1
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Annadurai Y, Easwaran M, Sundar S, Thangamani L, Meyyazhagan A, Malaisamy A, Natarajan J, Piramanayagam S. SPP1, a potential therapeutic target and biomarker for lung cancer: functional insights through computational studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1336-1351. [PMID: 37096999 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2199871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
NIH reported 128 different types of cancer of which lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality. Globally, it is estimated that on average one in every seventeen hospitalized patients was deceased. There are plenty of studies that have been reported on lung cancer draggability and therapeutics, but yet a protein that plays a central specific to cure the disease remains unclear. So, this study is designed to identify the possible therapeutic targets and biomarkers that can be used for the potential treatment of lung cancers. In order to identify differentially expressed genes, 39 microarray datasets of lung cancer patients were obtained from various demographic regions of the GEO database available at NCBI. After annotating statistically, 6229 up-regulated genes and 10324 down-regulated genes were found. Out of 17 up-regulated genes and significant genes, we selected SPP1 (osteopontin) through virtual screening studies. We found functional interactions with the other cancer-associated genes such as VEGF, FGA, JUN, EGFR, and TGFB1. For the virtual screening studies,198 biological compounds were retrieved from the ACNPD database and docked with SPP1 protein (PDBID: 3DSF). In the results, two highly potential compounds secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (-12.9 kcal/mol), and Hesperidin (-12.0 kcal/mol) showed the highest binding affinity. The stability of the complex was accessed by 100 ns simulation in an SPC water model. From the functional insights obtained through these computational studies, we report that SPP1 could be a potential biomarker and successive therapeutic protein target for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna Annadurai
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesh Easwaran
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shobana Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lokesh Thangamani
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Meyyazhagan
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Translation Medicine and Surgery, Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
| | - Arunkumar Malaisamy
- Transcription Regulation Group, International centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Text Mining Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmughavel Piramanayagam
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Hu Y, Tse TJ, Shim YY, Purdy SK, Kim YJ, Meda V, Reaney MJT. A review of flaxseed lignan and the extraction and refinement of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5057-5072. [PMID: 36448088 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2148627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Lignan is a class of diphenolic compounds that arise from the condensation of two phenylpropanoid moieties. Oilseed and cereal crops (e.g., flaxseed, sesame seed, wheat, barley, oats, rye, etc.) are major sources of plant lignan. Methods for commercial isolation of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) are not well reported, as most publications describing the detection, extraction, and enrichment of SDG use methods that have not been optimized for commercial scale lignan recovery. Simply scaling up laboratory methods would require expensive infrastructure to achieve a marketable yield and reproducible product quality. Therefore, establishing standard protocols to produce SDG and its derivatives on an industrial scale is critical to decrease lignan cost and increase market opportunities. This review summarizes the human health benefits of flaxseed lignan consumption, lignan physicochemical properties, and mammalian lignan metabolism, and describes methods for detecting, extracting, and enriching flaxseed lignan. Refining and optimization of these methods could lead to the development of inexpensive lignan sources for application as an ingredient in medicines, dietary supplements, and other healthy ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Timothy J Tse
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sarah K Purdy
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Venkatesh Meda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Plaha NS, Awasthi S, Sharma A, Kaushik N. Distribution, biosynthesis and therapeutic potential of lignans. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:255. [PMID: 36065422 PMCID: PMC9440181 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignans have long been known for their abundant therapeutic properties due to their polyphenolic structure. Linseed is the richest plant source of lignans and has been studied widely for their properties. The most prevalent lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), is consumed with linseed and converted into mammalian lignans, enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL), by the gut microbiota. SDG can easily be assessed using HPLC and its deglycosylated form viz secoisolariciresinol can be asses using GC-MS techniques. Variety of extraction and analysis methods has been reported for plant lignans. SDG is known to have therapeutic properties including anti-oxidant, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, modulation of gene expression, anti-diabetic, estrogenic and anti-estrogenic. Despite a large number of bioactivities, strong evidences for the underlying mechanisms for most of the properties are still unknown. SDG is most studied for its anti-cancerous properties. But the use of lignans as anti-carcinogenic agent is limited and commercially not reported due to challenges of purification at commercial level, rapid metabolism, untargeted delivery and toxic compounds associated with lignans. Exploration of more prominent and active derivatives of SDG and their targeted drug delivery should be an important research toward the use of bioactive lignans of linseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep Singh Plaha
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP India
| | - Sumegha Awasthi
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP India
| | - Ayushi Sharma
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP India
| | - Nutan Kaushik
- Amity Food and Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP India
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Tse TJ, Guo Y, Shim YY, Purdy SK, Kim JH, Cho JY, Alcorn J, Reaney MJT. Availability of bioactive flax lignan from foods and supplements. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9843-9858. [PMID: 35532015 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2072807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, high levels of blood lipids including cholesterol and triglycerides, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Traditional treatments of hyperlipidemia often include lifestyle changes and pharmacotherapy. Recently, flaxseed has been approved as a nutrient that lowers blood lipids. Several metabolites of flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), have been identified that reduce blood lipids. SDG is present in flaxseed hull as an ester-linked copolymer with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMGA). However, purification processes involved in hydrolysis of the copolymer and enriching SDG are often expensive. The natural copolymer of SDG with HMGA (SDG polymer) is a source of bioactive compounds useful in prophylaxis of hypercholesterolemia. After consumption of the lignan copolymer, SDG and HMGA are released in the stomach and small intestines. SDG is metabolized to secoisolariciresinol, enterolactone and enterodiol, the bioactive forms of mammalian lignans. These metabolites are then distributed throughout the body where they accumulate in the liver, kidney, skin, other tissues, and organs. Successively, these metabolites reduce blood lipids including cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipid peroxidation products. In this review, the metabolism and efficacies of flaxseed-derived enriched SDG and SDG polymer will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tse
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yajia Guo
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sarah K Purdy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jane Alcorn
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
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5
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Consonni R, Ottolina G. NMR Characterization of Lignans. Molecules 2022; 27:2340. [PMID: 35408739 PMCID: PMC9000441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignans are particularly interesting secondary metabolites belonging to the phenyl-propanoid biosynthetic pathway. From the structural point of view, these molecules could belong to the aryltetralin, arylnaphtalene, or dibenzylbutyrolactone molecular skeleton. Lignans are present in different tissues of plants but are mainly accumulated in seeds. Extracts from plant tissues could be characterized by using the NMR-based approach, which provides a profile of aromatic molecules and detailed structural information for their elucidation. In order to improve the production of these secondary metabolites, elicitors could effectively stimulate lignan production. Several plant species are considered in this review with a particular focus on Linum species, well recognized as the main producer of lignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Consonni
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta”, National Research Council, Via Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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6
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Guo Y, Yang X, Tse TJ, Purdy SK, Mustafa R, Shen J, Alcorn J, Reaney MJT. Hypocholesterolemic Efficacy of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and Its Polymer in Rat. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2845-2850. [PMID: 34699206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Conventional treatment methods include lifestyle changes and pharmaceutical interventions, but recently Health Canada approved a health claim for whole ground flaxseed as an alternative treatment for hypercholesterolemia. The literature suggests flaxseed lignans are responsible for the cholesterol-reducing effects of flaxseed. In this study, 96.1% secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and a 50% SDG enriched polymer (SDG polymer) were investigated as treatments for hypercholesterolemia in rats. Wistar female rats were fed a 1% high-cholesterol diet for a one-week acclimatization prior to a 23-day intervention with enriched SDG or SDG polymer. A reduction in body weight normalized liver weight was observed in rats treated with enriched SDG when compared to the controls. Both enriched SDG (96.1%) and SDG polymer reduced serum triacylglycerol (19% and 15%, respectively) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (15% and 24%, respectively). Histopathologic analyses revealed lipid-lowering effects of either enriched SDG or SDG polymer along with lower steatosis scores and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity. Furthermore, the lack of statistical significance between SDG and SDG polymer treatment groups suggests that SDG polymer may be a potential alternative to enriched SDG for hypercholesterolemia with similar efficacy but lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajia Guo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Xiaolei Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Timothy J Tse
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Sarah K Purdy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Rana Mustafa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jianheng Shen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jane Alcorn
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Martin J T Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., 102 Melville Street, Saskatoon, SK S7J 0R1, Canada
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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7
