suggests that small molecule modulators of nociceptin opioid peptide receptors (NOP) might be useful in the treatment of diseases related to these biological functions. In particular, the literature data suggest that antagonism of NOP receptors will produce anti-obesity and antidepressant activities in humans. However, there are also contradictory data discussed. The current literature on the role of N/OFQ in anxiety and addiction, on the other hand points primarily to a role of agonist modulation being potentially therapeutic. Some drug-like molecules that function either as agonists or antagonists of NOP receptors have been optimized for human clinical study to test some of these hypotheses. The discovery of PET ligands for NOP receptors, combined with the pharmacological tools and burgeoning preclinical data set discussed here bodes well for a rapid advancement of clinical understanding and potential therapeutic benefit.
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Key Words
- (1S,3aS)-8- (2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl)-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4.5]decan-4-one, a NOP receptor agonist
- (±)trans-1-[1-cyclooctylmethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-piperidyl]-3-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one, a NOP receptor antagonist
- 2-{3-[1-((1R)-acenaphthen-1-yl)piperidin-4-yl]-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-benzimidazol-1-yl}-N-methylacetamide, a NOP receptor agonist
- 5-HT
- 5-hydroxytryptamine or serotonin
- 8-[bis(2-methylphenyl)-methyl]-3-phenyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol
- ACTH
- Alcohol-preferring rats
- Anxiety
- BED
- BNST
- CGRP
- CPP
- CRF
- CTA
- Calcitonin gene related peptide
- CeA
- DA
- Depression
- Drug dependence
- EPSC
- FST
- G-protein activated, inwardly rectifying K(+) channel
- G-protein-coupled receptor
- GIRK
- GPCR
- HPA
- J-113397
- JTC-801
- KO
- MDD
- Marchigian Sardinian Alcohol-Preferring
- N-(4-amino-2-methylquinolin-6-yl)-2-(4-ethylphenoxymethyl)benzamide hydrochloride, a NOP receptor antagonist
- N/OFQ
- NAcc
- NE
- NOP
- NPY
- Nociceptin opioid peptide or Nociceptin opioid peptide receptor
- Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ
- Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (F: phenylalanine, Q: glutamine, the amino acids that begin and end the peptide sequence)
- ORL
- Obesity
- P rats
- POMC
- Pro-opiomelanocortin
- Ro 64-6198
- SB-612111
- SCH 221510
- SCH 655842
- Stress
- TST
- UFP-101
- VTA
- W212393
- [(–)-cis-1-methyl-7-[[4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl]methyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-5-ol, a NOP receptor antagonist
- [Nphe(1),Arg(14),Lys(15)]N/OFQ-NH(2), a NOP receptor antagonist
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- bed nucleus of stria terminalis
- binge eating disorder
- central nucleus of the amygdala
- conditioned place preference
- conditioned taste aversion
- corticotrophin-releasing factor
- dopamine
- endo-8-[bis(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-phenyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-3-carboxamide, a NOP receptor agonist
- excitatory post-synaptic current
- forced-swim test
- hypothalamic–pituitary axis
- knockout
- mPFC
- major depressive disorder
- medial prefrontal cortex
- msP
- neuropeptide Y
- norepinephrine
- nucleus accumbens
- opioid-receptor-like
- tail-suspension test
- ventral tegmental area
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | | | | | - John E Pintar
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Ansonoff
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yanyun Chen
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Craig Tucker
- Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Lohith TG, Zoghbi SS, Morse CL, Araneta MDF, Barth VN, Goebl NA, Tauscher JT, Pike VW, Innis RB, Fujita M. Retest imaging of [11C]NOP-1A binding to nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptors in the brain of healthy humans. Neuroimage 2014; 87:89-95. [PMID: 24225488 PMCID: PMC3928240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
[(11)C]NOP-1A is a novel high-affinity PET ligand for imaging nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptors. Here, we report reproducibility and reliability measures of binding parameter estimates for [(11)C]NOP-1A binding in the brain of healthy humans. After intravenous injection of [(11)C]NOP-1A, PET scans were conducted twice on eleven healthy volunteers on the same (10/11 subjects) or different (1/11 subjects) days. Subjects underwent serial sampling of radial arterial blood to measure parent radioligand concentrations. Distribution volume (VT; a measure of receptor density) was determined by compartmental (one- and two-tissue) modeling in large regions and by simpler regression methods (graphical Logan and bilinear MA1) in both large regions and voxel data. Retest variability and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of VT were determined as measures of reproducibility and reliability respectively. Regional [(11)C]NOP-1A uptake in the brain was high, with a peak radioactivity concentration of 4-7 SUV (standardized uptake value) and a rank order of putamen>cingulate cortex>cerebellum. Brain time-activity curves fitted well in 10 of 11 subjects by unconstrained two-tissue compartmental model. The retest variability of VT was moderately good across brain regions except cerebellum, and was similar across different modeling methods, averaging 12% for large regions and 14% for voxel-based methods. The retest reliability of VT was also moderately good in most brain regions, except thalamus and cerebellum, and was similar across different modeling methods averaging 0.46 for large regions and 0.48 for voxels having gray matter probability >20%. The lowest retest variability and highest retest reliability of VT were achieved by compartmental modeling for large regions, and by the parametric Logan method for voxel-based methods. Moderately good reproducibility and reliability measures of VT for [(11)C]NOP-1A make it a useful PET ligand for comparing NOP receptor binding between different subject groups or under different conditions in the same subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talakad G Lohith
