1
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Yamasaki T, Zhang X, Kumata K, Zhang Y, Deng X, Fujinaga M, Chen Z, Mori W, Hu K, Wakizaka H, Hatori A, Xie L, Ogawa M, Nengaki N, Van R, Shao Y, Sheffler DJ, Cosford NDP, Liang SH, Zhang MR. Identification and Development of a New Positron Emission Tomography Ligand 4-(2-Fluoro-4-[ 11C]methoxyphenyl)-5-((1-methyl-1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)methoxy)picolinamide for Imaging Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 2 (mGlu 2). J Med Chem 2020; 63:11469-11483. [PMID: 32960052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) is a known target for treating several central nervous system (CNS) disorders. To develop a viable positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for mGlu2, we identified new candidates 5a-i that are potent negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of mGlu2. Among these candidates, 4-(2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methoxy)picolinamide (5i, also named as [11C]MG2-1812) exhibited high potency, high subtype selectivity, and favorable lipophilicity. Compound 5i was labeled with positron-emitting carbon-11 (11C) to obtain [11C]5i in high radiochemical yield and high molar activity by O-[11C]methylation of the phenol precursor 12 with [11C]CH3I. In vitro autoradiography with [11C]5i showed heterogeneous radioactive accumulation in the brain tissue sections, ranked in the order: cortex > striatum > hippocampus > cerebellum ≫ thalamus > pons. PET study of [11C]5i indicated in vivo specific binding of mGlu2 in the rat brain. Based on the [11C]5i scaffold, further optimization for new candidates is underway to identify a more suitable ligand for imaging mGlu2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kuan Hu
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Wakizaka
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masanao Ogawa
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.,SHI Accelerator Service, Ltd., 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
| | - Nobuki Nengaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.,SHI Accelerator Service, Ltd., 1-17-6 Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032, Japan
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Douglas J Sheffler
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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2
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Caprioli D, Justinova Z, Venniro M, Shaham Y. Effect of Novel Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors on Drug Self-administration and Relapse: A Review of Preclinical Studies and Their Clinical Implications. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:180-192. [PMID: 29102027 PMCID: PMC5837933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Results from preclinical rodent studies during the last 20 years implicated glutamate neurotransmission in different brain regions in drug self-administration and rodent models of relapse. These results, along with evidence for drug-induced neuroadaptations in glutamatergic neurons and receptors, suggested that addiction might be treatable by medications that inhibit glutamatergic responses to drugs of abuse, drug-associated cues, and stressors. This idea is supported by findings in rodent and primate models that drug self-administration and relapse are reduced by systemic injections of antagonists of ionotropic glutamate receptors or metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) or orthosteric agonists of mGluR2/3. However, these compounds have not advanced to clinical use because of potential side effects and other factors. This state of affairs has led to the development of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of mGluRs. PAMs and NAMs of mGluRs, either of which can inhibit evoked glutamate release, may be suitable for testing in humans. We reviewed results from recent studies of systemically injected PAMs and NAMs of mGluRs in rodents and monkeys, focusing on whether they reduce drug self-administration, reinstatement of drug seeking, and incubation of drug craving. We also review results from rat studies in which PAMs or NAMs of mGluRs were injected intracranially to reduce drug self-administration and reinstatement. We conclude that PAMs and NAMs of mGluRs should be considered for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Caprioli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Zuzana Justinova
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marco Venniro
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Phillips AG, Geyer MA, Robbins TW. Effective Use of Animal Models for Therapeutic Development in Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:915-923. [PMID: 29478700 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Athina Markou and others argue forcefully for the adoption of a "translational-back translational strategy" for central nervous system drug discovery involving novel application of drugs with established safety profiles in proof-of-principle studies in humans, which in turn encourage parallel studies using experimental animals to provide vital data on the neural systems and neuropharmacological mechanisms related to the actions of the candidate drugs. Encouraged by the increasing adoption of drug-development strategies involving reciprocal information exchange between preclinical animal studies and related clinical research programs, this review presents additional compelling examples related to the following: 1) the treatment of cognitive deficits that define attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; 2) the development of fast-acting antidepressants based on promising clinical effects with low doses of the anesthetic ketamine; and 3) new and effective medications for the treatment of substance misuse. In the context of addressing the unmet medical need for new and effective drugs for treatment of mental ill health, now may be the time to launch major new academic-industry consortia committed to open access of all preclinical and clinical data generated by this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Cross AJ, Anthenelli R, Li X. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 2 and 3 as Targets for Treating Nicotine Addiction. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:947-954. [PMID: 29301614 PMCID: PMC5953779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking, driven by the addictive properties of nicotine, continues to be a worldwide health problem. Based on the well-established role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in drug addiction, novel medication development strategies seek to halt nicotine consumption and prevent relapse to tobacco smoking by modulating glutamate transmission. The presynaptic inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 and 3 (mGluR2/3) are key autoreceptors on glutamatergic terminals that maintain glutamate homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests the critical role of mGluR2/3 in different aspects of nicotine addiction, including acquisition and maintenance of nicotine taking, nicotine withdrawal, and persistent nicotine seeking even after prolonged abstinence. The involvement of mGluR2/3 in other neuropsychiatric conditions, such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and pain, provides convincing evidence suggesting that mGluR2/3 may provide an effective therapeutic approach for comorbidity of smoking and these conditions. This focused review article highlights that mGluR2/3 provide a promising target in the search for smoking cessation medication with novel mechanisms of actions that differ from those of currently U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Cross
