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Segireddy RR, Belda H, Yang ASP, Dundas K, Knoeckel J, Galaway F, Wood L, Quinkert D, Knuepfer E, Treeck M, Wright GJ, Douglas AD. A screen for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface protein binding to human hepatocyte surface receptors identifies novel host-pathogen interactions. Malar J 2024; 23:151. [PMID: 38755636 PMCID: PMC11098746 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes is an essential step in the Plasmodium life-cycle and has similarities, at the cellular level, to merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. In the case of the Plasmodium blood-stage, efforts to identify host-pathogen protein-protein interactions have yielded important insights including vaccine candidates. In the case of sporozoite-hepatocyte invasion, the host-pathogen protein-protein interactions involved are poorly understood. METHODS To gain a better understanding of the protein-protein interaction between the sporozoite ligands and host receptors, a systematic screen was performed. The previous Plasmodium falciparum and human surface protein ectodomain libraries were substantially extended, resulting in the creation of new libraries comprising 88 P. falciparum sporozoite protein coding sequences and 182 sequences encoding human hepatocyte surface proteins. Having expressed recombinant proteins from these sequences, a plate-based assay was used, capable of detecting low affinity interactions between recombinant proteins, modified for enhanced throughput, to screen the proteins for interactions. The novel interactions identified in the screen were characterized biochemically, and their essential role in parasite invasion was further elucidated using antibodies and genetically manipulated Plasmodium parasites. RESULTS A total of 7540 sporozoite-hepatocyte protein pairs were tested under conditions capable of detecting interactions of at least 1.2 µM KD. An interaction between the human fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) and the P. falciparum protein Pf34 is identified and reported here, characterizing its affinity and demonstrating the blockade of the interaction by reagents, including a monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, further interactions between Pf34 and a second P. falciparum rhoptry neck protein, PfRON6, and between human low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and the P. falciparum protein PIESP15 are identified. Conditional genetic deletion confirmed the essentiality of PfRON6 in the blood-stage, consistent with the important role of this protein in parasite lifecycle. Pf34 was refractory to attempted genetic modification. Antibodies to Pf34 abrogated the interaction and had a modest effect upon sporozoite invasion into primary human hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Pf34 and PfRON6 may be members of a functionally important invasion complex which could be a target for future interventions. The modified interaction screening assay, protein expression libraries and P. falciparum mutant parasites reported here may be a useful tool for protein interaction discovery and antigen candidate screening which could be of wider value to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameswara R Segireddy
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Hugo Belda
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Annie S P Yang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten Dundas
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Julia Knoeckel
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Francis Galaway
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Laura Wood
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Doris Quinkert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ellen Knuepfer
- The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Moritz Treeck
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gavin J Wright
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alexander D Douglas
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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2
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Cai J, Lian C, Lu Z, Shang Q, Wang L, Han Z, Gu Y. FGF19-Based Mini Probe Targeting FGFR4 for Diagnosis and Surgical Navigation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3764-3777. [PMID: 38385325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequent malignancy that has a high death rate and a high rate of recurrence following surgery, owing to insufficient surgical resection. Furthermore, HCC is prone to peritoneal metastasis (HCC-PM), resulting in a significant number of tiny cancer lesions, making surgical removal more challenging. As a potential imaging target, FGFR4 is highly expressed in tumors, especially in HCC, but is less expressed in the normal liver. In this study, we used computational simulation approaches to develop peptide I0 derived from FGF19, a particular ligand of FGFR4, and labeled it with the NIRF dye, MPA, for HCC detection. In surgical navigation, the TBR was 9.31 ± 1.36 and 8.57 ± 1.15 in HepG2 in situ tumor and HCC-PM models, respectively, indicating considerable tumor uptake. As a result, peptide I0 is an excellent clinical diagnostic reagent for HCC, as well as a tool for surgically resecting HCC peritoneal metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxian Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Diagnostic Pharmacy, School of engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chen Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Diagnostic Pharmacy, School of engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Zeyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Diagnostic Pharmacy, School of engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qian Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Diagnostic Pharmacy, School of engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Diagnostic Pharmacy, School of engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhihao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Diagnostic Pharmacy, School of engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yueqing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Diagnostic Pharmacy, School of engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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3
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Zangerolamo L, Carvalho M, Velloso LA, Barbosa HCL. Endocrine FGFs and their signaling in the brain: Relevance for energy homeostasis. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 963:176248. [PMID: 38056616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 2000, there has been a continuous expansion of studies investigating the physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology of endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23 comprise a subfamily with attributes that distinguish them from typical FGFs, as they can act as hormones and are, therefore, referred to as endocrine FGFs. As they participate in a broad cross-organ endocrine signaling axis, endocrine FGFs are crucial lipidic, glycemic, and energetic metabolism regulators during energy availability fluctuations. They function as powerful metabolic signals in physiological responses induced by metabolic diseases, like type 2 diabetes and obesity. Pharmacologically, FGF19 and FGF21 cause body weight loss and ameliorate glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure in rodents and humans. In contrast, FGF23 expression in mice and humans has been linked with insulin resistance and obesity. Here, we discuss emerging concepts in endocrine FGF signaling in the brain and critically assess their putative role as therapeutic targets for treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Zangerolamo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Carvalho
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C L Barbosa
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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Shen B, Shi JP, Zhu ZX, He ZD, Liu SY, Shi W, Zhang YX, Ying HY, Wang J, Xu RF, Fang F, Chang HX, Chen Z, Zhang NN. EGFR Inhibition Overcomes Resistance to FGFR4 Inhibition and Potentiates FGFR4 Inhibitor Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1479-1492. [PMID: 37710057 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the FGF19-FGFR4 signaling pathway plays an essential role in the tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As such, FGFR4 inhibition has emerged as a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of HCC and has shown preliminary efficacy in recent clinical trials for patients exhibiting aberrant FGF19 expression. Resistance to kinase inhibitors is common in oncology, presenting a major challenge in the clinical treatment process. Hence, we investigated the potential mechanisms mediating and causing resistance to FGFR4 inhibition in HCC. Upon the successful establishment of a battery of cellular models developing resistance to FGFR4 inhibitors, we have identified the activation of EGFR, MAPK, and AKT signaling as the primary mechanisms mediating the acquired resistance. Combination of inhibitors against EGFR or its downstream components restored sensitivity to FGFR4 inhibitors. In parental HCC cell lines, EGF treatment also resulted in resistance to FGFR4 inhibitors. This resistance was effectively reverted by inhibitors of the EGFR signaling pathway, suggesting that EGFR activation is a potential cause of intrinsic resistance. We further confirmed the above findings in vivo in mouse xenograft tumor models. Genomic analysis of patient samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas confirmed that a segment of patients with HCC harboring FGF19 overexpression indeed exhibited increased activation of EGFR signaling. These findings conclusively indicate that both induced and innate activation of EGFR could mediate resistance to FGFR4 inhibition, suggesting that dual blockade of EGFR and FGFR4 may be a promising future therapeutic strategy for the treatment of FGF19-FGFR4 altered HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shen
- Abbisko Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Zhi-Dong He
- Abbisko Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wan Shi
- Abbisko Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Jie Wang
- Abbisko Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Feng Xu
- Abbisko Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Fang
- Abbisko Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhui Chen
- Abbisko Therapeutics Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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5
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Danhof HA, Lee J, Thapa A, Britton RA, Di Rienzi SC. Microbial stimulation of oxytocin release from the intestinal epithelium via secretin signaling. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2256043. [PMID: 37698879 PMCID: PMC10498800 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2256043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbes impact the health of the intestine and organs distal to the gut. Limosilactobacillus reuteri is a human intestinal microbe that promotes normal gut transit, the anti-inflammatory immune system, wound healing, normal social behavior in mice, and prevents bone reabsorption. Oxytocin impacts these functions and oxytocin signaling is required for L. reuteri-mediated wound healing and social behavior; however, the events in the gut leading to oxytocin stimulation and beneficial effects are unknown. Here we report evolutionarily conserved oxytocin production in the intestinal epithelium through analysis of single-cell RNA-Seq datasets and imaging of human and mouse intestinal tissues. Moreover, human intestinal organoids produce oxytocin, demonstrating that the intestinal epithelium is sufficient to produce oxytocin. We find that L. reuteri facilitates oxytocin secretion from human intestinal tissue and human intestinal organoids. Finally, we demonstrate that stimulation of oxytocin secretion by L. reuteri is dependent on the gut hormone secretin, which is produced in enteroendocrine cells, while oxytocin itself is produced in enterocytes. Altogether, this work demonstrates that oxytocin is produced and secreted from enterocytes in the intestinal epithelium in response to secretin stimulated by L. reuteri. This work thereby identifies oxytocin as an intestinal hormone and provides mechanistic insight into avenues by which gut microbes promote host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Danhof