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cheryl L Morse
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria D Ferraris Araneta
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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40
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Ubaldi M, Bifone A, Ciccocioppo R. Translational approach to develop novel medications on alcohol addiction: focus on neuropeptides. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:684-91. [PMID: 23648086 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research on alcohol and drug dependence has shown that the development of addiction depends on a complex interplay of psychological factors, genetic or epigenetic predisposing factors, and neurobiological adaptations induced by drug consumption. A greater understanding of the mechanisms leading to alcohol abuse will allow researchers to identify genetic variation that corresponds to a specific biological vulnerability to addiction, thus defining robust endophenotypes that might help deconstruct these complex syndromes into more tractable components. To this end, it is critical to develop a translational framework that links alterations at the molecular level, to changes in neuronal function, and ultimately to changes at the behavioral and clinical levels. Translational phenotypes can be identified by the combination of animal and human studies designed to elucidate the neurofunctional, anatomical and pharmacological mechanisms underlying the etiology of alcohol addiction. The present article offers an overview of medication development in alcoholism with a focus on the critical aspect of translational research. Moreover, significant examples of promising targets from neuropeptidergic systems, namely nociceptin/orphanin FQ and neuropeptide S are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
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41
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Tariq S, Nurulain SM, Tekes K, Adeghate E. Deciphering intracellular localization and physiological role of nociceptin and nocistatin. Peptides 2013; 43:174-83. [PMID: 23454174 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nociceptin and nocistatin are endogenous ligands of G protein coupled receptor family. Numerous techniques have been used to study the diverse parameters including, localization, distribution and ultrastructure of these peptides. The majority of the study parameters are based on their physiological roles in different organ systems. The present study presents an overview of the different methods used for the study of nociceptin, nocistatin and their receptors. Nociceptin has been implicated in many physiological functions including, nociception, locomotion, stressed-induced analgesia, learning and memory, neurotransmitter and hormone release, renal function, neuronal differentiation, sexual and reproductive behavior, uterine contraction, feeding, anxiety, gastrointestinal motility, cardiovascular function, micturition, cough, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, diuresis and sodium balance, temperature regulation, vestibular function, and mucosal transport. It has been noted that the use of light and electron microscopy was less frequent, though it may be one of the most promising tools to study the intracellular localization of these neuropeptides. In addition, more studies on the level of circulating nociceptin and nocistatin are also necessary for investigating their clinical roles in health and disease. A variety of modern tools including physiological, light and electron microscopy (EM) are needed to decipher the extent of intracellular localization, tissue distribution and function of these peptides. The intracellular localization of nociceptin and nocistatin will require a high resolution transmission EM capable of identifying these peptides and other supporting molecules that co-localize with them. A tracing technique could also elucidate a possible migratory ability of nociceptin and nocistatin from one cellular compartment to the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Evaluation of [18F]MK-0911, a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1), in rhesus monkey and human. Neuroimage 2013; 68:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Nirogi R, Kandikere V, Bhyrapuneni G, Saralaya R, Ajjala DR, Aleti RR, Rasheed MA. In-vivo rat striatal 5-HT4 receptor occupancy using non-radiolabelled SB207145. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:704-12. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The objective of the current investigation was to develop a simple, rapid method for determining in-vivo 5-hydroxytryptamine type 4 receptor (5-HT4R) occupancy in rat brain using non-radiolabelled SB207145 as a tracer for accelerating the drug discovery process.