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Anthenelli
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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5
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Kenny PJ, Hoyer D, Koob GF. Animal Models of Addiction and Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Their Role in Drug Discovery: Honoring the Legacy of Athina Markou. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:940-946. [PMID: 29602521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Each of the co-authors worked with Athina Markou, at different stages of our careers and in different capacities, to develop, optimize, and use animal models of drug addiction and, more generally, mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. Here, we briefly summarize some of our work with Athina, primarily involving the use of the intracranial self-stimulation and intravenous drug self-administration procedures. This work established that excessive consumption of addictive drugs can induce profound dysfunction in brain reward circuits. Such drug-induced reward deficits are likely to play a key role in precipitating the emergence of compulsive drug-seeking behaviors. We also summarize findings suggesting that perturbations in glutamatergic transmission contribute to brain reward deficits in drug-dependent animals and that metabotropic glutamate receptors are potential targets for the development of novel medications to facilitate long-term drug abstinence and prevention of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kenny
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California; and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland
| | - George F Koob
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland
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6
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Zhang X, Kumata K, Yamasaki T, Cheng R, Hatori A, Ma L, Zhang Y, Xie L, Wang L, Kang HJ, Sheffler DJ, Cosford NDP, Zhang MR, Liang SH. Synthesis and Preliminary Studies of a Novel Negative Allosteric Modulator, 7-((2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-4-(2-fluoro-4-[ 11C]methoxyphenyl) quinoline-2-carboxamide, for Imaging of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1937-1948. [PMID: 28565908 PMCID: PMC5607115 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate 2 receptors (mGlu2) are involved in the pathogenesis of several CNS disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacological modulation of this target represents a potential disease-modifying approach for the treatment of substance abuse, depression, schizophrenia, and dementias. While quantification of mGlu2 receptors in the living brain by positron emission tomography (PET) would help us better understand signaling pathways relevant to these conditions, few successful examples have been demonstrated to image mGlu2 in vivo, and a suitable PET tracer is yet to be identified. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a radiolabeled negative allosteric modulator (NAM) for mGlu2 PET tracer development based on a quinoline 2-carboxamide scaffold. The most promising candidate, 7-((2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-4-(2-fluoro-4-[11C]methoxyphenyl) quinoline-2-carboxamide ([11C]QCA) was prepared in 13% radiochemical yield (non-decay-corrected at the end of synthesis) with >99% radiochemical purity and >74 GBq/μmol (2 Ci/μmol) specific activity. While the tracer showed limited brain uptake (0.3 SUV), probably attributable to effects on PgP/Bcrp efflux pump, in vitro autoradiography studies demonstrated heterogeneous brain distribution and specific binding. Thus, [11C]QCA is a chemical probe that provides the basis for the development of a new generation mGlu2 PET tracers.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/deficiency
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics
- Adhesins, Escherichia coli
- Allosteric Regulation
- Animals
- Autoradiography
- Brain/diagnostic imaging
- Brain/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Molecular Structure
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Preliminary Data
- Pyrrolidines/chemistry
- Quinolines/chemistry
- Radiopharmaceuticals/chemical synthesis
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai Unviersity, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ran Cheng
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Longle Ma
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lu Wang
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology & National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27515, USA
| | - Douglas J. Sheffler
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Acri JB, Cross AJ, Skolnick P. From bench to bedside: mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators as medications to treat substance use disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1347-1355. [PMID: 27995279 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper provides an overview of the role of type 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2) in addiction and behaviors reflecting addictive processes. RESULTS AZD8529, an mGluR2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM), failed to separate from placebo in a phase II schizophrenia trial. The demonstration by Athina Markou's laboratory that AZD8529 attenuated both nicotine self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement was a key factor in the decision to move this compound into a smoking cessation study. CONCLUSION Here, we highlight Markou laboratory's contribution to this project, as well as several innovative features of the phase II clinical trial that has already completed enrollment with top line results expected in early 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane B Acri
- Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Blvd, Suite 4123, MSC 9551, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9551, USA.
