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Viera CR, Stevens BT, Viera T, Zielinski C, Uranga LA, Rogelj S, Patidar PL, Tello-Aburto R. Cystargolide-based amide and ester Pz analogues as proteasome inhibitors and anti-cancer agents. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220358. [PMID: 36177203 PMCID: PMC9515629 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of cystargolide-based β-lactone analogues containing nitrogen atoms at the Pz portion of the scaffold were prepared and evaluated as proteasome inhibitors, and for their cytotoxicity profile toward several cancer cell lines. Inclusion of one, two or even three nitrogen atoms at the Pz portion of the cystargolide scaffold is well tolerated, producing analogues with low nanomolar proteasome inhibition activity, in many cases superior to carfilzomib. Additionally, analogue 8g, containing an ester and pyrazine group at Pz, was shown to possess significant activity toward RPMI 8226 cells (IC50 = 21 nM) and to be less cytotoxic toward the normal tissue model MCF10A cells than carfilzomib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R. Viera
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Bradley T. Stevens
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Talysa Viera
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Cameron Zielinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Lee A. Uranga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Snezna Rogelj
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Praveen L. Patidar
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
| | - Rodolfo Tello-Aburto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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2
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Tiamulin inhibits TNF-α and alleviates psoriasis-like dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 107:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Das S, Amin SA, Jha T. Inhibitors of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) for the management of hematological malignancies. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113623. [PMID: 34157437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are collectively known as gelatinases whereas MMP-2 is gelatinase-A and MMP-9 is termed as gelatinase-B. Gelatinases and other matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have long been associated with solid tumor invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. However, there is paucity of data available regarding the role of gelatinases in hematological malignancies. Recent studies have shown that gelatinases activities or functions are correlated with hematological malignancies. Strategies for designing more specific gelatinase inhibitors like catalytic (CAT) domain inhibitors and hemopexin (PEX) domain inhibitors as well as signaling pathway based or gelatinase expression inhibitors had been reported against hematologic malignant cells. Several substrate based non-selective to non-substrate based relatively selective synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs) had been developed. Few MMPIs had reached in clinical trials during the period of 1990s-2000s. Unfortunately the anti-tumor and anti-metastatic efficacies of these MMPIs were not justified with patients having several advanced stage solid tumor cancers in any substantial number of clinical trials. Till date not a single MMPI passed phase III clinical trials designed for advanced metastatic cancers due to adverse events as well as lack of ability to show uniformity in disease prolongation. With the best of our knowledge no clinical trial study has been reported with small molecule synthetic inhibitors against hematological malignancies. This review looks at the outcome of clinical trials of MMPIs for advanced stage solid tumors. This can therefore, act as a learning experience for future development of successful gelatinase inhibitors for the management of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Das
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Sk Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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4
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Constitutive and Regulated Shedding of Soluble FGF Receptors Releases Biologically Active Inhibitors of FGF-2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052712. [PMID: 33800200 PMCID: PMC7962449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of soluble fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors in blood and the extracellular matrix has led to the prediction that these proteins modulate the diverse biological activities of the FGF family of ligands in vivo. A recent structural characterization of the soluble FGF receptors revealed that they are primarily generated by proteolytic cleavage of the FGFR-1 ectodomain. Efforts to examine their biological properties are now focused on understanding the functional consequences of FGFR-1 ectodomain shedding and how the shedding event is regulated. We have purified an FGFR-1 ectodomain that is constitutively cleaved from the full-length FGFR-1(IIIc) receptor and released into conditioned media. This shed receptor binds FGF-2; inhibits FGF-2-induced cellular proliferation; and competes with high affinity, cell surface FGF receptors for ligand binding. FGFR-1 ectodomain shedding downregulates the number of high affinity receptors from the cell surface. The shedding mechanism is regulated by ligand binding and by activators of PKC, and the two signaling pathways appear to be independent of each other. Deletions and substitutions at the proposed cleavage site of FGFR-1 do not prevent ectodomain shedding. Broad spectrum inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases decrease FGFR-1 ectodomain shedding, suggesting that the enzyme responsible for constitutive, ligand-activated, and protein kinase C-activated shedding is a matrix metalloprotease. In summary, shedding of the FGFR-1 ectodomain is a highly regulated event, sharing many features with a common system that governs the release of diverse membrane proteins from the cell surface. Most importantly, the FGFR ectodomains are biologically active after shedding and are capable of functioning as inhibitors of FGF-2.
