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Xie X, Yu T, Li X, Zhang N, Foster LJ, Peng C, Huang W, He G. Recent advances in targeting the "undruggable" proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:335. [PMID: 37669923 PMCID: PMC10480221 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Undruggable proteins are a class of proteins that are often characterized by large, complex structures or functions that are difficult to interfere with using conventional drug design strategies. Targeting such undruggable targets has been considered also a great opportunity for treatment of human diseases and has attracted substantial efforts in the field of medicine. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the recent development of drug discovery targeting "undruggable" proteins and their application in clinic. To make this review well organized, we discuss the design strategies targeting the undruggable proteins, including covalent regulation, allosteric inhibition, protein-protein/DNA interaction inhibition, targeted proteins regulation, nucleic acid-based approach, immunotherapy and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tingting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dermatology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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2
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Martínez-Pinteño A, Rodríguez N, Olivares D, Madero S, Gómez M, Prohens L, García-Rizo C, Mas S, Morén C, Parellada E, Gassó P. Early treatment with JNJ-46356479, a mGluR2 modulator, improves behavioral and neuropathological deficits in a postnatal ketamine mouse model of schizophrenia. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114079. [PMID: 36521250 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2), such as JNJ-46356479 (JNJ), may mitigate the glutamate storm during the early stages of schizophrenia (SZ), which could be especially useful in the treatment of cognitive and negative symptoms. We evaluated the efficacy of early treatment with JNJ or clozapine (CLZ) in reversing behavioral and neuropathological deficits induced in a postnatal ketamine (KET) mouse model of SZ. Mice exposed to KET (30 mg/kg) on postnatal days (PND) 7, 9, and 11 received JNJ or CLZ (10 mg/kg) daily in the adolescent period (PND 35-60). Mice exposed to KET did not show the expected preference for a novel object or for social novelty, but they recovered this preference with JNJ treatment. Similarly, KET group did not show the expected dishabituation in the fifth trial, but mice treated with JNJ or CLZ recovered an interest in the novel animal. Neuronal immunoreactivity also differed between treatment groups with mice exposed to KET showing a reduction in parvalbumin positive cells in the prefrontal cortex and decreased c-Fos expression in the hippocampus, which was normalized with the pharmacological treatment. JNJ-46356479 treatment in early stages may help improve the cognitive and negative symptoms, as well as certain neuropathological deficits, and may even obtain a better response than CLZ treatment. This may have relevant clinical translational applications since early treatment with mGluR2 modulators that inhibit glutamate release at the onset of critical phases of SZ may prevent or slow down the clinical deterioration of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Rodríguez
- Dept. of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Olivares
- Dept. of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Madero
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Dpt. of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Gómez
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Dpt. of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - L Prohens
- Dept. of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - C García-Rizo
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Dpt. of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - S Mas
- Dept. of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - C Morén
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Dpt. of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | - E Parellada
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Dpt. of Psychiatry, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
| | - P Gassó
- Dept. of Basic Clinical Practice, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
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3
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Li SH, Abd-Elrahman KS, Ferguson SS. Targeting mGluR2/3 for treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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4
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Yuan G, Dhaynaut M, Guehl NJ, Afshar S, Huynh D, Moon SH, Iyengar SM, Jain MK, Pickett JE, Kang HJ, Ondrechen MJ, El Fakhri G, Normandin MD, Brownell AL. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of [ 18F]mG2P026 as a High-Contrast PET Imaging Ligand for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9939-9954. [PMID: 35802702 PMCID: PMC9434700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An array of triazolopyridines based on JNJ-46356479 (6) were synthesized as potential positron emission tomography radiotracers for metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2). The selected candidates 8-10 featured enhanced positive allosteric modulator (PAM) activity (20-fold max.) and mGluR2 agonist activity (25-fold max.) compared to compound 6 in the cAMP GloSensor assays. Radiolabeling of compounds 8 and 9 (mG2P026) was achieved via Cu-mediated radiofluorination with satisfactory radiochemical yield, >5% (non-decay-corrected); high molar activity, >180 GBq/μmol; and excellent radiochemical purity, >98%. Preliminary characterization of [18F]8 and [18F]9 in rats confirmed their excellent brain permeability and binding kinetics. Further evaluation of [18F]9 in a non-human primate confirmed its superior brain heterogeneity in mapping mGluR2 and higher affinity than [18F]6. Pretreatment with different classes of PAMs in rats and a primate led to similarly enhanced brain uptake of [18F]9. As a selective ligand, [18F]9 has the potential to be developed for translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Maeva Dhaynaut
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Dalena Huynh
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Suhasini M Iyengar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Manish Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Julie E Pickett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mary Jo Ondrechen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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5
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Yun X, Chen L, Lv Y, Lu Z, Huang K, Yan S. Multicomponent cascade reaction of 3-formylchromones: Highly regioselective synthesis of functionalized pyridin-2(1H)-ones. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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6
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Wang P, Gao X, Zhang K, Pei Q, Xu X, Yan F, Dong J, Jing C. Exploring the binding mechanism of positive allosteric modulators in human metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 using molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:24125-24139. [PMID: 34596645 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02157e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of human metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (hmGlu2) are well-known in the treatment of psychiatric disorders for their higher selectivity and lower tolerance risk. A variety of PAMs have been reported over the last decade and two compounds were in Phase II clinical trials for schizophrenia and anxiety. These trials were discontinued on account of the unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy, but PAMs were explored as novel treatments for addiction and epilepsy. Thus, it is still important to explore novel hmGlu2 PAMs in the near future. Nowadays, the challenges in optimizing drug potency and improving scaffold diversity for PAMs are the noncomprehensive character analyses of multiple scaffolds; the exploration of the binding modes of PAMs in the allosteric binding site have been proposed to reduce this difficulty. However, there has been no comprehensive research about the binding profiles of PAMs in the hmGlu2 receptor. To address this issue, this work explores the binding characters of eight PAMs representing five chemical series by multiple computational methods. As a result, the shared binding modes of the eight studied PAMs interacting with 15 residues in the allosteric binding site were defined. In addition, the reduced hydrophobicity with low electronegativity of R1, increased hydrophobicity with low negative electron density of R2 and the electronegativity of the linker were identified as indicators that regulate the affinity of PAMs. This finding agrees well with the physicochemical properties of reported multiple series PAMs. This comprehensive work sheds additional light on the binding mechanism and physicochemical regularity underlining PAMs affinity and could be further utilized as a structural and energetic blueprint for discovering and assessing novel PAMs for hmGlu2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Xiaonan Gao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Qinglan Pei
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Fengmei Yan
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Jianghong Dong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
| | - Chenxi Jing
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China.
