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Xuan M, Gu X, Li J, Huang D, Xue C, He Y. Polyamines: their significance for maintaining health and contributing to diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:348. [PMID: 38049863 PMCID: PMC10694995 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are essential for the growth and proliferation of mammalian cells and are intimately involved in biological mechanisms such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, protein synthesis, and post-translational modification. These mechanisms regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, programmed cell death, and the formation of tumors. Several studies have confirmed the positive effect of polyamines on the maintenance of health, while others have demonstrated that their activity may promote the occurrence and progression of diseases. This review examines a variety of topics, such as polyamine source and metabolism, including metabolism, transport, and the potential impact of polyamines on health and disease. In addition, a brief summary of the effects of oncogenes and signaling pathways on tumor polyamine metabolism is provided. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Xuan
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Department of Oncology, College of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Child Health Care, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Chen Xue
- Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Yuting He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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van Veen S, Kourti A, Ausloos E, Van Asselberghs J, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V, Eggermont J, Vangheluwe P. ATP13A4 Upregulation Drives the Elevated Polyamine Transport System in the Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF7. Biomolecules 2023; 13:918. [PMID: 37371498 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamine homeostasis is disturbed in several human diseases, including cancer, which is hallmarked by increased intracellular polyamine levels and an upregulated polyamine transport system (PTS). Thus far, the polyamine transporters contributing to the elevated levels of polyamines in cancer cells have not yet been described, despite the fact that polyamine transport inhibitors are considered for cancer therapy. Here, we tested whether the upregulation of candidate polyamine transporters of the P5B transport ATPase family is responsible for the increased PTS in the well-studied breast cancer cell line MCF7 compared to the non-tumorigenic epithelial breast cell line MCF10A. We found that MCF7 cells presented elevated expression of a previously uncharacterized P5B-ATPase, ATP13A4, which was responsible for the elevated polyamine uptake activity. Furthermore, MCF7 cells were more sensitive to polyamine cytotoxicity, as demonstrated by cell viability, cell death and clonogenic assays. Importantly, the overexpression of ATP13A4 WT in MCF10A cells induced a MCF7 polyamine phenotype, with significantly higher uptake of BODIPY-labeled polyamines and increased sensitivity to polyamine toxicity. In conclusion, we established ATP13A4 as a new polyamine transporter in the human PTS and showed that ATP13A4 may play a major role in the increased polyamine uptake of breast cancer cells. ATP13A4 therefore emerges as a candidate therapeutic target for anticancer drugs that block the PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antria Kourti
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Ausloos
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Asselberghs
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Eggermont
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Understanding the Polyamine and mTOR Pathway Interaction in Breast Cancer Cell Growth. MEDICAL SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:medsci10030051. [PMID: 36135836 PMCID: PMC9504347 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are nutrient-like polycationic molecules involved in metabolic processes and signaling pathways linked to cell growth and cancer. One important pathway is the PI3K/Akt pathway where studies have shown that polyamines mediate downstream growth effects. Downstream of PI3K/Akt is the mTOR signaling pathway, a nutrient-sensing pathway that regulate translation initiation through 4EBP1 and p70S6K phosphorylation and, along with the PI3K/Akt, is frequently dysregulated in breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of intracellular polyamine modulation on mTORC1 downstream protein and general translation state in two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The effect of mTORC1 pathway inhibition on the growth and intracellular polyamines was also measured. Results showed that polyamine modulation alters 4EBP1 and p70S6K phosphorylation and translation initiation in the breast cancer cells. mTOR siRNA gene knockdown also inhibited cell growth and decreased putrescine and spermidine content. Co-treatment of inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis and mTORC1 pathway induced greater cytotoxicity and translation inhibition in the breast cancer cells. Taken together, these data suggest that polyamines promote cell growth in part through interaction with mTOR pathway. Similarly intracellular polyamine content appears to be linked to mTOR pathway regulation. Finally, dual inhibition of polyamine and mTOR pathways may provide therapeutic benefits in some breast cancers.