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5
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Kang G, Romo D. Photocatalyzed, β-Selective Hydrocarboxylation of α,β-Unsaturated Esters with CO2 under Flow for β-Lactone Synthesis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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6
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Tateishi H, Tateishi M, Radwan MO, Masunaga T, Kawatashiro K, Oba Y, Oyama M, Inoue-Kitahashi N, Fujita M, Okamoto Y, Otsuka M. A New Inhibitor of ADAM17 Composed of a Zinc-Binding Dithiol Moiety and a Specificity Pocket-Binding Appendage. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:1123-1130. [PMID: 34719595 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is a zinc-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the extracellular domains of various transmembrane proteins. ADAM17 is regarded as a promising drug target for the suppression of various diseases, including cancer metastasis. We synthesized a new ADAM17 inhibitor, SN-4, composed of a zinc-binding dithiol moiety and an appendage that specifically binds to a pocket of ADAM17. We show that SN-4 inhibits the ability of ADAM17 to cleave tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in vitro. This activity was reduced by the addition of zinc, indicating the importance of the zinc chelating dithiol moiety. Inhibition of TNF-α cleavage by SN-4 in cells was also observed, and with an IC50 of 3.22 µM, SN-4 showed slightly higher activity than the well-studied ADAM17 inhibitor marimastat. Furthermore, SN-4 was shown to inhibit cleavage of CD44 by ADAM17, but not by ADAM10, and to suppress cell invasion. Molecular docking showed good fitting of the specificity pocket-binding group and one SH of SN-4 and hinted at possible means of structural optimization. This study provides clues for the development of potent and selective ADAM17 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Mika Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Mohamed O Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre
| | - Takuya Masunaga
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Kosuke Kawatashiro
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Yasunori Oba
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Misato Oyama
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Natsuki Inoue-Kitahashi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Yoshinari Okamoto
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd
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7
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8
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Design, synthesis, and evaluation of cystargolide-based β-lactones as potent proteasome inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:962-977. [PMID: 30165344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The peptidic β-lactone proteasome inhibitors (PIs) cystargolides A and B were used to conduct structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies in order to assess their anticancer potential. A total of 24 different analogs were designed, synthesized and evaluated for proteasome inhibition, for cytotoxicity towards several cancer cell lines, and for their ability to enter intact cells. X-ray crystallographic analysis and subunit selectivity was used to determine the specific subunit binding associated with the structural modification of the β-lactone (P1), peptidic core, (Px and Py), and end-cap (Pz) of our scaffold. The cystargolide derivative 5k, structurally unique at both Py and P1, exhibited the most promising inhibitory activity for the β5 subunit of human proteasomes (IC50 = 3.1 nM) and significant cytotoxicity towards MCF-7 (IC50 = 416 nM), MDA-MB-231 (IC50 = 74 nM) and RPMI 8226 (IC50 = 41 nM) cancer cell lines. Cellular infiltration assays revealed that minor structural modifications have significant effects on the ability of our PIs to inhibit intracellular proteasomes, and we identified 5k as a promising candidate for continued therapeutic studies. Our novel drug lead 5k is a more potent proteasome inhibitor than carfilzomib with mid-to-low nanomolar IC50 measurements and it is cytotoxic against multiple cancer cell lines at levels approaching those of carfilzomib.
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9
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Abstract
Salinosporamide A is a β-lactone proteasome inhibitor currently in clinical trials for the treatment of multiple-myeloma. Herein we report a short synthesis of this small, highly functionalized, biologically important natural product that uses an oxidative radical cyclization as a key step and allows for the preparation of gram quantities of advanced synthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo B Marx
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jonathan W Burton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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10
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Parrish DC, Francis Stuart SD, Olivas A, Wang L, Nykjaer A, Ripplinger CM, Habecker BA. Transient denervation of viable myocardium after myocardial infarction does not alter arrhythmia susceptibility. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H415-H423. [PMID: 29101167 PMCID: PMC5899257 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00300.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac sympathetic nerves stimulate heart rate and force of contraction. Myocardial infarction (MI) leads to the loss of sympathetic nerves within the heart, and clinical studies have indicated that sympathetic denervation is a risk factor for arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Two distinct types of denervation have been identified in the mouse heart after MI caused by ischemia-reperfusion: transient denervation of peri-infarct myocardium and sustained denervation of the infarct. Sustained denervation is linked to increased arrhythmia risk, but it is not known whether acute nerve loss in peri-infarct myocardium also contributes to arrhythmia risk. Peri-infarct sympathetic denervation requires the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), but removal of p75NTR alters the pattern of sympathetic innervation in the heart and increases spontaneous arrhythmias. Therefore, we targeted the p75NTR coreceptor sortilin and the p75NTR-induced protease tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme/A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 17 (TACE/ADAM17) to selectively block peri-infarct denervation. Sympathetic nerve density was quantified using immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase. Genetic deletion of sortilin had no effect on the timing or extent of axon degeneration, but inhibition of TACE/ADAM17 with the protease inhibitor marimastat prevented the loss of axons from viable myocardium. We then asked whether retention of nerves in peri-infarct myocardium had an impact on cardiac electrophysiology 3 days after MI using ex vivo optical mapping of transmembrane potential and intracellular Ca2+. Preventing acute denervation of viable myocardium after MI did not significantly alter cardiac electrophysiology or Ca2+ handling, suggesting that transient denervation at this early time point has minimal impact on arrhythmia risk. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sympathetic denervation after myocardial infarction is a risk factor for arrhythmias. We asked whether transient loss of nerves in viable myocardium contributed to arrhythmia risk. We found that targeting protease activity could prevent acute peri-infarct denervation but that it did not significantly alter cardiac electrophysiology or Ca2+ handling 3 days after myocardial infarction.
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MESH Headings
- ADAM17 Protein/metabolism
- Action Potentials
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Animals
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/metabolism
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/pathology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology
- Calcium Signaling
- Disease Models, Animal
- Heart/innervation
- Heart Rate
- Isolated Heart Preparation
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardial Infarction/complications
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocardial Infarction/pathology
- Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Sympathetic Nervous System/metabolism
- Sympathetic Nervous System/physiopathology
- Time Factors
- Tissue Survival
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Parrish
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Antoinette Olivas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Lianguo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Anders Nykjaer
- Department of Biomedicine-Medical Biochemistry, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Beth A Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
- Department of Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
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11
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Ouvry G, Berton Y, Bhurruth-Alcor Y, Bonnary L, Bouix-Peter C, Bouquet K, Bourotte M, Chambon S, Comino C, Deprez B, Duvert D, Duvert G, Hacini-Rachinel F, Harris CS, Luzy AP, Mathieu A, Millois C, Pascau J, Pinto A, Polge G, Reitz A, Reversé K, Rosignoli C, Taquet N, Hennequin LF. Identification of novel TACE inhibitors compatible with topical application. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1848-1853. [PMID: 28274635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the Tumor Necrosis Factor α signalling with antibodies has led to a revolution in the treatment of psoriasis. Locally inhibiting Tumor Necrosis Factor α Converting Enzyme (TACE or ADAM17) could potentially mimic those effects and help treat mild to moderate psoriasis, without the reported side effect of systemic TACE inhibitors. Efforts to identify new TACE inhibitors are presented here. Enzymatic SAR as well as ADME and physico-chemistry data are presented. This study culminated in the identification of potent enzymatic inhibitors. Suboptimal cellular activity of this series is discussed in the context of previously published results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Ouvry
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France.