| | - Alan J Cross
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, 141 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Phil Skolnick
- Division of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Blvd, Suite 4123, MSC 9551, Bethesda, MD, 20892-9551, USA
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8
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Jin C, Ma S. Recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of group II and group III mGlu receptors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:501-515. [PMID: 30108768 PMCID: PMC6072351 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00612d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu receptors) belong to the G-protein-coupled receptors superfamily. They are divided into three groups, in which group II and group III belong to presynaptic receptors that negatively modulate glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release when activated. In this review, we introduce not only the functions of mGlu receptors, but also the group II and group III allosteric modulators and agonists/antagonists reported over the past five years according to a classification of their structures, with a specific focus on their biological activity and selectivity. In particular, the structure of these compounds and the future directions of ideal candidates are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , P.R. China .
| | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , P.R. China .
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9
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Price KE, Armstrong CM, Imlay LS, Hodge DM, Pidathala C, Roberts NJ, Park J, Mikati M, Sharma R, Lawrenson AS, Tolia NH, Berry NG, O'Neill PM, John ARO. Molecular Mechanism of Action of Antimalarial Benzoisothiazolones: Species-Selective Inhibitors of the Plasmodium spp. MEP Pathway enzyme, IspD. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36777. [PMID: 27857147 PMCID: PMC5114681 DOI: 10.1038/srep36777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is an essential metabolic pathway found in malaria parasites, but absent in mammals, making it a highly attractive target for the discovery of novel and selective antimalarial therapies. Using high-throughput screening, we have identified 2-phenyl benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-ones as species-selective inhibitors of Plasmodium spp. 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate cytidyltransferase (IspD), the third catalytic enzyme of the MEP pathway. 2-Phenyl benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-ones display nanomolar inhibitory activity against P. falciparum and P. vivax IspD and prevent the growth of P. falciparum in culture, with EC50 values below 400 nM. In silico modeling, along with enzymatic, genetic and crystallographic studies, have established a mechanism-of-action involving initial non-covalent recognition of inhibitors at the IspD binding site, followed by disulfide bond formation through attack of an active site cysteine residue on the benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one core. The species-selective inhibitory activity of these small molecules against Plasmodium spp. IspD and cultured parasites suggests they have potential as lead compounds in the pursuit of novel drugs to treat malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Christopher M Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Leah S Imlay
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dana M Hodge
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - C Pidathala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Natalie J Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Jooyoung Park
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marwa Mikati
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Raman Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | | | - Niraj H Tolia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Neil G Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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10
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Zheng Y, Tsuji G, Opoku-Temeng C, Sintim HO. Inhibition of P. aeruginosa c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase RocR and swarming motility by a benzoisothiazolinone derivative. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6238-6244. [PMID: 30034764 PMCID: PMC6024209 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02103d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Various important cellular processes in bacteria are controlled by c-di-GMP, such as motility, biofilm formation and virulence factors production. C-di-GMP is synthesized from two molecules of GTP by diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and its actions are terminated by EAL or HD-GYP domain phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which hydrolyze c-di-GMP to linear pGpG or GMP. Thus far the majority of efforts have been dedicated to the development of inhibitors of DGCs but not PDEs. This is probably because the old view was that inhibiting any c-di-GMP PDE would lead to biofilm formation, an undesirable phenotype. Recent data however suggest that some PDEs only change the localized (not global) concentration of c-di-GMP to increase bacterial virulence and do not affect biofilm formation. A challenge therefore is to be able to develop selective PDE inhibitors that inhibit virulence-associated PDEs but not inhibit PDEs that regulate bacterial biofilm formation. Using high throughput docking experiments to screen a library of 250 000 commercially available compounds against E. coli YahA (also called PdeL), a benzoisothiazolinone derivative was found to bind to the c-di-GMP binding site of YahA with favorable energetics. Paradoxically the in silico identified inhibitor (a benzoisothiazolinone derivative) did not inhibit the hydrolysis of c-di-GMP by YahA, the model PDE that was