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7
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Lou S, Cui S. Drug treatment of epilepsy: From serendipitous discovery to evolutionary mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:3366-3391. [PMID: 34514980 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210910124727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder caused by abnormal firing of neurons. Up to now, using antiepileptic drugs is the main method of epilepsy treatment. The development of antiepileptic drugs lasted for centuries. In general, most agents entering clinical practice act on the balance mechanisms of brain "excitability-inhibition". More specifically, they target voltage-gated ion channels, GABAergic transmission and glutamatergic transmission. In recent years, some novel drugs representing new mechanisms of action have been discovered. Although there are about 30 available drugs in the market, it is still in urgent need of discovering more effective and safer drugs. The development of new antiepileptic drugs is into a new era: from serendipitous discovery to evolutionary mechanism-based design. This article presents an overview of drug treatment of epilepsy, including a series of traditional and novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Lou
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou. China
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8
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de Lucas AI, Vega JA, García Molina A, Linares ML, Tresadern G, Lavreysen H, Oehlrich D, Trabanco AA, Cid JM. Scaffold Hopping to Imidazo[1,2- a]pyrazin-8-one Positive Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate 2 Receptor. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:22997-23006. [PMID: 34514269 PMCID: PMC8427794 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate hyperfunction is implicated in multiple neurological and psychiatric diseases. Activation of the mGlu2 receptor results in reduced glutamate release and decreased excitability representing a promising novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, mood, anxiety, and other neuropsychiatric disorders. We have previously reported substantial efforts leading to potent and selective mGlu2 PAMs from different chemical series. Herein, the discovery and optimization of a novel series of imidazopyrazinone mGlu2 PAMs are reported. This new scaffold originated from computational searching of fragment databases and comparison with our previously explored scaffolds. Optimization guided by our robust understanding of SAR from former series led to potent, selective, and brain-penetrant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. de Lucas
- Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Juan A. Vega
- Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Aránzazu García Molina
- Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - María Lourdes Linares
- Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Computational
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hilde Lavreysen
- Clinical
Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica
N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - José M. Cid
- Discovery
Chemistry, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
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9
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Structures of human mGlu2 and mGlu7 homo- and heterodimers. Nature 2021; 594:589-593. [PMID: 34135509 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus) are involved in the modulation of synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in the central nervous system1. These receptors probably exist as both homo- and heterodimers that have unique pharmacological and functional properties2-4. Here we report four cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human mGlu subtypes mGlu2 and mGlu7, including inactive mGlu2 and mGlu7 homodimers; mGlu2 homodimer bound to an agonist and a positive allosteric modulator; and inactive mGlu2-mGlu7 heterodimer. We observed a subtype-dependent dimerization mode for these mGlus, as a unique dimer interface that is mediated by helix IV (and that is important for limiting receptor activity) exists only in the inactive mGlu2 structure. The structures provide molecular details of the inter- and intra-subunit conformational changes that are required for receptor activation, which distinguish class C G-protein-coupled receptors from those in classes A and B. Furthermore, our structure and functional studies of the mGlu2-mGlu7 heterodimer suggest that the mGlu7 subunit has a dominant role in controlling dimeric association and G-protein activation in the heterodimer. These insights into mGlu homo- and heterodimers highlight the complex landscape of mGlu dimerization and activation.
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10
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Lin S, Han S, Cai X, Tan Q, Zhou K, Wang D, Wang X, Du J, Yi C, Chu X, Dai A, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Liu H, Liu J, Yang D, Wang MW, Zhao Q, Wu B. Structures of G i-bound metabotropic glutamate receptors mGlu2 and mGlu4. Nature 2021; 594:583-588. [PMID: 34135510 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus) have key roles in modulating cell excitability and synaptic transmission in response to glutamate (the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system)1. It has previously been suggested that only one receptor subunit within an mGlu homodimer is responsible for coupling to G protein during receptor activation2. However, the molecular mechanism that underlies the asymmetric signalling of mGlus remains unknown. Here we report two cryo-electron microscopy structures of human mGlu2 and mGlu4 bound to heterotrimeric Gi protein. The structures reveal a G-protein-binding site formed by three intracellular loops and helices III and IV that is distinct from the corresponding binding site in all of the other G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structures. Furthermore, we observed an asymmetric dimer interface of the transmembrane domain of the receptor in the two mGlu-Gi structures. We confirmed that the asymmetric dimerization is crucial for receptor activation, which was supported by functional data; this dimerization may provide a molecular basis for the asymmetric signal transduction of mGlus. These findings offer insights into receptor signalling of class C GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuxiang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexiu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dejian Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuiying Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Antao Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, International Research Center for Sensory Biology and Technology of MOST, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiang Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Zhongshan Branch, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China.
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Xu T, Xue Y, Lu J, Jin C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives as potential SSRIs. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113644. [PMID: 34182358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 1-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)pyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitory activity. The results in vitro indicated that most of the evaluated compounds displayed potent 5-HT reuptake inhibition. The most promising compound A20 was stable in human liver microsomes and possessed good pharmacokinetic properties. Antidepressant study in vivo of the compound A20 showed that A20 could potently antagonize the p-chloroamphetamine (PCA)-induced depletion of serotonin in hypothalamus and reduce immobility times in the rat forced swimming test (FST).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Xu
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, PR China; HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Yaping Xue
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, PR China; HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Jielian Lu
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, PR China; HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, PR China
| | - Chuanfei Jin
- Sunshine Lake Pharma Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, PR China; HEC Pharm Group, HEC Research and Development Center, Dongguan 523871, PR China.