| | - Yaël Berton
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | | | - Laetitia Bonnary
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Claire Bouix-Peter
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Karine Bouquet
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Marilyne Bourotte
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sandrine Chambon
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Catherine Comino
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Benoît Deprez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Denis Duvert
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Duvert
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | | | - Craig S Harris
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Anne-Pascale Luzy
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Arnaud Mathieu
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Corinne Millois
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Jonathan Pascau
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Artur Pinto
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Gaëlle Polge
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Arnaud Reitz
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Kevin Reversé
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Carine Rosignoli
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Nathalie Taquet
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
| | - Laurent F Hennequin
- Nestlé Skin Health R&D, Les Templiers 2400 Route des Colles, 06410 Biot, France
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12
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Production of porcine TNFα by ADAM17-mediated cleavage negatively regulates porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Immunol Res 2016; 64:711-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Tello-Aburto R, Hallada LP, Niroula D, Rogelj S. Total synthesis and absolute stereochemistry of the proteasome inhibitors cystargolides A and B. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10127-30. [PMID: 26400369 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01821h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The absolute stereochemistry of the cystargolides was determined by total synthesis. Evaluation of synthetic cystargolides and derivatives showed that the natural (2S,3R) stereochemistry is essential for activity. Moreover, benzyl esters (-)-10 and (-)-15 were found to be about 100 times more potent, and to selectively kill MCF-7 cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Tello-Aburto
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM 87801, USA.
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14
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Modulation of CD163 expression by metalloprotease ADAM17 regulates porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus entry. J Virol 2014; 88:10448-58. [PMID: 24965453 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01117-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED As a consequence of their effects on ectodomain shedding, members of the A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) family have been implicated in the control of various cellular processes. Although ADAM family members are also involved in cancer, inflammation, and other pathologies, it is unclear whether they affect porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of ADAM17 enhances PRRSV entry in Marc-145 and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). We also demonstrate that the inhibition of ADAM17 upregulates membrane CD163 expression, a putative PRRSV receptor that is exogenously expressed in BHK-21 and endogenously expressed in Marc-145 and PAMs. Furthermore, overexpression of ADAM17 induced downregulation of CD163 expression and a reduction in PRRSV infection, whereas ablation of ADAM17 expression using specific small interfering RNA resulted in upregulation of CD163 expression with a corresponding increase in PRRSV infection. These ADAM17-mediated effects were confirmed with PRRSV nonpermissive BHK-21 cells transfected with CD163 cDNA. Overall, these findings indicate that ADAM17 downregulates CD163 expression and hinders PRRSV entry. Hence, downregulation of ADAM17 particular substrates may be an additional component of the anti-infection defenses. IMPORTANCE ADAM17 is one of the important membrane-associated metalloproteases that mediate various cellular events, as well as inflammation, cancer, and other pathologies. Here, we investigate for the first time the role of the metalloprotease ADAM17 in PRRSV infection. By using inhibitor and genetic modification methods, we demonstrate that ADAM17 negatively regulate PRRSV entry by regulating its substrate(s). More specifically, ADAM 17 mediates the downregulation of the PRRSV cellular receptor CD163. The reduction in CD163 expression represents another component of the anti-infection response initiated by ADAM17.
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15
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Modulation of pineal melatonin synthesis by glutamate involves paracrine interactions between pinealocytes and astrocytes through NF-κB activation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:618432. [PMID: 23984387 PMCID: PMC3747608 DOI: 10.1155/2013/618432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The glutamatergic modulation of melatonin synthesis is well known, along with the importance of astrocytes in mediating glutamatergic signaling in the central nervous system. Pinealocytes and astrocytes are the main cell types in the pineal gland. The objective of this work was to investigate the interactions between astrocytes and pinealocytes as a part of the glutamate inhibitory effect on melatonin synthesis. Rat pinealocytes isolated or in coculture with astrocytes were incubated with glutamate in the presence of norepinephrine, and the melatonin content, was quantified. The expression of glutamate receptors, the intracellular calcium content and the NF-κB activation were analyzed in astrocytes and pinealocytes. TNF-α's possible mediation of the effect of glutamate was also investigated. The results showed that glutamate's inhibitory effect on melatonin synthesis involves interactions between astrocytes and pinealocytes, possibly through the release of TNF-α. Moreover, the activation of the astrocytic NF-κB seems to be a necessary step. In astrocytes and pinealocytes, AMPA, NMDA, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors were observed, as well as the intracellular calcium elevation. In conclusion, there is evidence that the modulation of melatonin synthesis by glutamate involves paracrine interactions between pinealocytes and astrocytes through the activation of the astrocytic NF-κB transcription factor and possibly by subsequent TNF-α release.