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aanchal Thapa
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert A. Britton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara C. Di Rienzi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Würfel M, Blüher M, Stumvoll M, Ebert T, Kovacs P, Tönjes A, Breitfeld J. Adipokines as Clinically Relevant Therapeutic Targets in Obesity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051427. [PMID: 37239098 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipokines provide an outstanding role in the comprehensive etiology of obesity and may link adipose tissue dysfunction to further metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Although several adipokines have been identified in terms of their physiological roles, many regulatory circuits remain unclear and translation from experimental studies to clinical applications has yet to occur. Nevertheless, due to their complex metabolic properties, adipokines offer immense potential for their use both as obesity-associated biomarkers and as relevant treatment strategies for overweight, obesity and metabolic comorbidities. To provide an overview of the current clinical use of adipokines, this review summarizes clinical studies investigating the potential of various adipokines with respect to diagnostic and therapeutic treatment strategies for obesity and linked metabolic disorders. Furthermore, an overview of adipokines, for which a potential for clinical use has been demonstrated in experimental studies to date, will be presented. In particular, promising data revealed that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19, FGF-21 and leptin offer great potential for future clinical application in the treatment of obesity and related comorbidities. Based on data from animal studies or other clinical applications in addition to obesity, adipokines including adiponectin, vaspin, resistin, chemerin, visfatin, bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) provide potential for human clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Würfel
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG), Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Leipzig and the University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Breitfeld
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 18, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Liu SM, Ifebi B, Johnson F, Xu A, Ho J, Yang Y, Schwartz G, Jo YH, Chua S. The gut signals to AGRP-expressing cells of the pituitary to control glucose homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e164185. [PMID: 36787185 PMCID: PMC10065075 DOI: 10.1172/jci164185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis can be improved after bariatric surgery, which alters bile flow and stimulates gut hormone secretion, particularly FGF15/19. FGFR1 expression in AGRP-expressing cells is required for bile acids' ability to improve glucose control. We show that the mouse Agrp gene has 3 promoter/enhancer regions that direct transcription of each of their own AGRP transcripts. One of these Agrp promoters/enhancers, Agrp-B, is regulated by bile acids. We generated an Agrp-B knockin FLP/knockout allele. AGRP-B-expressing cells are found in endocrine cells of the pars tuberalis and coexpress diacylglycerol lipase B - an endocannabinoid biosynthetic enzyme - distinct from pars tuberalis thyrotropes. AGRP-B expression is also found in the folliculostellate cells of the pituitary's anterior lobe. Mice without AGRP-B were protected from glucose intolerance induced by high-fat feeding but not from excess weight gain. Chemogenetic inhibition of AGRP-B cells improved glucose tolerance by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Inhibition of the AGRP-B cells also caused weight loss. The improved glucose tolerance and reduced body weight persisted up to 6 weeks after cessation of the DREADD-mediated inhibition, suggesting the presence of a biological switch for glucose homeostasis that is regulated by long-term stability of food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yunlei Yang
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Neuroscience, and
| | - Gary Schwartz
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Neuroscience, and
| | - Young Hwan Jo
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Danhof HA, Lee J, Thapa A, Britton RA, Di Rienzi SC. Microbial stimulation of oxytocin release from the intestinal epithelium via secretin signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.09.531917. [PMID: 36945649 PMCID: PMC10028957 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.09.531917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microbes impact the health of the intestine and organs distal to the gut. Limosilactobacillus reuteri is a human intestinal microbe that promotes normal gut transit 1 , the anti-inflammatory immune system 2-4 , wound healing 5-7 , normal social behavior in mice 8-10 , and prevents bone reabsorption 11-17 . Each of these functions is impacted by oxytocin 18-22 , and oxytocin signaling is required for L. reuteri- mediated wound healing 5 and social behavior 9 ; however, the initiating events in the gut that lead to oxytocin stimulation and related beneficial functions remain unknown. Here we found evolutionarily conserved oxytocin production in the intestinal epithelium through analysis of single-cell RNA-Seq datasets and imaging of human and mouse intestinal tissues. Moreover, human intestinal organoids produce oxytocin, demonstrating that the intestinal epithelium is sufficient to produce oxytocin. We subsequently found that L. reuteri facilitates oxytocin secretion directly from human intestinal tissue and human intestinal organoids. Finally, we demonstrate that stimulation of oxytocin secretion by L. reuteri is dependent on the gut hormone secretin, which is produced in enteroendocrine cells 23 , while oxytocin itself is produced in enterocytes. Altogether, this work demonstrates that oxytocin is produced and secreted from enterocytes in the intestinal epithelium in response to secretin stimulated by L. reuteri . This work thereby identifies oxytocin as an intestinal hormone and provides mechanistic insight into avenues by which gut microbes promote host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Danhof
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aanchal Thapa
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert A. Britton
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sara C. Di Rienzi
- Department of Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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9
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Fibroblast Growth Factors and Cellular Communication Network Factors: Intimate Interplay by the Founding Members in Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158592. [PMID: 35955724 PMCID: PMC9369280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a large family of signaling molecules that act in an autocrine/paracrine, endocrine, or intracrine manner, whereas the cellular communication network factors (CCN) family is composed of six members that manipulate extracellular signaling networks. FGFs and CCNs are structurally and functionally distinct, except for the common characteristics as matricellular proteins. Both play significant roles in the development of a variety of tissues and organs, including the skeletal system. In vertebrates, most of the skeletal parts are formed and grow through a process designated endochondral ossification, in which chondrocytes play the central role. The growth plate cartilage is the place where endochondral ossification occurs, and articular cartilage is left to support the locomotive function of joints. Several FGFs, including FGF-2, one of the founding members of this family, and all of the CCNs represented by CCN2, which is required for proper skeletal development, can be found therein. Research over a decade has revealed direct binding of CCN2 to FGFs and FGF receptors (FGFRs), which occasionally affect the biological outcome via FGF signaling. Moreover, a recent study uncovered an integrated regulation of FGF and CCN genes by FGF signaling. In this review, after a brief introduction of these two families, molecular and genetic interactions between CCN and FGF family members in cartilage, and their biological effects, are summarized. The molecular interplay represents the mutual involvement of the other in their molecular functions, leading to collaboration between CCN2 and FGFs during skeletal development.
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Bhat N, Esteghamat F, Chaube BK, Gunawardhana K, Mani M, Thames C, Jain D, Ginsberg HN, Fernandes-Hernando C, Mani A. TCF7L2 transcriptionally regulates Fgf15 to maintain bile acid and lipid homeostasis through gut-liver crosstalk. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22185. [PMID: 35133032 PMCID: PMC9624374 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101607r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
FGF19/FGF15 is an endocrine regulator of hepatic bile salt and lipid metabolism, which has shown promising effects in the treatment of NASH in clinical trials. FGF19/15 is transcribed and released from enterocytes of the small intestine into enterohepatic circulation in response to bile-induced FXR activation. Previously, the TSS of FGF19 was identified to bind Wnt-regulated TCF7L2/encoded transcription factor TCF4 in colorectal cancer cells. Impaired Wnt signaling and specifical loss of function of its coreceptor LRP6 have been associated with NASH. We, therefore, examined if TCF7L2/TCF4 upregulates Fgf19 in the small intestine and restrains NASH through gut-liver crosstalk. We examined the mice globally overexpressing, haploinsufficient, and conditional knockout models of TCF7L2 in the intestinal epithelium. The TCF7L2+/- mice exhibited increased plasma bile salts and lipids and developed diet-induced fatty liver disease while mice globally overexpressing TCF7L2 were protected against these traits. Comprehensive in vivo analysis revealed that TCF7L2 transcriptionally upregulates FGF15 in the gut, leading to reduced bile synthesis and diminished intestinal lipid uptake. Accordingly, VilinCreert2 ; Tcf7L2fl/fl mice showed reduced Fgf19 in the ileum, and increased plasma bile. The global overexpression of TCF7L2 in mice with metabolic syndrome-linked LRP6R611C substitution rescued the fatty liver and fibrosis in the latter. Strikingly, the hepatic levels of TCF4 were reduced and CYP7a1 was increased in human NASH, indicating the relevance of TCF4-dependent regulation of bile synthesis to human disease. These studies identify the critical role of TCF4 as an upstream regulator of the FGF15-mediated gut-liver crosstalk that maintains bile and liver triglyceride homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fatemehsadat Esteghamat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bal Krishna Chaube
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kushan Gunawardhana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mitra Mani
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeon, New York, New York, USA
| | - Clay Thames
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dhanpat Jain
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeon, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Arya Mani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a family of hydroxylated steroids secreted by the liver that aid in the breakdown and absorption of dietary fats. BAs also function as nutrient and inflammatory signaling molecules, acting through cognate receptors, to coordinate host metabolism. Commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract are functional modifiers of the BA pool, affecting composition and abundance. Deconjugation of host BAs creates a molecular network that inextricably links gut microtia with their host. In this review we highlight the roles of BAs in mediating this mutualistic relationship with a focus on those events that impact host physiology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Poland