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Decembrino D, Raffaele A, Knöfel R, Girhard M, Urlacher VB. Synthesis of (-)-deoxypodophyllotoxin and (-)-epipodophyllotoxin via a multi-enzyme cascade in E. coli. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:183. [PMID: 34544406 PMCID: PMC8454061 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aryltetralin lignan (−)−podophyllotoxin is a potent antiviral and anti-neoplastic compound that is mainly found in Podophyllum plant species. Over the years, the commercial demand for this compound rose notably because of the high clinical importance of its semi-synthetic chemotherapeutic derivatives etoposide and teniposide. To satisfy this demand, (−)−podophyllotoxin is conventionally isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, which can only grow in few regions and is now endangered by overexploitation and environmental damage. For these reasons, targeting the biosynthesis of (−)−podophyllotoxin precursors or analogues is fundamental for the development of novel, more sustainable supply routes. Results We recently established a four-step multi-enzyme cascade to convert (+)−pinoresinol into (−)−matairesinol in E. coli. Herein, a five-step multi-enzyme biotransformation of (−)−matairesinol to (−)−deoxypodophyllotoxin was proven effective with 98 % yield at a concentration of 78 mg/L. Furthermore, the extension of this cascade to a sixth step leading to (−)−epipodophyllotoxin was evaluated. To this end, seven enzymes were combined in the reconstituted pathway involving inter alia three plant cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, with two of them being functionally expressed in E. coli for the first time. Conclusions Both, (−)−deoxypodophyllotoxin and (−)−epipodophyllotoxin, are direct precursors to etoposide and teniposide. Thus, the reconstitution of biosynthetic reactions of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum as an effective multi-enzyme cascade in E. coli represents a solid step forward towards a more sustainable production of these essential pharmaceuticals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01673-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Decembrino
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alessandra Raffaele
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ronja Knöfel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Girhard
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Wu Y, Wang H, Wang Y, Brennan CS, Anne Brennan M, Qiu C, Guo X. Comparison of lignans and phenolic acids in different varieties of germinated flaxseed (
Linum usitatissimum
L.). Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) South China University of Technology Guangzhou510640China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) South China University of Technology Guangzhou510640China
| | - Yufu Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha410205China
| | - Charles Stephen Brennan
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) South China University of Technology Guangzhou510640China
- Department of Wine Food Molecular Biosciences Lincoln University Lincoln7647New Zealand
| | - Margaret Anne Brennan
- Department of Wine Food Molecular Biosciences Lincoln University Lincoln7647New Zealand
| | - Caisheng Qiu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha410205China
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre of Starch & Protein Processing Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) South China University of Technology Guangzhou510640China
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Dubois F, Musa C, Duponchel B, Tidahy L, Sécordel X, Mallard I, Delattre F. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Calorimetric Investigations of Extraction Mode on Flaxseed Gum Composition. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2654. [PMID: 33187145 PMCID: PMC7697610 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We discussed about the influence of extraction mode on the flaxseed gums composition and their thermal stabilities. In order to do so, flaxseed gum was extracted by both classical magnetic stirring method and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). As a function of time, protein content, gum yield, pH values were evaluated and samples were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The flaxseed gum extracted in aqueous solution correspond to a mixture of different components, including polysaccharides, proteins and sometimes lignan derivatives. It is found that the protein and gum contents increase with the extraction duration for both the ultrasonic assisted and the traditional extraction while the pH decreases at the same time. As expected, compared to traditional magnetic stirring method, ultrasonic assisted extraction method can significantly enhance the yield of polysaccharides, lignans and proteins. The variation of pH is correlated to the increase of lignan molecules in the extracted samples. For thermic methods, SEM experiments showed that lignan derivatives which ester-bonded to polysaccharides associated to proteins are responsible to the formation of globular aggregates. Supplementary rod-like molecular organization were obtained from UAE and questions on the nature of the amphiphilic mesogen carbohydrate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dubois
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4492, UCEIV, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; (F.D.); (C.M.); (L.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Corentin Musa
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4492, UCEIV, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; (F.D.); (C.M.); (L.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Benoit Duponchel
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4476, UDSMM, Unité de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France;
| | - Lucette Tidahy
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4492, UCEIV, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; (F.D.); (C.M.); (L.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Xavier Sécordel
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4493, LPCA, IRenE, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France;
| | - Isabelle Mallard
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4492, UCEIV, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; (F.D.); (C.M.); (L.T.); (I.M.)
| | - François Delattre
- Littoral Côte d’Opale University, UR 4492, UCEIV, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; (F.D.); (C.M.); (L.T.); (I.M.)
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Kirsch V, Bakuradze T, Richling E. Toxicological testing of syringaresinol and enterolignans. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:104-110. [PMID: 34345839 PMCID: PMC8320611 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignans are secondary plant constituents with dibenzylbutane skeletons found in cereals, oilseeds, and nuts. Two members of this class, syringaresinol (Syr) and secoisolariciresinol (Seco), occur at relatively high levels in cereals and processed food products as well as in coniferous trees. In vitro studies have shown that Seco and its metabolites enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL), which are formed by intestinal microbes, exhibit strong antioxidant activity because of their phenolic character. The biological activity and discussion of dietary supplementation with these substances led to questions about the potential adverse health effects of these compounds, which are explored here. Syr and the metabolites END and ENL were investigated by combining structural information generated in silico with practical testing in vitro. An in silico structure-activity analysis was performed using ToxTree and NexusPrediction to suggest plausible mechanisms of toxicity and estimate toxicological endpoints of these compounds. Structural alerts were generated based on the presence of phenolic units with coordinating substituents that could potentially form quinoid structures, promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, bind to cellular structures, or damage chromosomes. To assess the in silico results, the cytotoxicity and genotoxic potential of the studied compounds were tested in vitro using the resazurin reduction and comet assays, respectively. Incubating HepG2 and HT29 cells for 1 h or 24 h with 0–100 μM Syr, END, or ENL induced no cytotoxic effects. Additionally, even the highest tested concentrations of END and ENL showed no modulation of background and total DNA damage. The initial in silico screen thus generated structural alerts linked to toxicological endpoints, but experimental assessments of the studied compounds revealed no detectable toxicity, demonstrating the need for individual mechanistic experimental verification of in silico predictions. This approach makes it possible to connect known biological activity, such as reported antioxidative effects, to underlying mechanisms such as proton abstraction or donation. This in turn can yield insights – for example, that a compound's tendency to act as a pro- or anti-oxidant (and hence to exert adverse or beneficial health effects) may depend on its concentration and the cellular state. Potential of toxicologic mechanisms: cellular stress and chromosomal damage were identified in silico for syringaresinol, enterdiol and enterlactone. However, in confirmatory in vitro assays (cytotoxicity, DNA damage and DNA strand breaks) in HepG2 and HT29 cells no such toxicities were induced by physiological and higher concentrations of syringaresinol and enterolignans. This study serves as a cautionary tale of using in silico prediction of toxicity mechanisms. Experimental verification of in silico predictions is needed as these methodologies are still under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tamara Bakuradze
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Str. 52, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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11
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Chhillar H, Chopra P, Ashfaq MA. Lignans from linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) and its allied species: Retrospect, introspect and prospect. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2719-2741. [PMID: 32619358 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1784840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignans are complex diphenolic compounds representing phytoestrogens and occur widely across the plant kingdom. Formed by the coupling of two coniferyl alcohol residues, lignans constitute major plant "specialized metabolites" with exceptional biological attributes that aid in plant defence and provide health benefits in humans by reducing the risk of ailments such as cancer, diabetes etc. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the richest sources of lignans followed by cereals and legumes. Among the various types of lignans, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is considered as the essential and nutrient rich lignan in linseed. Lignans exhibit established antimitotic, antiviral and anti-tumor properties that contribute to their medicinal value. The present review seeks to provide a holistic view of research in the past and present times revolving around lignans from linseed and its allied species. This review attempts to elucidate sources, structures and functional properties of lignans, along with detailed biosynthetic mechanisms operating in plants. It summarizes various methods for the determination of lignan content in plants. Biotechnological interventions (in planta and in vitro) aimed at enriching lignan content and adoption of integrative approaches that might further enhance lignan content and medicinal and nutraceutical value of Linum spp. have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Chhillar
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Chopra
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Ashraf Ashfaq
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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12
