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Calvo-Serrano S, Matamoros E, Céspedes JA, Fernández-Santamaría R, Gil-Ocaña V, Perez-Inestrosa E, Frecha C, Montañez MI, Vida Y, Mayorga C, Torres MJ. New Approaches for Basophil Activation Tests Employing Dendrimeric Antigen-Silica Nanoparticle Composites. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1039. [PMID: 39204384 PMCID: PMC11359297 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro cell activation through specific IgE bound to high-affinity receptors on the basophil surface is a widely used strategy for the evaluation of IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reactions to betalactams. Cellular activation requires drug conjugation to a protein to form a large enough structure displaying a certain distance between haptens to allow the cross-linking of two IgE antibodies bound to the basophil's surface, triggering their degranulation. However, no information about the size and composition of these conjugates is available. Routine in vitro diagnosis using the basophil activation test uses free amoxicillin, which is assumed to conjugate to a carrier present in blood. To standardize the methodology, we propose the use of well-controlled and defined nanomaterials functionalized with amoxicilloyl. Silica nanoparticles decorated with PAMAM-dendrimer-amoxicilloyl conjugates (NpDeAXO) of different sizes and amoxicilloyl densities (50-300 µmol amoxicilloyl/gram nanoparticle) have been prepared and chemically characterized. Two methods of synthesis were performed to ensure reproducibility and stability. Their functional effect on basophils was measured using an in-house basophil activation test (BAT) that determines CD63+ or CD203chigh activation markers. It was observed that NpDeAXO nanocomposites are not only able to specifically activate basophils but also do so in a more effective way than free amoxicillin, pointing to a translational potential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Calvo-Serrano
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (J.A.C.); (R.F.-S.); (C.F.); (C.M.); (M.J.T.)
- RICORS Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina y Dermatología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Esther Matamoros
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (E.M.); (V.G.-O.); (E.P.-I.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Céspedes
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (J.A.C.); (R.F.-S.); (C.F.); (C.M.); (M.J.T.)
- RICORS Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Fernández-Santamaría
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (J.A.C.); (R.F.-S.); (C.F.); (C.M.); (M.J.T.)
- RICORS Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Violeta Gil-Ocaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (E.M.); (V.G.-O.); (E.P.-I.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Perez-Inestrosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (E.M.); (V.G.-O.); (E.P.-I.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Cecilia Frecha
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (J.A.C.); (R.F.-S.); (C.F.); (C.M.); (M.J.T.)
- RICORS Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria I. Montañez
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (J.A.C.); (R.F.-S.); (C.F.); (C.M.); (M.J.T.)
- RICORS Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (E.M.); (V.G.-O.); (E.P.-I.)
| | - Yolanda Vida
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (E.M.); (V.G.-O.); (E.P.-I.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristobalina Mayorga
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (J.A.C.); (R.F.-S.); (C.F.); (C.M.); (M.J.T.)
- RICORS Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-HRUM, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Maria J. Torres
- Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (S.C.-S.); (J.A.C.); (R.F.-S.); (C.F.); (C.M.); (M.J.T.)
- RICORS Red de Enfermedades Inflamatorias (REI), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina y Dermatología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-HRUM, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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2
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Yano T, Yamada T, Isida H, Ohashi N, Itoh T. 2-cyanopyridine derivatives enable N-terminal cysteine bioconjugation and peptide bond cleavage of glutathione under aqueous and mild conditions. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6542-6547. [PMID: 38390509 PMCID: PMC10882492 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the chemical reactivity of apalutamide, we have developed an efficient method for N-terminal cysteine bioconjugation with 2-cyanopyridine derivatives. Systematic investigations of various 2-cyanopyridines revealed that 2-cyanopyridines with electron-withdrawing groups react efficiently with cysteine under aqueous and mild conditions. Moreover, the highly reactive 2-cyanopyridines enable the peptide bond cleavage of glutathione. The utility of our method is demonstrated by its application to the cysteine-selective chemical modification of bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yano
- Showa Pharmaceutical University Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamada
- Showa Pharmaceutical University Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Isida
- Showa Pharmaceutical University Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Nami Ohashi
- Showa Pharmaceutical University Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
| | - Toshimasa Itoh
- Showa Pharmaceutical University Machida Tokyo 194-8543 Japan
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3
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Tian L, Qiang T, Yang X, Gao Y, Zhai X, Kang K, Du C, Lu Q, Gao H, Zhang D, Xie X, Liang C. Development of de-novo coronavirus 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CL pro) inhibitors since COVID-19 outbreak: A strategy to tackle challenges of persistent virus infection. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115979. [PMID: 38048696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Although no longer a public health emergency of international concern, COVID-19 remains a persistent and critical health concern. The development of effective antiviral drugs could serve as the ultimate piece of the puzzle to curbing this global crisis. 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), with its substrate specificity mirroring that of the main picornavirus 3C protease and conserved across various coronaviruses, emerges as an ideal candidate for broad-spectrum antiviral drug development. Moreover, it holds the potential as a reliable contingency option to combat emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this light, the approved drugs, promising candidates, and de-novo small molecule therapeutics targeting 3CLpro since the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 are discussed. Emphasizing the significance of diverse structural characteristics in inhibitors, be they peptidomimetic or nonpeptidic, with a shared mission to minimize the risk of cross-resistance. Moreover, the authors propose an innovative optimization strategy for 3CLpro reversible covalent PROTACs, optimizing pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics to better prepare for potential future viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; Key Laboratory for Antiviral and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Research of Xi'an, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Taotao Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
| | - Xiuding Yang
- Key Laboratory for Antiviral and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Research of Xi'an, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yue Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China
| | - Xiaopei Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, PR China
| | - Kairui Kang
- Key Laboratory for Antiviral and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Research of Xi'an, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Cong Du
- Key Laboratory for Antiviral and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Research of Xi'an, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Qi Lu
- Key Laboratory for Antiviral and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Research of Xi'an, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Antiviral and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Research of Xi'an, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; Shaanxi Pioneer Biotech Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Dezhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Antiviral and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Research of Xi'an, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; Shaanxi Panlong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710025, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Shaanxi Panlong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710025, PR China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Key Laboratory for Antiviral and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria Research of Xi'an, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China; School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
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4
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Hasan MN, Ray M, Saha A. Landscape of In Silico Tools for Modeling Covalent Modification of Proteins: A Review on Computational Covalent Drug Discovery. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9663-9684. [PMID: 37921534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Covalent drug discovery has been a challenging research area given the struggle of finding a sweet balance between selectivity and reactivity for these drugs, the lack of which often leads to off-target activities and hence undesirable side effects. However, there has been a resurgence in covalent drug design following the success of several covalent drugs such as boceprevir (2011), ibrutinib (2013), neratinib (2017), dacomitinib (2018), zanubrutinib (2019), and many others. Design of covalent drugs includes many crucial factors, where "evaluation of the binding affinity" and "a detailed mechanistic understanding on covalent inhibition" are at the top of the list. Well-defined experimental techniques are available to elucidate these factors; however, often they are expensive and/or time-consuming and hence not suitable for high throughput screens. Recent developments in in silico methods provide promise in this direction. In this report, we review a set of recent publications that focused on developing and/or implementing novel in silico techniques in "Computational Covalent Drug Discovery (CCDD)". We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches along with what improvements are required to make it a great tool in medicinal chemistry in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nazmul Hasan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin─Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Manisha Ray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Arjun Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin─Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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5