used in the docking, but instead inhibited RocR, which is a PDE from the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa (PA). RocR promotes bacterial virulence but not biofilm dispersal, making it an ideal PDE to target for anti-virulence purposes. This newly identified RocR ligand displayed some selectivity and did not inhibit other P. aeruginosa PDEs, such as DipA, PvrR and PA4108. DipA, PvrR and PA4108 are key enzymes that reduce global c-di-GMP concentration and promote biofilm dispersal; therefore the identification of an inhibitor of a PA PDE, such as RocR, that does not inhibit major PDEs that modulate global c-di-GMP is an important step towards the development of selective c-di-GMP PDEs that could have interesting biomedical applications. The identified RocR ligand could also inhibit P. aeruginosa (PAO1) swarming but not swimming or biofilm formation. Rhamnolipid production was decreased, explaining the inhibition of swarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
- Center for Drug Discovery , Purdue University , 720 Clinic Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742 , USA
| | - Genichiro Tsuji
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
- Center for Drug Discovery , Purdue University , 720 Clinic Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA
| | - Clement Opoku-Temeng
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
- Center for Drug Discovery , Purdue University , 720 Clinic Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , MD 20742 , USA
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
- Center for Drug Discovery , Purdue University , 720 Clinic Drive , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA
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11
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Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA, Hopkins CR, Bridges TM, Gregory KJ, Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Practical Strategies and Concepts in GPCR Allosteric Modulator Discovery: Recent Advances with Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6707-41. [PMID: 26882314 PMCID: PMC4988345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of GPCRs has initiated a new era of basic and translational discovery, filled with therapeutic promise yet fraught with caveats. Allosteric ligands stabilize unique conformations of the GPCR that afford fundamentally new receptors, capable of novel pharmacology, unprecedented subtype selectivity, and unique signal bias. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of GPCR allosteric pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and validated approaches to address each of the major challenges and caveats. Then, the review narrows focus to highlight recent advances in the discovery of allosteric ligands for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1-5 and 7 (mGlu1-5,7) highlighting key concepts ("molecular switches", signal bias, heterodimers) and practical solutions to enable the development of tool compounds and clinical candidates. The review closes with a section on late-breaking new advances with allosteric ligands for other GPCRs and emerging data for endogenous allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A. Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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12
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Li X, D'Souza MS, Niño AM, Doherty J, Cross A, Markou A. Attenuation of nicotine-taking and nicotine-seeking behavior by the mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulators AZD8418 and AZD8529 in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1801-14. [PMID: 26873083 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Numerous medication development strategies seek to decrease nicotine consumption and prevent relapse to tobacco smoking by blocking glutamate transmission. Decreasing glutamate release by activating presynaptic inhibitory metabotropic glutamate (mGlu)2/3 receptors inhibits the reinforcing effects of nicotine and blocks cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. However, the relative contribution of mGlu2 receptors in nicotine dependence is still unknown. OBJECTIVES The present study evaluated the role of mGlu2 receptors in nicotine-taking and nicotine-seeking behavior using the novel, relatively selective mGlu2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) AZD8418 and AZD8529. RESULTS Acute treatment with AZD8418 (0.37, 1.12, 3.73, 7.46, and 14.92 mg/kg) and AZD8529 (1.75, 5.83, 17.5, and 58.3 mg/kg) deceased nicotine self-administration and had no effect on food-maintained responding. Chronic treatment with AZD8418 attenuated nicotine self-administration, but tolerance to this effect developed quickly. The inhibition of nicotine self-administration by chronic AZD8529 administration persisted throughout the 14 days of treatment. Chronic treatment with either PAMs inhibited food self-administration. AZD8418 (acute) and AZD8529 (acute and subchronic) blocked cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine- and food-seeking behavior. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate an important role for mGlu2 receptors in the reinforcing properties of self-administered nicotine and the motivational impact of cues that were previously associated with nicotine administration (i.e., cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior). Thus, mGlu2 PAMs may be useful medications to assist people to quit tobacco smoking and prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, M/C 0603, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, M/C 0603, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Ana M Niño
- Department of Psychiatry, M/C 0603, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - James Doherty
- Present address: Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Alan Cross
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, M/C 0603, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