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Khan I, Khan MA, Shehzad MA, Ali A, Mohammad S, Ali H, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P. Micropropagation and Production of Health Promoting Lignans in Linum usitatissimum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E728. [PMID: 32526854 PMCID: PMC7355781 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Linum usitatissimum commonly known as flax or linseed is an important medicinal plant, produces medicinally potent lignans, used in the treatment of several human diseases. Lignans limited production in the natural plants does not meet the increasing market demand. This study was conducted to establish an easy and rapid method for the in vitro micropropagation and production of potent lignans and antioxidant secondary metabolites in linseed. The results indicated that hypocotyl explants under the effects of thidiazuron (TDZ: 0.5 mg/L) + kinetin (Kn: 0.5 mg/L) in the basal growth media, resulted in the optimal shoot organogenesis parameters (shoot induction frequency: 86.87%, number of shoots: 6.3 ± 0.36 and shoots length: 6.5 ± 0.54 cm), in 4 weeks. Further, TDZ supplementation in the culture media efficiently activated the antioxidant system in the in vitro raised shoots, wherein maximum production of total phenolic content, TPC (34.33 ± 0.20 mg of GAE/g DW); total flavonoid content, TFC (8.99 ± 0.02 mg of QE/g DW); DPPH free radical scavenging activity (92.7 ± 1.32%); phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, PAL (8.99 ± 0.02 U/g FW); and superoxide dismutase expression, SOD (3.62 ± 0.01 nM/min/mg FW) were observed in the shoot cultures raised in presence of TDZ: 0.5 mg/L + Kn: 0.5 mg/L. Nonetheless, considerable levels of pharmacologically active lignans such as secoisolariciresinol (SECO: 23.13-37.10 mg/g DW), secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG: 3.32-3.86 mg/g DW) and anhydrosecoisolariciresinol diglucoside (ANHSECO: 5.15-7.94 mg/g DW) were accumulated in the regenerated shoots. This protocol can be scaled up for the commercial production of linseed to meet the market demands for lignans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan 23390, Pakistan; (I.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mubarak Ali Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan 23390, Pakistan; (I.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Muhammad Amir Shehzad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan 23390, Pakistan; (I.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Amir Ali
- Biotechnology Lab. Agricultural research institute (ARI), Tarnab, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Sher Mohammad
- Biotechnology Lab. Agricultural research institute (ARI), Tarnab, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Huma Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Peshawar 24420, Pakistan;
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
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Reddy Vakiti J, Hanessian S. Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Confirmation of (-)-Olivil, (+)-Cycloolivil, (-)-Alashinols F and G, (+)-Cephafortin A, and Their Congeners: Filling in Biosynthetic Gaps. Org Lett 2020; 22:3345-3350. [PMID: 32293189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, we describe the stereocontrolled total syntheses of olivil, cephafortin A, 4-des-O-methyl-4-O-rhamnosyl cephafortin A, and alashinol F from a common precursor using a combination of chemoenzymatic and biomimetic methods for the systematic introduction of functional groups on three vicinal stereogenic carbon atoms. We revised the previously assigned stereochemistry of (+)-cephafortin A, which was reported as the enantiomer. Natural and unnatural congeners provide insights into the biogenetic interrelations of members of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jithender Reddy Vakiti
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Succ., Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Succ., Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Angeloni S, Navarini L, Khamitova G, Maggi F, Sagratini G, Vittori S, Caprioli G. A new analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of isoflavones and lignans in 25 green coffee samples by HPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2020; 325:126924. [PMID: 32387932 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Green coffee, the raw material of roasted coffee and coffee beverages, is one of the most widely traded commodities worldwide. There is a dearth of studies on its content in phytoestrogens such as isoflavones and lignans. Previously, we developed an efficient method for the simultaneous quantification of 6 isoflavones (daidzin, genistin, daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A) and 3 lignans (secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol and lariciresinol) in green coffee by using HPLC-MS/MS. Several extraction processes were evaluated and the best performing, base hydrolysis followed by enzymatic digestion, was validated and used to analyse 25 different coffee samples, 1 Coffea canephora and 24 Coffea arabica, from different countries. Lignans (total content: 286.5-8131.8 µg kg-1) were found in higher concentration than isoflavones (total content: 3.4-300.0 µg kg-1) and the most abundant were secoisolariciresinol (172.6-5714.1 µg kg-1) and lariciresinol (113.9-2417.7 µg kg-1). Notably, the Ethiopian coffee samples contained the highest levels of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Angeloni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant' Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; International Hub for Coffee Research and Innovation, Belforte del Chienti (MC), Italy
| | | | - Gulzhan Khamitova
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant' Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; International Hub for Coffee Research and Innovation, Belforte del Chienti (MC), Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant' Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant' Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Sauro Vittori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant' Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Caprioli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant' Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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15
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Anjum S, Komal A, Drouet S, Kausar H, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Feasible Production of Lignans and Neolignans in Root-derived In Vitro Cultures of Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E409. [PMID: 32218181 PMCID: PMC7238537 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flax lignans and neolignans impart health benefits, particularly in treating different types of cancers, due to their strong phytoestrogenic and antioxidant properties. The present study enhances the comprehension on the biosynthesis of antioxidant lignans and neolignans in root-derived in vitro cultures of flax (both callus and adventitious root). The results presented here clearly showed that the adventitious root culture efficiently produced a higher amount of lignans (at day 40) and neolignans (at day 30) than callus culture of flax. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the accumulations of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG, 5.5 mg g-1 DW (dry weight)) and dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside (DCG, 21.6 mg/g DW) were 2-fold higher, while guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl alcohol ether glucoside (GGCG, 4.9 mg/g DW) and lariciresinol glucoside (LDG, 11.9 mg/g DW) contents were 1.5-fold higher in adventitious root culture than in callus culture. Furthermore, the highest level of total phenolic production (119.01 mg/L), with an antioxidant free radical scavenging activity of 91.01%, was found in adventitious root culture at day 40, while the maximum level of total flavonoid production (45.51 mg/L) was observed in callus culture at day 30 of growth dynamics. These results suggest that adventitious root culture can be a good candidate for scaling up to industrial level to commercially produce these pharmacologically and nutritionally valuable metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore-54000, Pakistan; (A.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Amna Komal
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore-54000, Pakistan; (A.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328/Université d’Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France;
| | - Humera Kausar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore-54000, Pakistan; (A.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328/Université d’Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France;
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan
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Zhao M, Bergaentzlé M, Flieller A, Marchioni E. Development and validation of an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of cyanogenic glycosides and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:214-223. [PMID: 31076224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Angeloni S, Navarini L, Khamitova G, Sagratini G, Vittori S, Caprioli G. Quantification of lignans in 30 ground coffee samples and evaluation of theirs extraction yield in espresso coffee by HPLC-MS/MS triple quadrupole. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:193-200. [PMID: 31170854 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1624693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lignans are a class of polyphenols considered to be phytoestrogens because of their oestrogenic/antiestrogenic activities and their plant origin. Few works have reported on the content of lignans in ground coffee, and most of them analysed a small number of samples. Hence, our aim was to quantify the content of three lignans, secoisolariciresinol, lariciresinol and matairesinol, in ground coffee by using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Evaluation of acidic hydrolysis, methanolic extractions, and enzymatic digestions as extraction methods indicated that enzymatic digestion with Taka-diastase 2% was the best. When this method was applied to 30 different ground coffees, we found that SECO was the highest concentration lignan (84.4-257.8 μg kg-1), followed by LARI (26.1-91.5 μg kg-1). Moreover, comparison of lignan extraction yield in espresso coffee and ground coffee showed that these molecules seem to be completely extracted during espresso coffee percolation, since the extraction yield average was 95.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Angeloni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,International Hub for Coffee Research and Innovation, Belforte del Chienti (MC), Italy
| | | | - Gulzhan Khamitova
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.,International Hub for Coffee Research and Innovation, Belforte del Chienti (MC), Italy
| | | | - Sauro Vittori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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18
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Markulin L, Corbin C, Renouard S, Drouet S, Gutierrez L, Mateljak I, Auguin D, Hano C, Fuss E, Lainé E. Pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases, key to the lignan synthesis in plants. PLANTA 2019; 249:1695-1714. [PMID: 30895445 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview on activity, stereospecificity, expression and regulation of pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases in plants. These enzymes are shared by the pathways to all 8-8' lignans derived from pinoresinol. Pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases (PLR) are enzymes involved in the lignan biosynthesis after the initial dimerization of two monolignols. They catalyze two successive reduction steps leading to the production of lariciresinol or secoisolariciresinol from pinoresinol. Two secoisolariciresinol enantiomers can be synthetized with different fates. Depending on the plant species, these enantiomers are either final products (e.g., in the flaxseed where it is stored after glycosylation) or are the starting point for the synthesis of a wide range of lignans, among which the aryltetralin type lignans are used to semisynthesize anticancer drugs such as Etoposide®. Thus, the regulation of the gene expression of PLRs as well as the possible specificities of these reductases for one reduction step or one enantiomer are key factors to fine-tune the lignan synthesis. Results published in the last decade have shed light on the presence of more than one PLR in each plant and revealed various modes of action. Nevertheless, there are not many results published on the PLRs and most of them were obtained in a limited range of species. Indeed, a number of them deal with wild and cultivated flax belonging to the genus Linum. Despite the occurrence of lignans in bryophytes, pteridophytes and monocots, data on PLRs in these taxa are still missing and indeed the whole diversity of PLRs is still unknown. This review summarizes the data, published mainly in the last decade, on the PLR gene expression, enzymatic activity and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samantha Drouet
- Centre Régional de Ressources en Biologie Moléculaire (CRRBM), Université Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Gutierrez
- Centre Régional de Ressources en Biologie Moléculaire (CRRBM), Université Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039, Amiens, France
| | - Ivan Mateljak
- LBLGC, INRA USC 1328 Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- LBLGC, INRA USC 1328 Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Fuss
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Hoppe-Seyler-St. 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eric Lainé
- LBLGC, INRA USC 1328 Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France.