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Teschke R, Danan G. Advances in Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury Issues: New Clinical and Mechanistic Analysis Due to Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method Use. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10855. [PMID: 37446036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and mechanistic considerations in idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) remain challenging topics when they are derived from mere case narratives or iDILI cases without valid diagnosis. To overcome these issues, attempts should be made on pathogenetic aspects based on published clinical iDILI cases firmly diagnosed by the original RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) or the RUCAM version updated in 2016. Analysis of RUCAM-based iDILI cases allowed for evaluating immune and genetic data obtained from the serum and the liver of affected patients. For instance, strong evidence for immune reactions in the liver of patients with RUCAM-based iDILI was provided by the detection of serum anti-CYP 2E1 due to drugs like volatile anesthetics sevoflurane and desflurane, partially associated with the formation of trifluoroacetyl (TFA) halide as toxic intermediates that form protein adducts and may generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). This is accompanied by production of anti-TFA antibodies detected in the serum of these patients. Other RUCAM-based studies on serum ANA (anti-nuclear antibodies) and SMA (anti-smooth muscle antibodies) associated with AIDILI (autoimmune DILI) syn DIAIH (drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis) provide additional evidence of immunological reactions with monocytes as one of several promoting immune cells. In addition, in the blood plasma of patients, mediators like the cytokines IL-22, IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP), IL-6, IL-10, IL 12p70, IL-17A, IL-23, IP-10, or chemokines such as CD206 and sCD163 were found in DILI due to anti-tuberculosis drugs as ascertained by the prospective updated RUCAM, which scored a high causality. RUCAM-based analysis also provided compelling evidence of genetic factors such as HLA (human leucocyte antigen) alleles contributing to initiate iDILI by a few drugs. In conclusion, analysis of published RUCAM-based iDILI cases provided firm evidence of immune and genetic processes involved in iDILI caused by specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Leimenstrasse 20, D-63450 Hanau, Germany
| | - Gaby Danan
- Pharmacovigilance Consultancy, Rue des Ormeaux, 75020 Paris, France
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Li J, Zheng M, Xu Y, Yang X, Kang J. Target proteins profiling of irreversible kinase inhibitor pelitinib and discovery of degradation of PRDX4 by label free chemoproteomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 230:115398. [PMID: 37084663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based methods for profiling the kinase inhibitor selectivity are badly needed, especially for the irreversible kinase inhibitors. Here we reported a chemoproteomics approach for profiling the target proteins of irreversible kinase inhibitor with label free quantitative proteomics by using iodoacetamide alkyne as a chemical probe. In total 41 proteins were identified in high confidence (fold change 3.5, p value < 0.05) including PRDX4, STAT3, E2 conjugating enzymes UBE2L3, UBE2K, UBE2N, UBE2V1 and UBE2Z as well as E3 ligase TRIM 25. We validated the interaction between pelitinib and PRDX4 with a cell-based assay, and discovered that pelitinib can induce the degradation of PRDX4. The discovery was confirmed by biochemical assay, cellular thermal shift assay and miRNA knockdown experiment. Our data suggested that pelitinib can be a covalent molecular glue inducing the degradation of PRDX4. In addition, our work demonstrated that identification of the interactions between ligand and ubiquitylation associated proteins by chemoproteomics profiling can be used as a new strategy for identifying molecular glue degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Mengmeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jingwu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Shanghai 200120, China.
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7
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Xu Z, Qi G, Liu X, Li Z, Zhang A, Ma J, Li Z. Hepatotoxicity in immune checkpoint inhibitors: A pharmacovigilance study from 2014-2021. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281983. [PMID: 36881599 PMCID: PMC9990950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse events(AEs) related to hepatotoxicity have been reported in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). As the number of adverse events increases, it is necessary to assess the differences in each immune checkpoint inhibitor regimen. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between ICIs and hepatotoxicity in a scientific and systematic manner. Data were obtained from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database (FAERS) and included data from the first quarter of 2014 to the fourth quarter of 2021. Disproportionality analysis assessed the association between drugs and adverse reactions based on the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and information components (IC). 9,806 liver adverse events were reported in the FAERS database. A strong signal was detected in older patients (≥65 years) associated with ICIs. hepatic adverse events were most frequently reported with Nivolumab (36.17%). Abnormal liver function, hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis were most frequently reported, and hepatitis and immune-mediated hepatitis signals were generated in all regimens. In clinical use, patients should be alert to these adverse effects, especially in elderly patients, who may be aggravated by the use of ICI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical informatics, School of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guanpeng Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical informatics, School of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical informatics, School of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhaohang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical informatics, School of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical informatics, School of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Juman Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical informatics, School of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zuojing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical informatics, School of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Extended Applications of Small-Molecule Covalent Inhibitors toward Novel Therapeutic Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121478. [PMID: 36558928 PMCID: PMC9786830 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, small-molecule covalent inhibitors have been accepted as a practical tool for targeting previously "undruggable" proteins. The high target selectivity of modern covalent inhibitors is now alleviating toxicity concerns regarding the covalent modifications of proteins. However, despite the tremendous clinical success of current covalent inhibitors, there are still unmet medical needs that covalent inhibitors have not yet addressed. This review categorized representative covalent inhibitors based on their mechanism of covalent inhibition: conventional covalent inhibitors, targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs), and expanded TCIs. By reviewing both Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and drug candidates from recent literature, we provide insight into the future direction of covalent inhibitor development.
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9
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Lu D, Yu X, Lin H, Cheng R, Monroy EY, Qi X, Wang MC, Wang J. Applications of covalent chemistry in targeted protein degradation. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9243-9261. [PMID: 36285735 PMCID: PMC9669245 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00362g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs) are currently two exciting strategies in the fields of chemical biology and drug discovery. Extensive research in these two fields has been conducted, and significant progress in these fields has resulted in many clinical candidates, some of which have been approved by FDA. Recently, a novel concept termed covalent PROTACs that combine these two strategies has emerged and gained an increasing interest in the past several years. Herein, we briefly review and highlight the mechanism and advantages of TCIs and PROTACs, respectively, and the recent development of covalent PROTACs using irreversible and reversible covalent chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
| | - Hanfeng Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
| | - Erika Y Monroy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
| | - Xiaoli Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
| | - Meng C Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA
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10
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Covalent Warheads Targeting Cysteine Residue: The Promising Approach in Drug Development. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227728. [PMID: 36431829 PMCID: PMC9694382 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine is one of the least abundant amino acids in proteins of many organisms, which plays a crucial role in catalysis, signal transduction, and redox regulation of gene expression. The thiol group of cysteine possesses the ability to perform nucleophilic and redox-active functions that are not feasible for other natural amino acids. Cysteine is the most common covalent amino acid residue and has been shown to react with a variety of warheads, especially Michael receptors. These unique properties have led to widespread interest in this nucleophile, leading to the development of a variety of cysteine-targeting warheads with different chemical compositions. Herein, we summarized the various covalent warheads targeting cysteine residue and their application in drug development.