Methods
In-vivo tracer optimization studies for tracer dose, survival intervals and brain distribution profile were carried out in rats. The tracer was pharmacologically validated using potent well-characterized 5-HT4R ligands. The brain regional concentrations of tracer (SB207145); plasma and brain concentrations of 5-HT4R ligands were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometric detector (LC-MS/MS).
Key findings
SB207145 showed a higher specific binding in striatum (1.96 ng/g) and lower binding in cerebellum (0.66 ng/g), which is consistent with findings of other published 5-HT4R expression studies. Pretreatment with potent 5-HT4 ligands dose-dependently reduced striatal SB207145 concentration and the effective dose to achieve 50% receptor occupancy (ED50) values were 4.8, 2.0, 7.4, 9.9, 3.8 and 0.02 mg/kg for GR113808, piboserod, prucalopride, RS67333, TD8954 and PF04995274, respectively.
Conclusions
Results from the mass spectrometry approach to determine 5-HT4R occupancy in rat brain are comparable with those reported using radiolabelled scintillation spectroscopy methods. In conclusion, the LC-MS/MS characterization permits use of tracer at a preclinical stage in high-throughput fashion as well as characterization of target expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Nirogi
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Ramanatha Saralaya
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Mohammed Abdul Rasheed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Discovery Research, Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Hyderabad, India
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Pedregal C, Joshi EM, Toledo MA, Lafuente C, Diaz N, Martinez-Grau MA, Jiménez A, Benito A, Navarro A, Chen Z, Mudra DR, Kahl SD, Rash KS, Statnick MA, Barth VN. Development of LC-MS/MS-Based Receptor Occupancy Tracers and Positron Emission Tomography Radioligands for the Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (NOP) Receptor. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4955-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201629q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Concepción Pedregal
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Elizabeth M. Joshi
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Miguel A. Toledo
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Lafuente
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Diaz
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Martinez-Grau
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma Jiménez
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Benito
- Centro de
Investigación Lilly, Avenida de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Navarro
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Zhaogen Chen
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Daniel R. Mudra
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Steven D. Kahl
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Karen S. Rash
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael A. Statnick
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Vanessa N. Barth
- Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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Opioid system and Alzheimer's disease. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 14:91-111. [PMID: 22527793 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The opioid system may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, including cognitive impairment, hyperphosphorylated tau, Aβ production, and neuroinflammation. Opioid receptors influence the regulation of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Opioid system has a close relation with Aβ generation since dysfunction of opioid receptors retards the endocytosis and degradation of BACE1 and γ-secretase and upregulates BACE1 and γ-secretase, and subsequently, the production of Aβ. Conversely, activation of opioid receptors increases the endocytosis of BACE1 and γ-secretase and downregulates BACE1 and γ-secretase, limiting the production of Aβ. The dysfunction of opioid system (opioid receptors and opioid peptides) may contribute to hyperphosphorylation of tau and neuroinflammation, and accounts for the degeneration of cholinergic neurons and cognitive impairment. Thus, the opioid system is potentially related to AD pathology and may be a very attractive drug target for novel pharmacotherapies of AD.