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12
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Parellada E, Gassó P. Glutamate and microglia activation as a driver of dendritic apoptosis: a core pathophysiological mechanism to understand schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:271. [PMID: 33958577 PMCID: PMC8102516 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia disorder remains an unsolved puzzle. However, the integration of recent findings from genetics, molecular biology, neuroimaging, animal models and translational clinical research offers evidence that the synaptic overpruning hypothesis of schizophrenia needs to be reassessed. During a critical period of neurodevelopment and owing to an imbalance of excitatory glutamatergic pyramidal neurons and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, a regionally-located glutamate storm might occur, triggering excessive dendritic pruning with the activation of local dendritic apoptosis machinery. The apoptotic loss of dendritic spines would be aggravated by microglia activation through a recently described signaling system from complement abnormalities and proteins of the MHC, thus implicating the immune system in schizophrenia. Overpruning of dendritic spines coupled with aberrant synaptic plasticity, an essential function for learning and memory, would lead to brain misconnections and synaptic inefficiency underlying the primary negative symptoms and cognitive deficits of schizophrenia. This driving hypothesis has relevant therapeutic implications, including the importance of pharmacological interventions during the prodromal phase or the transition to psychosis, targeting apoptosis, microglia cells or the glutamate storm. Future research on apoptosis and brain integrity should combine brain imaging, CSF biomarkers, animal models and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Parellada
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU). Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- The August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Gassó
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU). Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- The August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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13
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Gregory KJ, Goudet C. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXI. Pharmacology, Signaling, and Physiology of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:521-569. [PMID: 33361406 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors respond to glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, mediating a modulatory role that is critical for higher-order brain functions such as learning and memory. Since the first mGlu receptor was cloned in 1992, eight subtypes have been identified along with many isoforms and splice variants. The mGlu receptors are transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family and represent attractive targets for a multitude of central nervous system disorders. Concerted drug discovery efforts over the past three decades have yielded a wealth of pharmacological tools including subtype-selective agents that competitively block or mimic the actions of glutamate or act allosterically via distinct sites to enhance or inhibit receptor activity. Herein, we review the physiologic and pathophysiological roles for individual mGlu receptor subtypes including the pleiotropic nature of intracellular signal transduction arising from each. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of prototypical and commercially available orthosteric agonists and antagonists as well as allosteric modulators, including ligands that have entered clinical trials. Finally, we highlight emerging areas of research that hold promise to facilitate rational design of highly selective mGlu receptor-targeting therapeutics in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate receptors are attractive therapeutic targets for a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Over the past three decades, intense discovery efforts have yielded diverse pharmacological tools acting either competitively or allosterically, which have enabled dissection of fundamental biological process modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors and established proof of concept for many therapeutic indications. We review metabotropic glutamate receptor molecular pharmacology and highlight emerging areas that are offering new avenues to selectively modulate neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
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14
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Martínez-Pinteño A, García-Cerro S, Mas S, Torres T, Boloc D, Rodríguez N, Lafuente A, Gassó P, Arnaiz JA, Parellada E. The positive allosteric modulator of the mGlu2 receptor JNJ-46356479 partially improves neuropathological deficits and schizophrenia-like behaviors in a postnatal ketamine mice model. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 126:8-18. [PMID: 32407891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Current antipsychotics have limited efficacy in controlling cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia (SZ). Glutamatergic dysregulation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of SZ, based on the capacity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists such as ketamine (KET) to induce SZ-like behaviors. This could be related to their putative neuropathological effect on gamma-aminobutyric (GABAergic) interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV), which would lead to a hyperglutamatergic condition. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) negatively modulates glutamate release and has been considered a potential clinical target for novel antipsychotics drugs. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of JNJ-46356479 (JNJ), a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the mGluR2, in reversing neuropathological and behavioral deficits induced in a postnatal KET mice model of SZ. These animals presented impaired spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test, suggesting deficits in spatial working memory, and a decrease in social motivation and memory, assessed in both the Three-Chamber and the Five Trial Social Memory tests. Interestingly, JNJ treatment of adult mice partially reversed these deficits. Mice treated with KET also showed a reduction in PV+ in the mPFC and dentate gyrus together with an increase in c-Fos expression in this hippocampal area. Compared to the control group, mice treated with KET + JNJ showed a similar PV density and c-Fos activity pattern. Our results suggest that pharmacological treatment with a PAM of the mGluR2 such as JNJ could help improve cognitive and negative symptoms related to SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana García-Cerro
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Mas
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Barcelona, Spain; The August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Teresa Torres
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Boloc
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Rodríguez
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amalia Lafuente
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Barcelona, Spain; The August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Patricia Gassó
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Barcelona, Spain; The August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Albert Arnaiz
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, Unit of Pharmacology, University of Barcelona, Spain; The August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eduard Parellada
- The August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit (BCSU), Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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de Lucas AI, Vega JA, Matesanz E, Linares ML, García Molina A, Tresadern G, Lavreysen H, Trabanco AA, Cid JM. Spiro-oxindole Piperidines and 3-(Azetidin-3-yl)-1 H-benzimidazol-2-ones as mGlu 2 Receptor PAMs. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:303-308. [PMID: 32184961 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from two weak mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) HTS hits (4 and 5), a molecular hybridization strategy resulted in the identification of a novel spiro-oxindole piperidine series with improved activity and metabolic stability. Scaffold hopping around the spiro-oxindole core identified the 3-(azetidin-3-yl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-one as bioisoster. Medicinal chemistry optimization of these two novel chemotypes resulted in the identification of potent, selective, orally bioavailable, and brain penetrant mGluR2 PAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel de Lucas
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Vega
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Encarnación Matesanz
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - María Lourdes Linares
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Aránzazu García Molina