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Tossetta G, Marzioni D. Natural and synthetic compounds in Ovarian Cancer: A focus on NRF2/KEAP1 pathway. Pharmacol Res 2022; 183:106365. [PMID: 35901941 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among gynecologic malignancies, ovarian cancer is one of the most dangerous, with a high fatality rate and relapse due to the occurrence of chemoresistance. Many researchers demonstrated that oxidative stress is involved in tumor occurrence, development and procession. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is an important transcription factor playing an important role in protecting against oxidative damage. Increased levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) activate NRF2 signaling inducing the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase (HO-1), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) that protect cells against oxidative stress. However, NRF2 activation in cancer cells is responsible for the development of chemoresistance inactivating drug-mediated oxidative stress that normally leads cancer cells to death. In this review we analyzed the current literature regarding the role of natural and synthetic compounds in modulating NRF2/KEAP1 (Kelch Like ECH Associated Protein 1) pathway in in vitro models of ovarian cancer. In particular, we reported how these compounds can modulate chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tossetta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Salesi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Daniela Marzioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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Rosini E, Pollegioni L. Reactive oxygen species as a double-edged sword: The role of oxidative enzymes in antitumor therapy. Biofactors 2022; 48:384-399. [PMID: 34608689 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of approaches have been developed over the years to manage cancer, such as chemotherapy using low-molecular-mass molecules and radiotherapy. Here, enzymes can also find useful applications. Among them, oxidases have attracted attention because of their ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS, especially hydrogen peroxide) in tumors and potentially modulate the production of this cytotoxic compound when enzymes active on substrates present in low amounts are used, such as the d-amino acid oxidase and d-amino acid couple system. These treatments have been also developed for additional cancer treatment approaches, such as phototherapy, nutrient starvation, and metal-induced hydroxyl radical production. In addition, to improve tumor specificity and decrease undesired side effects, oxidases have been targeted by means of nanotechnologies and protein engineering (i.e., by designing chimeric proteins able to accumulate in the tumor). The most recent advances obtained by using six different oxidases (i.e., the FAD-containing enzymes glucose oxidase, d- and l-amino acid oxidases, cholesterol oxidase and xanthine oxidase, and the copper-containing amine oxidase) have been reported. Anticancer therapy based on oxidase-based ROS production has now reached maturity and can be applied in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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6
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Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based electrochemical biosensors for early cancer diagnosis in vitro. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Akinyele O, Wallace HM. Characterising the Response of Human Breast Cancer Cells to Polyamine Modulation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050743. [PMID: 34067619 PMCID: PMC8156773 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a complex heterogeneous disease with multiple underlying causes. The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are polycationic molecules essential for cell proliferation. Their biosynthesis is upregulated in breast cancer and they contribute to disease progression. While elevated polyamines are linked to breast cancer cell proliferation, there is little evidence to suggest breast cancer cells of different hormone receptor status are equally dependent on polyamines. In this study, we characterized the responses of two breast cancer cells, ER+ (oestrogen receptor positive) MCF-7 and ER- MDA-MB-231 cell lines, to polyamine modulation and determined the requirement of each polyamine for cancer cell growth. The cells were exposed to DFMO (a polyamine pathway inhibitor) at various concentrations under different conditions, after which several growth parameters were determined. Exposure of both cell lines to DFMO induced differential growth responses, MCF-7 cells showed greater sensitivity to polyamine pathway inhibition at various DFMO concentrations than the MDA-MB-231 cells. Analysis of intracellular DFMO after withdrawal from growth medium showed residual DFMO in the cells with concomitant decreases in polyamine content, ODC protein level, and cell growth. Addition of exogenous polyamines reversed the cell growth inhibition, and this growth recovery appears to be partly dependent on the spermidine content of the cell. Similarly, DFMO exposure inhibits the global translation state of the cells, with spermidine addition reversing the inhibition of translation in the breast cancer cells. Taken together, these data suggest that breast cancer cells are differentially sensitive to the antitumour effects of polyamine depletion, thus, targeting polyamine metabolism might be therapeutically beneficial in breast cancer management based on their subtype.
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Fan J, Feng Z, Chen N. Spermidine as a target for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104943. [PMID: 32461185 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine, as a natural component from polyamine members, is originally isolated from semen and also existed in many natural plants, and can be responsible for cell growth and development in eukaryotes. The supplementation of spermidine can extend health and lifespan across species. Although the elevated levels of polyamines and the regulation of rate-limiting enzymes for polyamine metabolism have been identified as the biomarkers in many cancers, recent epidemiological data support that an increased uptake of spermidine as a caloric restriction mimic can reduce overall mortality associated with cancers. The possible mechanisms between spermidine and cancer development may be related to the precise regulation of polyamine metabolism, anti-cancer immunosurveillance, autophagy, and apoptosis. Increased intake of polyamine seems to suppress tumorigenesis, but appears to accelerate the growth of established tumors. Based on these observations and the absolute requirement for polyamines in tumor growth, spermidine could be a rational target for chemoprevention and clinical therapeutics of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fan
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ziyuan Feng
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Smartphone-interrogated test supports for the enzymatic determination of putrescine and cadaverine in food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4261-4271. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Prylutskyi MP, Bilko NM, Starodub NF. Detection of biogenic polyamines in blood of patients with breast cancer. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.15421/021939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The main threat of cancer diseases is their spreading throughout the population of many countries of the world and the complexity of their diagnostics at the early stages. Because of that, search and development of the latest diagnostic methods for oncological diseases which would allow them to be diagnosed more precisely and rapidly is going on. The objective of the study was developing a method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of polyamines as potential tumour markers in blood serum of patients with breast cancer using a newly created immune biosensor based on the effect of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). In the process of the study we used basics of immune analysis, methods of biosensor analysis with preliminary modification of biosensor analytical surface with certain reagents, such as protein A and BSA, for better orientation of the sensitive layer made from antibodies. During the study 30 samples of blood serum were analyzed, 21 of which were obtained from the patients with breast cancer and 9 samples were normal, taken from healthy people and used as controls. Analysis of blood serum samples was made, using previously created calibration curve, based on polyamine solutions in concentrations from 5 ng/mL to 1 µg/mL. It allowed determination of the presence of polyamines in blood samples and approximate concentration of polyamines comparing resonance angle shift in calibration curve and blood samples. According to the obtained results, the concentration of polyamines exceeded their physiological levels and was in the range of 21.3–125.1 ng/mL. The proposed approach allows one to determine the presence and approximate concentrations of polyamines in range from 5 ng/mL to 1 µg/mL in samples of blood serum of patients with breast cancer which correlates with tumour size and the age of the patients.
