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Tang MS, Lee HW, Weng MW, Wang HT, Hu Y, Chen LC, Park SH, Chan HW, Xu J, Wu XR, Wang H, Yang R, Galdane K, Jackson K, Chu A, Halzack E. DNA damage, DNA repair and carcinogenicity: Tobacco smoke versus electronic cigarette aerosol. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 789:108409. [PMID: 35690412 PMCID: PMC9208310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The allure of tobacco smoking is linked to the instant gratification provided by inhaled nicotine. Unfortunately, tobacco curing and burning generates many mutagens including more than 70 carcinogens. There are two types of mutagens and carcinogens in tobacco smoke (TS): direct DNA damaging carcinogens and procarcinogens, which require metabolic activation to become DNA damaging. Recent studies provide three new insights on TS-induced DNA damage. First, two major types of TS DNA damage are induced by direct carcinogen aldehydes, cyclic-1,N2-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (γ-OH-PdG) and α-methyl-1, N2-γ-OH-PdG, rather than by the procarcinogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic amines. Second, TS reduces DNA repair proteins and activity levels. TS aldehydes also prevent procarcinogen activation. Based on these findings, we propose that aldehydes are major sources of TS induce DNA damage and a driving force for carcinogenesis. E-cigarettes (E-cigs) are designed to deliver nicotine in an aerosol state, without burning tobacco. E-cigarette aerosols (ECAs) contain nicotine, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin. ECAs induce O6-methyl-deoxyguanosines (O6-medG) and cyclic γ-hydroxy-1,N2--propano-dG (γ-OH-PdG) in mouse lung, heart and bladder tissues and causes a reduction of DNA repair proteins and activity in lungs. Nicotine and nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) induce the same types of DNA adducts and cause DNA repair inhibition in human cells. After long-term exposure, ECAs induce lung adenocarcinoma and bladder urothelial hyperplasia in mice. We propose that E-cig nicotine can be nitrosated in mouse and human cells becoming nitrosamines, thereby causing two carcinogenic effects, induction of DNA damage and inhibition of DNA repair, and that ECA is carcinogenic in mice. Thus, this article reviews the newest literature on DNA adducts and DNA repair inhibition induced by nicotine and ECAs in mice and cultured human cells, and provides insights into ECA carcinogenicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States.
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Mao-Wen Weng
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Huei-Wei Chan
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Jiheng Xu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departmemt of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016, United States
| | - He Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson MedicalSchool, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Karen Galdane
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Kathryn Jackson
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Annie Chu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
| | - Elizabeth Halzack
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Pathology and Medicine, United States
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Alamil H, Galanti L, Heutte N, Van Der Schueren M, Dagher Z, Lechevrel M. Genotoxicity of aldehyde mixtures: profile of exocyclic DNA-adducts as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke. Toxicol Lett 2020; 331:57-64. [PMID: 32442718 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic compounds present in humans, originating from endogenous processes or pollutant exposures, pose a risk to health though their reaction with nucleophilic sites in protein and DNA. Among this chemical class, aldehydes are mainly present in indoor air and they can also be produced by endogenous lipid peroxidation arising from oxidative stress. Known to be very reactive, aldehydes have the ability to form exocyclic adducts to DNA that, for the most if not repaired correctly, are mutagenic and by consequence potential agents involved in carcinogenesis. The aim of this work was to establish profiles of exocyclic DNA adducts induced by aldehyde mixtures, which could ultimately be considered as a genotoxic marker of endogenous and environmental aldehyde exposure. Adducts were quantified by an accurate, sensitive and validated ultra high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization analytical method coupled to mass spectrometry in the tandem mode (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). We simultaneously measured nine exocyclic DNA adducts generated during the exposure in vitro of calf thymus DNA to different concentrations of each aldehyde along, as well as, to an equimolar mixture of these aldehydes. This approach has enabled us to establish dose-response relationships that allowed displaying the specific reactivity of aldehydes towards corresponding adducts formation. Profiles of these adducts determined in DNA of current smokers and non-smokers blood samples supported these findings. These first results are encouraging to explore genotoxicity induced by aldehyde mixtures and can furthermore be used as future reference for adductomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héléna Alamil
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, ABTE EA4651, Caen, France; CCC François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France; L2GE, Microbiology-Tox/Ecotox Team, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon.
| | | | - Natacha Heutte
- CCC François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France; Normandie University, UNIROUEN, CETAPS EA3832, Mont Saint Aignan, Cedex, France
| | | | - Zeina Dagher
- L2GE, Microbiology-Tox/Ecotox Team, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Mathilde Lechevrel
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, ABTE EA4651, Caen, France; CCC François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France.