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13
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Targeting glutamate homeostasis for potential treatment of nicotine dependence. Brain Res Bull 2015; 121:1-8. [PMID: 26589642 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated that impairment in glutamatergic neurotransmission is linked to drug dependence and drug-seeking behavior. Increased extracellular glutamate concentration in mesocorticolimbic regions has been observed in animals developing nicotine dependence. Changes in glutamate release might be associated with stimulatory effect of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) via nicotine exposure. We and others have shown increased extracellular glutamate concentration, which was associated with down regulation of the major glutamate transporter, glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1), in brain reward regions of animals exposed to drug abuse, including nicotine and ethanol. Importantly, studies from our laboratory and others showed that upregulation of GLT-1 expression in the mesocorticolimbic brain regions may have potential therapeutic effects in drug dependence. In this review article, we discussed the effect of antagonizing presynaptic nAChRs in glutamate release, the upregulatory effect in GLT-1 expression and the role of glutamate receptors antagonists in the treatment of nicotine dependence.
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14
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D'Souza MS. Glutamatergic transmission in drug reward: implications for drug addiction. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:404. [PMID: 26594139 PMCID: PMC4633516 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals addicted to drugs of abuse such as alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and heroin are a significant burden on healthcare systems all over the world. The positive reinforcing (rewarding) effects of the above mentioned drugs play a major role in the initiation and maintenance of the drug-taking habit. Thus, understanding the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse is critical to reducing the burden of drug addiction in society. Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing focus on the role of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in drug addiction. In this review, pharmacological and genetic evidence supporting the role of glutamate in mediating the rewarding effects of the above described drugs of abuse will be discussed. Further, the review will discuss the role of glutamate transmission in two complex heterogeneous brain regions, namely the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which mediate the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. In addition, several medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration that act by blocking glutamate transmission will be discussed in the context of drug reward. Finally, this review will discuss future studies needed to address currently unanswered gaps in knowledge, which will further elucidate the role of glutamate in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University Ada, OH, USA
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Gonzales KK, Smith Y. Cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal and ventral striatum: anatomical and functional considerations in normal and diseased conditions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1349:1-45. [PMID: 25876458 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are central for the processing and reinforcement of reward-related behaviors that are negatively affected in states of altered dopamine transmission, such as in Parkinson's disease or drug addiction. Nevertheless, the development of therapeutic interventions directed at ChIs has been hampered by our limited knowledge of the diverse anatomical and functional characteristics of these neurons in the dorsal and ventral striatum, combined with the lack of pharmacological tools to modulate specific cholinergic receptor subtypes. This review highlights some of the key morphological, synaptic, and functional differences between ChIs of different striatal regions and across species. It also provides an overview of our current knowledge of the cellular localization and function of cholinergic receptor subtypes. The future use of high-resolution anatomical and functional tools to study the synaptic microcircuitry of brain networks, along with the development of specific cholinergic receptor drugs, should help further elucidate the role of striatal ChIs and permit efficient targeting of cholinergic systems in various brain disorders, including Parkinson's disease and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalynda K Gonzales
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Neurology and Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Neurology and Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Shi D, Li J, Liu M, Zhang Q. CoCl2•6H2O-Promoted Pinner-Dimroth Tandem Reaction: Facile Synthesis of 3-Substituted Isoindolinones. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Dhanya RP, Sheffler DJ, Dahl R, Davis M, Lee PS, Yang L, Nickols HH, Cho HP, Smith LH, D'Souza MS, Conn PJ, Der-Avakian A, Markou A, Cosford NDP. Design and synthesis of systemically active metabotropic glutamate subtype-2 and -3 (mGlu2/3) receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs): pharmacological characterization and assessment in a rat model of cocaine dependence. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4154-72. [PMID: 24735492 PMCID: PMC4033659 DOI: 10.1021/jm5000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
![]()
As
part of our ongoing small-molecule metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor
positive allosteric modulator (PAM) research, we performed structure–activity
relationship (SAR) studies around a series of group II mGlu PAMs.