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Jackson KD, Argikar UA, Cho S, Crouch RD, Driscoll JP, Heck C, King L, Maw HH, Miller GP, Seneviratne HK, Wang S, Wei C, Zhang D, Khojasteh SC. Bioactivation and Reactivity Research Advances - 2021 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:246-281. [PMID: 35876116 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2097254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This year's review on bioactivation and reactivity began as a part of the annual review on biotransformation and bioactivation led by Cyrus Khojasteh (Khojasteh et al., 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017; Baillie et al., 2016). Increased contributions from experts in the field led to the development of a stand alone edition for the first time this year focused specifically on bioactivation and reactivity. Our objective for this review is to highlight and share articles which we deem influential and significant regarding the development of covalent inhibitors, mechanisms of reactive metabolite formation, enzyme inactivation, and drug safety. Based on the selected articles, we created two sections: (1) reactivity and enzyme inactivation, and (2) bioactivation mechanisms and safety (Table 1). Several biotransformation experts have contributed to this effort from academic and industry settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. Bristol Myers Squibb, Brisbane, CA, 94005, USA
| | - Carley Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Department of DMPK, UCB Biopharma UK, 216 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Hlaing Holly Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St Slot 516, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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12
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Alshabeeb M, Alomar FA, Khan A. Impact of SLCO1B1*5 on Flucloxacillin and Co-Amoxiclav-Related Liver Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:882962. [PMID: 35754504 PMCID: PMC9214039 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.882962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a serious uncommon disease that may develop as a result of the intake of certain drugs such as the antimicrobials flucloxacillin and co-amoxiclav. The reported cases showed significant associations between DILI and various human leukocyte (HLA) markers. The solute carrier organic anion transporter 1B1 (SLCO1B1), a non-HLA candidate gene, was previously reported as a risk factor for liver injury induced by rifampin and methimazole. This study presumed that SLCO1B1 may play a general role in the DILI susceptibility and therefore investigated the association of rs4149056 (SLCO1B1*5, T521C) polymorphism with flucloxacillin- and co-amoxiclav-induced liver injury. Methodology: We recruited 155 and 165 DILI cases of white ancestral origin from various European countries but mainly from the United Kingdom owing to flucloxacillin and co-amoxiclav, respectively. Only adult patients (≥18 years) who were diagnosed with liver injury and who showed i) clinical jaundice or bilirubin >2x the upper limit of normal (ULN), ii) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) >5x ULN or iii) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) >2x ULN and bilirubin > ULN were selected. The population reference sample (POPRES), a European control group (n = 282), was used in comparison with the investigated cases. TaqMan SNP genotyping custom assay designed by Applied Biosystems was used to genotype both DILI cohorts for SLCO1B1 polymorphism (rs4149056). Allelic discrimination analysis was performed using a step one real-time PCR machine. Genotype differences between cases and controls were examined using Fisher's exact test. GraphPad Prism version 5.0 was used to determine the p-value, odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval. Compliance of the control group with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was proven using a web-based calculator available at https://wpcalc.com/en/equilibrium-hardy-weinberg/. Results: A small number of cases failed genotyping in each cohort. Thus, only 149 flucloxacillin and 162 co-amoxiclav DILI cases were analyzed. Genotyping of both DILI cohorts did not show evidence of association with the variant rs4149056 (T521C) (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.46-1.12; p = 0.17 for flucloxacillin cases and OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.56-1.33; p = 0.58 for co-amoxiclav), although slightly lower frequency (22.8%) of positive flucloxacillin cases was noticed than that of POPRES controls (29.4%). Conclusion: Carriage of the examined allele SLCO1B1*5 is not considered a risk factor for flucloxacillin DILI or co-amoxiclav DILI as presumed. Testing a different allele (SLCO1B1*1B) and another family member gene (SLCO1B3) may still be needed to provide a clearer role of SLCO1B drug transporters in DILI development-related to the chosen antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alshabeeb
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadhel A Alomar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences (Zoology), Faculty of Science, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, Pakistan
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13
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Mihajlovic M, Vinken M. Mitochondria as the Target of Hepatotoxicity and Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Molecular Mechanisms and Detection Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063315. [PMID: 35328737 PMCID: PMC8951158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury includes mitochondrial perturbation and dysfunction. This is not a surprise, given that mitochondria are essential organelles in most cells, which are responsible for energy homeostasis and the regulation of cellular metabolism. Drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction can be influenced by various factors and conditions, such as genetic predisposition, the presence of metabolic disorders and obesity, viral infections, as well as drugs. Despite the fact that many methods have been developed for studying mitochondrial function, there is still a need for advanced and integrative models and approaches more closely resembling liver physiology, which would take into account predisposing factors. This could reduce the costs of drug development by the early prediction of potential mitochondrial toxicity during pre-clinical tests and, especially, prevent serious complications observed in clinical settings.
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14
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Péczka N, Orgován Z, Ábrányi-Balogh P, Keserű GM. Electrophilic warheads in covalent drug discovery: an overview. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:413-422. [PMID: 35129005 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2034783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Covalent drugs have been used for more than hundred years, but gathered larger interest in the last two decades. There are currently over a 100 different electrophilic warheads used in covalent ligands, and there are several considerations tailoring their reactivity against the target of interest, which is still a challenging task. AREAS COVERED This review aims to give an overview of electrophilic warheads used for protein labeling in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. The warheads are discussed by targeted residues, mechanism and selectivity, and analyzed through three different datasets including our collection of warheads, the CovPDB database, and the FDA approved covalent drugs. Moreover, the authors summarize general practices that facilitate the selection of the appropriate warhead for the target of interest. EXPERT OPINION In spite of the numerous electrophilic warheads, only a fraction of them is used in current drug discovery projects. Recent studies identified new tractable residues by applying a wider array of warhead chemistries. However, versatile, selective warheads are not available for all targetable amino acids, hence discovery of new warheads for these residues is needed. Broadening the toolbox of the warheads could result in novel inhibitors even for challenging targets developing with significant therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Péczka
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Orgován
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Miklós Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Rattay B, Benndorf RA. Drug-Induced Idiosyncratic Agranulocytosis - Infrequent but Dangerous. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:727717. [PMID: 34483939 PMCID: PMC8414253 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.727717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced agranulocytosis is a life-threatening side effect that usually manifests as a severe form of neutropenia associated with fever or signs of sepsis. It can occur as a problem in the context of therapy with a wide variety of drug classes. Numerous drugs are capable of triggering the rare idiosyncratic form of agranulocytosis, which, unlike agranulocytosis induced by cytotoxic drugs in cancer chemotherapy, is characterised by “bizzare” type B or hypersensitivity reactions, poor predictability and a mainly low incidence. The idiosyncratic reactions are thought to be initiated by chemically reactive drugs or reactive metabolites that react with proteins and may subsequently elicit an immune response, particularly directed against neutrophils and their precursors. Cells or organs that exhibit specific metabolic and biotransformation activity are therefore frequently affected. In this review, we provide an update on the understanding of drug-induced idiosyncratic agranulocytosis. Using important triggering drugs as examples, we will summarise and discuss the chemical, the biotransformation-related, the mechanistic and the therapeutic basis of this clinically relevant and undesirable side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Rattay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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16
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Kim H, Hwang YS, Kim M, Park SB. Recent advances in the development of covalent inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1037-1045. [PMID: 34355176 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00068c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of covalent inhibitors in the field of drug discovery has attracted considerable attention in the 2000s. As a result, more than 50 covalent drugs are currently on the market, and numerous covalent drug candidates are now under development. Therefore, interest in covalent drugs is expected to continue in the future. The purpose of this focused review is to provide an understanding of the development of covalent inhibitors by describing their inherent characteristics, possibilities, and limitations based on their mechanistic differences from noncovalent inhibitors. We also introduce the latest covalent warheads that can be applied to the development of potential covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Kim
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Hwang
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Mingi Kim
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea .,Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Korea.,SPARK Biopharma, Inc. Seoul 08791 Korea
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17
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Bian Y, Jun JJ, Cuyler J, Xie XQ. Covalent allosteric modulation: An emerging strategy for GPCRs drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112690. [PMID: 32818870 PMCID: PMC9948676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Designing covalent allosteric modulators brings new opportunities to the field of drug discovery towards G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Targeting an allosteric binding pocket can allow a modulator to have protein subtype selectivity and low drug resistance. Utilizing covalent warheads further enables the modulator to increase the binding potency and extend the duration of action. This review starts with GPCR allosteric modulation to discuss the structural biology of allosteric binding pockets, the different types of allosteric modulators, as well as the advantages of employing allosteric modulation. This is followed by a discussion on covalent modulators to clarify how covalent ligands can benefit the receptor modulation and to illustrate moieties that can commonly be used as covalent warheads. Finally, case studies are presented on designing class A, B, and C GPCR covalent allosteric modulators to demonstrate successful stories on combining allosteric modulation and covalent binding. Limitations and future perspectives are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemin Bian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy,NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research
| | - Jaden Jungho Jun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy,NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research
| | - Jacob Cuyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy,NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States; NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States; Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States; Departments of Computational Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, United States.
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18
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Bandookwala M, Nemani KS, Chatterjee B, Sengupta P. Reactive Metabolites: Generation and Estimation with Electrochemistry Based Analytical Strategy as an Emerging Screening Tool. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411016666200131154202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Analytical scientists have constantly been in search for more efficient and
economical methods for drug simulation studies. Owing to great progress in this field, there are various
techniques available nowadays that mimic drug metabolism in the hepatic microenvironment.
The conventional in vitro and in vivo studies pose inherent methodological drawbacks due to which
alternative analytical approaches are devised for different drug metabolism experiments.
Methods:
Electrochemistry has gained attention due to its benefits over conventional metabolism
studies. Because of the protein binding nature of reactive metabolites, it is difficult to identify them
directly after formation, although the use of trapping agents aids in their successful identification.