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Lohith TG, Zoghbi SS, Morse CL, Araneta MF, Barth VN, Goebl NA, Tauscher JT, Pike VW, Innis RB, Fujita M. Brain and whole-body imaging of nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor in humans using the PET ligand 11C-NOP-1A. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:385-92. [PMID: 22312136 PMCID: PMC3835399 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.097162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor is a new class of opioid receptor that may play a pathophysiologic role in anxiety and drug abuse and is a potential therapeutic target in these disorders. We previously developed a high-affinity PET ligand, (11)C-NOP-1A, which yielded promising results in monkey brain. Here, we assessed the ability of (11)C-NOP-1A to quantify NOP receptors in human brain and estimated its radiation safety profile. METHODS After intravenous injection of (11)C-NOP-1A, 7 healthy subjects underwent brain PET for 2 h and serial sampling of radial arterial blood to measure parent radioligand concentrations. Distribution volume (V(T); a measure of receptor density) was determined by compartmental (1- and 2-tissue) and noncompartmental (Logan analysis and Ichise's bilinear analysis [MA1]) methods. A separate group of 9 healthy subjects underwent whole-body PET to estimate whole-body radiation exposure (effective dose). RESULTS After (11)C-NOP-1A injection, the peak concentration of radioactivity in brain was high (∼5-7 standardized uptake values), occurred early (∼10 min), and then washed out quickly. The unconstrained 2-tissue-compartment model gave excellent V(T) identifiability (∼1.1% SE) and fitted the data better than a 1-tissue-compartment model. Regional V(T) values (mL·cm(-3)) ranged from 10.1 in temporal cortex to 5.6 in cerebellum. V(T) was well identified in the initial 70 min of imaging and remained stable for the remaining 50 min, suggesting that brain radioactivity was most likely parent radioligand, as supported by the fact that all plasma radiometabolites of (11)C-NOP-1A were less lipophilic than the parent radioligand. Voxel-based MA1 V(T) values correlated well with results from the 2-tissue-compartment model, showing that parametric methods can be used to compare populations. Whole-body scans showed radioactivity in brain and in peripheral organs expressing NOP receptors, such as heart, pancreas, and spleen. (11)C-NOP-1A was significantly metabolized and excreted via the hepatobiliary route. Gallbladder had the highest radiation exposure (21 μSv/MBq), and the effective dose was 4.3 μSv/MBq. CONCLUSION (11)C-NOP-1A is a promising radioligand that reliably quantifies NOP receptors in human brain. The effective dose in humans is low and similar to that of other (11)C-labeled radioligands, allowing multiple scans in 1 subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talakad G. Lohith
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sami S. Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cheryl L. Morse
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria F. Araneta
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert B. Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Masahiro Fujita
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Recent Advances in the Development of PET and SPECT Tracers for Brain Imaging. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396492-2.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Zoghbi SS, Anderson KB, Jenko KJ, Luckenbaugh DA, Innis RB, Pike VW. On quantitative relationships between drug-like compound lipophilicity and plasma free fraction in monkey and human. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:1028-39. [PMID: 22170327 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug interactions with plasma proteins influence their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. We aimed to test whether a strong quantitative relationship exists between plasma free fraction (f(P) ) and lipophilicity for low molecular weight nonacidic drug-like compounds. We measured the n-octanol-buffer distribution coefficients at pH 7.4 ((m) logD) of 18 diverse radiotracers (<470 Da) used for brain imaging with positron emission tomography in vivo. Lipophilicities were also computed as (c) logD with two software packages. The f(P) values for monkeys and humans were determined by ultrafiltration and transformed into m logD(pr/pl) values representing the log(10) of the within phase partition of the radiotracers between plasma proteins and remaining plasma. (m) logD(pr/pl) correlated strongly with (m) logD for human ((m) logD(pr/pl) = 0.733(m) logD-0.780, r(2) = 0.74) and monkey ((m) logD(pr/pl) = 0.780(m) logD-1.15, r(2) = 0.83), but less strongly with (c) logD. These relationships were significantly different between species (P = 0.006). Removal of eight fluorinated compounds from the datasets raised r(2) to 0.81 and 0.91 for humans and monkeys, respectively. For the tested compounds, we conclude that n-octanol-buffer (pH 7.4) distribution strongly models that between plasma proteins and remaining plasma and moreover that (m) logD accounts for over 74% of compound (m) logD(pr/pl) and is a strong determinant of f(P).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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