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3
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Lewis L, Chappell GA, Kobets T, O'Brian BE, Sangaraju D, Kosyk O, Bodnar W, Tretyakova NY, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Sex-specific differences in genotoxic and epigenetic effects of 1,3-butadiene among mouse tissues. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:791-800. [PMID: 30552462 PMCID: PMC6451682 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals has been shown to have an impact on the epigenome. One example is a known human carcinogen 1,3-butadiene which acts primarily by a genotoxic mechanism, but also disrupts the chromatin structure by altering patterns of cytosine DNA methylation and histone modifications. Sex-specific differences in 1,3-butadiene-induced genotoxicity and carcinogenicity are well established; however, it remains unknown whether 1,3-butadiene-associated epigenetic alterations are also sex dependent. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that inhalational exposure to 1,3-butadiene will result in sex-specific epigenetic alterations. DNA damage and epigenetic effects of 1,3-butadiene were evaluated in liver, lung, and kidney tissues of male and female mice of two inbred strains (C57BL/6J and CAST/EiJ). Mice were exposed to 0 or 425 ppm of 1,3-butadiene by inhalation (6 h/day, 5 days/week) for 2 weeks. Strain- and tissue-specific differences in 1,3-butadiene-induced DNA adducts and crosslinks were detected in the liver, lung and kidney; however, significant sex-specific differences in DNA damage were observed in the lung of C57BL/6J mice only. In addition, we assessed expression of the DNA repair genes and observed a marked upregulation of Mgmt in the kidney in female C57BL/6J mice. Sex-specific epigenetic effects of 1,3-butadiene exposure were evident in alterations of cytosine DNA methylation and histone modifications in the liver and lung in both strains. Specifically, we observed a loss of cytosine DNA methylation in the liver and lung of male and female 1,3-butadiene-exposed C57BL/6J mice, whereas hypermethylation was found in the liver and lung in 1,3-butadiene-exposed female CAST/EiJ mice. Our findings suggest that strain- and sex-specific effects of 1,3-butadiene on the epigenome may contribute to the known differences in cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Grace A Chappell
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bridget E O'Brian
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dewakar Sangaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Oksana Kosyk
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Weng MW, Lee HW, Park SH, Hu Y, Wang HT, Chen LC, Rom WN, Huang WC, Lepor H, Wu XR, Yang CS, Tang MS. Aldehydes are the predominant forces inducing DNA damage and inhibiting DNA repair in tobacco smoke carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6152-E6161. [PMID: 29915082 PMCID: PMC6142211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804869115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (TS) contains numerous cancer-causing agents, with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrosamines being most frequently cited as the major TS human cancer agents. Many lines of evidence seriously question this conclusion. To resolve this issue, we determined DNA adducts induced by the three major TS carcinogens: benzo(a)pyrene (BP), 4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanoe (NNK), and aldehydes in humans and mice. In mice, TS induces abundant aldehyde-induced γ-hydroxy-propano-deoxyguanosine (γ-OH-PdG) and α-methyl-γ-OH-PdG adducts in the lung and bladder, but not in the heart and liver. TS does not induce the BP- and NNK-DNA adducts in lung, heart, liver, and bladder. TS also reduces DNA repair activity and the abundance of repair proteins, XPC and OGG1/2, in lung tissues. These TS effects were greatly reduced by diet with polyphenols. We found that γ-OH-PdG and α-methyl-γ-OH-PdG are the major adducts formed in tobacco smokers' buccal cells as well as the normal lung tissues of tobacco-smoking lung cancer patients, but not in lung tissues of nonsmokers. However, the levels of BP- and NNK-DNA adducts are the same in lung tissues of smokers and nonsmokers. We found that while BP and NNK can induce BPDE-dG and O6-methyl-dG adducts in human lung and bladder epithelial cells, these inductions can be inhibited by acrolein. Acrolein also can reduce DNA repair activity and repair proteins. We propose a TS carcinogenesis paradigm. Aldehydes are major TS carcinogens exerting dominant effect: Aldehydes induce mutagenic PdG adducts, impair DNA repair functions, and inhibit many procarcinogens in TS from becoming DNA-damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Wen Weng
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987
| | - Hsing-Tsui Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987
| | - William N Rom
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - William C Huang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-0789
| | - Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987;
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Ceppi M, Munnia A, Cellai F, Bruzzone M, Peluso MEM. Linking the generation of DNA adducts to lung cancer. Toxicology 2017; 390:160-166. [PMID: 28928033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death. DNA adducts are considered a reliable biomarker that reflects carcinogen exposure to tobacco smoke, but the central question is what is the relationship of DNA adducts and cancer? Therefore, we investigated this relationship by a meta-analysis of twenty-two studies with bronchial adducts for a total of 1091 subjects, 887 lung cancer cases and 204 apparently healthy individuals with no evidence of lung cancer. Our study shows that these adducts are significantly associated to increase lung cancer risk. The value of Mean Ratiolung-cancer (MR) of bronchial adducts resulting from the random effects model was 2.64, 95% C.I. 2.00-3.50, in overall lung cancer cases as compared to controls. The significant difference, with lung cancer patients having significant higher levels of bronchial adducts than controls, persisted after stratification for smoking habits. The MRlung-cancer value between lung cancer patients and controls for smokers was 2.03, 95% C.I. 1.42-2.91, for ex-smokers 3.27, 95% C.I. 1.49-7.18, and for non-smokers was 3.81, 95% C.I. 1.85-7.85. Next, we found that the generation of bronchial adducts is significantly related to inhalation exposure to tobacco smoke carcinogens confirming its association with volatile carcinogens. The MRsmoking estimate of bronchial adducts resulting from meta-regression was 2.28, 95% Confidence Interval (C.I.) 1.10-4.73, in overall smokers in respect to non-smokers. The present work provides strengthening of the hypothesis that bronchial adducts are not simply relate to exposure, but are a cause of chemical-induced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Ceppi
- Clinical Epidemiology Branch, IRCCS - Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Armelle Munnia
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPOCancer Prevention and Research Institute, 50139 - Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Cellai
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPOCancer Prevention and Research Institute, 50139 - Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Bruzzone
- Clinical Epidemiology Branch, IRCCS - Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco E M Peluso
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPOCancer Prevention and Research Institute, 50139 - Florence, Italy.
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6
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Villalta PW, Balbo S. The Future of DNA Adductomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091870. [PMID: 32962318 PMCID: PMC5618519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modification of DNA, resulting in the formation of DNA adducts, plays a central role in chemical carcinogenesis. Investigating these modifications is of fundamental importance in assessing the mutagenicity potential of specific exposures and understanding their mechanisms of action. Methods for assessing the covalent modification of DNA, which is one of the initiating steps for mutagenesis, include immunohistochemistry, 32P-postlabeling, and mass spectrometry-based techniques. However, a tool to comprehensively characterize the covalent modification of DNA, screening for all DNA adducts and gaining information on their chemical structures, was lacking until the recent development of "DNA adductomics". Advances in the field of mass spectrometry have allowed for the development of this methodology. In this perspective, we discuss the current state of the field, highlight the latest developments, and consider the path forward for DNA adductomics to become a standard method to investigate covalent modification of DNA. We specifically advocate for the need to take full advantage of this new era of mass spectrometry to acquire the highest quality and most reliable data possible, as we believe this is the only way for DNA adductomics to gain its place next to the other "-omics" methodologies as a powerful bioanalytical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-626-8165
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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7
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Munnia A, Giese RW, Polvani S, Galli A, Cellai F, Peluso MEM. Bulky DNA Adducts, Tobacco Smoking, Genetic Susceptibility, and Lung Cancer Risk. Adv Clin Chem 2017. [PMID: 28629590 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The generation of bulky DNA adducts consists of conjugates formed between large reactive electrophiles and DNA-binding sites. The term "bulky DNA adducts" comes from early experiments that employed a 32P-DNA postlabeling approach. This technique has long been used to elucidate the association between adducts and carcinogen exposure in tobacco smoke studies and assess the predictive value of adducts in cancer risk. Molecular data showed increased DNA adducts in respiratory tracts of smokers vs nonsmokers. Experimental studies and meta-analysis demonstrated that the relationship between adducts and carcinogens was linear at low doses, but reached steady state at high exposure, possibly due to metabolic and DNA repair pathway saturation and increased apoptosis. Polymorphisms of metabolic and DNA repair genes can increase the effects of environmental factors and confer greater likelihood of adduct formation. Nevertheless, the central question remains as to whether bulky adducts cause human cancer. If so, lowering them would reduce cancer incidence. Pooled and meta-analysis has shown that smokers with increased adducts have increased risk of lung cancer. Adduct excess in smokers, especially in prospective longitudinal studies, supports their use as biomarkers predictive of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Munnia
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Roger W Giese
- Bouve College of Health Sciences, Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simone Polvani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Galli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Cellai
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco E M Peluso
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Regional Cancer Prevention Laboratory, ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy.