Furthermore, various scientific reports confirmed the successful simulation of drug metabolism studies
by electrochemical cells. Electrochemical cells coupled with chromatography and mass spectrometry
made it easy for direct detection of reactive metabolites. In this review, an insight into the application
of electrochemical techniques for metabolism simulation studies has been provided. The sole
use of electrochemical cells, as well as their setups on coupling to liquid chromatography and mass
spectrometry has been discussed. The importance of metabolism prediction in early drug discovery
and development stages along with a brief overview of other conventional methods has also been
highlighted.
Conclusion:
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article to review the electrochemistry
based strategy for the analysis of reactive metabolites. The outcome of this ‘first of its kind’ review
will significantly help the researchers in the application of electrochemistry based bioanalysis for metabolite
detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bandookwala
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kavya Sri Nemani
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bappaditya Chatterjee
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPPSPTM), NMIMS University, Mumbai, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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19
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Fairhurst RA, Knoepfel T, Buschmann N, Leblanc C, Mah R, Todorov M, Nimsgern P, Ripoche S, Niklaus M, Warin N, Luu VH, Madoerin M, Wirth J, Graus-Porta D, Weiss A, Kiffe M, Wartmann M, Kinyamu-Akunda J, Sterker D, Stamm C, Adler F, Buhles A, Schadt H, Couttet P, Blank J, Galuba I, Trappe J, Voshol J, Ostermann N, Zou C, Berghausen J, Del Rio Espinola A, Jahnke W, Furet P. Discovery of Roblitinib (FGF401) as a Reversible-Covalent Inhibitor of the Kinase Activity of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12542-12573. [PMID: 32930584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
FGF19 signaling through the FGFR4/β-klotho receptor complex has been shown to be a key driver of growth and survival in a subset of hepatocellular carcinomas, making selective FGFR4 inhibition an attractive treatment opportunity. A kinome-wide sequence alignment highlighted a poorly conserved cysteine residue within the FGFR4 ATP-binding site at position 552, two positions beyond the gate-keeper residue. Several strategies for targeting this cysteine to identify FGFR4 selective inhibitor starting points are summarized which made use of both rational and unbiased screening approaches. The optimization of a 2-formylquinoline amide hit series is described in which the aldehyde makes a hemithioacetal reversible-covalent interaction with cysteine 552. Key challenges addressed during the optimization are improving the FGFR4 potency, metabolic stability, and solubility leading ultimately to the highly selective first-in-class clinical candidate roblitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Fairhurst
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Knoepfel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Buschmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Mah
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Milen Todorov
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Nimsgern
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Ripoche
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Niklaus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Warin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Van Huy Luu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Madoerin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Wirth
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diana Graus-Porta
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Weiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kiffe
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Wartmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Dario Sterker
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Stamm
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Adler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Buhles
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Schadt
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Couttet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Blank
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inga Galuba
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Trappe
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Voshol
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Ostermann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chao Zou
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Berghausen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Jahnke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Furet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Geib T, Thulasingam M, Haeggström JZ, Sleno L. Investigation of Clozapine and Olanzapine Reactive Metabolite Formation and Protein Binding by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2420-2431. [PMID: 32786547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced toxicity has, in many cases, been linked to oxidative metabolism resulting in the formation of reactive metabolites and subsequent covalent binding to biomolecules. Two structurally related antipsychotic drugs, clozapine (CLZ) and olanzapine (OLZ), are known to form similar nitrenium ion reactive metabolites. CLZ-derived reactive metabolites have been linked to agranulocytosis and hepatotoxicity. We have studied the oxidative metabolism of CLZ and OLZ as well as two known metabolites of CLZ, desmethyl-CLZ (DCLZ), and CLZ-N-oxide (CLZ-NO), using in vitro rat liver microsomal (RLM) incubations with glutathione (GSH) trapping of reactive metabolites and liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Reactive metabolite binding to selected standard peptides and recombinant purified human proteins was also evaluated. Bottom-up proteomics was performed using two complementary proteases, prefractionation of peptides followed by LC-HRMS/MS for elucidating modifications of target proteins. Induced RLM was selected to form reactive metabolites enzymatically to assess the complex profile of reactive metabolite structures and their binding potential to standard human proteins. Multiple oxidative metabolites and several different GSH adducts were found for CLZ and OLZ. Modification sites were characterized on human glutathione S-transferase (hGST) alpha 1 (OLZ-modified at Cys112), hGST mu 2 (OLZ at Cys115), and hGST pi (CLZ, DCLZ, CLZ-NO and OLZ at Cys170), human microsomal GST 1 (hMGST1, CLZ and OLZ at Cys50), and human serum albumin (hSA, CLZ at Cys34). Furthermore, two modified rat proteins, microsomal GST 1 (CLZ and OLZ at Cys50) and one CYP (OLZ-modified, multiple possible isoforms), from RLM background were also characterized. In addition, direct effects of the reactive metabolite modifications on proteins were observed, including differences in protease cleavage specificity, chromatographic behavior, and charge-state distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon Geib
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Madhuranayaki Thulasingam
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2X 2J6, Canada
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21
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Jang KJ, Otieno MA, Ronxhi J, Lim HK, Ewart L, Kodella KR, Petropolis DB, Kulkarni G, Rubins JE, Conegliano D, Nawroth J, Simic D, Lam W, Singer M, Barale E, Singh B, Sonee M, Streeter AJ, Manthey C, Jones B, Srivastava A, Andersson LC, Williams D, Park H, Barrile R, Sliz J, Herland A, Haney S, Karalis K, Ingber DE, Hamilton GA. Reproducing human and cross-species drug toxicities using a Liver-Chip. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/517/eaax5516. [PMID: 31694927 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax5516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonclinical rodent and nonrodent toxicity models used to support clinical trials of candidate drugs may produce discordant results or fail to predict complications in humans, contributing to drug failures in the clinic. Here, we applied microengineered Organs-on-Chips technology to design a rat, dog, and human Liver-Chip containing species-specific primary hepatocytes interfaced with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, with or without Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, cultured under physiological fluid flow. The Liver-Chip detected diverse phenotypes of liver toxicity, including hepatocellular injury, steatosis, cholestasis, and fibrosis, and species-specific toxicities when treated with tool compounds. A multispecies Liver-Chip may provide a useful platform for prediction of liver toxicity and inform human relevance of liver toxicities detected in animal studies to better determine safety and human risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monicah A Otieno
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Janey Ronxhi
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Heng-Keang Lim
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Lorna Ewart
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Janna Nawroth
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Damir Simic
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Wing Lam
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Monica Singer
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Erio Barale
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Bhanu Singh
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Manisha Sonee
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Anthony J Streeter
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Carl Manthey
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, IPD Biology, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Barry Jones
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Abhishek Srivastava
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Linda C Andersson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Dominic Williams
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | | | | | - Josiah Sliz
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Anna Herland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Katia Karalis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Zhou S, Li W, Tian M, Zhang N, Yang X, Li W, Peng Y, Zheng J. Metabolic Activation of Pirfenidone Mediated by Cytochrome P450s and Sulfotransferases. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8059-8068. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenzhi Zhou
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Min Tian
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control (J.Z.), Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
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23