Initial analogues exhibited weak activity as mGlu2 receptor
PAMs and no activity at mGlu3. Compound optimization led
to the identification of potent mGlu2/3 selective PAMs
with no in vitro activity at mGlu1,4–8 or 45 other
CNS receptors. In vitro pharmacological characterization of representative
compound 44 indicated agonist-PAM activity toward mGlu2 and PAM activity at mGlu3. The most potent mGlu2/3 PAMs were characterized in assays predictive of ADME/T
and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, allowing the discovery of systemically
active mGlu2/3 PAMs. On the basis of its overall profile,
compound 74 was selected for behavioral studies and was
shown to dose-dependently decrease cocaine self-administration in
rats after intraperitoneal administration. These mGlu2/3 receptor PAMs have significant potential as small molecule tools
for investigating group II mGlu pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra-Panickar Dhanya
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Li X, Semenova S, D'Souza MS, Stoker AK, Markou A. Involvement of glutamatergic and GABAergic systems in nicotine dependence: Implications for novel pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation. Neuropharmacology 2014; 76 Pt B:554-65. [PMID: 23752091 PMCID: PMC3830589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking continues to be a major global health hazard despite significant public awareness of its harmful consequences. Although several treatment options are currently available for smoking cessation, these medications are effective in only a small subset of smokers, and relapse rates continue to be high. Therefore, a better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate tobacco dependence is essential for the development of effective smoking cessation medications. Nicotine is the primary psychoactive component of tobacco that drives the harmful tobacco smoking habit. Nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain, resulting in the release of a wide range of neurotransmitters, including glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This review article focuses on the role of the excitatory glutamate system and inhibitory GABA system in nicotine dependence. Accumulating evidence suggests that blockade of glutamatergic transmission or facilitation of GABAergic transmission attenuates the positive reinforcing and incentive motivational aspects of nicotine, inhibits the reward-enhancing and conditioned rewarding effects of nicotine, and blocks nicotine-seeking behavior. Chronic nicotine exposure produced long-term neuroadaptations that contribute to nicotine withdrawal, but the role of GABA and glutamate transmission in nicotine withdrawal is less understood. Overall, the findings presented in this review provide strong converging evidence for the potential effectiveness of glutamatergic and GABAergic medications in nicotine dependence. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Astrid K. Stoker
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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19
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Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 Activators. SMALL MOLECULE THERAPEUTICS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Frutos-Pedreño R, González-Herrero P, Vicente J, Jones PG. Reactivity of Ortho-Palladated Benzamides toward CO, Isocyanides, and Alkynes. Synthesis of Functionalized Isoindolin-1-ones and 4,5-Disubstituted Benzo[c]azepine-1,3-diones. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4006406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Frutos-Pedreño
- Grupo de Química Organometálica, Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Apartado 4021, 30071 Murcia,
Spain
| | - Pablo González-Herrero
- Grupo de Química Organometálica, Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Apartado 4021, 30071 Murcia,
Spain
| | - José Vicente
- Grupo de Química Organometálica, Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Apartado 4021, 30071 Murcia,
Spain
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Postfach
3329, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
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21
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Trabanco AA, Cid JM. mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators: a patent review (2009 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:629-47. [PMID: 23452205 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.777043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mGlu2 receptor, which belongs to the group II subfamily of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) along with the mGlu3 receptor, has proven to be of particular importance in neuropharmacology. Preferentially expressed on presynaptic nerve terminals, the mGlu2 receptor negatively modulates glutamate and GABA release and is widely distributed in the brain. High levels of mGlu2 receptors are seen in brain areas such as prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala where glutamate hyperfunction may be implicated in disorders and diseases such as anxiety and schizophrenia. Given the promise offered by mGlu2/3 receptor activation, there is increased interest in identifying small molecules which activate the receptor. A preferred approach is via positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) which bind at an alternative site to agonists. AREAS COVERED This review covers the patent applications which were published between April 2009 and December 2012 on PAMs of the mGlu2, and it is a continuation of an earlier review published in this journal. EXPERT OPINION Advances in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology have set the stage in the field of mGlu2 receptor PAMs. Compounds currently advancing in clinical trials will soon establish the therapeutic potential of this allosteric approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A Trabanco
- Janssen Research and Development, Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry Department, Toledo, Spain.
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