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16
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Kawamura S, Unno Y, Asai A, Arisawa M, Shuto S. Design and synthesis of the stabilized analogs of belactosin A with the unnatural cis-cyclopropane structure. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6615-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Szymański W, Westerbeek A, Janssen DB, Feringa BL. A simple enantioconvergent and chemoenzymatic synthesis of optically active α-substituted amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10712-5. [PMID: 21922620 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Szymański
- Center for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Szymański W, Westerbeek A, Janssen DB, Feringa BL. A Simple Enantioconvergent and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Optically Active α-Substituted Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Andreani A, Burnelli S, Granaiola M, Leoni A, Locatelli A, Morigi R, Rambaldi M, Varoli L, Landi L, Prata C, Sega FVD, Caliceti C, Shoemaker RH. Antitumor activity and COMPARE analysis of bis-indole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:3004-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Bahia MS, Silakari O. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Converting Enzyme: An Encouraging Target for Various Inflammatory Disorders. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 75:415-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.00950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Pompei M, Di Francesco ME, Pesci S, Koch U, Vignetti SE, Veneziano M, Pace P, Summa V. Novel P2-P4 macrocyclic inhibitors of HCV NS3/4A protease by P3 succinamide fragment depeptidization strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:168-74. [PMID: 19932966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Revised: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C represents a serious worldwide health-care problem. Recently, we have disclosed a novel class of P2-P4 macrocyclic inhibitors of NS3/4A protease containing a carbamate functionality as capping group at the P3 N-terminus. Herein we report our work aimed at further depeptidizing the P3 region by replacement of the urethane function with a succinamide motif. This peptidomimetic approach has led to the discovery of novel P2-P4 macrocyclic inhibitors of HCV NS3/4A protease with sub-nanomolar enzyme affinities. In addition to being potent inhibitors of HCV subgenomic replication, optimized analogues within this series have also presented attractive PK properties and showed promising liver levels in rat following oral administration.
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Abstract
Proteases constitute one of the primary targets in drug discovery. In the present review, we focus on extracellular proteases (ECPs) because of their differential expression in many pathophysiological processes, including cancer, cardiovascular conditions, and inflammatory, pulmonary, and periodontal diseases. Many new ECP inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation and a significant increase in new therapies based on protease inhibition can be expected in the coming years. In addition to directly blocking the activity of a targeted protease, one can take advantage of differential expression in disease states to selectively deliver therapeutic or imaging agents. Recent studies in targeted drug development for the metalloproteases (matrix metalloproteinases, adamalysins, pappalysins, neprilysin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, metallocarboxypeptidases, and glutamate carboxypeptidase II), serine proteases (elastase, coagulation factors, tissue/urokinase plasminogen activator system, kallikreins, tryptase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV) and cysteine proteases (cathepsin B) are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 U.S.A
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229 U.S.A
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23
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Current perspective of TACE inhibitors: A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:444-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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CHIOU SHYHHORNG, CHEN YENSHAN. CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO MAJOR FAMILIES OF FIBRINOGENOLYTIC PROTEASES FROM THE VENOM OF TAIWAN HABU WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-200046377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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25
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Waldhauer I, Goehlsdorf D, Gieseke F, Weinschenk T, Wittenbrink M, Ludwig A, Stevanovic S, Rammensee HG, Steinle A. Tumor-associated MICA is shed by ADAM proteases. Cancer Res 2008; 68:6368-76. [PMID: 18676862 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immunoreceptor NKG2D promotes immunosurveillance of malignant cells and protects the host from tumor initiation by activating natural killer cells and costimulating CD8 T cells. NKG2D-mediated recognition of malignant cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes is enabled through the tumor-associated expression of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) resulting from cellular or genotoxic stress. Shedding of NKG2DL is thought to constitute a major countermechanism of tumor cells to subvert NKG2D-mediated immunosurveillance. Here, we report that the prototypical NKG2DL MICA is released by proteolytic cleavage in the stalk of the MICA ectodomain, where deletions, but not alanine substitutions, impede MICA shedding. Small compound-mediated stimulation and inhibition of MICA shedding adduced characteristics that indicated an involvement of members of the "a disintegrin and metalloproteinase" (ADAM) family. Accordingly, MICA shedding by tumor cells was inhibited by silencing of the related ADAM10 and ADAM17 proteases, which are known to promote tumor growth by releasing epidermal growth factor receptor ligands. Collectively, our data show that ADAM10 and ADAM17 are critically involved in the tumor-associated proteolytic release of soluble MICA facilitating tumor immune escape. Hence, therapeutic blockade of ADAM10 and ADAM17 seems promising for cancer treatment by targeting both growth and immune escape of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inja Waldhauer
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Andreani A, Burnelli S, Granaiola M, Leoni A, Locatelli A, Morigi R, Rambaldi M, Varoli L, Landi L, Prata C, Berridge MV, Grasso C, Fiebig HH, Kelter G, Burger AM, Kunkel MW. Antitumor activity of bis-indole derivatives. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4563-70. [PMID: 18598018 DOI: 10.1021/jm800194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis of compounds formed by two indole systems separated by a heterocycle (pyridine or piperazine). As a primary screening, the new compounds were submitted to the National Cancer Institute for evaluation of antitumor activity in the human cell line screen. The pyridine derivatives were far more active than the piperazine derivatives. For the study of the mechanism of action, the most active compounds were subjected to COMPARE analysis and to further biological tests including proteasome inhibition and inhibition of plasma membrane electron transport. The compound bearing the 5-methoxy-2-indolinone moiety was subjected to the first in vivo experiment (hollow fiber assay) and was active. It was therefore selected for the second in vivo experiment (human tumor xenograft in mice). In conclusion we demonstrated that this approach was successful, since some of the compounds described are much more active than the numerous, so far prepared and tested 3-indolylmethylene-2-indolinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Andreani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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27
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Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition facilitates cell death in intracerebral hemorrhage in mouse. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:752-63. [PMID: 17971790 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) initiates an inflammatory response with secondary growth of hemorrhage and cell death. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gelatinolytic activity is increased in ICH, and synthetic inhibitors to MMPs reduce edema and hemorrhage size. Recently, we found that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) is elevated after ischemia and colocalizes with TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeled)-labeled cells. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 promotes neuronal apoptosis in vitro by blocking the shedding of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily of death receptors/ligands by stromelysin-1 (MMP-3). However, the effect of TIMP-3 and synthetic MMP inhibitors on cell death in ICH is unclear. Therefore, we used the collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage (CIH) model in Timp-3 knockout and C57Bl/6 wild-type mice to study MMP expression, hemorrhage volume, and cell death. Real-time PCR showed an increase in Mmp-3 mRNA in CIH, but similar Mmp-2 and -9 mRNA expression levels in CIH and saline-injected mice. Protein levels of pro and cleaved MMP-3 were increased in CIH, and zymographic gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9 was elevated after CIH at 72 h, suggesting an exogenous source. Apoptosis was shown by increased caspase-3 levels at 2 and 72 h, and active caspase-8 by 2 and 24 h. The Timp-3 null mouse and wild types had similar hemorrhage sizes and TUNEL-labeled cells. Unexpectedly, the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor BB-94 increased hemorrhage size and TUNEL-labeled cells. Our results fail to implicate TIMP-3 in apoptosis in CIH, but show that BB-94 increased apoptosis in CIH, possibly by blocking shedding of TNF death receptors and/or their ligands.