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - C Robb Flynn
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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12
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Sharin T, Gyasi H, Williams KL, Crump D, O'Brien JM. Effects of two Bisphenol A replacement compounds, 1,7-bis (4-hydroxyphenylthio)-3,5-dioxaheptane and Bisphenol AF, on development and mRNA expression in chicken embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 215:112140. [PMID: 33730607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the estrogenic properties of Bisphenol A (BPA) have led to increased efforts to find BPA replacements. 1,7-bis(4-Hydroxyphenylthio)-3,5-dioxaheptane (DD-70) and 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphenol (bisphenol AF, BPAF) are two potential chemical substitutes for BPA; however, toxicity data for these chemicals in avian species are limited. To determine effects on avian embryonic viability, development, and hepatic mRNA expression at two distinct developmental periods (mid-incubation [day 11] and term [day 20]), two egg injection studies were performed. Test chemicals were injected into the air cell of unincubated, fertilized chicken eggs at concentrations ranging from 0-88.2 µg/g for DD-70 and 0-114 µg/g egg for BPAF. Embryonic concentrations of DD-70 and BPAF decreased at mid-incubation and term compared to injected concentrations suggesting embryonic metabolism. Exposure to DD-70 (40.9 and 88.2 µg/g) and BPAF (114 µg/g) significantly decreased embryonic viability at mid-incubation. Exposure to DD-70 (88.2 µg/g) decreased embryo mass and increased gallbladder mass, while 114 µg/g BPAF resulted in increased gallbladder mass in term embryos. Expression of hepatic genes related to xenobiotic metabolism, lipid homeostasis, and response to estrogen were altered at both developmental stages. Given the importance of identifying suitable BPA replacements, the present study provides novel, whole animal avian toxicological data for two replacement compounds, DD-70 and BPAF. DATA AVAILABILITY: Data, associated metadata, and calculation tools are available from the corresponding author (doug.crump@canada.ca).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnia Sharin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Helina Gyasi
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kim L Williams
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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13
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Shi Y, Sun M, Wang Z, Hsu HT, Shen M, Yang T, Fu Q. Cholecystectomy is an independent factor of enhanced insulin release and impaired insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 162:108080. [PMID: 32061638 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cholecystectomy is a risk factor for insulin resistance and diabetes, but the association between cholecystectomy and insulin release/sensitivity remains obscure. We investigated the association between cholecystectomy and the factors related to glycemia and glucose tolerance. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2011 with 10,027 participants aged ≥40 in Nanjing, China. After applying exclusion criteria, 8,030 participants were divided into three groups: 1, without gallbladder disease (n = 6783); 2, with gallbladder disease but without cholecystectomy (n = 857); and 3, with cholecystectomy (n = 390). RESULTS Various indexes of blood glucose and insulin level after the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were assessed. The association between gallbladder disease or cholecystectomy and diabetes was evaluated with logistic regression models. Group 3 had a higher prevalence of newly diagnosed diabetes by OGTT criteria compared with groups 2 and 1, respectively (20.5% vs. 12.4% vs. 10.6%, P < 0.001). The adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of diabetes associated with cholecystectomy were 1.546 (1.168, 2.046) (P = 0.002). Pattern 2, which was characterized by a lasting late insulin response, was more frequent in group 3 compared with groups 2 and 1, respectively (61.0% vs. 54.3% vs.48.3%, P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, a higher total insulin release and lower Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (P < 0.001) were found in group 3 compared with the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS Cholecystectomized subjects demonstrated a higher prevalence of diabetes characterized by lower peripheral insulin sensitivity and higher total insulin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixiao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hsiang-Ting Hsu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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14
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Su H, Shi S, Zhu M, Crump D, Letcher RJ, Giesy JP, Su G. Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic properties of liquid crystal monomers and their detection in indoor residential dust. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26450-26458. [PMID: 31818946 PMCID: PMC6936347 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915322116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) are used widely in liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which are dramatically changing the world due to the provision of convenient communication. However, there are essentially no published reports on the fate and/or effects of LCMs in the environment. Of 362 currently produced LCMs, 87 were identified as persistent and bioaccumulative (P&B) chemicals, which indicated that these chemicals would exhibit resistance to degradation and exhibit mobility after entering the environment. Following exposure to mixtures of LCM collected from 6 LCD devices, significant modulation of 5 genes, CYP1A4, PDK4, FGF19, LBFABP, and THRSP, was observed in vitro. Modulation of expressions of mRNAs coding for these genes has frequently been reported for toxic (T) persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In LCM mixtures, 33 individual LCMs were identified by use of mass spectrometry and screened for in 53 samples of dust from indoor environments. LCMs were detectable in 47% of analyzed samples, and 17 of the 33 LCMs were detectable in at least 1 sample of dust. Based on chemical properties, including P&B&T of LCMs and their ubiquitous detection in dust samples, the initial screening information suggests a need for studies to determine status and trends in concentrations of LCMs in various environmental matrices as well as tissues of humans and wildlife. There is also a need for more comprehensive in vivo studies to determine toxic effects and potencies of LCMs during chronic, sublethal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Doug Crump
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Robert J. Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - John P. Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5B3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Evaluation of a cell model expressing βKlotho for screening FGF21 analogues. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:1033-1041. [PMID: 31535308 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
βKlotho as the major role is a necessary auxiliary protein when fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) binds FGF21 receptors (FGFR) for activating intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately generate biological effects. To achieve the aim of high throughput screening of FGF21 analogues, we established 3T3-L1-βKlotho cells that could stably express βklotho protein. The glucose uptake, expression of GLUT1 mRNA and activation of FGF signaling molecules ERK1/2 phosphorylation were detected by GOD-POD assay, real-time PCR analysis and western blotting assay in 3T3-L1-βKlotho cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, respectively. The results showed that FGF21 increased glucose uptake significantly in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner in 3T3-L1-βKlotho cells. 3T3-L1-βKlotho cells stimulated with FGF21 up-regulated the transcriptional levels of GLUT1 mRNA obviously. FGF21 activated the FGF signaling molecules ERK1/2 in 3T3-L1-βKlotho cells. In addition, the same results were obtained in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, FGF21-stimulated elevation of glucose uptake, GLUT1 mRNA transcription and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 were dramatically attenuated by pretreatment of cells with FGFR specific inhibitor SU5402 in 3T3-L1-βKlotho cells. This study demonstrated that the cell model could be applied to high throughput screen FGF21 analogues.
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16
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Zhang J, Li H, Bai N, Xu Y, Song Q, Zhang L, Wu G, Chen S, Hou X, Wang C, Wei L, Xu A, Fang Q, Jia W. Decrease of FGF19 contributes to the increase of fasting glucose in human in an insulin-independent manner. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:1019-1027. [PMID: 30852757 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ileum-derived fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) plays key roles in hepatic glucose homeostasis in animals in an insulin-independent manner. Here, we analyzed the association of FGF19 with glucose effectiveness (GE, the insulin-independent glucose regulation), as well as hepatic glucose production (HGP) in Chinese subjects. METHODS GE was measured by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT) in normal glucose tolerance (NGT), isolated-impaired glucose tolerance (I-IGT), and isolated-impaired fasting glucose (I-IFG) subjects. The oral glucose tolerance test-derived surrogate of GE (oGE) was determined in NGT, I-IFG, combined glucose intolerance (CGI), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) subjects. HGP was assessed by labeled ([3-3H]-glucose) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in NGT subjects. Insulin secretion and sensitivity were calculated by the hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in a subgroup of NGT, I-IGT, and I-IFG subjects. Serum FGF19 levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS FGF19 positively correlated with GE (r = 0.29, P = 0.004) as determined by FSIVGTT. The result was further confirmed by oGE (r = 0.261, P < 0.001). FGF19 was negatively associated with FPG (r = - 0.228, P = 0.025), but the association no longer existed after adjusting for GE (r = - 0.177, P = 0.086). FGF19 was negatively associated with basal HGP (r = - 0.697, P = 0.006). However, the correlation between FGF19 and insulin secretion and sensitivity were not found. CONCLUSIONS FGF19 levels are associated positively with GE and negatively with HGP. The increase of FPG in human is at least partially due to the decrease of FGF19 in an insulin-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - H Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - N Bai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Y Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Q Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - L Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - G Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - S Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - X Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - C Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - L Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - A Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Q Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - W Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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17