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Matheson CJ, Coxon CR, Bayliss R, Boxall K, Carbain B, Fry AM, Hardcastle IR, Harnor SJ, Mas-Droux C, Newell DR, Richards MW, Sivaprakasam M, Turner D, Griffin RJ, Golding BT, Cano C. 2-Arylamino-6-ethynylpurines are cysteine-targeting irreversible inhibitors of Nek2 kinase. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:707-731. [PMID: 33479670 PMCID: PMC7649933 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewed interest in covalent inhibitors of enzymes implicated in disease states has afforded several agents targeted at protein kinases of relevance to cancers. We now report the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-ethynylpurines that act as covalent inhibitors of Nek2 by capturing a cysteine residue (Cys22) close to the catalytic domain of this protein kinase. Examination of the crystal structure of the non-covalent inhibitor 3-((6-cyclohexylmethoxy-7H-purin-2-yl)amino)benzamide in complex with Nek2 indicated that replacing the alkoxy with an ethynyl group places the terminus of the alkyne close to Cys22 and in a position compatible with the stereoelectronic requirements of a Michael addition. A series of 6-ethynylpurines was prepared and a structure activity relationship (SAR) established for inhibition of Nek2. 6-Ethynyl-N-phenyl-7H-purin-2-amine [IC50 0.15 μM (Nek2)] and 4-((6-ethynyl-7H-purin-2-yl)amino)benzenesulfonamide (IC50 0.14 μM) were selected for determination of the mode of inhibition of Nek2, which was shown to be time-dependent, not reversed by addition of ATP and negated by site directed mutagenesis of Cys22 to alanine. Replacement of the ethynyl group by ethyl or cyano abrogated activity. Variation of substituents on the N-phenyl moiety for 6-ethynylpurines gave further SAR data for Nek2 inhibition. The data showed little correlation of activity with the nature of the substituent, indicating that after sufficient initial competitive binding to Nek2 subsequent covalent modification of Cys22 occurs in all cases. A typical activity profile was that for 2-(3-((6-ethynyl-9H-purin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)acetamide [IC50 0.06 μM (Nek2); GI50 (SKBR3) 2.2 μM] which exhibited >5-10-fold selectivity for Nek2 over other kinases; it also showed > 50% growth inhibition at 10 μM concentration against selected breast and leukaemia cell lines. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirmed that binding of the compound to the Nek2 ATP-binding site resulted in covalent modification of Cys22. Further studies confirmed that 2-(3-((6-ethynyl-9H-purin-2-yl)amino)phenyl)acetamide has the attributes of a drug-like compound with good aqueous solubility, no inhibition of hERG at 25 μM and a good stability profile in human liver microsomes. It is concluded that 6-ethynylpurines are promising agents for cancer treatment by virtue of their selective inhibition of Nek2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Matheson
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Christopher R Coxon
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Richard Bayliss
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology , The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology , University of Leeds , UK
- Section of Structural Biology , The Institute of Cancer Research , Sutton , UK
| | - Kathy Boxall
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit , The Institute of Cancer Research , Sutton , UK
| | - Benoit Carbain
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Andrew M Fry
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology , The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology , University of Leeds , UK
| | - Ian R Hardcastle
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Suzannah J Harnor
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Corine Mas-Droux
- Section of Structural Biology , The Institute of Cancer Research , Sutton , UK
| | - David R Newell
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Translational and Clinical Research Institute , Newcastle University Centre for Cancer , Faculty of Medical Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Mark W Richards
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology , The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology , University of Leeds , UK
| | - Mangaleswaran Sivaprakasam
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - David Turner
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Roger J Griffin
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Bernard T Golding
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
| | - Céline Cano
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit , Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)191 208 7060
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24
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Sandhu N, Navarro V. Drug-Induced Liver Injury in GI Practice. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:631-645. [PMID: 32363315 PMCID: PMC7193133 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a rare clinical event, it carries significant morbidity and mortality, leaving it as the leading cause of acute liver failure in the United States. It is one of the most challenging diagnoses encountered by gastroenterologists. The development of various drug injury networks has played a vital role in expanding our knowledge regarding drug-related and herbal and dietary supplement-related liver injury. In this review, we discuss what defines liver injury, epidemiology of DILI, its biochemical and pathologic patterns, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naemat Sandhu
- Division of Digestive Diseases and TransplantationAlbert Einstein Healthcare NetworkPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Victor Navarro
- Division of Digestive Diseases and TransplantationAlbert Einstein Healthcare NetworkPhiladelphiaPA
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25
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Shang J, Tschirret-Guth R, Cancilla M, Samuel K, Chen Q, Chobanian HR, Thomas A, Tong W, Josien H, Buevich AV, Mitra K. Bioactivation of GPR40 Agonist MK-8666: Formation of Protein Adducts in Vitro from Reactive Acyl Glucuronide and Acyl CoA Thioester. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:191-201. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Ji C, Guha M, Zhu X, Whritenour J, Hemkens M, Tse S, Walker GS, Evans E, Khan NK, Finkelstein MB, Callegari E, Obach RS. Enzalutamide and Apalutamide: In Vitro Chemical Reactivity Studies and Activity in a Mouse Drug Allergy Model. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:211-222. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Ji
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mausumee Guha
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xu Zhu
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jessica Whritenour
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michelle Hemkens
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Susanna Tse
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory S. Walker
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ellen Evans
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nasir K. Khan
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Martin B. Finkelstein
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Ernesto Callegari
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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27
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Li X, Wang L, Li D, Niu J, Gao P. Dyslipidemia is a Risk Factor for the Incidence and Severity of Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI): A Retrospective Population-Based Study in China. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:3344-3353. [PMID: 31059494 PMCID: PMC6515978 DOI: 10.12659/msm.916687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A Chinese population-based study aimed to investigate the risk factors for the incidence and severity of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) from Chinese herbal medicines and conventional Western medicines. Material/Methods Liver biopsy and routine laboratory testing, including serum lipid measurements, was performed on 465 patients, including 168 patients with DILI and 297 patients without DILI. Histological grading of DILI used the METAVIR scoring system and the severity of DILI was graded as levels 0–5. Multivariate and univariate regression analysis were used to compare the two study groups, using a risk-adjusted odds ratio (AOR). Results There was no significant association between age, alcohol status, cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, or type 2 diabetes mellitus and development of DILI. However, when compared with controls, patients with dyslipidemia (AOR, 2.173; 95% CI, 1.388–3.401; P=0.001) had an increased incidence of DILI, and men had a reduced incidence of DILI when compared with women (AOR, 0.276; 95% CI, 0.169–0.450; P<0.001). Risk factors for severe DILI (≥level 3) included drinking alcohol (AOR, 6.506; 95% CI, 2.184–19.384; P=0.001), and dyslipidemia (AOR, 3.095; 95% CI, 1.345–7.123; P=0.008). Patients with an increased duration of drug treatment of >1 year had a reduced risk of developing severe DILI compared with patients with a medication duration of ≤1 month (AOR, 0.259; 95% CI, 0.084–0.802). Conclusions Increased risk of the incidence of DILI was significantly associated with female gender and dyslipidemia, and the risk of developing severe DILI was associated with drinking alcohol and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Dezhao Li
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
| | - Pujun Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China (mainland)
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28
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Carramiñana V, Ochoa de Retana AM, Vélez Del Burgo A, de Los Santos JM, Palacios F. Synthesis and biological evaluation of cyanoaziridine phosphine oxides and phosphonates with antiproliferative activity. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:736-746. [PMID: 30576904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This work reports an efficient diastereoselective synthetic methodology for the preparation of phosphorus substituted cyanoaziridines through the nucleophilic addition of TMSCN, as cyanide source, to the C-N double bond of 2H-azirine derivatives. The aziridine ring, in these novel cyanoaziridines, can be activated by simple N-tosylation or N-acylation. In addition, the cytotoxic effect on cell lines derived from human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) was also screened. N-H and N-Substituted cyanoaziridines showed excellent activity against the A549 cell line in vitro. Moreover, selectivity towards cancer cell (A549) over (HEK293), and non-malignant cells (MCR-5) has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Carramiñana
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados "Lucio Lascaray", University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Ana M Ochoa de Retana
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados "Lucio Lascaray", University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Ander Vélez Del Burgo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados "Lucio Lascaray", University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Jesús M de Los Santos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados "Lucio Lascaray", University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Francisco Palacios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Farmacia and Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados "Lucio Lascaray", University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria, Spain.