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Hecht SS. Oral Cell DNA Adducts as Potential Biomarkers for Lung Cancer Susceptibility in Cigarette Smokers. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:367-375. [PMID: 28092948 PMCID: PMC5310195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This perspective considers the use of oral cell DNA adducts, together with exposure and genetic information, to potentially identify those cigarette smokers at highest risk for lung cancer, so that appropriate preventive measures could be initiated at a relatively young age before too much damage has been done. There are now well established and validated analytical methods for the quantitation of urinary and serum metabolites of tobacco smoke toxicants and carcinogens. These metabolites provide a profile of exposure and in some cases lung cancer risk, but they do not yield information on the critical DNA damage parameter that leads to mutations in cancer growth control genes such as KRAS and TP53. Studies demonstrate a correlation between changes in the oral cavity and lung in cigarette smokers, due to the field effect of tobacco smoke. Oral cell DNA is readily obtained in contrast to DNA samples from the lung. Studies in which oral cell DNA and salivary DNA have been analyzed for specific DNA adducts are reviewed; some of the adducts identified have also been previously reported in lung DNA from smokers. The multiple challenges of developing a panel of oral cell DNA adducts that could be routinely quantified by mass spectrometry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S. Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Pedersen M, Mendez MA, Schoket B, Godschalk RW, Espinosa A, Landström A, Villanueva CM, Merlo DF, Fthenou E, Gracia-Lavedan E, van Schooten FJ, Hoek G, Brunborg G, Meltzer HM, Alexander J, Nielsen JK, Sunyer J, Wright J, Kovács K, de Hoogh K, Gutzkow KB, Hardie LJ, Chatzi L, Knudsen LE, Anna L, Ketzel M, Haugen M, Botsivali M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Cirach M, Toledano MB, Smith RB, Fleming S, Agramunt S, Kyrtopoulos SA, Lukács V, Kleinjans JC, Segerbäck D, Kogevinas M. Environmental, dietary, maternal, and fetal predictors of bulky DNA adducts in cord blood: a European mother-child study (NewGeneris). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:374-80. [PMID: 25626179 PMCID: PMC4383575 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bulky DNA adducts reflect genotoxic exposures, have been associated with lower birth weight, and may predict cancer risk. OBJECTIVE We selected factors known or hypothesized to affect in utero adduct formation and repair and examined their associations with adduct levels in neonates. METHODS Pregnant women from Greece, Spain, England, Denmark, and Norway were recruited in 2006-2010. Cord blood bulky DNA adduct levels were measured by the 32P-postlabeling technique (n = 511). Diet and maternal characteristics were assessed via questionnaires. Modeled exposures to air pollutants and drinking-water disinfection by-products, mainly trihalomethanes (THMs), were available for a large proportion of the study population. RESULTS Greek and Spanish neonates had higher adduct levels than the northern European neonates [median, 12.1 (n = 179) vs. 6.8 (n = 332) adducts per 108 nucleotides, p < 0.001]. Residence in southern European countries, higher maternal body mass index, delivery by cesarean section, male infant sex, low maternal intake of fruits rich in vitamin C, high intake of dairy products, and low adherence to healthy diet score were statistically significantly associated with higher adduct levels in adjusted models. Exposure to fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide was associated with significantly higher adducts in the Danish subsample only. Overall, the pooled results for THMs in water show no evidence of association with adduct levels; however, there are country-specific differences in results with a suggestion of an association in England. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that a combination of factors, including unknown country-specific factors, influence the bulky DNA adduct levels in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pedersen
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Correlation of CLPTM1L polymorphisms with lung cancer susceptibility and response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in a Chinese Han population. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:12075-82. [PMID: 25155038 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The implication of genetic factors in predisposition to cancer is a recognized fact. The Cleft lip and palate transmembrane 1-like (CLPTM1L) gene resides in a locus in the chromosome 5p15.33 region that is associated with lung cancer susceptibility and has a role in carcinogenesis. We conducted a case-control study in a Chinese population of 309 pathologically confirmed lung cancer patients and 310 controls to investigate the effect of variant genotypes within the CLPTM1L locus on susceptibility to lung cancer and sensitivity to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. We genotyped nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the CLPTM1L locus and examined their correlation with lung cancer risk and treatment response using χ (2) and unconditional logistic regression analysis. We identified rs451360 as a novel SNP associated with lung cancer risk in the Chinese Han population. The "T" allele of rs451360 was associated with decreased risk of lung cancer (p = 0.007, odd ratio (OR) = 0.59, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.40-0.87). Significant multiplicative interactions were observed between gender and polymorphisms of rs402710, the "T/T" genotype of which was associated with decreased lung cancer risk in male patients (p = 0.016, OR = 0.35, 95 % CI: 0.17-0.73). CLPTM1L polymorphisms did not affect the tumor sensitivity to cisplatin combination chemotherapy in our study patients. The results of the present study suggest a potential association between CLPTM1L variants and lung cancer risk in the Chinese Han populations.