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Colombo F, Smith S, Lai GW, Nix D, Smith PG, Schindler J, Rioux N. Correlation of the in vitro biotransformation of H3B-6527 in dog and human hepatocytes with the in vivo metabolic profile of 14C-H3B-6527 in a dog mass balance study. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:458-467. [PMID: 31305210 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1643941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. H3B-6527 is an orally available covalent small molecule inhibitor of FGFR4 undergoing evaluation in adults with hepatocellular carcinoma. Absorption, metabolism, transport and elimination of H3B-6527 were investigated in vitro and in a 14C-H3B-6527 beagle dog mass balance study.2. Following intravenous dosing in dogs, unchanged 14C-H3B-6527 represents only 1.6% of the total dose in excreta. The low amount of radioactivity in the dog urine (4.9% of the administered dose), suggests that renal elimination is a minor pathway of clearance for H3B-6527. A majority of the radioactivity was observed in the feces up to 5 days after dose administration, suggesting that drug-related material was secreted in the bile, and that H3B-6527 clearance was mostly driven by metabolism.3. In vitro, H3B-6527 is a substrate of GSTs, CYP3A and P-glycoprotein.4. The major pathways of metabolism were similar in human and dog hepatocytes, and occurred via glutathione (GSH) conjugations and sequential hydrolysis, N-deethylation and hydroxylation.5. The metabolic profile of H3B-6527 was qualitatively similar in dog hepatocytes and plasma/excreta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Smith
- H3 Biomedicine, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Relay Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - D Nix
- IDD, Certara Strategic Consulting, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - N Rioux
- IDD, Certara Strategic Consulting, Princeton, NJ, USA
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18
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Qi L, Tian Y, Chen Y. Gall bladder: The metabolic orchestrator. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3140. [PMID: 30770629 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly held that the gall bladder (GB) is not indispensable for life. However, recent studies strongly suggest that GB removal can lead to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). With the recent recognition of the role of bile acids (BAs) in systemic metabolic regulation, it is worthwhile to re-examine the function of the GB, which can be regarded as the physiological "pacemaker" of BA flow. Thus, in the present study, we review the role of the GB in BA flow regulation, describe the epidemiologic evidence that associates cholecystectomy with various components of MetS, and discuss the possible mechanism behind these connections in order to demonstrate the pivotal role that GB plays in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Schadt HS, Wolf A, Mahl JA, Wuersch K, Couttet P, Schwald M, Fischer A, Lienard M, Emotte C, Teng CH, Skuba E, Richardson TA, Manenti L, Weiss A, Graus Porta D, Fairhurst RA, Kullak-Ublick GA, Chibout SD, Pognan F, Kluwe W, Kinyamu-Akunda J. Bile Acid Sequestration by Cholestyramine Mitigates FGFR4 Inhibition-Induced ALT Elevation. Toxicol Sci 2019; 163:265-278. [PMID: 29432567 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The FGF19- fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR4)-βKlotho (KLB) pathway plays an important role in the regulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis. Aberrant activation of this pathway has been described in the development and progression of a subset of liver cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, establishing FGFR4 as an attractive therapeutic target for such solid tumors. FGF401 is a highly selective FGFR4 kinase inhibitor being developed for hepatocellular carcinoma, currently in phase I/II clinical studies. In preclinical studies in mice and dogs, oral administration of FGF401 led to induction of Cyp7a1, elevation of its peripheral marker 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, increased BA pool size, decreased serum cholesterol and diarrhea in dogs. FGF401 was also associated with increases of serum aminotransferases, primarily alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in the absence of any observable adverse histopathological findings in the liver, or in any other organs. We hypothesized that the increase in ALT could be secondary to increased BAs and conducted an investigative study in dogs with FGF401 and coadministration of the BA sequestrant cholestyramine (CHO). CHO prevented and reversed FGF401-related increases in ALT in dogs in parallel to its ability to reduce BAs in the circulation. Correlation analysis showed that FGF401-mediated increases in ALT strongly correlated with increases in taurolithocholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid, the major secondary BAs in dog plasma, indicating a mechanistic link between ALT elevation and changes in BA pool hydrophobicity. Thus, CHO may offer the potential to mitigate elevations in serum aminotransferases in human subjects that are caused by targeted FGFR4 inhibition and elevated intracellular BA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Corinne Emotte
- PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chi-Hse Teng
- Biostatistics and Pharmacometrics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | | | - Luigi Manenti
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936
| | | | | | - Robin A Fairhurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Mechanistic Safety, Novartis Global Drug Development, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Shen J, Zhang Y, Yu N, Crump D, Li J, Su H, Letcher RJ, Su G. Organophosphate Ester, 2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphate (EHDPP), Elicits Cytotoxic and Transcriptomic Effects in Chicken Embryonic Hepatocytes and Its Biotransformation Profile Compared to Humans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2151-2160. [PMID: 30652482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) on cytotoxicity and mRNA expression, as well as its metabolism, were investigated using a chicken embryonic hepatocyte (CEH) assay. After incubation for 36 h, the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) was 50 ± 11 μM, suggesting that EHDPP is one of a small cohort of highly toxic organophosphate esters (OPEs). By use of a ToxChip polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array, we report modulation of 6, 11, or 16/43 genes in CEH following exposure to 0.1, 1, or 10 μM EHDPP, respectively. The altered genes were from all nine biological pathways represented on the ToxChip including bile acids/cholesterol regulation, glucose metabolism, lipid homeostasis, and the thyroid hormone pathway. After incubation for 36 h, 92.5% of EHDPP was transformed, and one of its presumed metabolites, diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), only accounted for 12% of the original EHDPP concentration. Further screening by use of high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed a novel EHDPP metabolite, hydroxylated 2-ethylhexyl monophenyl phosphate (OH-EHMPP), which was also detected in a human blood pool. Additional EHDPP metabolites detected in the human blood pool included EHMPP and DPHP. Overall, this study provided novel information regarding the toxicity of EHDPP and identified a potential EHDPP metabolite, OH-EHMPP, in both avian species and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Nanyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Doug Crump
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre , Carleton University , Ottawa , Onatrio K1A 0H3 , Canada
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre , Carleton University , Ottawa , Onatrio K1A 0H3 , Canada
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , People's Republic of China
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21
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Yang S, Guo Y, Zhang W, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xu P. Effect of FGF-21 on implant bone defects through hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1259-1267. [PMID: 30551376 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Implant bone defects are the most common phenomenon in the processes of bone transplantation. Evidences have identified that fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) encourages osteogenesis for patients with implant bone defects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of FGF-21 and its potential mechanism in bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). RT-PCR, Western blotting, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assays were performed to analyze the role of FGF-21 and intracellular signaling pathways involved in BMSCs. It was shown that FGF-21 increased viability of BMSCs. Treatment with FGF-21 decreased the apoptosis of BMSCs by decreasing pro-apoptosis protein Caspase-3. Results indicated that FGF-21 (2 mg/kg) treatment up-regulated HGF, PI3K and AKT expression in BMSCs. In addition, the protective effects of FGF-21 on BMSCs were canceled by PI3K/AKT inhibitor in BMSCs. Results found that knockdown of HGF abolished FGF-21-decreased PI3K/AKT signal pathway. Furthermore, results demonstrated that FGF-21 presented beneficial effects for implant bone defects in rat model. In conclusion, these results indicate that FGF-21 can improve implant bone defects through HGF-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimao Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jinan Stomatology Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanwei Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jining Stomatology Hospital, Jining City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenmei Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jinan Stomatology Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jinan Stomatology Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jinan Stomatology Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Dental Implant, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400015, China.
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Rioux N, Kim A, Nix D, Bowser T, Warmuth M, Smith PG, Schindler J. Effect of a high-fat meal on the relative bioavailability of H3B-6527, a novel FGFR4 inhibitor, in healthy volunteers. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 83:91-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Differential receptor selectivity of the FGF15/FGF19 orthologues determines distinct metabolic activities in db/db mice. Biochem J 2018; 475:2985-2996. [PMID: 30127091 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) 19, 21 and 23 are characterized by being endocrinely secreted and require co-receptor α-klotho or β-klotho (BKL) for binding and activation of the FGF receptors (FGFR). FGF15 is the rodent orthologue of human FGF19, but the two proteins share only 52% amino acid identity. Despite the physiological role of FGF21 and FGF19 being quite different, both lower blood glucose (BG) when administered to diabetic mice. The present study was designed to clarify why two human proteins with distinct physiological functions both lower BG in db/db mice and if the mouse orthologue FGF15 has similar effect to FGF19 and FGF21. Recombinant human FGF19, -21 and a mouse FGF15 variant (C110S) were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli While rhFGF19 (recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 19) and rhFGF21 (recombinant human fibroblast growth factor) bound FGFRs in complex with both human and mouse BKL, rmFGF15CS (recombinant mouse fibroblast growth factor 15 C110S) only bound the FGFRs when combined with mouse BKL. Recombinant hFGF21 and rhFGF19, but not rmFGF15CS, increased glucose uptake in mouse adipocytes, while rhFGF19 and rmFGF15CS potently decreased Cyp7a1 expression in rat hepatocytes. The lack of effect of rmFGF15CS on glucose uptake in adipocytes was associated with rmFGF15CS's inability to signal through the FGFR1c/mouse BKL complex. In db/db mice, only rhFGF19 and rhFGF21 decreased BG while rmFGF15CS and rhFGF19, but not rhFGF21, increased total cholesterol. These data demonstrate receptor- and species-specific differential activity of FGF15 and FGF19 which should be taken into consideration when FGF19 is used as a substitute for FGF15.