- LBLGC, INRA USC 1328 Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres, 21 rue de Loigny, 28000, Chartres, France.
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De Silva SF, Alcorn J. Flaxseed Lignans as Important Dietary Polyphenols for Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Molecular Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E68. [PMID: 31060335 PMCID: PMC6630319 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer causes considerable morbidity and mortality across the world. Socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to the increasing cancer prevalence, bespeaking a need for effective prevention and treatment strategies. Phytochemicals like plant polyphenols are generally considered to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory effects, which explain their promotion for human health. The past several decades have contributed to a growing evidence base in the literature that demonstrate ability of polyphenols to modulate multiple targets of carcinogenesis linking models of cancer characteristics (i.e., hallmarks and nutraceutical-based targeting of cancer) via direct or indirect interaction or modulation of cellular and molecular targets. This evidence is particularly relevant for the lignans, an ubiquitous, important class of dietary polyphenols present in high levels in food sources such as flaxseed. Literature evidence on lignans suggests potential benefit in cancer prevention and treatment. This review summarizes the relevant chemical and pharmacokinetic properties of dietary polyphenols and specifically focuses on the biological targets of flaxseed lignans. The consolidation of the considerable body of data on the diverse targets of the lignans will aid continued research into their potential for use in combination with other cancer chemotherapies, utilizing flaxseed lignan-enriched natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Franklyn De Silva
- Drug Discovery & Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 104 Clinic Place, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (SK), S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Jane Alcorn
- Drug Discovery & Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 104 Clinic Place, Health Sciences Building, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (SK), S7N 2Z4, Canada.
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Markulin L, Drouet S, Corbin C, Decourtil C, Garros L, Renouard S, Lopez T, Mongelard G, Gutierrez L, Auguin D, Lainé E, Hano C. The control exerted by ABA on lignan biosynthesis in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is modulated by a Ca 2+ signal transduction involving the calmodulin-like LuCML15b. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 236:74-87. [PMID: 30928768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The LuPLR1 gene encodes a pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase responsible for the biosynthesis of (+)-secoisolariciresinol, a cancer chemopreventive lignan, highly accumulated in the seedcoat of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a key role in the regulation of LuPLR1 gene expression and lignan accumulation in both seeds and cell suspensions, which require two cis-acting elements (ABRE and MYB2) for this regulation. Ca2+ is a universal secondary messenger involved in a wide range of physiological processes including ABA signaling. Therefore, Ca2+ may be involved as a mediator of LuPLR1 gene expression and lignan biosynthesis regulation exerted by ABA. To test the potential implication of Ca2+ signaling, a pharmacological approach was conducted using both flax cell suspensions and maturing seed systems coupled with a ß-glucuronidase reporter gene experiment, RT-qPCR analysis, lignan quantification as well as Ca2+ fluorescence imaging. Exogenous ABA application results in an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ cytosolic concentration, originating mainly from the extracellular medium. Promoter-reporter deletion experiments suggest that the ABRE and MYB2 cis-acting elements of the LuPLR1 gene promoter functioned as Ca2+-sensitive sequences involved in the ABA-mediated regulation. The use of specific inhibitors pointed the crucial roles of the Ca2+ sensors calmodulin-like proteins and Ca2+-dependent protein kinases in this regulation. This regulation appeared conserved in the two different studied systems, i.e. cell suspensions and maturing seeds. A calmodulin-like, LuCML15b, identified from gene network analysis is proposed as a key player involved in this signal transduction since RNAi experiments provided direct evidences of this role. Taken together, these results provide new information on the regulation of plant defense and human health-promoting compounds, which could be used to optimize their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Markulin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA, USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, F-45100 Orléans, France
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA, USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, F-45100 Orléans, France
| | - Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA, USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, F-45100 Orléans, France
| | - Cédric Decourtil
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA, USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, F-45100 Orléans, France
| | - Laurine Garros
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA, USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, F-45100 Orléans, France
| | - Sullivan Renouard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA, USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, F-45100 Orléans, France
| | - Tatiana Lopez
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA, USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, F-45100 Orléans, France
| | - Gaëlle Mongelard
- Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (CRRBM), Université Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Gutierrez
- Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire (CRRBM), Université Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA, USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, F-45100 Orléans, France
| | - Eric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA, USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, F-45100 Orléans, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA, USC1328, Université d'Orléans, Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F-28000 Chartres, France; Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, GDR 3711 COSMACTIFS, CNRS Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, F-45100 Orléans, France.
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Kezimana P, Dmitriev AA, Kudryavtseva AV, Romanova EV, Melnikova NV. Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside of Flaxseed and Its Metabolites: Biosynthesis and Potential for Nutraceuticals. Front Genet 2018; 9:641. [PMID: 30619466 PMCID: PMC6299007 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), found mainly in flaxseed, is one of the essential lignans. SDG, as well as the beneficial fatty acid composition and high fiber content, has made flaxseed an important source of functional food or nutraceutical ingredients. Various studies have shown that SDG offers several health benefits, including protective effects against cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and mental stress. These health benefits have been attributed to the antioxidant properties of SDG. Additionally, SDG metabolites, namely mammalian lignans, enterodiol and enterolactone, have shown promising effects against cancer. Therefore, understanding the biosynthetic pathway of SDG and its molecular mechanisms is a key to enable the production of new flaxseed cultivars rich in nutraceutical content. The present review highlights studies on the different health benefits of SDG, as well as lignan biosynthesis in flaxseed and genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway. Since SDG, the predominant lignan in flaxseed, is a glycosylated lignan, we also focus on studies investigating the genes involved in secoisolariciresinol glycosylation. These genes can be used to produce new cultivars with a novel level of glycosylation or lignan composition to maximize the yields of lignans with a therapeutic or protective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parfait Kezimana
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Romanova
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Basu P, Maier C. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer: In vitro anticancer activities of isoflavones, lignans, coumestans, stilbenes and their analogs and derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1648-1666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Garros L, Drouet S, Corbin C, Decourtil C, Fidel T, Lebas de Lacour J, Leclerc EA, Renouard S, Tungmunnithum D, Doussot J, Abassi BH, Maunit B, Lainé É, Fliniaux O, Mesnard F, Hano C. Insight into the Influence of Cultivar Type, Cultivation Year, and Site on the Lignans and Related Phenolic Profiles, and the Health-Promoting Antioxidant Potential of Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Seeds. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102636. [PMID: 30322184 PMCID: PMC6222607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaxseeds are a functional food representing, by far, the richest natural grain source of lignans, and accumulate substantial amounts of other health beneficial phenolic compounds (i.e., flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids). This specific accumulation pattern is related to their numerous beneficial effects on human health. However, to date, little data is available concerning the relative impact of genetic and geographic parameters on the phytochemical yield and composition. Here, the major influence of the cultivar over geographic parameters on the flaxseed phytochemical accumulation yield and composition is evidenced. The importance of genetic parameters on the lignan accumulation was further confirmed by gene expression analysis monitored by RT-qPCR. The corresponding antioxidant activity of these flaxseed extracts was evaluated, both in vitro, using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and iron chelating assays, as well as in vivo, by monitoring the impact of UV-induced oxidative stress on the lipid membrane peroxidation of yeast cells. Our results, both the in vitro and in vivo studies, confirm that flaxseed extracts are an effective protector against oxidative stress. The results point out that secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, caffeic acid glucoside, and p-coumaric acid glucoside are the main contributors to the antioxidant capacity. Considering the health benefits of these compounds, the present study demonstrates that the flaxseed cultivar type could greatly influence the phytochemical intakes and, therefore, the associated biological activities. We recommend that this crucial parameter be considered in epidemiological studies dealing with flaxseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine Garros
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA) UMR7311, Université d'Orléans-CNRS, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Cédric Decourtil
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Thibaud Fidel
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Julie Lebas de Lacour
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Emilie A Leclerc
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Sullivan Renouard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Duangjai Tungmunnithum
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Joël Doussot
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
- Le CNAM, Ecole Sciences Industrielles et Technologies de l'Information (SITI), Chimie Alimentation Santé Environnement Risque (CASER), 75141 Paris Cedex 3, France.
| | - Bilal Haider Abassi
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Benoit Maunit
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA) UMR7311, Université d'Orléans-CNRS, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
| | - Éric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Ophélie Fliniaux
- Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI) EA 3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France.
| | - François Mesnard
- Biologie des Plantes et Innovation (BIOPI) EA 3900, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000 Amiens, France.