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Abstract
![]()
Systems toxicology is a broad-based
approach to describe many of
the toxicological features that occur within a living system under
stress or subjected to exogenous or endogenous exposures. The ultimate
goal is to capture an overview of all exposures and the ensuing biological
responses of the body. The term exposome has been employed to refer
to the totality of all exposures, and systems toxicology investigates
how the exposome influences health effects and consequences of exposures
over a lifetime. The tools to advance systems toxicology include high-throughput
transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and adductomics, which
is still in its infancy. A well-established methodology for the comprehensive
measurement of DNA damage resulting from every day exposures is not
fully developed. During the past several decades, the 32P-postlabeling technique has been employed to screen the damage to
DNA induced by multiple classes of genotoxicants; however, more robust,
specific, and quantitative methods have been sought to identify and
quantify DNA adducts. Although triple quadrupole and ion trap mass
spectrometry, particularly when using multistage scanning (LC–MSn), have shown promise in the field of DNA adductomics, it
is anticipated that high-resolution and accurate-mass LC–MSn instrumentation will play a major role in assessing global
DNA damage. Targeted adductomics should also benefit greatly from improved
triple quadrupole technology. Once the analytical MS methods are fully
mature, DNA adductomics along with other -omics tools will contribute
greatly to the field of systems toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Balbo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡The Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Molina E, Pérez-Morales R, Rubio J, Petrosyan P, Cadena LH, Arlt VM, Phillips DH, Gonsebatt ME. The GSTM1null (deletion) and MGMT84 rs12917 (Phe/Phe) haplotype are associated with bulky DNA adduct levels in human leukocytes. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 758:62-8. [PMID: 24084248 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke and air pollutants contain carcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA), that are substrates of metabolizing enzymes generating reactive metabolites that can bind to DNA. Variation in the activity of these enzymes may modify the extent to which these metabolites can interact with DNA. We compared the levels of bulky DNA adducts in blood leukocytes from 93 volunteers living in Mexico City with the presence of 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to PAH and TSNA metabolism (AhR rs2044853, CYP1A1 rs1048943, CYP1A1 rs1048943, CYP1A1 rs1799814, EPHX1 rs1051740, EPHX1 rs2234922, GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null and GSTP1 rs947894), DNA repair (XRCC1 rs25487, ERCC2 rs13181 and MGMT rs12917) and cell cycle (TP53 rs1042522). (32)P-postlabeling analysis was used to quantify bulky DNA adduct formation. Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP. The mean levels of bulky DNA adducts were 8.51±3.66 adducts/10(8) nucleotides (nt) in smokers and 8.38±3.59 adducts/10(8) nt in non-smokers, being the difference not statistically significant. Without taking into account the smoking status, GSTM1 null individuals had a marginally significant lower adduct levels compared with GSTM1 volunteers (p=0.0433) and individuals heterozygous for MGMT Leu/Phe had a higher level of bulky adducts than those who were homozygous wild type (p=0.0170). A multiple regression analysis model showed a significant association between the GSTM1 (deletion) and MGMT rs12917 (Phe/Phe) haplotype and the formation of DNA adducts in smokers (R(2)=0.2401, p=0.0215). The presence of these variants conferred a greater risk for higher adduct levels in this Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Molina
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70228, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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13
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Phillips DH. On the origins and development of the (32)P-postlabelling assay for carcinogen-DNA adducts. Cancer Lett 2013; 334:5-9. [PMID: 23178450 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The (32)P-postlabelling method for the analysis of carcinogen-DNA adducts originated 30years ago from Baylor College of Medicine in Houston and was the work of a team comprised of Kurt and Erica Randerath, Ramesh Gupta and Vijay Reddy. With subsequent modifications and developments, it has become a highly sensitive and versatile method for the detection of DNA adducts that has been applied in a wide range of human, animal and in vitro studies. These include monitoring human exposure to environmental and occupational carcinogens, investigating genotoxicity of chemicals, elucidating pathways of metabolic activation of carcinogens, mechanistic studies of DNA repair, analysing the genotoxicity of complex mixtures and in ecotoxicology studies. Its use has been instrumental in providing new clues to the aetiology of some cancers and in identifying a new human carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Phillips
- King's College London, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Hecht SS, Murphy SE, Stepanov I, Nelson HH, Yuan JM. Tobacco smoke biomarkers and cancer risk among male smokers in the Shanghai cohort study. Cancer Lett 2013; 334:34-8. [PMID: 22824243 PMCID: PMC3648613 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites of tobacco smoke constituents can be quantified in urine and other body fluids providing a realistic measure of carcinogen and toxicant dose in a smoker. Many previous studies have demonstrated that these metabolites - referred to as biomarkers in this paper - are related to tobacco smoke exposure. The studies reviewed here were designed to answer another question: are these substances also biomarkers of cancer risk? Using a prospective study design comparing biomarker levels in cancer cases and controls, all of whom were smokers, the results demonstrate that several of these biomarkers - total cotinine, total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), r-1-,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (PheT), and total N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) - are biomarkers of cancer risk. Therefore, these biomarkers have the potential to become part of a cancer risk prediction algorithm for smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Heather H Nelson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States
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15
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Zhong R, Liu L, Zou L, Zhu Y, Chen W, Zhu B, Shen N, Rui R, Long L, Ke J, Lu X, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Liu L, Sun Y, Cheng L, Miao X. Genetic variations in TERT-CLPTM1L locus are associated with risk of lung cancer in Chinese population. Mol Carcinog 2013; 52 Suppl 1:E118-26. [PMID: 23908149 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported multiple genetic variations at 5p15.33 (TERT-CLPTM1L) associated with risk of lung cancer. However, most of the associated variations identified by GWAS thus far are unlikely to be the actual causal variants, but may be mostly marker-single nucleotide polymorphisms tagging functional variations that influence gene expression. This study aimed to explore the function-validated and potentially functional variations in TERT-CLPTM1L locus conferring susceptibility to lung cancer. A case-control study including 502 cases and 502 controls in Chinese Han population was firstly conducted. Bioinformatic approaches are applied to prioritize genetic variations based on their potential functionality. In the logistic regression analysis, TERT-rs2853669, rs2736108, and CLPTM1L-rs31490 were significant associated with increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.22-1.75; OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.00-1.49 and OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.35-2.23 under additive model, respectively). The significant associations were observed in non-small-cell lung cancer but not-in-small-cell lung cancer, and more prominent in adenocarcinoma. Haplotype analysis presented a significant allele-dose effect of haplotypes in increasing risk of lung cancer (P for trend = 1.894 × 10(-6)). Moreover, significant multiplicative interactions were observed between smoking and these three polymorphisms of TERT-rs2853669, rs2736108, and CLPTM1L-rs31490, even after bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (Pinteraction = 1.316 × 10(-9), 3.912 × 10(-4), and 2.483 × 10(-5), respectively). These findings indicated that the function-validated and potentially functional variations in TERT-CLPTM1L locus, modified by smoking, may play a substantial role in the susceptibility to lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Wang P, Gao J, Li G, Shimelis O, Giese RW. Nontargeted analysis of DNA adducts by mass-tag MS: reaction of p-benzoquinone with DNA. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2737-43. [PMID: 23113579 PMCID: PMC3527073 DOI: 10.1021/tx300363a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a method in which DNA adducts are discovered based on their conversion in a nucleotide form to phosphorimidazolides with isotopologue benzoylhistamines (or p-bromobenzoylhistamine) prior to detection by MALDI-TOF-MS, we have profiled the adducts that form when calf thymus DNA is reacted in vitro with p-benzoquinone (BQ). We find, as relative values normalized to 100% of adducts observed, 79% BQ-dCMP, 21% BQ-methyl-dCMP (a new DNA adduct), and trace amounts of BQ-dAMP and BQ-dGMP. Because mC is 5% of C in this DNA, the reaction of BQ with DNA in vitro is about five times faster at methyl-C than C. When equal amounts of dCMP and methyl-dCMP are reacted with BQ, equal amounts of the corresponding adducts are observed. Thus, the microenvironment of methyl-C in DNA enhances its reactivity relative to C with BQ. In a prior, similar study, but based on analysis by (32)P-postlabeling, the second most abundant adduct was assigned to BQ-A, apparently because of comigration of the BQ-A and BQ-methyl-C adducts (as bisphosphates) in the chromatographic step. Because the calf thymus DNA (used as received) was contaminated with RNA, we also detected the ribonucleotide adduct, BQ-CMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poguang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Guodong Li
- Novartis Instruments for Biomedical Research, Inc. Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Roger W. Giese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Phillips DH, Venitt S. DNA and protein adducts in human tissues resulting from exposure to tobacco smoke. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2733-53. [PMID: 22961407 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke contains a variety of genotoxic carcinogens that form adducts with DNA and protein in the tissues of smokers. Not only are these biochemical events relevant to the carcinogenic process, but the detection of adducts provides a means of monitoring exposure to tobacco smoke. Characterization of smoking-related adducts has shed light on the mechanisms of smoking-related diseases and many different types of smoking-derived DNA and protein adducts have been identified. Such approaches also reveal the potential harm of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to nonsmokers, infants and children. Because the majority of tobacco-smoke carcinogens are not exclusive to this source of exposure, studies comparing smokers and nonsmokers may be confounded by other environmental sources. Nevertheless, certain DNA and protein adducts have been validated as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke, with continuing applications in the study of ETS exposures, cancer prevention and tobacco product legislation. Our article is a review of the literature on smoking-related adducts in human tissues published since 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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18
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Vadhanam MV, Thaiparambil J, Gairola CG, Gupta RC. Oxidative DNA adducts detected in vitro from redox activity of cigarette smoke constituents. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2499-504. [PMID: 22994544 DOI: 10.1021/tx300312f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains a variety of carcinogens, cocarcinogens, mutagens, and tumor promoters. In addition to polycyclic aromatic carcinogens and tobacco-specific nitrosamines, cigarette smoke also contains an abundance of catechols, aldehydes, and other constituents, which are DNA damaging directly or indirectly; therefore, they can also contribute to cigarette smoke-mediated carcinogenicity. In this study, we investigated the potential of cigarette smoke constituents to induce oxidative damage to DNA through their capacity to redox cycle. When DNA (300 μg/mL) was incubated with cigarette smoke condensate (0.2 mg of tobacco particulate matter/mL) and CuCl(2) as a catalyst (50-100 μM), a variety of oxidative DNA adducts were detected by (32)P-postlabeling/TLC. Of the total adduct burden (2114 ± 419 adducts/10(6) nucleotides), over 40% of all adducts were attributed to the benchmark oxidative DNA lesion, 8-oxodeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG). Adducts were formed dose dependently. Essentially, similar adduct profiles were obtained when cigarette smoke condensate was substituted with ortho- and para-dihydroxybenzenes. Vehicle treatment with Cu(2+) or CSC alone did not induce any significant amount of oxidative DNA damage. Furthermore, coincubation of cigarette smoke condensate and ortho-dihydroxybenzene with DNA resulted in a higher amount of oxidative DNA adducts than obtained with the individual entity, suggesting that adducts presumably originated from catechols or catechol-like compounds in cigarette smoke condensate. Adducts resulting from both cigarette smoke condensate and pure dihydroxybenzenes were chromatographically identical to adducts formed by reaction of DNA with H(2)O(2), which is known to produce 8-oxodG, and many other oxidative DNA adducts. When the cigarette smoke condensate-DNA reaction was performed in the presence of ellagic acid, a known antioxidant, the adduct formation was inhibited dose dependently, further suggesting that adducts originated from oxidative pathway. Our data thus provide evidence of the capacity of catechols or catechol-like constituents in cigarette smoke to produce oxidative DNA damage, which may contribute to the tumor-promoting activity of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manicka V Vadhanam
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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19
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Garaguso I, Halter R, Krzeminski J, Amin S, Borlak J. Method for the rapid detection and molecular characterization of DNA alkylating agents by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 82:8573-82. [PMID: 20866025 DOI: 10.1021/ac101568h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) may cause DNA adduct formation. While these are commonly detected by the ³²P-postlabeling assay, this method is not informative on the chemical nature of the alkylating agent. Here we report a simple and reliable method that employs MALDI-TOF-MS with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) matrix layer (ML) sample preparations for the detection and structural characterization of PAH-DNA adducts. The method involves the enzymatic digestion of DNA to 2'-deoxynucleotides followed by solid phase extraction to remove salt and other contaminants prior to MALDI-MS analysis. By collision induced dissociation (CID) structurally relevant fragments are obtained to permit characterization of the alkylating molecules and the adducted nucleotide. Next to guanosine, adenosine and cytidine adducts formed from reactions with (±)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (B[a]PDE) are identified at a sensitivity of <100 fmol and a mass accuracy of <10 ppm. Studies with (±)-anti-benzo[c]-chrysene-9,10-diol-11,12-epoxide (B[c]ChDE) further document the versatility and usefulness of the method. When compared with the ³²P-postlabeling assay MALDIMS only indentified deoxycytidine as well nucleoside and dinucleotides adducts. Therefore, this sensitive method enables molecular specification and characterization of adducted nucleotides and of the alkylating agent, and thus, provides comprehensive information that is beyond the ³²P-postlabeling assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Garaguso