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Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Cholecystectomy and risk of metabolic syndrome. Eur J Intern Med 2018; 53:3-11. [PMID: 29706426 PMCID: PMC8118133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gallbladder physiologically concentrates and stores bile during fasting and provides rhythmic bile secretion both during fasting and in the postprandial phase to solubilize dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Bile acids (BAs), major lipid components of bile, play a key role as signaling molecules in modulating gene expression related to cholesterol, BA, glucose and energy metabolism. Cholecystectomy is the most commonly performed surgical procedure worldwide in patients who develop symptoms and/or complications of cholelithiasis of any type. Cholecystectomy per se, however, might cause abnormal metabolic consequences, i.e., alterations in glucose, insulin (and insulin-resistance), lipid and lipoprotein levels, liver steatosis and the metabolic syndrome. Mechanisms are likely mediated by the abnormal transintestinal flow of BAs, producing metabolic signaling that acts without gallbladder rhythmic function and involves the BAs/farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the BA/G protein-coupled BA receptor 1 (GPBAR-1) axes in the liver, intestine, brown adipose tissue and muscle. Alterations of intestinal microbiota leading to distorted homeostatic processes are also possible. According to this view, cholecystectomy, via BA-induced changes in the enterohepatic circulation, is a risk factor for the metabolic abnormalities and becomes another “fellow traveler” with, or another risk factor for the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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25
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Oduyebo I, Camilleri M, Nelson AD, Khemani D, Nord SL, Busciglio I, Burton D, Rhoten D, Ryks M, Carlson P, Donato L, Lueke A, Kim K, Rossi SJ, Zinsmeister AR. Effects of NGM282, an FGF19 variant, on colonic transit and bowel function in functional constipation: a randomized phase 2 trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113:725-734. [PMID: 29717197 DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE NGM282 is an analog of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a potent inhibitor of bile acid (BA) synthesis in animals and humans. In phase 2 trials in type 2 diabetes and primary biliary cholangitis, NGM282 was associated with dose-related abdominal cramping and diarrhea. We aimed to examine effects of NGM282 on colonic transit, stool frequency and consistency, hepatic BA synthesis (fasting serum C4), fecal fat, and BA in functional constipation (FC). METHODS Two-dose NGM282 (1 and 6 mg, subcutaneously daily), parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled, 14-day study in patients with FC (Rome III criteria) and baseline colonic transit 24 h geometric center (GC) <3.0. We explored treatment interaction with SNPs in genes KLB, FGFR4, and TGR5 (GPBAR1). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS overall ANCOVA at α = 0.025 (baseline as covariate where available), with three pairwise comparisons among the three groups (α = 0.008). RESULTS Overall, NGM282 altered bowel function (number of bowel movements, looser stool form, and increased ease of passage) and significantly accelerated gastric and colonic transit. Dose-related effects were seen with GC 24 h, but not with gastric emptying (GE) and GC 48 h. There were no differences in fecal fat or weight, but there was reduced fecal total BA excretion with NGM282. The most common adverse events were increased appetite (n = 0 with placebo, 2 with 1 mg, 9 with 6 mg), injection site reaction (n = 2 placebo, 4 with 1 mg, 8 with 6 mg), and diarrhea (n = 1 with 1 mg and 4 with 6 mg NGM282). There was treatment interaction with KLB SNP, with greater increase in colonic transit in participants with the minor A allele (p = 0.056). CONCLUSION NGM282 significantly impacts GE and colonic transit, consistent with the observed clinical symptoms. The specific mechanism of prokinetic activity requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibironke Oduyebo
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alfred D Nelson
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Disha Khemani
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sara Linker Nord
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Irene Busciglio
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Duane Burton
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Deborah Rhoten
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael Ryks
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Paula Carlson
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Leslie Donato
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alan Lueke
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kathline Kim
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Rossi
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alan R Zinsmeister
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Miyata M, Shinno K, Kinoshita T, Kinoshita Y, Sugiura Y. Fish oil feeding reverses hepatomegaly and disrupted hepatic function due to the lack of FXR signaling. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 42:671-681. [PMID: 29142166 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are used as a model for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease because their livers exhibit hepatomegaly, hepatic steatosis, and hepatic inflammation. The influence of fish oil feeding on hepatomegaly and disrupted hepatic function was investigated using female Fxr-null mice and wild-type mice fed a fish oil diet (2% fish oil and 2% corn oil) or a control diet (4% corn oil) for 4 weeks. Hepatic n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels, including 22:6 n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 20:5 n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were significantly higher in the fish oil group than those in the control group of Fxr-null mice and wild-type mice. Fxr-null mouse livers of the control group showed a whitish brown coloration, whereas Fxr-null mouse livers of the fish oil group showed a dark brown coloration similar to that of wild-type mice. The liver in Fxr-null mice of the fish oil group was smaller than that of the control group. There was a significant decrease in the levels of hepatic damage-associated diagnostic markers, hepatic and serum bile acids, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and total cholesterol levels in Fxr-null mice because of fish oil feeding. It also reversed elevated mRNA levels of oxidative stress-related genes (Hmox1, Gsta1, and Gsta2) and reduced mRNA levels of transcriptional factors (Pparα and Shp) in Fxr-null mice. These results suggest that fish oil feeding reverses hepatomegaly and disrupted hepatic function due to the lack of FXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Miyata
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University
| | - Kouhei Shinno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University
| | - Tomoki Kinoshita
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University
| | - Yuichi Kinoshita
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University
| | - Yoshimasa Sugiura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University
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27
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Crump D, Chiu S, Williams KL. Bis-(3-allyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone decreases embryonic viability and alters hepatic mRNA expression at two distinct developmental stages in chicken embryos exposed via egg injection. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:530-537. [PMID: 28960418 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Concerns surrounding the toxicological effects and environmental prevalence of bisphenol A (BPA) have increased efforts to identify suitable safer replacement alternatives. Bis-(3-allyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone (TGSH) represents a potential BPA alternative; however, exposure and ecotoxicological data are scarce. To determine effects on embryonic viability, development, and hepatic mRNA expression at 2 distinct developmental periods (midincubation [day 11] and pipping [days 20-21]), TGSH was injected into the air cell of unincubated, fertilized chicken embryos at 4 concentrations ranging from 0 to 180 μg/g egg. Concentrations of TGSH increased in a dose-dependent manner in whole-embryo homogenates, and the estimated median lethal dose (LD50) based on embryonic viability at midincubation was 66 µg/g (95% confidence interval = 31-142 µg/g), which is similar to the BPA LD50 (∼ 67 μg/g) reported in a previous study. Modulation of hepatic gene targets from a chicken ToxChip polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array was observed at both developmental stages. At midincubation, 21/43 genes on the PCR array were significantly altered (by >1.5-fold) in the 180 μg/g dose group, whereas 9 and 6/43 were altered at pipping in the 9.2 and 48 μg/g groups, respectively. Predominant toxicity pathways included xenobiotic metabolism, lipid homeostasis, bile acid synthesis, and cell cycle regulation. The estrogen-responsive gene apolipoprotein II was significantly up-regulated in liver tissue of midincubation embryos at 180 μg/g; however, neither apolipoprotein II nor vitellogenin II were altered at the other concentrations or developmental time points. Given the importance of identifying suitable BPA replacement alternatives, the present study provides novel, whole-animal toxicological data for a BPA replacement alternative that has an effect on embryonic viability similar to that of the compound it could replace. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:530-537. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Crump
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne Chiu
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim L Williams
- National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Joshi JJ, Coffey H, Corcoran E, Tsai J, Huang CL, Ichikawa K, Prajapati S, Hao MH, Bailey S, Wu J, Rimkunas V, Karr C, Subramanian V, Kumar P, MacKenzie C, Hurley R, Satoh T, Yu K, Park E, Rioux N, Kim A, Lai WG, Yu L, Zhu P, Buonamici S, Larsen N, Fekkes P, Wang J, Warmuth M, Reynolds DJ, Smith PG, Selvaraj A. H3B-6527 Is a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of FGFR4 in FGF19-Driven Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2018; 77:6999-7013. [PMID: 29247039 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor FGFR4 by FGF19 drives hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a disease with few, if any, effective treatment options. While a number of pan-FGFR inhibitors are being clinically evaluated, their application to FGF19-driven HCC may be limited by dose-limiting toxicities mediated by FGFR1-3 receptors. To evade the potential limitations of pan-FGFR inhibitors, we generated H3B-6527, a highly selective covalent FGFR4 inhibitor, through structure-guided drug design. Studies in a panel of 40 HCC cell lines and 30 HCC PDX models showed that FGF19 expression is a predictive biomarker for H3B-6527 response. Moreover, coadministration of the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with H3B-6527 could effectively trigger tumor regression in a xenograft model of HCC. Overall, our results offer preclinical proof of concept for H3B-6527 as a candidate therapeutic agent for HCC cases that exhibit increased expression of FGF19. Cancer Res; 77(24); 6999-7013. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeremy Wu
- H3 Biomedicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Craig Karr
- H3 Biomedicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kun Yu
- H3 Biomedicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Amy Kim
- H3 Biomedicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lihua Yu
- H3 Biomedicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ping Zhu
- H3 Biomedicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - John Wang
- H3 Biomedicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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29
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Chen Y, Wu S, Tian Y. Cholecystectomy as a risk factor of metabolic syndrome: from epidemiologic clues to biochemical mechanisms. J Transl Med 2018; 98:7-14. [PMID: 28892095 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystectomy has long been regarded as a safe procedure with no deleterious influence on the body. However, recent studies provide clues that link cholecystectomy to a high risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS). In the present review, we describe the epidemiologic evidence that links cholecystectomy to MetS. Various components of MetS are investigated, including visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose, and insulin resistance. The possible mechanisms that associate cholecystectomy with MetS are discussed on the basis of experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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30
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Brennan FR, Cavagnaro J, McKeever K, Ryan PC, Schutten MM, Vahle J, Weinbauer GF, Marrer-Berger E, Black LE. Safety testing of monoclonal antibodies in non-human primates: Case studies highlighting their impact on human risk assessment. MAbs 2018; 10:1-17. [PMID: 28991509 PMCID: PMC5800363 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1389364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are improving the quality of life for patients suffering from serious diseases due to their high specificity for their target and low potential for off-target toxicity. The toxicity of mAbs is primarily driven by their pharmacological activity, and therefore safety testing of these drugs prior to clinical testing is performed in species in which the mAb binds and engages the target to a similar extent to that anticipated in humans. For highly human-specific mAbs, this testing often requires the use of non-human primates (NHPs) as relevant species. It has been argued that the value of these NHP studies is limited because most of the adverse events can be predicted from the knowledge of the target, data from transgenic rodents or target-deficient humans, and other sources. However, many of the mAbs currently in development target novel pathways and may comprise novel scaffolds with multi-functional domains; hence, the pharmacological effects and potential safety risks are less predictable. Here, we present a total of 18 case studies, including some of these novel mAbs, with the aim of interrogating the value of NHP safety studies in human risk assessment. These studies have identified mAb candidate molecules and pharmacological pathways with severe safety risks, leading to candidate or target program termination, as well as highlighting that some pathways with theoretical safety concerns are amenable to safe modulation by mAbs. NHP studies have also informed the rational design of safer drug candidates suitable for human testing and informed human clinical trial design (route, dose and regimen, patient inclusion and exclusion criteria and safety monitoring), further protecting the safety of clinical trial participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R. Brennan