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Computational Chemistry, Discovery Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hilde Lavreysen
- Discovery Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - José María Cid
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Jarama 75A, Toledo 45007, Spain
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16
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Molosh AI, Dustrude ET, Lukkes JL, Fitz SD, Caliman IF, Abreu ARR, Dietrich AD, Truitt WA, Ver Donck L, Ceusters M, Kent JM, Johnson PL, Shekhar A. Panic results in unique molecular and network changes in the amygdala that facilitate fear responses. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:442-460. [PMID: 30108314 PMCID: PMC6410355 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent panic attacks (PAs) are a common feature of panic disorder (PD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several distinct brain regions are involved in the regulation of panic responses, such as perifornical hypothalamus (PeF), periaqueductal gray, amygdala and frontal cortex. We have previously shown that inhibition of GABA synthesis in the PeF produces panic-vulnerable rats. Here, we investigate the mechanisms by which a panic-vulnerable state could lead to persistent fear. We first show that optogenetic activation of glutamatergic terminals from the PeF to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) enhanced the acquisition, delayed the extinction and induced the persistence of fear responses 3 weeks later, confirming a functional PeF-amygdala pathway involved in fear learning. Similar to optogenetic activation of PeF, panic-prone rats also exhibited delayed extinction. Next, we demonstrate that panic-prone rats had altered inhibitory and enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission of the principal neurons, and reduced protein levels of metabotropic glutamate type 2 receptor (mGluR2) in the BLA. Application of an mGluR2-positive allosteric modulator (PAM) reduced glutamate neurotransmission in the BLA slices from panic-prone rats. Treating panic-prone rats with mGluR2 PAM blocked sodium lactate (NaLac)-induced panic responses and normalized fear extinction deficits. Finally, in a subset of patients with comorbid PD, treatment with mGluR2 PAM resulted in complete remission of panic symptoms. These data demonstrate that a panic-prone state leads to specific reduction in mGluR2 function within the amygdala network and facilitates fear, and mGluR2 PAMs could be a targeted treatment for panic symptoms in PD and PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Molosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Paul and Carol Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E T Dustrude
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J L Lukkes
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S D Fitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - I F Caliman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A R R Abreu
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A D Dietrich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - W A Truitt
- Paul and Carol Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - L Ver Donck
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - M Ceusters
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - J M Kent
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - P L Johnson
- Paul and Carol Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - A Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Paul and Carol Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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17
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Pérez-Benito L, Llinas del Torrent C, Pardo L, Tresadern G. The computational modeling of allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. FROM STRUCTURE TO CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT: ALLOSTERIC MODULATION OF G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS 2020; 88:1-33. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Orgován Z, Ferenczy GG, Keserű GM. Fragment-Based Approaches for Allosteric Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (mGluR) Modulators. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1768-1781. [PMID: 31393248 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190808150039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are members of the class C G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR-s) and have eight subtypes. These receptors are responsible for a variety of functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems and their modulation has therapeutic utility in neurological and psychiatric disorders. It was previously established that selective orthosteric modulation of these receptors is challenging, and this stimulated the search for allosteric modulators. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery (FBDD) is a viable approach to find ligands binding at allosteric sites owing to their limited size and interactions. However, it was also observed that the structure-activity relationship of allosteric modulators is often sharp and inconsistent. This can be attributed to the characteristics of the allosteric binding site of mGluRs that is a water channel where ligand binding is accompanied with induced fit and interference with the water network, both playing a role in receptor activation. In this review, we summarize fragment-based drug discovery programs on mGluR allosteric modulators and their contribution identifying of new mGluR ligands with better activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Orgován
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudosok Korutja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - György G Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudosok Korutja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudosok Korutja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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19
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Llinas Del Torrent C, Pérez-Benito L, Tresadern G. Computational Drug Design Applied to the Study of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061098. [PMID: 30897742 PMCID: PMC6470756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are a family of eight GPCRs that are attractive drug discovery targets to modulate glutamate action and response. Here we review the application of computational methods to the study of this family of receptors. X-ray structures of the extracellular and 7-transmembrane domains have played an important role to enable structure-based modeling approaches, whilst we also discuss the successful application of ligand-based methods. We summarize the literature and highlight the areas where modeling and experiment have delivered important understanding for mGlu receptor drug discovery. Finally, we offer suggestions of future areas of opportunity for computational work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Llinas Del Torrent
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional Unitat de Bioestadistica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Pérez-Benito
- Computational Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Computational Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N. V., Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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20
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Xu Y, Li Z. Imaging metabotropic glutamate receptor system: Application of positron emission tomography technology in drug development. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1892-1922. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Xu
- Independent Consultant and Contractor, Radiopharmaceutical Development, Validation and Bio-Application; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Zizhong Li
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, SOFIE Biosciences; Somerset New Jersey
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21
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Salter R, Beshore DC, Colletti SL, Evans L, Gong Y, Helmy R, Liu Y, Maciolek CM, Martin G, Pajkovic N, Phipps R, Small J, Steele J, de Vries R, Williams H, Martin IJ. Microbial biotransformation – an important tool for the study of drug metabolism. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:877-886. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1512018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Salter
- Department of Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yong Gong
- Department of Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Roy Helmy
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Cheri M. Maciolek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Gary Martin
- Department of Global Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Natasa Pajkovic
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - James Small
- Department of Global Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - Ronald de Vries
- Department of Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Iain J. Martin