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Cho HE, Kang MH. pH gradient-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric assay for determination of underivatized polyamines in cancer cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1085:21-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Huang M, Long L, Wang N, Yuan X, Cao S, Gong A, Wang K. Bifunctional Fluorescent Probe for Sequential Sensing of Thiols and Primary Aliphatic Amines in Distinct Fluorescence Channels. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:560-567. [PMID: 29341435 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thiols and primary aliphatic amines (PAA) are ubiquitous and extremely important species in biological systems. They perform significant interplaying roles in complex biological events. A single fluorescent probe differentiating both thiols and PAA can contribute to understanding the intrinsic inter-relationship of thiols and PAA in biological processes. Herein, we rationally constructed the first fluorescent probe that can respond to thiols and PAA in different fluorescence channels. The probe exhibited a high selectivity and sensitivity to thiols and PAA. In addition, it displayed sequential sensing ability when the thiols and PAA coexisted. The application experiments indicated that the probe can be used for sensing thiols and PAA in human blood serum. Moreover, the fluorescence imaging of endogenous thiols and PAA as well as antihypertensive drugs captopril and amlodipine in living cells were successfully conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P.R. China
| | - Lingliang Long
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P.R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xiangqi Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P.R. China
| | - Aihua Gong
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P.R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, P.R. China
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Balcerzak W, Pokajewicz K, Wieczorek PP. A useful procedure for detection of polyamines in biological samples as a potential diagnostic tool in cancer diagnosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41241-017-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Tsoi TH, Gu YJ, Lo WS, Wong WT, Wong WT, Ng CF, Lee CS, Wong KL. Study of the Aggregation of DNA-Capped Gold Nanoparticles: A Smart and Flexible Aptasensor for Spermine Sensing. Chempluschem 2017; 82:802-809. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tik-Hung Tsoi
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom; Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Yan-Juan Gu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom; Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Wai-Sum Lo
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom; Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Wai-Ting Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom; Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom; Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Chi-Fai Ng
- SH Ho Urology Centre; Division of Urology; Department of Surgery; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T.; Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Chi-Sing Lee
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology; Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School; P. R. China
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry; Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong; Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
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Urinary Polyamines: A Pilot Study on Their Roles as Prostate Cancer Detection Biomarkers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162217. [PMID: 27598335 PMCID: PMC5012650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current screening methods towards prostate cancer (PCa) are not without limitations. Research work has been on-going to assess if there are other better tests suitable for primary or secondary screening of PCa to supplement the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, which fails to work accurately in a grey zone of 4-10ng/ml. In this pilot study, the potential roles of urinary polyamines as prostate cancer biomarkers were evaluated. PCa, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and healthy controls (HC) showing PSA>4.0ng/ml were enrolled in the study. Their urine samples were obtained, and the urinary levels of putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and Student’s t-test were used to evaluate their diagnostic accuracies. Among the three biogenic polyamines, Spm had demonstrated a good diagnostic performance when comparing their levels in PCa patients with BPH patients (1.47 in PCa vs 5.87 in BPH; p<0.0001). Results are in accordance with transrectal ultrasound prostatic biopsy (TRUSPB) results, with an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.83±0.03. Therefore urinary Spm shows potential to serve as a novel PCa diagnostic biomarker, which in turn can help to address the limited sensitivity and specificity problem of serum PSA test.