- Non-Clinical Safety, UCB, Slough, Berkshire, United Kingdom, SL1 3WE
| | | | - Kathleen McKeever
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceuticals, 60 Leveroni Court, Novato, California, United States
| | - Patricia C. Ryan
- Toxicology, Medimmune LLC, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Melissa M. Schutten
- Department of Toxicology, Genetech, 1 DNA Way, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - John Vahle
- Toxicology, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | | | - Estelle Marrer-Berger
- Novartis Pharma, Preclinical Safety, F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland CH-4070
| | - Lauren E. Black
- Safety Assessment, Charles River Laboratories, 6995 Longley Lane, Reno, Nevada, United States
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31
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Zhao H, Lv F, Liang G, Huang X, Wu G, Zhang W, Yu L, Shi L, Teng Y. FGF19 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by modulating the GSK3β/β- catenin signaling cascade via FGFR4 activation. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13575-86. [PMID: 26498355 PMCID: PMC4924662 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) correlates with aggressiveness of tumors and poor survival. FGF19 has been shown to be involved in EMT in cholangiocarcinoma and colorectal cancer, however, molecular mechanisms underlying FGF19-induced EMT process in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain largely unknown. Here, we show the expression of FGF19 is significantly elevated and negatively associated with the expression of E-cadherin in HCC tissues and cell lines. Ectopic FGF19 expression promotes EMT and invasion in epithelial-like HCC cells through repression of E-cadherin expression, whereas FGF19 knockdown enhances E-cadherin expression and hence diminishes EMT traits in mesenchymal-like HCC cells, suggesting FGF19 exerts its tumor progressing functions as an EMT inducer. Interestingly, depletion of FGF19 cannot abrogate EMT traits in the presence of GSK3β inhibitors. Furthermore, FGF19-induced EMT can be markedly attenuated when FGFR4 is knocked out. These observations clearly indicate that FGFR4/GSK3β/β-catenin axis may play a pivotal role in FGF19-induced EMT in HCC cells. As FGF19 and its specific receptor FGFR4 are frequently amplified in HCC cells, selective targeting this signaling node may lend insights into a potential effective therapeutic approach for blocking metastasis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huakan Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Fenglin Lv
- School of Life Sciences and School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Guizhao Liang
- School of Life Sciences and School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- School of Life Sciences and School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Gang Wu
- Third Affiliated Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wenfa Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Le Yu
- School of Life Sciences and School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Life Sciences and School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yong Teng
- School of Life Sciences and School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
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Mertens KL, Kalsbeek A, Soeters MR, Eggink HM. Bile Acid Signaling Pathways from the Enterohepatic Circulation to the Central Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:617. [PMID: 29163019 PMCID: PMC5681992 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are best known as detergents involved in the digestion of lipids. In addition, new data in the last decade have shown that bile acids also function as gut hormones capable of influencing metabolic processes via receptors such as FXR (farnesoid X receptor) and TGR5 (Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5). These effects of bile acids are not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, but can affect different tissues throughout the organism. It is still unclear whether these effects also involve signaling of bile acids to the central nervous system (CNS). Bile acid signaling to the CNS encompasses both direct and indirect pathways. Bile acids can act directly in the brain via central FXR and TGR5 signaling. In addition, there are two indirect pathways that involve intermediate agents released upon interaction with bile acids receptors in the gut. Activation of intestinal FXR and TGR5 receptors can result in the release of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), both capable of signaling to the CNS. We conclude that when plasma bile acids levels are high all three pathways may contribute in signal transmission to the CNS. However, under normal physiological circumstances, the indirect pathway involving GLP-1 may evoke the most substantial effect in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Mertens
- Master's Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten R Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hannah M Eggink
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Di Ciaula A, Garruti G, Lunardi Baccetto R, Molina-Molina E, Bonfrate L, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Bile Acid Physiology. Ann Hepatol 2017; 16:s4-s14. [PMID: 29080336 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary bile acids (BAs) are synthetized from colesterol in the liver, conjugated to glycine or taurine to increase their solubility, secreted into bile, concentrated in the gallbladder during fasting, and expelled in the intestine in response to dietary fat, as well as bio-transformed in the colon to the secondary BAs by the gut microbiota, reabsorbed in the ileum and colon back to the liver, and minimally lost in the feces. BAs in the intestine not only regulate the digestion and absorption of cholesterol, triglycerides, and fat-soluble vitamins, but also play a key role as signaling molecules in modulating epithelial cell proliferation, gene expression, and lipid and glucose metabolism by activating farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor-1 (GPBAR-1, also known as TGR5) in the liver, intestine, muscle and brown adipose tissue. Recent studies have revealed the metabolic pathways of FXR and GPBAR-1 involved in the biosynthesis and enterohepatic circulation of BAs and their functions as signaling molecules on lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Raquel Lunardi Baccetto
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Molina-Molina
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Di Ciaula A, Wang DQH, Molina-Molina E, Lunardi Baccetto R, Calamita G, Palmieri VO, Portincasa P. Bile Acids and Cancer: Direct and Environmental-Dependent Effects. Ann Hepatol 2017; 16:s87-s105. [PMID: 29080344 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) regulate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol and lipids but have also a key role as singalling molecules and in the modulation of epithelial cell proliferation, gene expression and metabolism. These homeostatic pathways, when disrupted, are able to promote local inflammation, systemic metabolic disorders and, ultimately, cancer. The effect of hydrophobic BAs, in particular, can be linked with cancer in several digestive (mainly oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, biliary tract, colon) and extra-digestive organs (i.e. prostate, breast) through a complex series of mechanisms including direct oxidative stress with DNA damage, apoptosis, epigenetic factors regulating gene expression, reduced/increased expression of nuclear receptors (mainly farnesoid X receptor, FXR) and altered composition of gut microbiota, also acting as a common interface between environmental factors (including diet, lifestyle, exposure to toxics) and the molecular events promoting cancerogenesis. Primary prevention strategies (i.e. changes in dietary habits and lifestyle, reduced exposure to environmental toxics) mainly able to modulate gut microbiota and the epigenome, and the therapeutic use of hydrophilic BAs to counterbalance the negative effects of the more hydrophobic BAs might be, in the near future, part of useful tools for cancer prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Emilio Molina-Molina
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Raquel Lunardi Baccetto
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari. Italy
| | - Vincenzo O Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari. Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Implications of FGF19 on sorafenib-mediated nitric oxide production in hepatocellular carcinoma cells - a short report. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2017; 41:85-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-017-0354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Gao L, Wang X, Tang Y, Huang S, Hu CAA, Teng Y. FGF19/FGFR4 signaling contributes to the resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma to sorafenib. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:8. [PMID: 28069043 PMCID: PMC5223586 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, is used as a standard therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, complete remission has not been achieved and the molecular basis of HCC resistance to sorafenib remains largely unknown. Previous studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) expression correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis of HCC. Here, we demonstrate the novel role of FGF19 in HCC resistance to sorafenib therapy. Methods FGF19 Knockdown cells were achieved by lentiviral-mediated interference, and FGFR4 knockout cells were achieved by CRISPR-Cas9. Protein levels of FGF19, FGFR4 and c-PARP in various HCC cell lines were measured by Western blotting analysis. Cell viability was determined by MTS assay, apoptosis was determined by DAPI nuclear staining and Western blot of c-PRAP, and ROS generation was determined by DCFH-DA staining and electrochemical biosensor. Results We showed that FGF19, when overexpressed, inhibited the effect of sorafenib on ROS generation and apoptosis in HCC. In contrast, loss of FGF19 or its receptor FGFR4 led to a remarkable increase in sorafenib-induced ROS generation and apoptosis. In addition, knockdown of FGF19 in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells significantly enhanced the sensitivity to sorafenib. Importantly, targeting FGF19/FGFR4 axis by ponatinib, a third-generation inhibitor of chronic myeloid leukemia, overcomes HCC resistance of sorafenib by enhancing ROS-associated apoptosis in sorafenib-treated HCC. Conclusion Our results provide the first evidence that inhibition of FGF19/FGFR4 signaling significantly overcomes sorafenib resistance in HCC. Co-treatment of ponatinib and sorafinib may represent an effective therapeutic approach for eradicating HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0478-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Gao
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xuli Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Experimental Therapeutics Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yaoliang Tang
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shuang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chien-An Andy Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Wang S, Zhao D, Tian R, Shi H, Chen X, Liu W, Wei L. FGF19 Contributes to Tumor Progression in Gastric Cancer by Promoting Migration and Invasion. Oncol Res 2016; 23:197-203. [PMID: 27053348 PMCID: PMC7838742 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14537290676919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer and second leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Since patients are often diagnosed at a late stage, very few effective therapies are left in the arsenal. FGF19, as a hormone, has been reported to promote tumor growth in various types of cancer; however, its function in gastric cancer remains unknown. In the current study, we showed that FGF19 is overexpressed in gastric cancer and is associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated that FGF19 is able to enhance migration and invasion abilities of gastric cancer cells. Given its great potency in gastric cancer progression, FGF19 may be an effective target of treatment for advanced gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Lavoie JM. Dynamics of hepatic and intestinal cholesterol and bile acid pathways: The impact of the animal model of estrogen deficiency and exercise training. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:961-975. [PMID: 27621762 PMCID: PMC4990760 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i23.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cholesterol level is determined by a complex dynamics that involves transport lipoproteins which levels are tightly dependent on how the liver and the intestine regulate cholesterol and biliary acid metabolism. Regulation of cholesterol and biliary acids by the liver and the intestine is in turn coupled to a large array of enzymes and transporters that largely influence the inflow and the outflow of cholesterol and biliary acids through these organs. The activity of the key regulators of cholesterol and biliary acids may be influenced by several external factors such as pharmacological drugs and the nutritional status. In recent years, more information has been gathered about the impact of estrogens on regulation of cholesterol in the body. Exposure to high levels of estrogens has been reported to promote cholesterol gallstone formation and women are twice as likely as men to develop cholesterol gallstones. The impact of estrogen withdrawal, such as experienced by menopausal women, is therefore of importance and more information on how the absence of estrogens influence cholesterol regulation is started to come out, especially through the use of animal models. An interesting alternative to metabolic deterioration due to estrogen deficiency is exercise training. The present review is intended to summarize the present information that links key regulators of cholesterol and biliary acid pathways in liver and intestine to the absence of estrogens in an animal model and to discuss the potential role of exercise training as an alternative.