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Doornbos ML, Van der Linden I, Vereyken L, Tresadern G, IJzerman AP, Lavreysen H, Heitman LH. Constitutive activity of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 explored with a whole-cell label-free biosensor. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 152:201-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Cross AJ, Anthenelli R, Li X. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 2 and 3 as Targets for Treating Nicotine Addiction. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:947-954. [PMID: 29301614 PMCID: PMC5953779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking, driven by the addictive properties of nicotine, continues to be a worldwide health problem. Based on the well-established role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in drug addiction, novel medication development strategies seek to halt nicotine consumption and prevent relapse to tobacco smoking by modulating glutamate transmission. The presynaptic inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 and 3 (mGluR2/3) are key autoreceptors on glutamatergic terminals that maintain glutamate homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests the critical role of mGluR2/3 in different aspects of nicotine addiction, including acquisition and maintenance of nicotine taking, nicotine withdrawal, and persistent nicotine seeking even after prolonged abstinence. The involvement of mGluR2/3 in other neuropsychiatric conditions, such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and pain, provides convincing evidence suggesting that mGluR2/3 may provide an effective therapeutic approach for comorbidity of smoking and these conditions. This focused review article highlights that mGluR2/3 provide a promising target in the search for smoking cessation medication with novel mechanisms of actions that differ from those of currently U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Cross
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience Innovative Medicines, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Anthenelli
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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24
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Szabó G, Túrós GI, Kolok S, Vastag M, Sánta Z, Dékány M, Lévay GI, Greiner I, Natsumi M, Tatsuya W, Keserű GM. Fragment Based Optimization of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 (mGluR2) Positive Allosteric Modulators in the Absence of Structural Information. J Med Chem 2018; 62:234-246. [PMID: 29505715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been implicated as potential pharmacotherapy for psychiatric conditions. Screening our corporate compound deck, we identified a benzotriazole fragment (4) that was rapidly optimized to a potent and metabolically stable early lead (16). The highly lipophilic character of 16, together with its limited solubility, permeability, and high protein binding, however, did not allow reaching of the proof of concept in vivo. Since further attempts on the optimization of druglike properties were unsuccessful, the original hit 4 has been revisited and was optimized following the principles of fragment based drug discovery (FBDD). Lacking structural information on the receptor-ligand complex, we implemented a group efficiency (GE) based strategy and identified a new fragment like lead (60) with more balanced profile. Significant improvement achieved on the druglike properties nominated the compound for in vivo proof of concept studies that revealed the chemotype being a promising PAM lead targeting mGluR2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Szabó
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - György I Túrós
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - Sándor Kolok
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - Mónika Vastag
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Sánta
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - Miklós Dékány
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - György I Lévay
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc. , 19-21 Gyömrői út , Budapest 1103 , Hungary
| | - Minami Natsumi
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho , Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033 , Japan
| | - Watanabe Tatsuya
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho , Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033 , Japan
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group , Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , 2 Magyar Tudósok Körútja , Budapest 1117 , Hungary
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25
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Doornbos MLJ, Wang X, Vermond SC, Peeters L, Pérez-Benito L, Trabanco AA, Lavreysen H, Cid JM, Heitman LH, Tresadern G, IJzerman AP. Covalent Allosteric Probe for the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization. J Med Chem 2018; 62:223-233. [PMID: 29494768 PMCID: PMC6331142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Covalent labeling
of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by small
molecules is a powerful approach to understand binding modes, mechanism
of action, pharmacology, and even facilitate structure elucidation.
We report the first covalent positive allosteric modulator (PAM) for
a class C GPCR, the mGlu2 receptor. Three putatively covalent
mGlu2 PAMs were designed and synthesized. Pharmacological
characterization identified 2 to bind the receptor covalently.
Computational modeling combined with receptor mutagenesis revealed
T7917.29×30 as the likely position of covalent interaction.
We show how this covalent ligand can be used to characterize the PAM
binding mode and that it is a valuable tool compound in studying receptor
function and binding kinetics. Our findings advance the understanding
of the mGlu2 PAM interaction and suggest that 2 is a valuable probe for further structural and chemical biology
approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten L J Doornbos
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Sophie C Vermond
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Luc Peeters
- Janssen Research and Development , Turnhoutseweg 30 , 2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - Laura Pérez-Benito
- Janssen Research and Development , Calle Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain.,Laboratori de Medicina Computacional Unitat de Bioestadistica, Facultat de Medicina , Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Janssen Research and Development , Calle Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Hilde Lavreysen
- Janssen Research and Development , Turnhoutseweg 30 , 2340 Beerse , Belgium
| | - José María Cid
- Janssen Research and Development , Calle Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Janssen Research and Development , Calle Jarama 75A , 45007 Toledo , Spain
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR) , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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26
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Tresadern G, Trabanco AA, Pérez-Benito L, Overington JP, van Vlijmen HWT, van Westen GJP. Identification of Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate 7 Receptor Using Proteochemometric Modeling. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:2976-2985. [PMID: 29172488 PMCID: PMC5755953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteochemometric modeling (PCM) is a computational approach that can be considered an extension of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling, where a single model incorporates information for a family of targets and all the associated ligands instead of modeling activity versus one target. This is especially useful for situations where bioactivity data exists for similar proteins but is scarce for the protein of interest. Here we demonstrate the application of PCM to identify allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors. Given our long-running interest in modulating mGlu receptor function we compiled a matrix of compound-target bioactivity data. Some members of the mGlu family are well explored both internally and in the public domain, while there are much fewer examples of ligands for other targets such as the mGlu7 receptor. Using a PCM approach mGlu7 receptor hits were found. In comparison to conventional single target modeling the identified hits were more diverse, had a better confirmation rate, and provide starting points for further exploration. We conclude that the robust structure-activity relationship from well explored target family members translated to better quality hits for PCM compared to virtual screening (VS) based on a single target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Tresadern
- Computational
Chemistry and Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen
Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag
S.A., Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Andres A. Trabanco
- Computational
Chemistry and Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen
Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag
S.A., Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Benito
- Computational
Chemistry and Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen
Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag
S.A., Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - John P. Overington
- ChEMBL Group, EMBL-EBI,
Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, CB10 1SD Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Herman W. T. van Vlijmen
- Computational
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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27
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Lacivita E, Perrone R, Margari L, Leopoldo M. Targets for Drug Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Challenges and Future Directions. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9114-9141. [PMID: 29039668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. Various factors are involved in the etiopathogenesis of ASD, including genetic factors, environmental toxins and stressors, impaired immune responses, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. The heterogeneity in the phenotype among ASD patients and the complex etiology of the condition have long impeded the advancement of the development of pharmacological therapies. In the recent years, the integration of findings from mouse models to human genetics resulted in considerable progress toward the understanding of ASD pathophysiology. Currently, strategies to treat core symptoms of ASD are directed to correct synaptic dysfunctions, abnormalities in central oxytocin, vasopressin, and serotonin neurotransmission, and neuroinflammation. Here, we present a survey of the studies that have suggested molecular targets for drug development for ASD and the state-of-the-art of medicinal chemistry efforts in related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Perrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Margari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze e Organi di Senso, Unità di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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28
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Doornbos MLJ, Cid JM, Haubrich J, Nunes A, van de Sande JW, Vermond SC, Mulder-Krieger T, Trabanco AA, Ahnaou A, Drinkenburg WH, Lavreysen H, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP, Tresadern G. Discovery and Kinetic Profiling of 7-Aryl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines: Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6704-6720. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten L. J. Doornbos
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José María Cid
- Janssen Research and Development, Calle Jarama 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jordi Haubrich
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandro Nunes
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper W. van de Sande
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie C. Vermond
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thea Mulder-Krieger
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Janssen Research and Development, Calle Jarama 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | - Abdellah Ahnaou
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Hilde Lavreysen
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Janssen Research and Development, Calle Jarama 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
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29
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Kumata K, Yamasaki T, Hatori A, Zhang Y, Mori W, Fujinaga M, Xie L, Okubo T, Nengaki N, Zhang MR. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of three novel radiotracers for imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 in rat brain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3139-3143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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31
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Jin C, Ma S. Recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of group II and group III mGlu receptors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:501-515. [PMID: 30108768 PMCID: PMC6072351 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00612d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu receptors) belong to the G-protein-coupled receptors superfamily. They are divided into three groups, in which group II and group III belong to presynaptic receptors that negatively modulate glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release when activated. In this review, we introduce not only the functions of mGlu receptors, but also the group II and group III allosteric modulators and agonists/antagonists reported over the past five years according to a classification of their structures, with a specific focus on their biological activity and selectivity. In particular, the structure of these compounds and the future directions of ideal candidates are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , P.R. China .
| | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44, West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , P.R. China .
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32
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Metcalf CS, Klein BD, Smith MD, Pruess T, Ceusters M, Lavreysen H, Pype S, Van Osselaer N, Twyman R, White HS. Efficacy of mGlu 2 -positive allosteric modulators alone and in combination with levetiracetam in the mouse 6 Hz model of psychomotor seizures. Epilepsia 2017; 58:484-493. [PMID: 28166368 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 (mGlu2 ) possesses both orthosteric and allosteric modulatory sites, are expressed in the frontal cortex and limbic structures, and can affect excitatory synaptic transmission. Therefore, mGlu2 is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of epilepsy. The present study seeks to evaluate the anticonvulsant potential of mGlu2 -acting compounds. METHODS The anticonvulsant efficacy of two selective mGlu2 -positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) (JNJ-42153605 and JNJ-40411813/ADX71149) and one mGlu2/3 receptor agonist (LY404039) were evaluated alone and in combination with the antiseizure drug levetiracetam (LEV) in the mouse 6 Hz model. RESULTS In the 6 Hz (32 mA stimulus intensity) model, median effective dose (ED50 ) values were determined for JNJ-42153605 (3.8 mg/kg), JNJ-40411813 (12.2 mg/kg), and LY404039 (10.9 mg/kg). At the 44 mA stimulus intensity, ED50 values were determined for JNJ-42153605 (5.9 mg/kg), JNJ-40411813 (21.0 mg/kg), LY404039 (14.1 mg/kg), and LEV (345 mg/kg). In addition, subprotective doses of each mGlu2 -acting compound, administered in combination with various doses of LEV, were able to shift the 6 Hz 44 mA ED50 for LEV by >25-fold. When JNJ-42153605 was administered at varying doses in combination with a single dose of LEV (10 mg/kg), the potency of JNJ-42153605 was increased 3.7-fold. Similarly, when a moderately effective dose of LEV (350 mg/kg) was administered in combination with varying doses of JNJ-40411813, the potency of JNJ-40411813 was increased approximately 14-fold. Plasma levels of JNJ-40411813 and LEV were not different when administered alone or in combination, suggesting that increases in potency are not due to pharmacokinetic effects. SIGNIFICANCE These studies suggest a potential positive pharmacodynamic effect of mGlu2 -acting compounds in combination with LEV. If this effect is translated in a clinical setting, it can support a rational polypharmacy concept in treatment of epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S Metcalf
- NeuroAdjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Brian D Klein
- NeuroAdjuvants, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Misty D Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | - Tim Pruess
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | - Nancy Van Osselaer
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium.,UCB Belgium, Anderlecht, Belgium, Belgium
| | - Roy Twyman
- Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey, U.S.A
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
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33
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Ma Y, Kumata K, Yui J, Zhang Y, Yamasaki T, Hatori A, Fujinaga M, Nengaki N, Xie L, Wang H, Zhang MR. Synthesis and evaluation of 1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4-(4-[ 11 C]methoxyphenyl)-piperidin-1-yl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile ([ 11 C]CMDC) for PET imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 in the rat brain. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1014-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Du XX, Huang R, Yang CL, Lin J, Yan SJ. Synthesis and evaluation of the antitumor activity of highly functionalised pyridin-2-ones and pyrimidin-4-ones. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06466g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The methods for selective synthesis of two novel types of compounds including pyridin-2-ones 3 and pyrimidin-4-ones 4 were developed. The antitumor bioactivity screening showed that certain compounds had potent antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Xuan Du