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29
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Woolbright BL, Jaeschke H. Mechanisms of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 4:346-357. [PMID: 30560047 PMCID: PMC6294466 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-018-0147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides a brief overview of mechanisms of inflammatory liver injury and how this applies to drug hepatotoxicity with a particular emphasis on the role of inflammation in acetaminophen-induced liver injury. RECENT FINDINGS Significant progress has been made in the last decade in our understanding of the initiation of sterile inflammation after necrotic cell death by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and their recognition by toll-like receptors and others on macrophages. These events trigger the formation of cytokines and chemokines directly or with assistance of inflammasome activation thereby activating and recruiting leukocytes including neutrophils and monocyte-derived macrophages into the necrotic areas. Although this sterile inflammatory response is mainly geared towards the removal of necrotic cell debris and preparation of regeneration, there are conditions where these innate immune cells can aggravate the initial injury. The mechanisms and controversial findings of the innate immunity are being discussed in detail. In contrast, drug metabolism and formation of a reactive metabolite that binds to proteins in the absence of extensive cell death, can induce an adaptive immune response, which eventually also results in severe liver injury. However, the initiating event appears to be the formation of protein adducts, which act as haptens to activate an adaptive immune response. Overall, these mechanisms are less well understood. SUMMARY The past decade has revolutionized our understanding of the mechanisms that control the interplay between cell death and innate or adaptive immune responses. This report provides an update on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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30
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Cambray S, Gao J. Versatile Bioconjugation Chemistries of ortho-Boronyl Aryl Ketones and Aldehydes. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2198-2206. [PMID: 30110146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible and bioorthogonal conjugation reactions have proven to be powerful tools in biological research and medicine. While the advent of bioorthogonal conjugation chemistries greatly expands our capacity to interrogate specific biomolecules in situ, biocompatible reactions that target endogenous reactive groups have given rise to a number of covalent drugs as well as a battery of powerful research tools. Despite the impressive progress, limitations do exist with the current conjugation chemistries. For example, most known bioorthogonal conjugations suffer from slow reaction rates and imperfect bioorthogonality. On the other hand, covalent drugs often display high toxicity due to off-target labeling and immunogenicity. These limitations demand continued pursuit of conjugation chemistries with optimal characteristics for biological applications. A spate of papers appearing in recent literature report the conjugation chemistries of 2-formyl and 2-acetyl phenylboronic acids (abbreviated as 2-FPBA and 2-APBA, respectively). These simple reactants are found to undergo fast conjugation with various nucleophiles under physiological conditions, showing great promise for biological applications. The versatile reactivity of 2-FPBA and 2-APBA manifests in dynamic conjugation with endogenous nucleophiles as well as conjugation with designer nucleophiles in a bioorthogonal manner. 2-FPBA/APBA conjugates with amines in biomolecules, such as lysine side chains and aminophospholipids, in a highly dynamic manner to give iminoboronates. In contrast to typical imines, iminoboronates enjoy much improved thermodynamic stability, yet are kinetically labile for hydrolysis due to imine activation by the boronic acid. Dynamic conjugations as such present a novel binding mechanism analogous to hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Implementation of this covalent binding mechanism has yielded reversible covalent probes of prevalent bacterial pathogens. It has also resulted in reversible covalent inhibitors of a therapeutically important protein Mcl-1. Such covalent probes/inhibitors with 2-FPBA/APBA warheads avoid permanent modification of their biological target, potentially able to mitigate off-target labeling and immunogenicity of covalent drugs. The dynamic conjugation of 2-FPBA/APBA has been recently extended to N-terminal cysteines, which can be selectively targeted via formation of a thiazolidino boronate (TzB) complex. The dynamic TzB formation expands the toolbox for site-specific protein labeling and the development of covalent drugs. On the front of bioorthogonal conjugation, 2-FPBA/APBA has been found to conjugate with α-nucleophiles under physiologic conditions with rate constant ( k2) over 1000 M-1 s-1, which overcomes the slow kinetics problems and rekindles the interest of using the conjugation of α-nucleophiles for biological studies. With fast kinetics being a shared feature, this family of conjugation chemistries gives remarkably diverse product structures depending on the choice of nucleophile. Importantly, both dynamic and irreversible conjugations have been developed, which we believe will enable a wide array of applications in biological research. In this Account, we collectively examine this rapidly expanding family of conjugation reactions, seeking to elucidate the unifying principles that would guide further development of novel conjugation reactions, as well as their applications in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Cambray
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Jianmin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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31
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Recent developments and advances of FGFR as a potential target in cancer. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2109-2126. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FGFs and their receptors (FGFRs) are critical for many biologic processes, including angiogenesis, wound healing and tissue regeneration. Aberrations in FGFR signaling are common in cancer, making FGFRs a promising target in antitumor studies. To date, many FGFR inhibitors are being detected in clinical studies, and resistance to some inhibitors has emerged. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance is a fundamental step for further implementation of targeted therapies. In this review, we will describe the basic knowledge regarding FGF/FGFR signaling and categorize the clinical FGFR inhibitors. The mechanisms of resistance to FGFR inhibitors and corresponding strategies of overcoming drug resistance will also be discussed.
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32
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Molina N, Martin-Serrano A, Fernandez TD, Tesfaye A, Najera F, Torres MJ, Mayorga C, Vida Y, Montañez MI, Perez-Inestrosa E. Dendrimeric Antigens for Drug Allergy Diagnosis: A New Approach for Basophil Activation Tests. Molecules 2018; 23:E997. [PMID: 29695102 PMCID: PMC6100007 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23050997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimeric Antigens (DeAns) consist of dendrimers decorated with multiple units of drug antigenic determinants. These conjugates have been shown to be a powerful tool for diagnosing penicillin allergy using in vitro immunoassays, in which they are recognized by specific IgE from allergic patients. Here we propose a new diagnostic approach using DeAns in cellular tests, in which recognition occurs through IgE bound to the basophil surface. Both IgE molecular recognition and subsequent cell activation may be influenced by the tridimensional architecture and size of the immunogens. Structural features of benzylpenicilloyl-DeAn and amoxicilloyl-DeAn (G2 and G4 PAMAM) were studied by diffusion Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments and are discussed in relation to molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) observations. IgE recognition was clinically evaluated using the basophil activation test (BAT) for allergic patients and tolerant subjects. Diffusion NMR experiments, MDS and cellular studies provide evidence that the size of the DeAn, its antigen composition and tridimensional distribution play key roles in IgE-antigen recognition at the effector cell surface. These results indicate that the fourth generation DeAns induce a higher level of basophil activation in allergic patients. This approach can be considered as a potential complementary diagnostic method for evaluating penicillin allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Molina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Angela Martin-Serrano
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain.
- Research Laboratory, IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Málaga-UMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Tahia D Fernandez
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain.
- Research Laboratory, IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Málaga-UMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Amene Tesfaye
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain.
- Research Laboratory, IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Málaga-UMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Francisco Najera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain.
| | - María J Torres
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain.
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Málaga-UMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Cristobalina Mayorga
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain.
- Research Laboratory, IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Málaga-UMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
- Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Málaga-UMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Vida
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Maria I Montañez
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain.
- Research Laboratory, IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Málaga-UMA, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Ezequiel Perez-Inestrosa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590 Málaga, Spain.