- Department of Drug Research and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Kovács K, Anna L, Rudnai P, Schoket B. Recovery of bulky DNA adducts by the regular and a modified 32P-postlabelling assay; influence of the DNA-isolation method. Mutat Res 2011; 721:95-100. [PMID: 21237286 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bulky DNA adducts are widely used as biomarkers of human exposure to complex mixtures of environmental genotoxicants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The 32P-postlabelling method is highly sensitive for the detection of bulky DNA adducts, but its relatively low throughput poses limits to its use in large-scale molecular epidemiological studies. The objectives of this study were to compare the impact of DNA-sample preparation with a commercial DNA-isolation kit or with the classical phenol-extraction procedure on the measurement of bulky DNA adducts by 32P-postlabelling, and to increase the throughput of the 32P-postlabelling method--whilst maintaining radio-safety--by reducing the radioisotope requirement per sample. The test DNA samples were prepared from MCF-7 cells treated with benzo[a]pyrene and from human peripheral blood lymphocytes, buffy coat, and peripheral lung tissue. The modified 32P-postlabelling procedure involved an evaporation-to-dryness step after the enzymatic digestions of the DNA, and radio-labelling with a reduced amount of [γ-32P]ATP substrate in a reduced reaction volume compared with the regular method. Higher levels of DNA adducts were measured in the MCF-7 cells and in the lung-tissue samples after isolation with the kit than after solvent extraction. A seven-fold higher level of adducts was detected in the buffy-coat DNA samples isolated with the kit than with the phenol extraction procedure (p<0.001). Reduction of the amount of [γ-32P]ATP from 50 μCi to 25 μCi (>6000 Ci/mmol specific radioactivity) per sample in the modified 32P-postlabelling procedure was generally applicable without loss of adduct recovery for all test samples prepared with both DNA isolation methods. The difference between the bulky DNA-adduct levels resulting from the two DNA-isolation procedures requires further systematic investigation. The modified 32P-postlabelling procedure allows a 50% reduction of radioisotope requirement per sample, which facilitates increased throughput of the assay whilst maintaining radio-safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Kovács
- Department of Molecular Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Gyáli út 2-6, 1097 Budapest, Hungary.
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21
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Huang RY, Chen GG. Cigarette smoking, cyclooxygenase-2 pathway and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1815:158-69. [PMID: 21147199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Cyclooxygenase (COX) and its derived prostanoids, mainly including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), have well-known roles in cardiovascular disease and cancer, both of which are associated with cigarette smoking. This article is focused on the role of COX-2 pathway in smoke-related pathologies and cancer. Cigarette smoke exposure can induce COX-2 expression and activity, increase PGE2 and TxA2 release, and lead to an imbalance in PGI2 and TxA2 production in favor of the latter. It exerts pro-inflammatory effects in a PGE2-dependent manner, which contributes to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. TxA2 mediates other diverse biologic effects of cigarette smoking, such as platelet activation, cell contraction and angiogenesis, which may facilitate tumor growth and metastasis in smokers. Among cigarette smoke components, nicotine and its derived nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are the most potent carcinogens. COX-2 and PGE2 have been shown to play a pivotal role in many cancers associated with cigarette smoking, including cancers of lung, gastric and bladder, while the information for the role of TxA2 and PGI2 in smoke-associated cancers is limited. Recent findings from our group have revealed how NNK influences the TxA2 to promote the tumor growth. Better understanding in the above areas may help to generate new therapeutic protocols or to optimize the existing treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Yue Huang
- Department of Surgery, The Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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Wang HT, Zhang S, Hu Y, Tang MS. Mutagenicity and sequence specificity of acrolein-DNA adducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 22:511-7. [PMID: 19146376 DOI: 10.1021/tx800369y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein (Acr) is a major toxicant in cigarette smoke (CS); it can interact with DNA forming two major adduct isomers: alpha-OH-Acr-dG and gamma-OH-Acr-dG. Previously, we found that the Acr-DNA binding pattern in the human p53 gene coincides with the p53 mutational pattern in CS-related lung cancer; hence, we proposed that Acr is a major lung cancer etiological agent [ Feng , Z. , Hu , W. , Hu , Y. , and Tang , M.-s. ( 2006 ) Acrolein is a major cigarette-related lung cancer agent: Preferential binding at p53 mutational hotspots and inhibition of DNA repair . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 , 15404 - 15409 ]. This hypothesis has been brought into question with recent work that failed to detect Acr-induced mutations in the pSP189 system [ Kim , S. I. , Pfeifer , G. P. , and Besaratinia , A. ( 2007 ) Lack of mutagenicity of acrolein-induced DNA adducts in mouse and human cells . Cancer Res. 67 , 11640 - 116472 ]. To resolve this controversy, we determined the level and the type of Acr-dG formation, and the mutagenicity of Acr-dG adducts in the same pSP189 system. We also mapped the Acr-dG adduct distribution at the nucleotide level and the Acr-dG-induced mutational spectrum in this system. We found that (1) gamma-OH-Acr-dG is the major adduct formed in Acr-modified DNA based on the LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis; (2) the mutation frequency is proportional to the extent of Acr modifications, the majority of which are G:C to T:A and G:C to A:T mutations; and (3) sequences with a run of Gs are the mutational hotspots. Using the UvrABC nuclease incision method to map the Acr-dG distribution in the supF gene sequence, we confirmed that Acr-DNA adducts preferentially form in guanine-rich sequences that are also mutational hotspots. These results reaffirm that Acr-dG adducts are mutagenic and support our hypothesis that Acr is a major etiological agent for CS and cooking fume-related lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
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Izzotti A, Pulliero A, Puntoni R, Peluso M, Filiberti R, Munnia A, Assennato G, Ferri G, Merlo DF. Duration of exposure to environmental carcinogens affects DNA-adduct level in human lymphocytes. Biomarkers 2010; 15:575-82. [PMID: 20839915 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.497870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE An important issue in human biomonitoring is determining how exposure duration affects the kinetics of molecular biomarkers. In this study we compare the influence of exposure variables on DNA adducts. METHODS DNA adducts were analysed by 32P-postlabelling in lympho/monocytes of 677 Caucasian subjects. RESULTS After correction for other variables, DNA adducts increased depending on the length of occupational and smoke exposures. Higher DNA adducts were detected in workers with more than 14 years of exposure than in workers with shorter exposures (RR = 1.19, p = 0.049) and in smokers with more than 10 years of exposure than in smokers with shorter exposure (RR = 1.21, p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Exposure length is the primary factor affecting DNA-adduct level in lympho/monocytes both in smokers and in occupationally exposed subjects.