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC) EA1207 INRA USC1328, Plant LIGNANS Team, Université d'Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, Bioactifs et Cosmétiques, CNRS GDR3711, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
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Francoz E, Lepiniec L, North HM. Seed coats as an alternative molecular factory: thinking outside the box. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:327-342. [PMID: 30056618 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Seed coats as commodities. Seed coats play important roles in the protection of the embryo from biological attack and physical damage by the environment as well as dispersion strategies. A significant part of the energy devoted by the mother plant to seed production is channeled into the production of the cell layers and metabolites that surround the embryo. Nevertheless, in crop species these are often discarded post-harvest and are a wasted resource that could be processed to yield co-products. The production of novel compounds from existing metabolites is also a possibility. A number of macromolecules are already accumulated in these maternal layers that could be exploited in industrial applications either directly or via green chemistry, notably flavonoids, lignin, lignan, polysaccharides, lipid polyesters and waxes. Here, we summarize our knowledge of the in planta biosynthesis pathways of these macromolecules and their molecular regulation as well as potential applications. We also outline recent work aimed at providing further tools for increasing yields of existing molecules or the development of novel biotech approaches, as well as trial studies aimed at exploiting this underused resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Francoz
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Helen M North
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France.
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Corbin C, Drouet S, Markulin L, Auguin D, Lainé É, Davin LB, Cort JR, Lewis NG, Hano C. A genome-wide analysis of the flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) dirigent protein family: from gene identification and evolution to differential regulation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 97:73-101. [PMID: 29713868 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Identification of DIR encoding genes in flax genome. Analysis of phylogeny, gene/protein structures and evolution. Identification of new conserved motifs linked to biochemical functions. Investigation of spatio-temporal gene expression and response to stress. Dirigent proteins (DIRs) were discovered during 8-8' lignan biosynthesis studies, through identification of stereoselective coupling to afford either (+)- or (-)-pinoresinols from E-coniferyl alcohol. DIRs are also involved or potentially involved in terpenoid, allyl/propenyl phenol lignan, pterocarpan and lignin biosynthesis. DIRs have very large multigene families in different vascular plants including flax, with most still of unknown function. DIR studies typically focus on a small subset of genes and identification of biochemical/physiological functions. Herein, a genome-wide analysis and characterization of the predicted flax DIR 44-membered multigene family was performed, this species being a rich natural grain source of 8-8' linked secoisolariciresinol-derived lignan oligomers. All predicted DIR sequences, including their promoters, were analyzed together with their public gene expression datasets. Expression patterns of selected DIRs were examined using qPCR, as well as through clustering analysis of DIR gene expression. These analyses further implicated roles for specific DIRs in (-)-pinoresinol formation in seed-coats, as well as (+)-pinoresinol in vegetative organs and/or specific responses to stress. Phylogeny and gene expression analysis segregated flax DIRs into six distinct clusters with new cluster-specific motifs identified. We propose that these findings can serve as a foundation to further systematically determine functions of DIRs, i.e. other than those already known in lignan biosynthesis in flax and other species. Given the differential expression profiles and inducibility of the flax DIR family, we provisionally propose that some DIR genes of unknown function could be involved in different aspects of secondary cell wall biosynthesis and plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France
- COSM'ACTIFS, CNRS GDR3711, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France
- COSM'ACTIFS, CNRS GDR3711, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Lucija Markulin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France
- COSM'ACTIFS, CNRS GDR3711, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France
- COSM'ACTIFS, CNRS GDR3711, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Éric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France
- COSM'ACTIFS, CNRS GDR3711, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Laurence B Davin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - John R Cort
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Norman G Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA.
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France.
- COSM'ACTIFS, CNRS GDR3711, 28000, Chartres, France.
- Pôle Universitaire d'Eure et Loir, 21 Rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France.
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Corbin C, Drouet S, Mateljak I, Markulin L, Decourtil C, Renouard S, Lopez T, Doussot J, Lamblin F, Auguin D, Lainé E, Fuss E, Hano C. Functional characterization of the pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase-2 gene reveals its roles in yatein biosynthesis and flax defense response. PLANTA 2017; 246:405-420. [PMID: 28451749 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study provides new insights into the biosynthesis regulation and in planta function of the lignan yatein in flax leaves. Pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases (PLR) catalyze the conversion of pinoresinol into secoisolariciresinol (SECO) in lignan biosynthesis. Several lignans are accumulated in high concentrations, such as SECO accumulated as secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) in seeds and yatein in aerial parts, in the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum L.) from which two PLR enzymes of opposite enantioselectivity have been isolated. While LuPLR1 catalyzes the biosynthesis of (+)-SECO leading to (+)-SDG in seeds, the role(s) of the second PLR (LuPLR2) is not completely elucidated. This study provides new insights into the in planta regulation and function of the lignan yatein in flax leaves: its biosynthesis relies on a different PLR with opposite stereospecificity but also on a distinct expression regulation. RNAi technology provided evidence for the in vivo involvement of the LuPLR2 gene in the biosynthesis of (-)-yatein accumulated in flax leaves. LuPLR2 expression in different tissues and in response to stress was studied by RT-qPCR and promoter-reporter transgenesis showing that the spatio-temporal expression of the LuPLR2 gene in leaves perfectly matches the (-)-yatein accumulation and that LuPLR2 expression and yatein production are increased by methyl jasmonate and wounding. A promoter deletion approach yielded putative regulatory elements. This expression pattern in relation to a possible role for this lignan in flax defense is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Ivan Mateljak
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Lucija Markulin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Cédric Decourtil
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Sullivan Renouard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Tatiana Lopez
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Joël Doussot
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
- Ecole SITI, Département CASER, Le CNAM, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lamblin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Daniel Auguin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Eric Lainé
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France
| | - Elisabeth Fuss
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Hoppe-Seyler-St. 4, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000, Chartres, France.