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Rapacioli M, Palma V, Flores V. Morphogenetic and Histogenetic Roles of the Temporal-Spatial Organization of Cell Proliferation in the Vertebrate Corticogenesis as Revealed by Inter-specific Analyses of the Optic Tectum Cortex Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:67. [PMID: 27013978 PMCID: PMC4794495 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system areas displaying the highest structural and functional complexity correspond to the so called cortices, i.e., concentric alternating neuronal and fibrous layers. Corticogenesis, i.e., the development of the cortical organization, depends on the temporal-spatial organization of several developmental events: (a) the duration of the proliferative phase of the neuroepithelium, (b) the relative duration of symmetric (expansive) versus asymmetric (neuronogenic) sub phases, (c) the spatial organization of each kind of cell division, (e) the time of determination and cell cycle exit and (f) the time of onset of the post-mitotic neuronal migration and (g) the time of onset of the neuronal structural and functional differentiation. The first five events depend on molecular mechanisms that perform a fine tuning of the proliferative activity. Changes in any of them significantly influence the cortical size or volume (tangential expansion and radial thickness), morphology, architecture and also impact on neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis affecting the cortical wiring. This paper integrates information, obtained in several species, on the developmental roles of cell proliferation in the development of the optic tectum (OT) cortex, a multilayered associative area of the dorsal (alar) midbrain. The present review (1) compiles relevant information on the temporal and spatial organization of cell proliferation in different species (fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals), (2) revises the main molecular events involved in the isthmic organizer (IsO) determination and localization, (3) describes how the patterning installed by IsO is translated into spatially organized neural stem cell proliferation (i.e., by means of growth factors, receptors, transcription factors, signaling pathways, etc.) and (4) describes the morpho- and histogenetic effect of a spatially organized cell proliferation in the above mentioned species. A brief section on the OT evolution is also included. This section considers how the differential operation of cell proliferation could explain differences among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Rapacioli
- Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department of Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Palma
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Vladimir Flores
- Interdisciplinary Group in Theoretical Biology, Department of Biostructural Sciences, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
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Crump D, Farhat A, Chiu S, Williams KL, Jones SP, Langlois VS. Use of a Novel Double-Crested Cormorant ToxChip PCR Array and the EROD Assay to Determine Effects of Environmental Contaminants in Primary Hepatocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3265-3274. [PMID: 26894911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In vitro screening tools and 'omics methods are increasingly being incorporated into toxicity studies to determine mechanistic effects of chemicals and mixtures. To date, the majority of these studies have been conducted with well-characterized laboratory animal models. In the present study, well-established methods developed for chicken embryonic hepatocyte (CEH) studies were extended to a wild avian species, the double-crested cormorant (DCCO; Phalacrocorax auritus), in order to compare the effects of several environmental contaminants on cytotoxicity, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, and mRNA expression. Five organic flame retardants and one plasticizer decreased cormorant hepatocyte viability in a similar manner to that observed in previous studies with CEH. EROD activity was induced in a concentration-dependent manner following exposure to two dioxin-like chemicals and the calculated EC50 values were concordant with domestic avian species from similar species sensitivity categories. Transcriptomic effects were determined using a novel DCCO PCR array, which was designed, constructed and validated in our laboratory based on a commercially available chicken PCR array. The DCCO array has 27 target genes covering a wide range of toxicity pathways. Gene profiles were variable among the 10 chemicals screened; however, good directional concordance was observed with regard to results previously obtained in CEH. Overall, the application of well-established methods (i.e., CEH and chicken PCR array) to the double-crested cormorant demonstrated the portability of the techniques to an indicator species of ecological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Crump
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, ON Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Amani Farhat
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, ON Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Suzanne Chiu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, ON Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Kim L Williams
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, ON Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Stephanie P Jones
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa, ON Canada K1A 0H3
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Schmid A, Neumann H, Karrasch T, Liebisch G, Schäffler A. Bile Acid Metabolome after an Oral Lipid Tolerance Test by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148869. [PMID: 26863103 PMCID: PMC4749208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Besides their role in intestinal resorption of lipids, bile acids are regarded as endocrine and metabolic signaling molecules. The detailed profile of bile acid species in peripheral blood after an oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT) is unknown. Objective We quantified the regulation of 18 bile acids after OLTT in healthy individuals. Material and methods 100 volunteers were characterized by anthropometric and laboratory parameters and underwent OLTT. Venous blood was drawn in the fasted state (0 h) and at 2h, 4h, and 6 h after OLTT. Serum concentrations of 18 bile acids were measured by LC-MS/MS. Results All of the 6 taurine-conjugated bile acids (TUDCA, THDCA, TCA, TCDCA, TDCA, TLCA) and all of the 6 glycine-conjugated bile acids (GUDCA, GHDCA, GCA, GCDCA, GDCA, GLCA) rose significantly at 2h and remained elevated during OLTT. Of the primary bile acids, CA remained unchanged, whereas CDCA significantly decreased at 4h. Of the secondary bile acids, DCA, UDCA and HDCA were not altered, whereas LCA decreased. There was a significant positive correlation between the intestinal feed-back regulator of bile acid synthesis FGF-19 and bile acids. This correlation seems to depend on all of the six taurine-conjugated bile acids and on GCA, GDCA, and GCDCA. Females and users of hormonal contraception displayed higher levels of taurine-conjugated bile acids. Conclusions The novelty of the study is based on the identification of single bile acids during OLTT. LC-MS/MS-based quantification of bile acids in serum provides a reliable tool for future investigation of endocrine and metabolic effects of bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannah Neumann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
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Zhang X, Wang Z, Tian L, Xie J, Zou G, Jiang F. Increased Expression of FGF19 Contributes to Tumor Progression and Cell Motility of Human Thyroid Cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 154:52-8. [PMID: 26450751 DOI: 10.1177/0194599815609534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous reports indicate a role for aberrant expression of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) in tumor development and progression, and several drugs have been developed to target it. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of FGF19 and examine whether it plays any roles in progression of thyroid cancer. STUDY DESIGN Translation research. SETTING Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, China. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Expression patterns of FGF19 protein in 100 paired formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded cancerous and adjacent noncancerous tissues from patients with thyroid cancer were detected by immunohistochemistry. Then, in vitro migration and invasion assays of siRNA-targeted FGF19-transfected cells were performed. RESULTS Positive immunostaining of FGF19 protein expression was localized in cytoplasm with or without membrane of malignant cells and was observed in 82 (82.0%) of 100 patients with thyroid cancer. Statistically, the expression level of FGF19 protein in thyroid cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. In addition, FGF19 overexpression was significantly associated with the advanced tumor node metastasis staging (P = .008), the presence of extrathyroidal invasion (P = .01), lymph nodes metastasis (P = .01), and distant metastasis (P = .02). Furthermore, knockdown of FGF19 by transfection of siRNA-FGF19 could efficiently suppress the migration and invasion abilities of thyroid cancer cells in vitro. CONCLUSION Our data revealed that the increased expression of FGF19 might be involved in the malignant behaviors of thyroid cancer, highlighting its potential as a molecular marker for early diagnosis and as a possible target for therapeutic intervention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangping Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Guijun Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Futing Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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Barrera F, Azócar L, Molina H, Schalper KA, Ocares M, Liberona J, Villarroel L, Pimentel F, Pérez-Ayuso RM, Nervi F, Groen AK, Miquel JF. Effect of cholecystectomy on bile acid synthesis and circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 19. Ann Hepatol 2015. [PMID: 26256900 DOI: 10.1016/s1665-2681(19)30766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background and rationale for the study. FGF19/15 is a gut-derived hormone presumably governing bile acid (BA) synthesis and gallbladder (GB) refilling. FGF19 mRNA is present in human GB cholangiocytes (hGBECs); however, the physiological significance of GB-derived FGF19 remains unknown. We investigated whether hGBECs secrete FGF19 and the effects of cholecystectomy on serum FGF19 ([FGF19]s) and BA synthesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS FGF19 expression was assessed by qRT-PCRs and immunostaining in hGBECs and terminal ileum, and quantified in bile and serum by ELISA. Basal and BA (chenodexycholic acid, CDCA) induced FGF19 expression and secretion was analyzed in primary cultured hGBECs and GB-d1 cell line. Pre and postprandial serum changes in [FGF19]s, 7α-hydroxy-4-cholestene-3-one (C4, a marker of BA synthesis) and BA were evaluated in plasma of gallstone disease patients at baseline and after cholecystectomy. RESULTS FGF19 mRNA levels were ~250-fold higher in hGBECs compared to distal ileum. GB bile contained ~23-fold higher FGF19 levels compared to serum (p < 0.0001). CDCA induced dose-dependent expression and secretion of FGF19 in hGBECs and GB-d1 cells. Cholecystectomy increased plasma BA synthesis ≥ 2-fold (p < 0.0001), and altered the diurnal rhythm and significantly reduced [FGF19]s noon peak. BA serum levels, serum cholesterol and triglyceride content remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion human GB cholangiocytes constitutively express and secrete high levels of FGF19 in a process regulated by BA. Resection of this organ doubles BA synthesis concomitantly with changes in [FGF19]s. These findings suggest a potential connection between GB cholangiocytes-derived FGF19 and BA metabolism that could lead to metabolic dysregulation following cholecystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Barrera
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Azócar
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Molina
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcia Ocares
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Jessica Liberona
- Nutrición y Diabetes, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Villarroel
- Salud Pública y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Pimentel
- Cirugía Digestiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosa M Pérez-Ayuso
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Flavio Nervi
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan F Miquel
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago, Chile
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Martinez-Ferre A, Lloret-Quesada C, Prakash N, Wurst W, Rubenstein JLR, Martinez S. Fgf15 regulates thalamic development by controlling the expression of proneural genes. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3095-109. [PMID: 26311466 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of the brain structural complexity requires a precisely orchestrated interplay between extrinsic and intrinsic signals modulating cellular mechanisms to guide neuronal differentiation. However, little is known about the nature of these signals in the diencephalon, a complex brain region that processes and relays sensory and motor information to and from the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures. Morphogenetic signals from brain organizers regulate histogenetic processes such as cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in the key signal of the ZLI, identified as the diencephalic organizer. Fgf15, the mouse gene orthologous of human, chick, and zebrafish Fgf19, is induced by Shh signal and expressed in the diencephalic alar plate progenitors during histogenetic developmental stages. This work investigates the role of Fgf15 signal in diencephalic development. In the absence of Fgf15, the complementary expression pattern of proneural genes: Ascl1 and Nng2, is disrupted and the GABAergic thalamic cells do not differentiate; in addition dorsal thalamic progenitors failed to exit from the mitotic cycle and to differentiate into neurons. Therefore, our findings indicate that Fgf15 is the Shh downstream signal to control thalamic regionalization, neurogenesis, and neuronal differentiation by regulating the expression and mutual segregation of neurogenic and proneural regulatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Martinez-Ferre
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cosme Lloret-Quesada
- Institute of Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University, Spanish National Research Council, San Juan Campus, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Technical University Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health (GmbH), Technical University Munich, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain. .,Institute of Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University, Spanish National Research Council, San Juan Campus, 03550, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Valencia, Spain.