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Alexandrov K, Rojas M, Satarug S. The critical DNA damage by benzo(a)pyrene in lung tissues of smokers and approaches to preventing its formation. Toxicol Lett 2010; 198:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Liu XY, Zhu MX, Xie JP. Mutagenicity of acrolein and acrolein-induced DNA adducts. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:36-44. [PMID: 20158384 DOI: 10.3109/15376510903530845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein mutagenicity relies on DNA adduct formation. Reaction of acrolein with deoxyguanosine generates alpha-hydroxy-1, N(2)-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine (alpha-HOPdG) and gamma-hydroxy-1, N(2)-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine (gamma-HOPdG) adducts. These two DNA adducts behave differently in mutagenicity. gamma-HOPdG is the major DNA adduct and it can lead to interstrand DNA-DNA and DNA-peptide/protein cross-links, which may induce strong mutagenicity; however, gamma-HOPdG can be repaired by some DNA polymerases complex and lessen its mutagenic effects. alpha-HOPdG is formed much less than gamma-HOPdG, but difficult to be repaired, which contributes to accumulation in vivo. Results of acrolein mutagenicity studies haven't been confirmed, which is mainly due to the conflicting mutagenicity data of the major acrolein adduct (gamma-HOPdG). The minor alpha-HOPdG is mutagenic in both in vitro and in vivo test systems. The role of alpha-HOPdG in acrolein mutagenicity needs further investigation. The inconsistent result of acrolein mutagenicity can be attributed, at least partially, to a variety of acrolein-DNA adducts formation and their repair in diverse detection systems. Recent results of detection of acrolein-DNA adduct in human lung tissues and analysis of P53 mutation spectra in acrolein-treated cells may shed some light on mechanisms of acrolein mutagenicity. These aspects are covered in this mini review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-yu Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
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26
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Himmelstein MW, Boogaard PJ, Cadet J, Farmer PB, Kim JH, Martin EA, Persaud R, Shuker DEG. Creating context for the use of DNA adduct data in cancer risk assessment: II. Overview of methods of identification and quantitation of DNA damage. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 39:679-94. [PMID: 19743945 DOI: 10.1080/10408440903164163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The formation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) adducts can have important and adverse consequences for cellular and whole organism function. Available methods for identification of DNA damage and quantification of adducts are reviewed. Analyses can be performed on various samples including tissues, isolated cells, and intact or hydrolyzed (digested) DNA from a variety of biological samples of interest for monitoring in humans. Sensitivity and specificity are considered key factors for selecting the type of method for assessing DNA perturbation. The amount of DNA needed for analysis is dependent upon the method and ranges widely, from <1 microg to 3 mg. The methods discussed include the Comet assay, the ligation-mediated polymerase reaction, histochemical and immunologic methods, radiolabeled ((14)C- and (3)H-) binding, (32)P-postlabeling, and methods dependent on gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection by electron capture, electrochemical detection, single or tandem mass spectrometry, or accelerator mass spectrometry. Sensitivity is ranked, and ranges from approximately 1 adduct in 10(4) to 10(12) nucleotides. A brief overview of oxidatively generated DNA damage is also presented. Assay limitations are discussed along with issues that may have impact on the reliability of results, such as sample collection, processing, and storage. Although certain methodologies are mature, improving technology will continue to enhance the specificity and sensitivity of adduct analysis. Because limited guidance and recommendations exist for adduct analysis, this effort supports the HESI Committee goal of developing a framework for use of DNA adduct data in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Himmelstein
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, Delaware, USA
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Ibáñez R, Peluso M, Munnia A, Piro S, González CA, Amiano P, Tormo MJ, Ardanaz E, Barricarte A, Berenguer A, Chirlaque MD, Dorronsoro M, Jakszyn P, Larrañaga N, Martínez C, Navarro C, Quirós JR, Sánchez MJ, Agudo A. Aromatic DNA adducts in relation to dietary and other lifestyle factors in Spanish adults. Eur Food Res Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-009-1089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Zienolddiny S, Skaug V, Landvik NE, Ryberg D, Phillips DH, Houlston R, Haugen A. The TERT-CLPTM1L lung cancer susceptibility variant associates with higher DNA adduct formation in the lung. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1368-71. [PMID: 19465454 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/secondary
- Case-Control Studies
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- DNA Adducts/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Genotype
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics
- Risk Factors
- Telomerase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanbeh Zienolddiny
- Section of Toxicology, Department of Biological and Chemical Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
32P-postlabeling analysis is an ultrasensitive method for the detection and quantitation of carcinogen-DNA adducts. It consists of four principal steps: (i) enzymatic digestion of DNA to nucleoside 3'-monophosphates; (ii) enrichment of the adduct fraction of the DNA digest; (iii) 5'-labeling of the adducts by transfer of 32P-orthophosphate from [gamma-32P]ATP mediated by polynucleotide kinase (PNK); (iv) chromatographic or electrophoretic separation of the labeled adducts or modified nucleotides and quantitation by measurement of their radioactive decay. The assay requires only microgram quantities of DNA and is capable of detecting adducts at frequencies as low as 1 in 10(10) nt, making it applicable to the detection of events resulting from environmental exposures, or experiments using physiological concentrations of agents. It has a wide range of applications in human, animal and in vitro studies, and can be used for a wide variety of classes of compound and for the detection of adducts formed by complex mixtures. This protocol can be completed in 3 d.