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28
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Liang B, Liu J, Gao YX, Wongkhan K, Shu DX, Lan Y, Li A, Batsanov AS, Howard JAH, Marder TB, Chen JH, Yang Z. Synthesis of Thiourea−Oxazolines, a New Class of Chiral S,N-Heterobidentate Ligands: Application in Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Bis(methoxycarbonylation) of Terminal Olefins. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om700311x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ying-Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Kittiya Wongkhan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Dong-Xu Shu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Lan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei S. Batsanov
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Judith A. H. Howard
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Jia-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, and Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China, and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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29
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Silvestri M, Bontempelli M, Giacomelli M, Malerba M, Rossi GA, Di Stefano A, Rossi A, Ricciardolo FLM. High serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-8 in severe asthma: markers of systemic inflammation? Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 36:1373-81. [PMID: 17083347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe asthma is characterized by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophilic inflammation in the airways. Blood cytokines, markers of 'systemic' inflammation, may be a feature of amplified inflammation in severe asthma. OBJECTIVE To detect differences in IL-8, TNF-alpha, IL-16 and IL-13 levels in the serum(s) of stable severe and mild-moderate asthmatics related to blood leucocytes proportion, airway calibre and exhaled nitric oxide (NO) levels. METHODS We assessed cytokine serum levels by ELISA and blood leucocyte counts by an alkaline peroxidase method in 20 healthy controls, 22 mild-moderate [forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)(%pred): 89+/-3] and 14 severe asthmatics [FEV1(%pred): 49+/-2]. RESULTS IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels were higher in severe asthmatics than in mild-moderate asthmatics or in controls (P<0.05). No differences in IL-16 and IL-13 levels were detected. Severe asthmatics showed higher circulating neutrophil and eosinophil number than controls (P<0.05). In severe asthmatics, exhaled NO levels were superior than in controls (P<0.05), but inferior than in mild-moderate asthmatics (P<0.05). We found positive correlation between TNF-alpha levels and exhaled NO (r=0.67; P=0.01) or circulating neutrophil counts (r=0.57; P=0.03) in severe asthmatics. CONCLUSION sTNF-alpha and sIL-8 are markers of 'systemic' inflammation in severe asthmatics, in conjunction with augmented circulating neutrophils, suggesting the involvement of neutrophil-derived cytokine pattern in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Silvestri
- Pulmonary Disease Unit, G Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
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30
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Chatterjee AK, Liu H, Tully DC, Guo J, Epple R, Russo R, Williams J, Roberts M, Tuntland T, Chang J, Gordon P, Hollenbeck T, Tumanut C, Li J, Harris JL. Synthesis and SAR of succinamide peptidomimetic inhibitors of cathepsin S. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2899-903. [PMID: 17382545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptidic, non-covalent inhibitors of lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin S (1 and 2) were investigated due to low oral bioavailability, leading to an improved series of peptidomimetic inhibitors. Utilizing phenyl succinamides as the P2 residue increased the oral exposure of this lead series of compounds, while retaining selective inhibition of the cathepsin S isoform. Concurrent investigation of the P1 and P2 subsites resulted in the discovery of several potent and selective inhibitors of cathepsin S with good pharmacokinetic properties due to the elimination of saturated aliphatic P2 residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab K Chatterjee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), 10675 John J. Hopkins Dr., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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31
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Cosío BG, Núñez Sánchez B. Nuevas perspectivas terapéuticas farmacológicas en el manejo de la EPOC. Arch Bronconeumol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2896(07)74007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Yamagata T, Ichinose M. Agents against cytokine synthesis or receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:289-301. [PMID: 16457805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Various cytokines play a critical role in pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory lung diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The increasing evidence of the involvement of these cytokines in the development of airway inflammation raises the possibility that these cytokines may become the novel promising therapeutic targets. Studies concerning the inhibition of interleukin (IL)-4 have been discontinued despite promising early results in asthma. Although blocking antibody against IL-5 markedly reduces the infiltration of eosinophils in peripheral blood and airway, it does not seem to be effective in symptomatic asthma, while blocking IL-13 might be more effective. On the contrary, anti-inflammatory cytokines themselves such as IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-23 and interferon-gamma may have a therapeutic potential. Inhibition of TNF-alpha may also be useful in severe asthma or COPD. Many chemokines are also involved in the inflammatory response of asthma and COPD through the recruitment of inflammatory cells. Several small molecule inhibitors of chemokine receptors are now in development for the treatment of asthma and COPD. Antibodies that block IL-8 reduce neutrophilic inflammation. Chemokine CC3 receptor antagonists, which block eosinophil chemotaxis, are now in clinical development for asthma therapy. As many cytokines are involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory lung diseases, inhibitory agents of the synthesis of multiple cytokines may be more useful tools. Several such agents are now in clinical development.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/antagonists & inhibitors
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- Animals