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Gaya P, Sánchez-Jiménez A, Peirotén Á, Medina M, Landete JM. Incomplete metabolism of phytoestrogens by gut microbiota from children under the age of three. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:334-343. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1353955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Gaya
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Abel Sánchez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada (Biomatemática), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Peirotén
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Medina
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Maria Landete
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Kinetics of the incorporation of the main phenolic compounds into the lignan macromolecule during flaxseed development. Food Chem 2017; 217:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Landete JM, Arqués J, Medina M, Gaya P, de Las Rivas B, Muñoz R. Bioactivation of Phytoestrogens: Intestinal Bacteria and Health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:1826-43. [PMID: 25848676 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.789823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are polyphenols similar to human estrogens found in plants or derived from plant precursors. Phytoestrogens are found in high concentration in soya, flaxseed and other seeds, fruits, vegetables, cereals, tea, chocolate, etc. They comprise several classes of chemical compounds (stilbenes, coumestans, isoflavones, ellagitannins, and lignans) which are structurally similar to endogenous estrogens but which can have both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. Although epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that intake of phytoestrogens in foods may be protective against certain chronic diseases, discrepancies have been observed between in vivo and in vitro experiments. The microbial transformations have not been reported so far in stilbenes and coumestans. However, isoflavones, ellagitanins, and lignans are metabolized by intestinal bacteria to produce equol, urolithins, and enterolignans, respectively. Equol, urolithin, and enterolignans are more bioavailable, and have more estrogenic/antiestrogenic and antioxidant activity than their precursors. Moreover, equol, urolithins and enterolignans have anti-inflammatory effects and induce antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities. The transformation of isoflavones, ellagitanins, and lignans by intestinal microbiota is essential to be protective against certain chronic diseases, as cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and menopausal symptoms. Bioavailability, bioactivity, and health effects of dietary phytoestrogens are strongly determined by the intestinal bacteria of each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Landete
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) . Madrid , Spain
| | - J Arqués
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) . Madrid , Spain
| | - M Medina
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) . Madrid , Spain
| | - P Gaya
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) . Madrid , Spain
| | - B de Las Rivas
- b Departamento de Biotecnología Bacteriana , Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - R Muñoz
- b Departamento de Biotecnología Bacteriana , Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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31
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Gaya P, Medina M, Sánchez-Jiménez A, Landete JM. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. Molecules 2016; 21:E1034. [PMID: 27517891 PMCID: PMC6274073 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are plant-derived polyphenols with a structure similar to human estrogens. The three main groups of phytoestrogens, isoflavones, ellagitannins, and lignans, are transformed into equol, urolithins, and enterolignans, respectively, by bacteria. These metabolites have more estrogenic/antiestrogenic and antioxidant activities than their precursors, and they are more bioavailable. The aim of this study was to analyze the metabolism of isoflavones, lignans and ellagitannins by gut microbiota, and to study the possible correlation in the metabolism of these three groups of phytoestrogens. In vitro fermentation experiments were performed with feces samples from 14 healthy adult volunteers, and metabolite formation was measured by HPLC-PAD and HPLC-ESI/MS. Only the microbiota of one subject produced equol, while most of them showed production of O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA). Significant inter-subject differences were observed in the metabolism of dihydrodaidzein and dihydrogenistein, while the glucoside isoflavones and their aglycones showed less variability, except for glycitin. Most subjects produced urolithins M-5 and E. Urolithin D was not detected, while uroltithin B was found in half of the individuals analyzed, and urolithins A and C were detected in two and four subjects, respectively. Enterolactone was found in all subjects, while enterodiol only appeared in five. Isoflavone metabolism could be correlated with the metabolism of lignans and ellagitannins. However, the metabolism of ellagitannins and lignans could not be correlated. This the first study where the metabolism of the three groups together of phytoestrogen, isoflavones, lignans, and ellagitannins by gut microbiota is analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Gaya
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Margarita Medina
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Abel Sánchez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada (Biomatemática), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 12, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - José Mᵃ Landete
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Effect of germination on lignan biosynthesis, and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Food Chem 2016; 205:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wang H, Wang J, Qiu C, Ye Y, Guo X, Chen G, Li T, Wang Y, Fu X, Liu RH. Comparison of phytochemical profiles and health benefits in fiber and oil flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.). Food Chem 2016; 214:227-233. [PMID: 27507470 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a rich source of nutritive and bioactive compounds. The research evaluated the disparity in phytochemical profiles along with total and cellular antioxidant activities between oil and fiber flaxseeds. There were significant differences in total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activities among the six cultivars of fiber and oil flaxseed, respectively. Four phytochemical compounds including caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) were identified and quantified in the cultivars of oil and fiber flaxseed by HPLC analysis. Notably, the average of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, along with total antioxidant activities between fiber and oil flaxseeds were not different significantly; even the cellular antioxidant activity of fiber flaxseed was superior to oil flaxseed. These results suggest that fiber flaxseeds would be valuable candidates as functional products and dietary supplements production owing to the higher bioactive values as well as oil flaxseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Caisheng Qiu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Yutong Ye
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Food Science, Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Gu Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Food Science, Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yufu Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Xiong Fu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rui Hai Liu
- Department of Food Science, Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Quartieri A, García-Villalba R, Amaretti A, Raimondi S, Leonardi A, Rossi M, Tomàs-Barberàn F. Detection of novel metabolites of flaxseed lignans in vitro and in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1590-601. [PMID: 26873880 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE This study aimed to improve the knowledge of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) transformation by human gut microbiota. METHODS AND RESULTS SDG-supplemented microbiota cultures were inoculated with the feces of five subjects. The same volunteers received a flaxseed supplement for 7 days. SDG metabolites in cultures, feces, and urine were monitored by LC-ESI-QTOF and LC-DAD. In all cultures, SDG was deglycosylated to secoisolariciresinol (SECO) within 12 h. SECO underwent successive dehydroxylations and demethylations yielding enterodiol (4-18% conversion) and enterolactone (0.2-6%) after 24 h. Novel intermediates related to SECO, matairesinol (MATA), and anhydrosecoisolariciresinol (AHS) were identified in fecal cultures. These metabolites were also found after flaxseed consumption in feces and urine (in approximate amounts between 0.01-47.03 μg/g and 0.01-13.49 μg/mL, respectively) in their native form and/or modified by phase II human enzymes (glucuronide, sulfate and sulfoglucuronide conjugates). CONCLUSIONS Derivatives of MATA and AHS are described for the first time as intermediates of SDG biotransformation by intestinal bacteria, providing a more comprehensive knowledge of lignan intestinal metabolism. The transformations observed in vitro seem to occur in vivo as well. The detection in urine of SDG intermediates indicates their gut absorption, opening new perspectives on the study of their systemic biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Quartieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Amaretti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alan Leonardi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maddalena Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Lima L, Palin M, Santos G, Benchaar C, Petit H. Dietary flax meal and abomasal infusion of flax oil on microbial β-glucuronidase activity and concentration of enterolactone in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine and milk of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fang J, Ramsay A, Renouard S, Hano C, Lamblin F, Chabbert B, Mesnard F, Schneider B. Laser Microdissection and Spatiotemporal Pinoresinol-Lariciresinol Reductase Gene Expression Assign the Cell Layer-Specific Accumulation of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside in Flaxseed Coats. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1743. [PMID: 27917190 PMCID: PMC5116464 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) found in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is higher than that found in any other plant. It exists in flaxseed coats as an SDG-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid oligomer complex. A laser microdissection method was applied to harvest material from different cell layers of seed coats of mature and developing flaxseed to detect the cell-layer specific localization of SDG in flaxseed; NMR and HPLC were used to identify and quantify SDG in dissected cell layers after alkaline hydrolysis. The obtained results were further confirmed by a standard molecular method. The promoter of one pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase gene of L. usitatissimum (LuPLR1), which is a key gene involved in SDG biosynthesis, was fused to a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and the spatio-temporal regulation of LuPLR1 gene expression in flaxseed was determined by histochemical and activity assays of GUS. The result showed that SDG was synthesized and accumulated in the parenchymatous cell layer of the outer integument of flaxseed coats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
| | - Aïna Ramsay
- EA3900 – BioPI Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules VerneAmiens, France
| | - Sullivan Renouard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, UPRES EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres, Université d’OrléansChartres, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, UPRES EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres, Université d’OrléansChartres, France
| | - Frédéric Lamblin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, UPRES EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres, Université d’OrléansChartres, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- INRA, UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et EnvironnementReims, France
- UMR614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Université de Reims Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - François Mesnard
- EA3900 – BioPI Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules VerneAmiens, France
- *Correspondence: François Mesnard,
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Castro L, Crespo JF, Rodríguez J, Rodríguez R, Villalba M. Immunoproteomic tools are used to identify masked allergens: Ole e 12, an allergenic isoflavone reductase from olive (Olea europaea) pollen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1871-1880. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Dalisay DS, Kim KW, Lee C, Yang H, Rübel O, Bowen BP, Davin LB, Lewis NG. Dirigent Protein-Mediated Lignan and Cyanogenic Glucoside Formation in Flax Seed: Integrated Omics and MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1231-42. [PMID: 25981198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An integrated omics approach using genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics (MALDI mass spectrometry imaging, MSI), and bioinformatics was employed to study spatiotemporal formation and deposition of health-protecting polymeric lignans and plant defense cyanogenic glucosides. Intact flax (Linum usitatissimum) capsules and seed tissues at different development stages were analyzed. Transcriptome analyses indicated distinct expression patterns of dirigent protein (DP) gene family members encoding (-)- and (+)-pinoresinol-forming DPs and their associated downstream metabolic processes, respectively, with the former expressed at early seed coat development stages. Genes encoding (+)-pinoresinol-forming DPs were, in contrast, expressed at later development stages. Recombinant DP expression and DP assays also unequivocally established their distinct stereoselective biochemical functions. Using MALDI MSI and ion mobility separation analyses, the pinoresinol downstream derivatives, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and SDG hydroxymethylglutaryl ester, were localized and detectable only in early seed coat development stages. SDG derivatives were then converted into higher molecular weight phenolics during seed coat maturation. By contrast, the plant defense cyanogenic glucosides, the monoglucosides linamarin/lotaustralin, were detected throughout the flax capsule, whereas diglucosides linustatin/neolinustatin only accumulated in endosperm and embryo tissues. A putative biosynthetic pathway to the cyanogens is proposed on the basis of transcriptome coexpression data. Localization of all metabolites was at ca. 20 μm resolution, with the web based tool OpenMSI enabling not only resolution enhancement but also an interactive system for real-time searching for any ion in the tissue under analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doralyn S Dalisay
- †Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, United States
| | - Kye Won Kim
- †Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, United States
| | - Choonseok Lee
- †Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, United States
| | - Hong Yang
- †Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, United States
| | - Oliver Rübel
- ‡Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Benjamin P Bowen
- §Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Laurence B Davin
- †Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, United States
| | - Norman G Lewis
- †Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, United States
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40
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Comparative pharmacokinetics of purified flaxseed and associated mammalian lignans in male Wistar rats. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:749-57. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of flaxseed lignans is associated with various health benefits; however, little is known about the bioavailability of purified lignans in flaxseed. Data on their bioavailability and hence pharmacokinetics (PK) are necessary to better understand their role in putative health benefits. In the present study, we conducted a comparative PK analysis of the principal lignan of flaxseed, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), and its primary metabolites, secoisolariciresinol (SECO), enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) in rats. Purified lignans were intravenously or orally administered to each male Wistar rat. SDG and its primary metabolites SECO, ED and EL were administered orally at doses of 40, 40, 10 and 10 mg/kg, respectively, and intravenously at doses of 20, 20, 5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0 (pre-dose), 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 45 min, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h post-dosing, and serum samples were analysed. PK parameters and oral bioavailability of purified lignans were determined by non-compartmental methods. In general, administration of the flaxseed lignans SDG, SECO and ED demonstrated a high systemic clearance, a large volume of distribution and short half-lives, whereas administration of EL at the doses of 1 mg/kg (intravenously) and 10 mg/kg (orally administered) killed the rats within a few hours of dosing, precluding a PK analysis of this lignan. PK parameters of flaxseed lignans exhibited the following order: systemic clearance, SDG < SECO < ED; volume of distribution, SDG < SECO < ED; half-life, SDG < ED < SECO. The percentage of oral bioavailability was 0, 25 and < 1 % for SDG, SECO and ED, respectively.