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Abstract
Tobacco use continues to be a major cause of cancer in the developed world, and despite significant progress in this country in tobacco control, which is driving a decrease in cancer mortality, there are still over 1 billion smokers in the world. This perspective discusses some selected issues in tobacco carcinogenesis focusing on progress during the 20 years of publication of Chemical Research in Toxicology. The topics covered include metabolism and DNA modification by tobacco-specific nitrosamines, tobacco carcinogen biomarkers, an unidentified DNA ethylating agent in cigarette smoke, mutations in the K-RAS and p53 gene in tobacco-induced lung cancer and their possible relationship to specific carcinogens, secondhand smoke and lung cancer, emerging issues in smokeless tobacco use, and a conceptual model for understanding tobacco carcinogenesis. It is hoped that a better understanding of mechanisms of tobacco-induced cancer will lead to new and useful approaches for the prevention of lung cancer and other cancers caused by tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, MMC 806, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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31
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Feng J, Yang Z, Niu J, Shen Z. Remobilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the resuspension of Yangtze River sediments using a particle entrainment simulator. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 149:193-200. [PMID: 17321654 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Revised: 12/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Remobilization of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during sediment resuspension was investigated using a particle entrainment simulator at shear stress from 0.2 to 0.5Nm(-2), typical of the energy levels present in many tidally driven aquatic environments. The results suggested that desorption from the entrained particles was the primary source of dissolved PAHs. summation operatorPAHs concentrations in particles on volume normalization increased about four times. However, on mass weight basis, summation operatorPAHs concentrations decreased from 6039.74+/-138.28microgkg(-1) to 1665.39+/-112.26microgkg(-1). The same trend was observed for individual PAHs. Dissolved concentrations of PAHs demonstrated significant differences depending on molecular weight and applied shear. The distribution of PAHs between particle and water phase suggested that for three-ring PAHs, the amounts of PAHs in particles were higher than the predicted values during our experiments. This might be due to presence of another active sorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
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32
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Yoshino I, Maehara Y. Impact of smoking status on the biological behavior of lung cancer. Surg Today 2007; 37:725-34. [PMID: 17713724 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-007-3516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the most established risk factor for lung carcinogenesis; however, its effects on the progression of lung cancer are still unclear. We reviewed the clinical investigations on this issue, which imply that smoking status is a treatment predictor and prognostic factor for several subtypes of lung cancer. Moreover, gene alterations and various protein expressions of tumor progression were recognized more frequently in the tumor tissues of smokers than in those of the never smokers. A cellular analysis revealed that tobacco-specific chemical compounds cause genetic or epigenetic alterations, modulate expressions of large numbers of genes that include molecules related to proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and deteriorate anti-tumor immunity. Our findings suggest that smoking promotes the progression of lung cancer, and that elucidating the molecular mechanisms may help to clarify the therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Yoshino
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Mahadevan B, Luch A, Atkin J, Nguyen T, Sharma AK, Amin S, Baird. WM. Investigation of the genotoxicity of dibenzo[c,p]chrysene in human carcinoma MCF-7 cells in culture. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 164:181-91. [PMID: 17094953 PMCID: PMC1794669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have been linked to certain human cancers. The fjord region PAH dibenzo[a,l]pyrene exhibits the highest levels of carcinogenic activity of all PAH as yet tested in rodent tumor models. Another hexacyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, dibenzo[c,p]chrysene (DBC), is a unique PAH that possesses one bay region and two fjord regions within the same molecule. Due to its structure, which is a merger of the fjord region PAHs benzo[c]phenanthrene, benzo[c]chrysene, and benzo[g]chrysene, DBC is of considerable research interest. In order to investigate the pathway of regioselective metabolism we have studied the cytotoxicity, metabolic activation and DNA adduct formation of DBC in human mammary carcinoma MCF-7 cells in culture. The cytotoxicity assay indicated undisturbed cell proliferation even at concentrations as high as 4.5 microM (1.5 micro g/ml) DBC. Concurrently, DNA adducts were detected in MCF-7 cells treated with DBC only in low amounts (0.6 pmol adducts/mg DNA). On the contrary, exposure to anti-DBC-1,2-diol-3,4-epoxide and anti-DBC-11,12-diol-13,14-epoxide, two putatively genotoxic metabolites of DBC, resulted in high levels of DNA adducts (33 and 51 pmol adducts/mg DNA, respectively). Although DBC was not efficiently transformed into DNA-reactive metabolites in MCF-7 cells in culture, the results from our study indicate that the two fjord region diol-epoxide derivatives of DBC may serve as ultimate genotoxic metabolites once they are enzymatically generated under certain circumstances in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Mahadevan
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer Atkin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shantu Amin
- Penn State College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - William M. Baird.
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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35
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Zhang S, Villalta PW, Wang M, Hecht SS. Analysis of crotonaldehyde- and acetaldehyde-derived 1,n(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine adducts in DNA from human tissues using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 19:1386-92. [PMID: 17040109 PMCID: PMC2596066 DOI: 10.1021/tx060154d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Crotonaldehyde, a mutagen and carcinogen, reacts with deoxyguanosine (dGuo) in DNA to generate a pair of diastereomeric 1,N(2)()-propanodeoxyguanosine adducts (Cro-dGuo, 2), which occur in (6S,8S) and (6R,8R) configurations. They can also be formed through the consecutive reaction of two acetaldehyde molecules with dGuo. Cro-dGuo adducts inhibit DNA synthesis and induce miscoding in human cells. Considering their potential role in carcinogenesis, we have developed a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method to explore the presence of Cro-dGuo adducts in DNA from various human tissues, such as liver, lung, and blood. DNA was isolated from human tissues and enzymatically hydrolyzed to deoxyribonucleosides. [(15)N(5)]Cro-dGuo was synthesized and used as an internal standard. The Cro-dGuo adducts were enriched from the hydrolysate by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS using selected reaction monitoring (SRM). This method allows the quantitation of the Cro-dGuo adducts at a concentration of 4 fmol/micromol dGuo, corresponding to about 1 adduct per 10(9) normal nucleosides starting with 1 mg of DNA, with high accuracy and precision. DNA from human liver, lung, and blood was analyzed. The Cro-dGuo adducts were detected more frequently in human lung DNA than in liver DNA but were not detected in DNA from blood. The results of this study provide quantified data on Cro-dGuo adducts in human tissues. The higher frequency of Cro-dGuo in lung DNA than in the other tissues investigated is potentially important and deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Mingyao Wang
- The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephen S. Hecht
- The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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