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Chaikuad A, Koch P, Laufer SA, Knapp S. The Cysteinome of Protein Kinases as a Target in Drug Development. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4372-4385. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Apirat Chaikuad
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine; Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute; University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building; Roosevelt Drive Oxford OX3 7DQ UK
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Goethe-University; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Pierre Koch
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry; Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry; Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Germany
- German Cancer Consortium DKTK, Standort Tübingen; Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine; Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute; University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building; Roosevelt Drive Oxford OX3 7DQ UK
- German Cancer Consortium DKTK, Standort Frankfurt/Mainz; Germany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Goethe-University; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Chaikuad A, Koch P, Laufer SA, Knapp S. Das Cysteinom der Proteinkinasen als Zielstruktur in der Arzneistoffentwicklung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Apirat Chaikuad
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine; Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute; Universität Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building; Roosevelt Drive Oxford OX3 7DQ Großbritannien
- Institut für pharmazeutische Chemie; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 9 60438 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Pierre Koch
- Institut für pharmazeutische und medizinische Chemie; Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Institut für pharmazeutische und medizinische Chemie; Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 8 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
- Deutsches Zentrum für translationale Krebsforschung, Standort; Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine; Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute; Universität Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building; Roosevelt Drive Oxford OX3 7DQ Großbritannien
- Deutsches Zentrum für translationale Krebsforschung, Standort Frankfurt/Mainz; Deutschland
- Institut für pharmazeutische Chemie; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 9 60438 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences; Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Straße 15 60438 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
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Shi J, Gu Z, Jurica EA, Wu X, Haque LE, Williams KN, Hernandez AS, Hong Z, Gao Q, Dabros M, Davulcu AH, Mathur A, Rampulla RA, Gupta AK, Jayaram R, Apedo A, Moore DB, Liu H, Kunselman LK, Brady EJ, Wilkes JJ, Zinker BA, Cai H, Shu YZ, Sun Q, Dierks EA, Foster KA, Xu C, Wang T, Panemangalore R, Cvijic ME, Xie C, Cao GG, Zhou M, Krupinski J, Whaley JM, Robl JA, Ewing WR, Ellsworth BA. Discovery of Potent and Orally Bioavailable Dihydropyrazole GPR40 Agonists. J Med Chem 2018; 61:681-694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shi
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Zhengxiang Gu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Elizabeth Anne Jurica
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Ximao Wu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Lauren E. Haque
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Kristin N. Williams
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Andres S. Hernandez
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Zhenqiu Hong
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Qi Gao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Marta Dabros
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Akin H. Davulcu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Richard A. Rampulla
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Arun Kumar Gupta
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Ramya Jayaram
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Atsu Apedo
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Douglas B. Moore
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Heng Liu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Lori K. Kunselman
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Edward J. Brady
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jason J. Wilkes
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Bradley A. Zinker
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Hong Cai
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Qin Sun
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Dierks
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Foster
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Carrie Xu
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Reshma Panemangalore
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Chunshan Xie
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Gary G. Cao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Min Zhou
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - John Krupinski
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jean M. Whaley
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Robl
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - William R. Ewing
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
| | - Bruce Alan Ellsworth
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-4000, United States
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Curtis BR. Non-chemotherapy drug-induced neutropenia: key points to manage the challenges. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2017; 2017:187-193. [PMID: 29222255 PMCID: PMC6142577 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2017.1.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-chemotherapy idiosyncratic drug-induced neutropenia (IDIN) is a relatively rare but potentially fatal disorder that occurs in susceptible individuals, with an incidence of 2.4 to 15.4 cases per million population. Affected patients typically experience severe neutropenia within several weeks to several months after first exposure to a drug, and mortality is ∼5%. The drugs most frequently associated with IDIN include metamizole, clozapine, sulfasalazine, thiamazole, carbimazole, amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole, ticlopidine, and valganciclovir. The idiosyncratic nature of IDIN, the lack of mouse models and diagnostic testing, and its low overall incidence make rigorous studies to elucidate possible mechanisms exceptionally difficult. An immune mechanism for IDIN involving neutrophil destruction by hapten (drug)-specific antibodies and drug-induced autoantibodies is frequently suggested, but strong supporting evidence is lacking. Although laboratory testing for neutrophil drug-dependent antibodies is rarely performed because of the complexity and low sensitivity of tests currently in use, these assays could possibly be enhanced by using reactive drug metabolites in place of the parent drug. Patients typically experience acute, severe neutropenia, or agranulocytosis (<0.5 × 109 neutrophils/L) and symptoms of fever, chills, sore throat, and muscle and joint pain. Diagnosis can be difficult, but timely recognition is critical because if left untreated, there is an increase in mortality. Expanded studies of the production and mechanistic role of reactive drug metabolites, genetic associations, and improved animal models of IDIN are essential to further our understanding of this important disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Curtis
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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Church RJ, Watkins PB. The transformation in biomarker detection and management of drug-induced liver injury. Liver Int 2017; 37:1582-1590. [PMID: 28386997 PMCID: PMC5632128 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major concern for patients, care givers and the pharmaceutical industry. Interpretation of the serum biomarkers routinely used to detect and monitor DILI, which have not changed in almost 50 years, can be improved with recently proposed models employing quantitative systems pharmacology. In addition, several newer serum biomarkers are showing great promise. Studies in rodents indicate that the ratio of the caspase cleaved fragment of cytokeratin 18 to total K18 in serum (termed the "apoptotic index") estimates the relative proportions of apoptosis vs necrosis during drug-induced liver injury. Glutamate dehydrogenase can reliably differentiate liver from muscle injury and, when serum is properly prepared, may also detect mitochondrial toxicity as a mechanism of liver injury. MicroRNA-122 is liver-specific, but recent data suggests it can be actively released from hepatocytes in the absence of overt toxicity limiting enthusiasm for it as a DILI biomarker. Finally, damage associated molecular patterns, particularly high mobility group box 1 and its various modified forms, are promising biomarkers of innate immune activation, which may be useful in distinguishing benign elevations in aminotransferases from those that portend clinically important liver injury. These new biomarkers are already being measured in early clinical trials, but broad acceptance will require widespread archiving of serum from diverse clinical trials and probably pre-competitive analysis efforts. We believe that utilization of a panel of traditional and newer biomarkers in conjunction with quantitative systems pharmacology modelling approaches will transform DILI detection and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Church
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul B. Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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38
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Iorga A, Dara L, Kaplowitz N. Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Cascade of Events Leading to Cell Death, Apoptosis or Necrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051018. [PMID: 28486401 PMCID: PMC5454931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can broadly be divided into predictable and dose dependent such as acetaminophen (APAP) and unpredictable or idiosyncratic DILI (IDILI). Liver injury from drug hepatotoxicity (whether idiosyncratic or predictable) results in hepatocyte cell death and inflammation. The cascade of events leading to DILI and the cell death subroutine (apoptosis or necrosis) of the cell depend largely on the culprit drug. Direct toxins to hepatocytes likely induce oxidative organelle stress (such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial stress) leading to necrosis or apoptosis, while cell death in idiosyncratic DILI (IDILI) is usually the result of engagement of the innate and adaptive immune system (likely apoptotic), involving death receptors (DR). Here, we review the hepatocyte cell death pathways both in direct hepatotoxicity such as in APAP DILI as well as in IDILI. We examine the known signaling pathways in APAP toxicity, a model of necrotic liver cell death. We also explore what is known about the genetic basis of IDILI and the molecular pathways leading to immune activation and how these events can trigger hepatotoxicity and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Iorga
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Lily Dara
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Maintenance of high quality rat precision cut liver slices during culture to study hepatotoxic responses: Acetaminophen as a model compound. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:200-213. [PMID: 28476500 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Precision cut liver slices (PCLiS) represent a promising tool in reflecting hepatotoxic responses. However, the culture of PCLiS varies considerably between laboratories, which can affect the performance of the liver slices and thus the experimental outcome. In this study, we describe an easily accessible culture method, which ensures optimal slice viability and functionality, in order to set the basis for reproducible and comparable PCLiS studies. The quality of the incubated rat PCLiS was assessed during a 24h culture period using ten readouts, which covered viability (lactate dehydrogenase-, aspartate transaminase- and glutamate dehydrogenase-leakage, ATP content) and functionality parameters (urea, albumin production) as well as histomorphology and other descriptive characteristics (protein content, wet weight, slice thickness). The present culture method resulted in high quality liver slices for 24h. Finally, PCLiS were exposed to increasing concentrations of acetaminophen to assess the suitability of the model for the detection of hepatotoxic responses. Six out of ten readouts revealed a toxic effect and showed an excellent mutual correlation. ATP, albumin and histomorphology measurements were identified as the most sensitive readouts. In conclusion, our results indicate that rat PCLiS are a valuable liver model for hepatotoxicity studies, particularly if they are cultured under optimal standardized conditions.
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Yucha RW, He K, Shi Q, Cai L, Nakashita Y, Xia CQ, Liao M. In Vitro Drug-Induced Liver Injury Prediction: Criteria Optimization of Efflux Transporter IC50 and Physicochemical Properties. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:487-499. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Otieno MA, Snoeys J, Lam W, Ghosh A, Player MR, Pocai A, Salter R, Simic D, Skaggs H, Singh B, Lim HK. Fasiglifam (TAK-875): Mechanistic Investigation and Retrospective Identification of Hazards for Drug Induced Liver Injury. Toxicol Sci 2017; 163:374-384. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monicah A Otieno
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Preclinical Development & Safety, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Antwerpen BE 2340, Belgium
| | - Wing Lam
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Avi Ghosh
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Mark R Player
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Alessandro Pocai
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Rhys Salter
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Damir Simic
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Hollie Skaggs
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Bhanu Singh
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Heng-Keang Lim
- Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
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Granitzny A, Knebel J, Müller M, Braun A, Steinberg P, Dasenbrock C, Hansen T. Evaluation of a human in vitro hepatocyte-NPC co-culture model for the prediction of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: A pilot study. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:89-103. [PMID: 28959630 PMCID: PMC5615103 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-cultures of liver and immune cells can be used to detect iDILI compounds. Pro-inflammatory factors are involved in the development of iDILI. The co-exposure of a drug candidate with TNF might be sufficient to predict iDILI.