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Poluzzi E, Piccinni C, Raschi E, Rampa A, Recanatini M, De Ponti F. Phytoestrogens in postmenopause: the state of the art from a chemical, pharmacological and regulatory perspective. Curr Med Chem 2014; 21:417-36. [PMID: 24164197 PMCID: PMC3963458 DOI: 10.2174/09298673113206660297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens represent a diverse group of non-steroidal natural products, which seem to have some oestrogenic effects and are often marketed as food supplements. Population exposed to phytoestrogens is potentially increasing, in part because an unfavourable risk-benefit profile of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) for prolonged treatments (e.g., osteoporosis prevention) highlighted by the publication of the Women Health Initiative (WHI) trial in 2002, but also because many post-menopausal women often perceived phytoestrogens in food supplements as a safer alternative than HRT. Despite of increasing preclinical and clinical studies in the past decade, appealing evidence is still lacking to support the overall positive risk-benefit profile of phytoestrogens. Their status as food supplements seems to discourage studies to obtain new evidence, and the chance to buy them by user's initiative make it difficult to survey their prevalence and pattern of use. The aim of the present review is to: (a) outline the clinical scenario underlying the increased interest on phytoestrogens, by overviewing the evolution of the evidence on HRT and its main therapeutic goals (e.g., menopausal symptoms relief, chemoprevention, osteoporosis prevention); (b) address the chemical and pharmacological features (e.g. chemical structure, botanical sources, mechanism of action) of the main compounds (e.g., isoflavones, lignans, coumestans); (c) describe the clinical evidence on potential therapeutic applications; (d) put available evidence on their riskbenefit profile in a regulatory perspective, in light of the recent regulation on health claims of food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- Pharmacology Unit Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Via Irnerio, 48 I-40126 Bologna BO Italy.
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Renouard S, Tribalatc MA, Lamblin F, Mongelard G, Fliniaux O, Corbin C, Marosevic D, Pilard S, Demailly H, Gutierrez L, Hano C, Mesnard F, Lainé E. RNAi-mediated pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase gene silencing in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed coat: consequences on lignans and neolignans accumulation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1372-7. [PMID: 25046758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RNAi technology was applied to down regulate LuPLR1 gene expression in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds. This gene encodes a pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase responsible for the synthesis of (+)-secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), the major lignan accumulated in the seed coat. If flax lignans biological properties and health benefits are well documented their roles in planta remain unclear. This loss of function strategy was developed to better understand the implication of the PLR1 enzyme in the lignan biosynthetic pathway and to provide new insights on the functions of these compounds. RNAi plants generated exhibited LuPLR1 gene silencing as demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR experiments and the failed to accumulate SDG. The accumulation of pinoresinol the substrate of the PLR1 enzyme under its diglucosylated form (PDG) was increased in transgenic seeds but did not compensate the overall loss of SDG. The monolignol flux was also deviated through the synthesis of 8-5' linked neolignans dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside (DCG) and dihydro-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside (DDCG) which were observed for the first time in flax seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sullivan Renouard
- Laboratoire LBLGC EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres Univ Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France.
| | - Marie-Aude Tribalatc
- Laboratoire BIOPI EA 3900, UFR de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Frederic Lamblin
- Laboratoire LBLGC EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres Univ Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Gaëlle Mongelard
- CRRBM, Univ Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Ophélie Fliniaux
- Laboratoire BIOPI EA 3900, UFR de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire LBLGC EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres Univ Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Djurdjica Marosevic
- Laboratoire LBLGC EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres Univ Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme analytique, UFR Sciences, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Hervé Demailly
- CRRBM, Univ Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Gutierrez
- CRRBM, Univ Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire LBLGC EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres Univ Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - François Mesnard
- Laboratoire BIOPI EA 3900, UFR de Pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels 80037 Amiens, France
| | - Eric Lainé
- Laboratoire LBLGC EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres Univ Orleans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
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Corbin C, Decourtil C, Marosevic D, Bailly M, Lopez T, Renouard S, Doussot J, Dutilleul C, Auguin D, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Lainé E, Lamblin F, Hano C. Role of protein farnesylation events in the ABA-mediated regulation of the Pinoresinol-Lariciresinol Reductase 1 (LuPLR1) gene expression and lignan biosynthesis in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:96-111. [PMID: 23816064 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A Linum usitatissimum LuERA1 gene encoding a putative ortholog of the ERA1 (Enhanced Response to ABA 1) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana (encoding the beta subunit of a farnesyltransferase) was analyzed in silico and for its expression in flax. The gene and the protein sequences are highly similar to other sequences already characterized in plants and all the features of a farnesyltransferase were detected. Molecular modeling of LuERA1 protein confirmed its farnesyltransferase nature. LuERA1 is expressed in the vegetative organs and also in the outer seedcoat of the flaxseed, where it could modulate the previously observed regulation operated by ABA on lignan synthesis. This effect could be mediated by the regulation of the transcription of a key gene for lignan synthesis in flax, the LuPLR1 gene, encoding a pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase. The positive effect of manumycin A, a specific inhibitor of farnesyltransferase, on lignan biosynthesis in flax cell suspension systems supports the hypothesis of the involvement of such an enzyme in the negative regulation of ABA action. In Arabidopsis, ERA1 is able to negatively regulate the ABA effects and the mutant era1 has an enhanced sensitivity to ABA. When expressed in an Arabidopsis cell suspension (heterologous system) LuERA1 is able to reverse the effect of the era1 mutation. RNAi experiments in flax targeting the farnesyltransferase β-subunit encoded by the LuERA1 gene led to an increase LuPLR1 expression level associated with an increased content of lignan in transgenic calli. Altogether these results strongly suggest a role of the product of this LuERA1 gene in the ABA-mediated upregulation of lignan biosynthesis in flax cells through the activation of LuPLR1 promoter. This ABA signaling pathway involving ERA1 probably acts through the ABRE box found in the promoter sequence of LuPLR1, a key gene for lignan synthesis in flax, as demonstrated by LuPLR1 gene promoter-reporter experiments in flax cells using wild type and mutated promoter sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), UPRES EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres (ASUC), Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F28000 Chartres, France
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Rossi M, Amaretti A, Leonardi A, Raimondi S, Simone M, Quartieri A. Potential impact of probiotic consumption on the bioactivity of dietary phytochemicals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9551-9558. [PMID: 24007212 DOI: 10.1021/jf402722m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many healthy phytochemicals occur in food in the form of esters, glycoconjugates, or polymers, which are not directly bioavailable. Probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which have evolved within the colonic ecosystem where indigestible oligo- and polysaccharides are their sole carbon sources, bear several glycosyl-hydrolases and can contribute to release the aglycones from glycoconjugated phytochemicals. Among the glycosyl-hydrolases, β-glucosidases are the most pertinent, because many phytochemicals are glucoconjugates. β-Glucosidase-positive probiotic bacteria were proved to release the aglycones of isoflavones and lignans in vitro, but studies in vivo are scarce. A positive correlation between probiotic consumption and urinary and/or plasma levels of isoflavone or lignan metabolites was not established. However, the strains used in the trials were not validated for the enzymatic properties or for the ability to hydrolyze lignans or isoflavones. Thus, activation of specific phytochemicals by probiotic bacteria still needs substantial efforts to be proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41125 Modena, Italy