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Mutanen A, Lohi J, Heikkilä P, Jalanko H, Pakarinen MP. Loss of ileum decreases serum fibroblast growth factor 19 in relation to liver inflammation and fibrosis in pediatric onset intestinal failure. J Hepatol 2015; 62:1391-7. [PMID: 25595885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathogenesis of intestinal failure (IF) associated liver disease (IFALD) is uncertain, we therefore investigated the role of FGF19 and pro-inflammatory cytokines has on this disease state. METHODS Serum FGF19, IL-6 and, TNF-α were measured in 52 IF patients at median age 6.0 years (IQR 2.2-13) after 10 months (4.1-39) on parenteral nutrition (PN). Thirty-nine patients underwent liver biopsies. RESULTS In IF patients, FGF19 concentrations were lower and those of IL-6 and TNF-α higher compared to healthy matched controls (p ⩽ 0.001 for all). FGF19 concentrations were further decreased in patients without a remaining ileum [37 pg/ml (IQR 30-68) vs. 74 (35-135) p=0.028], and correlated with remaining ileum length (r = 0.333, p = 0.018) and markers of cholesterol synthesis (r = -0.552 to -0.643, p < 0.001). Patients with histological portal inflammation [30 pg/ml (28-45) vs. 48 (33-100), p = 0.019] or fibrosis [35 pg/ml (30-66) vs. 99 (38-163), p = 0.013] had lower serum FGF19 concentrations than others. FGF19 negatively correlated with portal inflammation grade (r = -0.442, p = 0.005), serum TNF-α (r = -0.318, p = 0.025), METAVIR fibrosis stage (r = -0.441, p = 0.005) and APRI (r = -0.328, p = 0.028). IL-6 was higher during PN [6 pg/ml (2-31)] than after weaning off PN [2 pg/ml (1-5), p = 0.009], correlated weakly with cholestasis grade (r = 0.328, p = 0.044), and tended to associate with histological cholestasis [n = 5, 5 pg/ml (5-267) vs. n=34, 2 pg/ml (1-7), p = 0.058]. CONCLUSIONS In pediatric onset of IF, total or partial loss of ileum decreases serum FGF19 concentration corresponding to hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, along with increased cholesterol synthesis. In contrast, serum IL-6 increases during PN and may associate with concurrent cholestasis. These data suggests that FGF19 may contribute to the pathogenesis of IFALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Mutanen
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group Helsinki, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jouko Lohi
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Heikkilä
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Jalanko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko P Pakarinen
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group Helsinki, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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FGF1 and FGF19 reverse diabetes by suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6980. [PMID: 25916467 PMCID: PMC4413509 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF1) and FGF19 have been shown to improve glucose metabolism in diabetic rodents, but how this occurs is unknown. Here to investigate the mechanism of action of these growth factors, we perform intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of recombinant FGF1 or FGF19 in an awake rat model of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and measure rates of whole-body lipolysis, hepatic acetyl CoA content, pyruvate carboxylase activity and hepatic glucose production. We show that ICV injection of FGF19 or FGF1 leads to a ∼60% reduction in hepatic glucose production, hepatic acetyl CoA content and whole-body lipolysis, which results from decreases in plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations. These effects are abrogated by an intra-arterial infusion of corticosterone. Taken together these studies identify suppression of the HPA axis and ensuing reductions in hepatic acetyl CoA content as a common mechanism responsible for mediating the acute, insulin-independent, glucose-lowering effects of FGF1 and FGF19 in rodents with poorly controlled T1D. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family proteins have anti-diabetic effects, but how they work is currently unclear. Here the authors show that injections of FGF1 or FGF19 into the brain of diabetic rats alter glucose and lipid homeostasis by suppressing activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal signalling axis.
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Bajor A, Törnblom H, Rudling M, Ung KA, Simrén M. Increased colonic bile acid exposure: a relevant factor for symptoms and treatment in IBS. Gut 2015; 64:84-92. [PMID: 24727487 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bile acids may play a role in the pathogenesis of IBS. We investigated the potential effects of bile acids entering the colon and its role in the symptom pattern in IBS. DESIGN We measured 75Se-labelled homocholic acid-taurine (75SeHCAT) retention, and serum levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 in patients with IBS (n=141) and control subjects (75SeHCAT n=29; C4 and FGF19 n=435). In patients with IBS stool frequency and form, as well as GI symptom severity were registered, and in a proportion of patients colonic transit time and rectal sensitivity were measured (n=66). An 8-week open-label treatment with colestipol was offered to patients with 75SeHCAT <20%, and the effect of treatment was evaluated with IBS severity scoring system and adequate relief of IBS symptoms. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients with IBS had lower 75SeHCAT values (p=0.005), higher C4c levels (C4 corrected for cholesterol) (p<0.001), but similar FGF19 levels. Abnormal 75SeHCAT retention (<10%) was seen in 18% of patients, whereas 23% had elevated C4c levels. Patients with IBS with 75SeHCAT retention <10% had more frequent stools, accelerated colonic transit time, rectal hyposensitivity, a higher body mass index, higher C4c and lower FGF19 levels. Colestipol treatment improved IBS symptoms (IBS severity scoring system 220±109 vs. 277±106; p<0.01), and 15/27 patients fulfilled criteria for treatment response (adequate relief ≥50% of weeks 5-8). CONCLUSIONS Increased colonic bile acid exposure influences bowel habit and colonic transit time in patients with IBS. A high response rate to open label treatment with colestipol supports this, but placebo-controlled studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antal Bajor
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Törnblom
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Rudling
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell-Arne Ung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medicine and R&D Unit, Skaraborgs Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simrén
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gallego-Escuredo JM, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Catalan V, Domingo P, Giralt M, Frühbeck G, Villarroya F. Opposite alterations in FGF21 and FGF19 levels and disturbed expression of the receptor machinery for endocrine FGFs in obese patients. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:121-9. [PMID: 24813368 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, and possibly FGF19, protect against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity in rodents. We investigated the circulating levels of FGF21 and FGF19 in obese patients with varying degrees of abnormal glucose homeostasis, and we determined gene expression for FGF receptors (FGFR1-4) and the co-receptor β-Klotho, in liver and adipose tissues. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We analyzed 35 lean healthy (71% men) and 61 obese patients (49% men, median body mass index (BMI): 40.5 kg m(-2), interquartile range: 34.7-46.2). Among obese patients, 36 were normoglycemic, 15 showed impaired glucose tolerance and 10 had T2DM. Biopsies from liver and visceral and subcutaneous fat from a subset of obese patients and controls were analyzed. FGF19 and FGF21 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and tissue mRNA and protein levels by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. RESULTS FGF21 serum levels were significantly increased in obese patients compared with controls (P<0.001), whereas FGF19 levels were decreased (P < 0.001). FGF21 levels were positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P = 0.0002, r = 0.37) and insulin (P = 0.001, r = 0.32), whereas FGF19 levels were negatively correlated (P = 0.007, r = -0.27; P=0.003, r = -0.28; respectively). After adjusting for BMI, the correlations of FGF21 and FGF19 levels with indicators of abnormal glucose homeostasis were not significant. In obese patients, the hepatic expression of FGF21 was increased. (P = 0.04). β-Klotho transcript levels in visceral fat (P = 0.002) and β-Klotho protein levels in subcutaneous (P = 0.03) and visceral fat (P = 0.04) were significantly reduced in obese patients, whereas hepatic levels for β-Klotho (P = 0.03), FGFR1 (P = 0.04) and FGFR3 (P = 0.001) transcripts were significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is characterized by reciprocal alterations in FGF19 (decrease) and FGF21 (increase) levels. Although worsened in diabetic obese patients, obesity itself appears as the predominant determinant of the abnormalities in FGF21 and FGF19 levels. Opposite changes in β-Klotho expression in fat and liver indicate potential tissue-specific alterations in the responsiveness to endocrine FGFs in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gallego-Escuredo
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Nutrición, Spain
| | - J Gómez-Ambrosi
- 1] CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Nutrición, Spain [2] Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - V Catalan
- 1] CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Nutrición, Spain [2] Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - P Domingo
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Giralt
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Nutrición, Spain
| | - G Frühbeck
- 1] CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Nutrición, Spain [2] Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - F Villarroya
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicina, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Nutrición, Spain
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