Interactions between hepatocytes and immune cells as well as inflammatory episodes are frequently discussed to play a critical role in the alteration of the individual susceptibility to idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI). To evaluate this hypothesis and to face the urgent need for predictive in vitro models, we established two co-culture systems based on two human cell lines in presence or absence of pro-inflammatory factors (LPS, TNF), i.e. hepatoma HepG2 cells co-cultured with monocytic or macrophage-like THP-1 cells. HepG2 monocultures served as control scenario. Mono- or co-cultures were treated with iDILI reference substances (Troglitazone [TGZ], Trovafloxacin [TVX], Diclofenac [DcL], Ketoconazole [KC]) or their non-iDILI partner compounds (Rosiglitazone, Levofloxacin, Acetylsalicylic Acid, Fluconazole). The liver cell viability was subsequently determined via WST-Assay. An enhanced cytotoxicity (synergy) or a hormetic response compared to the drug effect in the HepG2 monoculture was considered as iDILI positive. TGZ synergized in co-cultures with monocytes without an additional pro-inflammatory stimulus, while DcL and KC showed a hormetic response. All iDILI drugs synergized with TNF in the simple HepG2 monoculture, indicating its relevance as an initiator of iDILI. KC showed a synergy when co-exposed to both, monocytes and LPS, while TVX and DcL showed a synergy under the same conditions with macrophages. All described iDILI responses were not observed with the corresponding non-iDILI partner compounds. Our first results confirm that an inflammatory environment increases the sensitivity of liver cells towards iDILI compounds and point to an involvement of pro-inflammatory factors, especially TNF, in the development of iDILI.
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Key Words
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- Co-culture model
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- Drug-induced liver injury
- EC, effective concentration
- EpCAM, epithelial cellular adhesion molecule
- HSP, heat shock protein
- Idiosyncratic
- Inflammation
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LPS, bacterial lipopolysaccharide
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NPC, non-parenchymal cell
- NSAID, nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- Preclinical research
- SD, standard deviation
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- iDILI, idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Granitzny
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Knebel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in End stage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) research network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (TiHo), Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Dasenbrock
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Hansen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Department of In vitro and Mechanistic Toxicology, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM)Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1Hannover30625Germany
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Yuill EM, Baker LA. Electrochemical Aspects of Mass Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and Ambient Ionization for Bioanalysis. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Yuill
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
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Cho T, Uetrecht J. How Reactive Metabolites Induce an Immune Response That Sometimes Leads to an Idiosyncratic Drug Reaction. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:295-314. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Cho
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
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Abstract
Drugs can induce liver injury when taken as an over-dose, or even at therapeutic doses in susceptible individuals. Although severe drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a relatively uncommon clinical event, it is a potentially life threatening adverse drug reaction and is the most common indication for the drug withdrawal. Areas covered: However, the diagnosis of DILI remains a significant challenge, because the establishment of causality is very difficult, and the histopathologic findings of DILI may be indistinguishable from those of other hepatic disorders, such as viral and alcoholic hepatitis. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in identification of serologic markers of diagnosis and prognosis, etiologic factors for susceptibility and diagnostic evaluation of DILI, with a focus on its pathogenic mechanisms and the role of liver biopsy. Expert commentary: Further studies of divergent research platforms, using a systems biology approach such as genomics and transcriptomics, may provide a deeper understanding of human drug metabolism and the causes, risk factors, and pathogenesis of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Jae Lee
- a Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , Catholic University of Daegu , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Ju Lee
- b Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , Catholic University of Daegu , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- a Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , Catholic University of Daegu , Daegu , Republic of Korea
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46
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Targeting biomolecules with reversible covalent chemistry. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 34:110-116. [PMID: 27599186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of biomolecules typically proceeds in a highly selective and reversible manner, for which covalent bond formation has been largely avoided due to the potential difficulty of dissociation. However, employing reversible covalent warheads in drug design has given rise to covalent enzyme inhibitors that serve as powerful therapeutics, as well as molecular probes with exquisite target selectivity. This review article summarizes the recent advances in the development of reversible covalent chemistry for biological and medicinal applications. Specifically, we document the chemical strategies that allow for reversible modification of the three major classes of nucleophiles in biology: thiols, alcohols and amines. Emphasis is given to the chemical mechanisms that underlie the development of these reversible covalent reactions and their utilization in biology.
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Jessurun N, van Marum R, Hermens W, van Puijenbroek E. Advanced Age and Female Sex As Risk Factors for High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis After a Drug Interaction Between Paracetamol and Flucloxacillin: A Case Series. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 64:e90-e93. [PMID: 27590524 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Jessurun
- Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre-Lareb, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Rob van Marum
- Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands.,Department of General Practice and Elderly Care Medicine, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Walter Hermens
- Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene van Puijenbroek
- Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre-Lareb, 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Protein kinases are attractive drug targets for numerous human diseases including cancers, diabetes and neurodegeneration. A number of kinase inhibitors that covalently target a cysteine residue in their target kinases have recently entered use in the cancer clinic. Despite the advantages of covalent kinases inhibitors, their inherent reactivity can lead to non-specific binding to other cellular proteins and cause off- target effects in cells. It is thus essential to determine the identity of these off targets in order to fully account for the phenotype and to improve the selectivity and efficacy of covalent inhibitors. Herein we present a detailed protocol for a chemoproteomic method to enrich and identify cellular targets of covalent kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Liu F, Cai P, Metushi I, Li J, Nakayawa T, Vega L, Uetrecht J. Exploring an animal model of amodiaquine-induced liver injury in rats and mice. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:694-712. [PMID: 27416278 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2016.1166167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amodiaquine (AQ) is associated with a relatively high incidence of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) and agranulocytosis. A previous study reported that a combination of high dose AQ and glutathione (GSH) depletion led to liver injury. However, the characteristics of this toxicity were very different from AQ-induced liver injury in humans. We developed a model of AQ-induced liver injury with characteristics similar to the injury in humans by treating mice with lower doses of AQ for several weeks. In this study we found that not only did GSH depletion not increase AQ covalent binding to hepatic proteins at this lower dose, but also it paradoxically prevented the liver injury. We extended the model to rats and found AQ treatment led to a mild delayed onset liver injury that resolved despite continued treatment with AQ. Immunohistochemistry indicated the presence of Kupffer cell activation, apoptosis and hepatocyte proliferation in the liver. There was also an increase in serum IL-2, IL-5, IL-9, IL-12, MCP-1 and TGFβ, but a decrease in leptin. Coincident with the elevated serum ALT, the number of liver CD4(+) T-cells, IL-17 secreting cells and TH17/Treg cells increased at Week 3 and decreased during continued treatment. Increases in NK1.1+ cells and activated M2 macrophages were also observed during liver injury. These results suggest that the outcome of the liver injury was determined by the balance between effector and regulatory cells. Co-treatment with cyclosporin prevented AQ-induced liver injury, which supports an immune mechanism. Retinoic acid (RA), which has been reported to enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity, exacerbated AQ-induced liver injury. These results suggest that AQ-induced IDILI is immune mediated and the subsequent adaptation appears to represent immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Ping Cai
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Imir Metushi
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Jinze Li
- b Safety Assessment Toxicology , Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Tetsuya Nakayawa
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Libia Vega
- c Department of Toxicology , Centre for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico , Mexico
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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Kristanc L, Kreft S. European medicinal and edible plants associated with subacute and chronic toxicity part II: Plants with hepato-, neuro-, nephro- and immunotoxic effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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