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Mishra OP, Simmons N, Tyagi S, Pietrofesa R, Shuvaev VV, Valiulin RA, Heretsch P, Nicolaou KC, Christofidou-Solomidou M. Synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of (S,S)- and (R,R)-secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5325-8. [PMID: 23978651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Secoisolariciresinol diglucosides (SDGs) (S,S)-SDG-1 (major isomer in flaxseed) and (R,R)-SDG-2 (minor isomer in flaxseed) were synthesized from vanillin via secoisolariciresinol (6) and glucosyl donor 7 through a concise route that involved chromatographic separation of diastereomeric diglucoside derivatives (S,S)-8 and (R,R)-9. Synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1 and (R,R)-SDG-2 exhibited potent antioxidant properties (EC50=292.17±27.71 μM and 331.94±21.21 μM, respectively), which compared well with that of natural (S,S)-SDG-1 (EC50=275.24±13.15 μM). These values are significantly lower than those of ascorbic acid (EC50=1129.32±88.79 μM) and α-tocopherol (EC50=944.62±148.00 μM). Compounds (S,S)-SDG-1 and (R,R)-SDG-2 also demonstrated powerful scavenging activities against hydroxyl [natural (S,S)-SDG-1: 3.68±0.27; synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1: 2.09±0.16; synthetic (R,R)-SDG-2: 1.96±0.27], peroxyl [natural (S,S)-SDG-1: 2.55±0.11; synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1: 2.20±0.10; synthetic (R,R)-SDG-2: 3.03±0.04] and DPPH [natural (S,S)-SDG-1: EC50=83.94±2.80 μM; synthetic (S,S)-SDG-1: EC50=157.54±21.30 μM; synthetic (R,R)-SDG-2: EC50=123.63±8.67 μM] radicals. These results confirm previous studies with naturally occurring (S,S)-SDG-1 and establish both (S,S)-SDG-1 and (R,R)-SDG-2 as potent antioxidants and free radical scavengers for potential in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om P Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Marconi O, Calabrò G, Perretti G. Validation of an Electrochemical Detection–High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Determination of Lignans in Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang Y, Chantreau M, Sibout R, Hawkins S. Plant cell wall lignification and monolignol metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:220. [PMID: 23847630 PMCID: PMC3705174 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are built of various specialized cell types that differ in their cell wall composition and structure. The cell walls of certain tissues (xylem, sclerenchyma) are characterized by the presence of the heterogeneous lignin polymer that plays an essential role in their physiology. This phenolic polymer is composed of different monomeric units - the monolignols - that are linked together by several covalent bonds. Numerous studies have shown that monolignol biosynthesis and polymerization to form lignin are tightly controlled in different cell types and tissues. However, our understanding of the genetic control of monolignol transport and polymerization remains incomplete, despite some recent promising results. This situation is made more complex since we know that monolignols or related compounds are sometimes produced in non-lignified tissues. In this review, we focus on some key steps of monolignol metabolism including polymerization, transport, and compartmentation. As well as being of fundamental interest, the quantity of lignin and its nature are also known to have a negative effect on the industrial processing of plant lignocellulose biomass. A more complete view of monolignol metabolism and the relationship that exists between lignin and other monolignol-derived compounds thereby appears essential if we wish to improve biomass quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saclay Plant SciencesVersailles, France
| | - Maxime Chantreau
- Lille 1 UMR 1281, UniversitéLille Nord de FranceVilleneuve d’Ascq, France
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 1281, Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueVilleneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Richard Sibout
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saclay Plant SciencesVersailles, France
| | - Simon Hawkins
- Lille 1 UMR 1281, UniversitéLille Nord de FranceVilleneuve d’Ascq, France
- Unite Mixte de Recherche 1281, Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueVilleneuve d’Ascq, France
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Dusane MB, Joshi BN. Beneficial effect of flax seeds in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice: isolation of active fraction having islet regenerative and glucosidase inhibitory properties. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:325-31. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2011-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Present study highlights the antidiabetogenic property of Linum usitassimum active fraction (LU6) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic Swiss mice. Treatment with LU6 fraction showed improved glucose utilization with increase in liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activity and normal glycogenesis in hepatic and muscle tissues. Reduction in pancreatic and intestinal glucosidase inhibitory activity was observed with LU6 treatment, indicating beneficial effects in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG). Normalization of plasma insulin and C-peptide levels were observed in diabetic mice, indicating endogenous insulin secretion after the treatment with LU6. The histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis on pancreatic islets suggests the role of LU6 fraction in islet regeneration and insulin secretion as evident in increase functional pancreatic islets producing insulin. Furthermore, significant insulin producing islet formation was also observed in in vitro PANC-1 cells after LU6 treatment, indicating the cellular aggregates to be newly formed islets. This suggests the potential of LU6 fraction in the formation of new islets in vitro, as well as in vivo. Thus, LU6 can be used as a neutraceutical-based first-line treatment for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menakshi Bhat Dusane
- Biometry and Nutrition Division, Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agharkar Road, Pune 411 004, India
| | - Bimba N. Joshi
- Biometry and Nutrition Division, Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agharkar Road, Pune 411 004, India
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Corbin C, Renouard S, Lopez T, Lamblin F, Lainé E, Hano C. Identification and characterization of cis-acting elements involved in the regulation of ABA- and/or GA-mediated LuPLR1 gene expression and lignan biosynthesis in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cell cultures. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:516-22. [PMID: 23273926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase 1, encoded by the LuPLR1 gene in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), is responsible for the biosynthesis of (+)-secoisolariciresinol, a cancer chemopreventive phytoestrogenic lignan accumulated in high amount in the hull of flaxseed. Our recent studies have demonstrated a key role of abscisic acid (ABA) in the regulation of LuPLR1 gene expression and thus of the (+)-secoisolariciresinol synthesis during the flax seedcoat development. It is well accepted that gibberellins (GA) and ABA play antagonistic roles in the regulation of numerous developmental processes; therefore it is of interest to clarify their respective effects on lignan biosynthesis. Herein, using flax cell suspension cultures, we demonstrate that LuPLR1 gene expression and (+)-secoisolariciresinol synthesis are up-regulated by ABA and down-regulated by GA. The LuPLR1 gene promoter analysis and mutation experiments allow us to identify and characterize two important cis-acting sequences (ABRE and MYB2) required for these regulations. These results imply that a cross-talk between ABA and GA signaling orchestrated by transcription factors is involved in the regulation of lignan biosynthesis. This is particularly evidenced in the case of the ABRE cis-regulatory sequence of LuPLR1 gene promoter that appears to be a common target sequence of GA and ABA signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Corbin
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), EA 1207, Antenne Scientifique Universitaire de Chartres (ASUC), Université d'Orléans, 21 rue de Loigny la Bataille, F28000, Chartres, France
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Fang J, Ramsay A, Paetz C, Tatsis EC, Renouard S, Hano C, Grand E, Fliniaux O, Roscher A, Mesnard F, Schneider B. Concentration kinetics of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and its biosynthetic precursor coniferin in developing flaxseed. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:41-46. [PMID: 22689568 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the plant kingdom, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is the richest source of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), which is of great interest because of its potential health benefits for human beings. The information about the kinetics of SDG formation during flaxseed development is rare and incomplete. OBJECTIVE In this study, a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method was developed to quantify SDG and coniferin, a key biosynthetic precursor of SDG in flaxseed. METHODOLOGY Seeds from different developmental stages, which were scaled by days after flowering (DAF), were harvested. After alkaline hydrolysis, the validated HPLC method was applied to determine SDG and coniferin concentrations of flaxseed from different developing stages. RESULTS Coniferin was found in the entire capsule as soon as flowering started and became undetectable 20 DAF. SDG was detected 6 DAF, and the concentration increased until maturity. On the other hand, the SDG amount in a single flaxseed approached the maximum around 25 DAF, before desiccation started. Concentration increase between 25 DAF and 35 DAF can be attributed to corresponding seed weight decrease. CONCLUSION The biosynthesis of coniferin is not synchronous with that of SDG. Hence, the concentrations of SDG and coniferin change during flaxseed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Beutenberg Campus, 07745 Jena, Germany
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