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Asthma/drug therapy
- Asthma/metabolism
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Etanercept
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Interleukins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/enzymology
- Receptors, Cytokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/therapeutic use
- Respiratory System/drug effects
- Respiratory System/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamagata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Kimiidera 811-1 Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
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33
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Zhou BBS, Fridman JS, Liu X, Friedman SM, Newton RC, Scherle PA. ADAM proteases, ErbB pathways and cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14:591-606. [PMID: 16004590 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.6.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs) are zinc-dependent trans-membrane metalloproteases that shed the extracellular domains of membrane-bound growth factors, cytokines and receptors. Key functions of ADAMs have emerged in ErbB signalling pathways as being sheddases for multiple ErbB ligands. As the ErbB pathway is a validated target for anti-cancer drugs, the upstream activators of ErbB ligands, their sheddases, now enter the spotlight as new drug targets in the ErbB pathway. ADAMs are involved not only in tumour cell proliferation but also in angiogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, strategies targeting ADAMs might be an important complement to existing anti-ErbB approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bing S Zhou
- Drug Discovery Biology, Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station, Route 141 & Henry Clay Road, Building 400, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA.
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Qiao C, Marsh ENG. Mechanism of Benzylsuccinate Synthase: Stereochemistry of Toluene Addition to Fumarate and Maleate. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:8608-9. [PMID: 15954762 DOI: 10.1021/ja051972f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benzylsuccinate synthase catalyzes a highly unusual reaction: the addition of toluene to fumarate to form (R)-benzylsuccinic acid. The stereochemistry of this reaction has been examined using [d3-methyl]toluene and either fumarate or its cis stereoisomer, maleate, as the substrates. We demonstrate that when fumarate is the cosubstrate, deuterium is transferred from toluene to the C-3 pro-(R) position of benzylsuccinate, implying a syn addition of toluene to the double bond of fumarate. However, when maleate is the cosubstrate, the addition of toluene occurs in an anti fashion, so that deuterium transfer to the C-3 pro-(R) position of benzylsuccinate is also observed. This is consistent with the formation of the C-3 radical of benzylsuccinate as an intermediate, in which rotation about the C-2-C-3 bond can occur to relieve the sterically unfavorable cis conformation of the carboxylate groups when maleate is the cosubstrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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35
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Lukacova V, Zhang Y, Kroll DM, Raha S, Comez D, Balaz S. A comparison of the binding sites of matrix metalloproteinases and tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme: implications for selectivity. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2361-70. [PMID: 15801829 PMCID: PMC2896057 DOI: 10.1021/jm0491703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MMPs and TACE (ADAM-17) assume independent, parallel, or opposite pathological roles in cancer, arthritis, and several other diseases. For therapeutic purposes, selective inhibition of individual MMPs and TACE is required in most cases due to distinct roles in diseases and the need to preserve activities in normal states. Toward this goal, we compared force-field interaction energies of five ubiquitous inhibitor atoms with flexible binding sites of 24 known human MMPs and TACE. The results indicate that MMPs 1-3, 10, 11, 13, 16, and 17 have at least one subsite very similar to TACE. S3 subsite is the best target for development of specific TACE inhibitors. Specific binding to TACE compared to most MMPs is promoted by placing a negatively charged ligand part at the bottom of S2 subsite, at the entrance of S1' subsite, or the part of S3' subsite that is close to catalytic zinc. Numerous other clues, consistent with available experimental data, are provided for design of selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viera Lukacova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Yufen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Daniel M. Kroll
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Soumyendu Raha
- Department of Computer Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Dogan Comez
- Department of Mathematics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
| | - Stefan Balaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
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36
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Casini A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Sulfonamide derivatives with protease inhibitory action as anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antiviral agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.9.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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37
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Chessa G, Canovese L, Visentin F, Santo C, Seraglia R. Synthesis of poly(pyridylthioether) dendrimers incorporating a Fe2(CO)6 cluster core. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Abstract
The recent successful introduction of the anti-cytokine biologicals Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Anakinra has stimulated the search for anti-cytokine small-molecules. A number of molecular targets have been identified for the development of such small molecular anti-cytokine agents. The focus of this review will be on those inhibitors of cytokine production, which target either p38 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase, TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), or IL-1beta converting enzyme (ICE). P38 MAP kinase occupies a central role in the signaling network responsible for the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and TNF-alpha, and regulates their biosynthesis at both the transcriptional and translational level. TACE and ICE are two proteases required for the processing of proTNF-alpha and proIL-1beta, respectively into their mature, proinflammatory form. Since the mid-1990s, a plethora of inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase, TACE, and ICE has been characterized in vitro, and individual representatives from all three inhibitor classes have in the meantime been advanced into clinical trials. This review will highlight the correlation between effective inhibition at the molecular target and cellular activity in functional assays of cytokine, particularly TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, production. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) will be discussed regarding activity at the respective enzyme target, but also with regard to properties required for efficient in vitro and in vivo cellular activity (e.g., oral availability, solubility, cell penetration, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Wagner