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Chang-Long Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
| | - Sheng-Jiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Yunnan University)
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical Science and Technology
- Yunnan University
- Kunming
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35
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Cid JM, Tresadern G, Vega JA, de Lucas AI, Del Cerro A, Matesanz E, Linares ML, García A, Iturrino L, Pérez-Benito L, Macdonald GJ, Oehlrich D, Lavreysen H, Peeters L, Ceusters M, Ahnaou A, Drinkenburg W, Mackie C, Somers M, Trabanco AA. Discovery of 8-Trifluoromethyl-3-cyclopropylmethyl-7-[(4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl)methyl]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine (JNJ-46356479), a Selective and Orally Bioavailable mGlu2 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator (PAM). J Med Chem 2016; 59:8495-507. [PMID: 27579727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor have generated great interest in the past decade. There is mounting evidence of their potential as therapeutic agents in the treatment of multiple central nervous system disorders. We have previously reported substantial efforts leading to potent and selective mGlu2 PAMs. However, finding compounds with the optimal combination of in vitro potency and good druglike properties has remained elusive, in part because of the hydrophobic nature of the allosteric binding site. Herein, we report on the lead optimization process to overcome the poor solubility inherent to the advanced lead 6. Initial prototypes already showed significant improvements in solubility while retaining good functional activity but displayed new liabilities associated with metabolism and hERG inhibition. Subsequent subtle modifications efficiently addressed those issues leading to the identification of compound 27 (JNJ-46356479). This new lead represents a more balanced profile that offers a significant improvement on the druglike attributes compared to previously reported leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose María Cid
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, S.A., Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, S.A., Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Vega
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, S.A., Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel de Lucas
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, S.A., Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Alcira Del Cerro
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, S.A., Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Encarnación Matesanz
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, S.A., Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - María Lourdes Linares
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, S.A., Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Aránzazu García
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, S.A., Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Laura Iturrino
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, S.A., Toledo 45007, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Benito
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional Unitat de Bioestadistica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Gregor J Macdonald
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Daniel Oehlrich
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Hilde Lavreysen
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Luc Peeters
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Marc Ceusters
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Abdellah Ahnaou
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | | | - Claire Mackie
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Marijke Somers
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen-Cilag, S.A., Toledo 45007, Spain
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36
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Clarke SL, McGlacken GP. Methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (MFSDA): An Underutilised Reagent for Trifluoromethylation. Chemistry 2016; 23:1219-1230. [PMID: 27430725 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of fluorine groups to pharmaceutical compounds can have a dramatic effect on the lipophilicity and metabolic stability of the molecule in vivo. Around 20 % of drugs contain at least one fluorine atom. The trifluoromethyl group is known to have beneficial effects and can dramatically affect the biological activity when substituted for a methyl group, for example. In any case, the direct and late-stage introduction of a trifluoromethyl group is a powerful transformation in the tool box of the medicinal chemist. The use of methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (MFSDA) as a relatively inexpensive reagent for trifluoromethylation was first reported in 1989; however, in our opinion it has been somewhat underutilised. Herein, a comprehensive review of trifluoromethylation using MFSDA is reported, which we hope will further expose readers to this useful reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard P McGlacken
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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37
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Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA, Hopkins CR, Bridges TM, Gregory KJ, Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Practical Strategies and Concepts in GPCR Allosteric Modulator Discovery: Recent Advances with Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6707-41. [PMID: 26882314 PMCID: PMC4988345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of GPCRs has initiated a new era of basic and translational discovery, filled with therapeutic promise yet fraught with caveats. Allosteric ligands stabilize unique conformations of the GPCR that afford fundamentally new receptors, capable of novel pharmacology, unprecedented subtype selectivity, and unique signal bias. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of GPCR allosteric pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and validated approaches to address each of the major challenges and caveats. Then, the review narrows focus to highlight recent advances in the discovery of allosteric ligands for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1-5 and 7 (mGlu1-5,7) highlighting key concepts ("molecular switches", signal bias, heterodimers) and practical solutions to enable the development of tool compounds and clinical candidates. The review closes with a section on late-breaking new advances with allosteric ligands for other GPCRs and emerging data for endogenous allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A. Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Kent JM, Daly E, Kezic I, Lane R, Lim P, De Smedt H, De Boer P, Van Nueten L, Drevets WC, Ceusters M. Efficacy and safety of an adjunctive mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulator to a SSRI/SNRI in anxious depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 67:66-73. [PMID: 26804646 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This phase 2a, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, proof-of-concept study was designed to evaluate, efficacy, safety and tolerability of JNJ-40411813/ADX71149, a novel metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor positive allosteric modulator as an adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) with significant anxiety symptoms. Eligible patients (18-64 years) had a DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 (HDRS17) score of ≥ 18, HDRS17 anxiety/somatization factor score of ≥ 7, and an insufficient response to current treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. The doubly-randomized, 8-week double-blind treatment phase was comprised of two 4-week periods, from which a combined test statistic was generated, with pre-determined weights assigned to each of the 2 treatment periods. Period 1: patients (n=121) were randomly assigned (1:1) to JNJ-40411813 (n=62; 50mg to 150 mg b.i.d, flexibly dosed) or placebo (n=59); Period 2: placebo-treated patients (n=22) who continued to meet entry severity criteria were re-randomized (1:1) to JNJ-40411813 or placebo, while other patients underwent sham re-randomization and continued on their same treatment. Of 121 randomized patients, 100 patients (82.6%) were completers. No efficacy signal was detected on the primary endpoint, the 6-item Hamilton Anxiety Subscale (HAM-A6, p=0.51). Efficacy signals (based on prespecified 1-sided p<0.20) were evident on several secondary outcome measures of both depression (HDRS17 total score, 6-item subscale of HDRS17 assessing core depressive symptoms [HAM-D6], and Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology [IDS-C30]) and anxiety (HDRS17 anxiety/somatization factor, IDS-C30 anxiety subscale). Although well-tolerated, the results do not suggest efficacy for JNJ-40411813 as an adjunctive treatment for patients with MDD with significant anxious symptoms in the dose range studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Kent
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA.