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, England
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Bolletta F, Garelli A, Montalti M, Prodi L, Romano S, Zaccheroni N, Canovese L, Chessa G, Santo C, Visentin F. Synthesis, photophysical characterisation and metal ion binding properties of new ligands containing anthracene chromophores. Inorganica Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dittmar M, Kiourkenidis G, Horn M, Bollwein S, Bernhardt G. Cerebral ischemia, matrix metalloproteinases, and TNF-alpha: MMP inhibitors may act not exclusively by reducing MMP activity. Stroke 2004; 35:e338-40; author reply e338-40. [PMID: 15192238 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000135294.08862.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Bax DV, Messent AJ, Tart J, van Hoang M, Kott J, Maciewicz RA, Humphries MJ. Integrin alpha5beta1 and ADAM-17 interact in vitro and co-localize in migrating HeLa cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:22377-86. [PMID: 14970227 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400180200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM-17) has diverse roles in the proteolytic processing of cell surface molecules and, due to its ability to process TNFalpha, is a validated therapeutic target for anti-inflammatory therapies. Unlike a number of other ADAM proteins, which interact with integrin receptors via their disintegrin domains, there is currently no evidence for an ADAM-17-integrin association. By analyzing the adhesion of a series of cell lines with recombinant fragments of the extracellular domain of ADAM-17, we now demonstrate a functional interaction between ADAM-17 and alpha(5)beta(1) integrin in a trans orientation. Because ADAM-17-mediated adhesion was sensitive to RGD peptides and EDTA, and the integrin-binding site within ADAM-17 was narrowed down to the disintegrin/cysteine-rich region, the two molecules appear to have a ligand-receptor relationship mediated by the alpha(5)beta(1) ligand binding pocket. Intriguingly, ADAM-17 and alpha(5)beta(1) were found to co-localize in both membrane ruffles and focal adhesions in HeLa cells. When confluent HeLa cell monolayers were wounded, ADAM-17 and alpha(5)beta(1) redistributed to the leading edge and co-localized, which is suggestive of a cis orientation. We postulate that the interaction of ADAM-17 with alpha(5)beta(1) may target or modulate its metalloproteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Bax
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, The Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT
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42
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Abstract
A concise first total synthesis of the antitumour antibiotic belactosin A is reported, involving coupling of beta-lactone carboxylic acid 3 with N-Ala-aminocyclopropyl alanine 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UKSW7 2AZ.
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Kurz T, Widyan K. O-Protected 3-hydroxy-oxazolidin-2,4-diones: novel precursors in the synthesis of α-hydroxyhydroxamic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:2023-7. [PMID: 15254629 DOI: 10.1039/b404950k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O-Protected 3-hydroxyoxazolidin-2,4-diones have been prepared in a novel one-pot reaction by subsequent treatment of cyanohydrins with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole and O-protected hydroxylamines followed by acidic hydrolysis of the intermediate 4-imino-oxazolidin-2-ones. Decarbonylation of O-protected 3-hydroxyoxazolidin-2,4-diones by catalytic amounts of sodium methoxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and caesium carbonate in methanol afforded O-protected alpha-hydroxyhydroxamic acids in excellent yields. Their deprotection provided a series of novel alpha-hydroxyhydroxamic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kurz
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Becherer JD, Blobel CP. Biochemical properties and functions of membrane-anchored metalloprotease-disintegrin proteins (ADAMs). Curr Top Dev Biol 2003; 54:101-23. [PMID: 12696747 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(03)54006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J David Becherer
- Department of Biochemical and Analytical Pharmacology, GlaxoSmithKline Research Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Abstract
Multiple cytokines play a critical role in orchestrating and perpetuating inflammation in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and several specific cytokine and chemokine inhibitors now in development as future therapy for these diseases. Anti-IL-5 antibody markedly reduces peripheral blood and airway eosinophils, but does not appear to be effective in symptomatic asthma. Inhibition of IL-4 despite promising early results in asthma has been discontinued and blocking IL-13 might be more effective. Inhibitory cytokines, such as IL-10, interferons and IL-12 are less promising, as systemic delivery produces side effects. Inhibition of TNF-alpha may be useful in severe asthma and for treating severe COPD with systemic features. Many chemokines are involved in the inflammatory response of asthma and COPD and several small molecule inhibitors of chemokine receptors (CCR) are in development. CCR3 antagonists (which block eosinophil chemotaxis) and CXCR2 antagonists (which block neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis) are in clinical development for asthma and COPD, respectively. Because so many cytokines are involved in asthma, drugs that inhibit the synthesis of multiple cytokines may prove to be more useful; several such classes of drug are now in clinical development and any risk of side effects with these non-specific inhibitors may be reduced by the inhaled route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK.