| | - Ella Daly
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Rosanne Lane
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Pilar Lim
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
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Ahnaou A, de Boer P, Lavreysen H, Huysmans H, Sinha V, Raeymaekers L, Van De Casteele T, Cid J, Van Nueten L, Macdonald G, Kemp J, Drinkenburg W. Translational neurophysiological markers for activity of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR2) modulator JNJ-40411813: Sleep EEG correlates in rodents and healthy men. Neuropharmacology 2016; 103:290-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pero JE, Rossi MA, Kelly MJ, Lehman HGF, Layton ME, Garbaccio RM, O’Brien JA, Magliaro BC, Uslaner J, Huszar SL, Fillgrove KL, Tang C, Kuo Y, Joyce LA, Sherer E, Jacobson MA. Optimization of Novel Aza-benzimidazolone mGluR2 PAMs with Respect to LLE and PK Properties and Mitigation of CYP TDI. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:312-7. [PMID: 26985321 PMCID: PMC4789683 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of a novel amino-aza-benzimidazolone structural class of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) identified [2.2.2]-bicyclic amine 12 as an intriguing lead structure due to its promising physicochemical properties and lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE). Further optimization led to chiral amide 18, which exhibited strong in vitro activity and attractive pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. Hypothesis-driven target design identified compound 21 as a potent, highly selective, orally bioavailable mGluR2 PAM, which addressed a CYP time-dependent inhibition (TDI) liability of 18, while maintaining excellent drug-like properties with robust in vivo activity in a clinically validated model of antipsychotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Pero
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael A. Rossi
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael J. Kelly
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Hannah
D. G. F. Lehman
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark E. Layton
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Robert M. Garbaccio
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Julie A. O’Brien
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Brian C. Magliaro
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jason
M. Uslaner
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sarah L. Huszar
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kerry L. Fillgrove
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Cuyue Tang
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yuhsin Kuo
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Leo A. Joyce
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Edward
C. Sherer
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Marlene A. Jacobson
- Departments
of Medicinal Chemistry, In Vitro Sciences, Psychiatry Research, Central Pharmacology, Drug Metabolism, Process and Analytical
Chemistry, and Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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Layton ME, Reif AJ, Hartingh TJ, Rodzinak K, Dudkin V, Wang C, Arrington K, Kelly MJ, Garbaccio RM, O’Brien JA, Magliaro BC, Uslaner JM, Huszar SL, Fillgrove KL, Tang C, Kuo Y, Jacobson MA. Discovery of 5-aryl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ones as positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate subtype-2 (mGlu2) receptors with efficacy in a preclinical model of psychosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1260-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Doornbos MLJ, Pérez-Benito L, Tresadern G, Mulder-Krieger T, Biesmans I, Trabanco AA, Cid JM, Lavreysen H, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Molecular mechanism of positive allosteric modulation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 by JNJ-46281222. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:588-600. [PMID: 26589404 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Allosteric modulation of the mGlu2 receptor is a potential strategy for treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we describe the in vitro characterization of the mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) JNJ-46281222 and its radiolabelled counterpart [(3) H]-JNJ-46281222. Using this novel tool, we also describe the allosteric effect of orthosteric glutamate binding and the presence of a bound G protein on PAM binding and use computational approaches to further investigate the binding mode. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We have used radioligand binding studies, functional assays, site-directed mutagenesis, homology modelling and molecular dynamics to study the binding of JNJ-46281222. KEY RESULTS JNJ-46281222 is an mGlu2 -selective, highly potent PAM with nanomolar affinity (KD = 1.7 nM). Binding of [(3) H]-JNJ-46281222 was increased by the presence of glutamate and greatly reduced by the presence of GTP, indicating the preference for a G protein bound state of the receptor for PAM binding. Its allosteric binding site was visualized and analysed by a computational docking and molecular dynamics study. The simulations revealed amino acid movements in regions expected to be important for activation. The binding mode was supported by [(3) H]-JNJ-46281222 binding experiments on mutant receptors. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results obtained with JNJ-46281222 in unlabelled and tritiated form further contribute to our understanding of mGlu2 allosteric modulation. The computational simulations and mutagenesis provide a plausible binding mode with indications of how the ligand permits allosteric activation. This study is therefore of interest for mGlu2 and class C receptor drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten L J Doornbos
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Pérez-Benito
- Janssen Research and Development, Toledo, Spain.,Laboratori de Medicina Computacional Unitat de Bioestadistica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Thea Mulder-Krieger
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wierońska JM, Zorn SH, Doller D, Pilc A. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for new antipsychotic drugs: Historical perspective and critical comparative assessment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:10-27. [PMID: 26549541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to present, discuss and clarify our current understanding regarding the prediction of possible antipsychotic effects of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor ligands. The number of preclinical trials clearly indicates, that this group of compounds constitutes an excellent alternative to presently used antipsychotic therapy, being effective not only to positive, but also negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Although the results of clinical trials that were performed for the group of mGlu2/3 agonists were not so enthusiastic as in animal studies, they still showed that mGlu ligands do not induced variety of side effects typical for presently used antipsychotics, and were generally well tolerated. The lack of satisfactory effectiveness towards schizophrenia symptoms of mGlu2/3 activators in humans could be a result of variety of uncontrolled factors and unidentified biomarkers different for each schizophrenia patient, that should be taken into consideration in the future set of clinical trials. The subject is still open for further research, and the novel classes of mGlu5 or mGlu2/3 agonists/PAMs were recently introduced, including the large group of compounds from the third group of mGlu receptors, especially of mGlu4 subtype. Finally, more precise treatment based on simultaneous administration of minimal doses of the ligands for two or more receptors, seems to be promising in the context of symptoms-specific schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Pilc
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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44
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QSAR design of triazolopyridine mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulators. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 53:82-91. [PMID: 25086773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Two QSAR approaches were applied to assist the design and to prioritise the synthesis of new active mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). With the aim to explore a particular point of substitution the models successfully prioritised molecules originating from chemistry ideas and a large virtual library. The two methods, 3D topomer CoMFA and support vector machines with 2D ECFP6 fingerprints, delivered good correlation and success in this prospective application. Fourteen molecules with different substituent decoration were identified by the in silico models and synthesised. They were found to be highly active and their mGlu2 receptor PAM activity (pEC50) was predicted within 0.3 and 0.4log units of error with the two methods. The value of the molecules and the models for the future of the project is discussed.
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