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Supuran CT, Casini A, Scozzafava A. Protease inhibitors of the sulfonamide type: anticancer, antiinflammatory, and antiviral agents. Med Res Rev 2003; 23:535-58. [PMID: 12789686 DOI: 10.1002/med.10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The sulfonamides constitute an important class of drugs, with several types of pharmacological agents possessing antibacterial, anticarbonic anhydrase, diuretic, hypoglycemic, and antithyroid activity among others. A large number of structurally novel sulfonamide derivatives have ultimately been reported to show substantial protease inhibitory properties. Of particular interest are some metalloprotease inhibitors belonging to this class, which by inhibiting several matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) show interesting antitumor properties. Some of these compounds are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. The large number of sulfonamide MMP inhibitors ultimately reported also lead to the design of effective tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitors, potentially useful in the treatment of inflammatory states of various types. Since both MMPs and TACE contribute synergistically to the pathophysiology of many diseases, such as arthritis, bacterial meningitis, tumor invasion; the dual inhibition of these enzymes emerged as an interesting target for the drug design of anticancer/antiinflammatory drugs, and many such sulfonamide derivatives were recently reported. Human neutrophyl elastase (HNE) inhibitors of the sulfonamide type may also be useful in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, such as emphysema, cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, ischemia reperfusion injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Inhibition of some cysteine proteases, such as several caspase and cathepsin isozymes, may lead to the development of pharmacological agents effective for the management of several diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, brain damage, and stroke. Another research line that progressed much in the last time regards different sulfonamides with remarkable antiviral activity. Some clinically used HIV protease inhibitors (such as amprenavir) possess sulfonamide moieties in their molecules, which are critical for the potency of these drugs, as shown by means of X-ray crystallography, whereas a very large number of other derivatives are constantly being synthesized and evaluated in order to obtain compounds with lower toxicity or augmented activity against viruses resistant to the such first generation drugs. Other viral proteases, such as those isolated from several types of herpes viruses may be inhibited by sulfonamide derivatives, leading thus to more effective classes of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Rm. 188, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London SW3 6LY, UK.
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Contin C, Pitard V, Itai T, Nagata S, Moreau JF, Déchanet-Merville J. Membrane-anchored CD40 is processed by the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme. Implications for CD40 signaling. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:32801-9. [PMID: 12810728 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209993200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble form of CD40 (sCD40), which co-exists with the membrane-anchored form (mCD40), is a natural antagonist of mCD40/CD154 interaction. However, the mechanism leading to the production of sCD40 has never been investigated. Here, we show that the engagement of mCD40 on the surface of B lymphocytes by anti-CD40 antibody led to enhanced sCD40 release associated with decreased amounts of mCD40. This sCD40 production was not affected by vesicular traffic inhibitors but was completely blocked by a broad-spectrum synthetic metalloproteinase (MP) inhibitor (GM6001) or a membrane-anchored MP-specific inhibitor (dec-RVKR-cmk). Recombinant MP disintegrin tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) cleaved the purified CD40 ectodomain/Fc chimeric protein in vitro, giving rise to an sCD40 form similar to that shed from B cell cultures. Moreover, spontaneous production of sCD40 by mCD40-transfected human embryonic kidney cells (constitutively expressing TACE) was enhanced by the overexpression of TACE and abrogated by co-transfection with a dominant-negative TACE mutant. These results provide strong evidence that sCD40 production is an active process regulated by the engagement of mCD40 and its proteolytic cleavage by TACE or a related MP disintegrin. Given the antagonistic activity of sCD40 on the CD40/CD154 interaction, this shedding mechanism might represent an important negative feedback control of CD40 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Contin
- CNRS UMR 5540, IFR 66, Université Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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van der Flier M, Geelen SPM, Kimpen JLL, Hoepelman IM, Tuomanen EI. Reprogramming the host response in bacterial meningitis: how best to improve outcome? Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16:415-29. [PMID: 12857775 PMCID: PMC164224 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.16.3.415-429.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antibiotic therapy, bacterial meningitis is still associated with high morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Animal studies have shown that the host inflammatory response induced by bacterial products in the subarachnoid space is associated with central nervous system injury. Thus, attenuation of inflammation early in the disease process might improve the outcome. The feasibility of such an approach is demonstrated by the reduction in neurologic sequelae achieved with adjuvant dexamethasone therapy. Increased understanding of the pathways of inflammation and neuronal damage has suggested rational new targets to modulate the host response in bacterial meningitis, but prediction of which agents would be optimal has been difficult. This review compares the future promise of benefit from the use of diverse adjuvant agents. It appears unlikely that inhibition of a single proinflammatory mediator will prove useful in clinical practice, but several avenues to reprogram a wider array of mediators simultaneously are encouraging. Particularly promising are efforts to adjust combinations of cytokines, to inhibit neuronal apoptosis and to enhance brain repair.
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Renkiewicz R, Qiu L, Lesch C, Sun X, Devalaraja R, Cody T, Kaldjian E, Welgus H, Baragi V. Broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor marimastat-induced musculoskeletal side effects in rats. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:1742-9. [PMID: 12794843 DOI: 10.1002/art.11030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the clinical and histopathologic changes in a rat model of broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-induced musculoskeletal syndrome (MSS), and to facilitate research into the causes and treatments of MSS in humans. METHODS Male Lewis rats weighing 150-180 gm were administered 10-30 mg of the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor marimastat over a 2-week period via surgically implanted subcutaneous osmotic pumps. The animals were monitored and scored for the onset and severity of MSS, using clinical and histologic parameters. RESULTS Marimastat-treated rats exhibited various clinical signs, including compromised ability to rest on their hind feet, high-stepping gait, reluctance or inability to move, and hind paw swelling. Histologically, marimastat-treated rat joints were characterized by soft tissue and bone changes, such as increased epiphyseal growth plate, synovial hyperplasia, and increased cellularity in the joint capsule and extracapsular ligaments. The severity of MSS, as judged by clinical criteria (2 blinded observers using 3 clinical parameters), paw volume, and histologic score, was nearly identical. The observed changes were indistinguishable from those reported for primate models and mimic MSS in humans. CONCLUSION This simple and sensitive model of MSS is an attractive alternative for studying the pathology of MSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Renkiewicz
- Pfizer Global Research & Development Ann Arbor Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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