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Bonaiuto E, Magro M, Baratella D, Jakubec P, Sconcerle E, Terzo M, Miotto G, Macone A, Agostinelli E, Fasolato S, Venerando R, Salviulo G, Malina O, Zboril R, Vianello F. Ternary Hybrid γ-Fe2O3/CrVI/Amine Oxidase Nanostructure for Electrochemical Sensing: Application for Polyamine Detection in Tumor Tissue. Chemistry 2016; 22:6846-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bonaiuto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro 35020 (PD) Italy
| | - Massimiliano Magro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro 35020 (PD) Italy
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Davide Baratella
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro 35020 (PD) Italy
| | - Petr Jakubec
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Elisabetta Sconcerle
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro 35020 (PD) Italy
| | - Milo Terzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro 35020 (PD) Italy
| | - Giovanni Miotto
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Padua; Italy
- Proteomic Center of Padova University; VIMM and Padova University Hospital; Padua Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”; University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Rome Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”; University of Rome “La Sapienza”; Rome Italy
- CNR, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology; Rome Italy
| | - Silvano Fasolato
- Unit of Hepatic Emergencies and Liver Transplantation; Department of Medicine; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Rina Venerando
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Padua; Italy
| | | | - Ondrej Malina
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science; University of Padua; Agripolis-Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro 35020 (PD) Italy
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials; Palacky University; Olomouc Czech Republic
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17
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Gamble LD, Hogarty MD, Liu X, Ziegler DS, Marshall G, Norris MD, Haber M. Polyamine pathway inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach to treating neuroblastoma. Front Oncol 2012. [PMID: 23181218 PMCID: PMC3499881 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are highly regulated essential cations that are elevated in rapidly proliferating tissues, including diverse cancers. Expression analyses in neuroblastomas suggest that up-regulation of polyamine pro-synthetic enzymes and down-regulation of catabolic enzymes is associated with poor prognosis. Polyamine sufficiency may be required for MYCN oncogenicity in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma, and targeting polyamine homeostasis may therefore provide an attractive therapeutic approach. ODC1, an oncogenic MYCN target, is rate-limiting for polyamine synthesis, and is overexpressed in many cancers including neuroblastoma. Inhibition of ODC1 by difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) decreased tumor penetrance in TH-MYCN mice treated pre-emptively, and extended survival and synergized with chemotherapy in treating established tumors in both TH-MYCN and xenograft models. Efforts to augment DFMO activity, or otherwise maximally reduce polyamine levels, are focused on antagonizing polyamine uptake or augmenting polyamine export or catabolism. Since polyamine inhibition appears to be clinically well tolerated, these approaches, particularly when combined with chemotherapy, have great potential for improving neuroblastoma outcome in both MYCN amplified and non-MYCN amplified neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Gamble
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ciepluch K, Ziemba B, Janaszewska A, Appelhans D, Klajnert B, Bryszewska M, Fogel WA. Modulation of biogenic amines content by poly(propylene imine) dendrimers in rats. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:447-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Perez G, Olivares IM, Rodriguez MG, Ceballos GM, Garcia Sanchez JR. Arginase Activity in Patients with Breast Cancer: An Analysis of Plasma, Tumors, and Its Relationship with the Presence of the Estrogen Receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 35:570-4. [DOI: 10.1159/000343005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nayvelt I, John S, Hsu HC, Yang P, Liu W, Das G, Hyvönen MT, Alhonen L, Keinänen TA, Shirahata A, Patel R, Thomas T, Thomas TJ. A potential estrogen mimetic effect of a bis(ethyl)polyamine analogue on estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Amino Acids 2011; 42:899-911. [PMID: 21830120 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BE-3-3-3-3 (1,15-(ethylamino)4,8,12-triazapentadecane) is a bis(ethyl)polyamine analogue under investigation as a therapeutic agent for breast cancer. Since estradiol (E(2)) is a critical regulatory molecule in the growth of breast cancer, we examined the effect of BE-3-3-3-3 on estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive MCF-7 cells in the presence and absence of E(2). In the presence of E(2), a concentration-dependent decrease in DNA synthesis was observed using [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation assay. In the absence of E(2), low concentrations (2.5-10 μM) of BE-3-3-3-3 increased [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation at 24 and 48 h. BE-3-3-3-3 induced the expression of early response genes, c-myc and c-fos, in the absence of E(2), but not in its presence, as determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). BE-3-3-3-3 had no significant effect on these genes in an ERα-negative cell line, MDA-MB-231. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated enhanced promoter occupation by either E(2) or BE-3-3-3-3 of an estrogen-responsive gene pS2/Tff1 by ERα and its co-activator, steroid receptor co-activator 3 (SRC-3). Confocal microscopy of BE-3-3-3-3-treated cells revealed membrane localization of ERα, similar to that induced by E(2). The failure of BE-3-3-3-3 to inhibit cell proliferation was associated with autophagic vacuole formation, and the induction of Beclin 1 and MAP LC3 II. These results indicate a differential effect of BE-3-3-3-3 on MCF-7 cells in the absence and presence of E(2), and suggest that pre-clinical and clinical development of polyamine analogues might require special precautions and selection of sensitive subpopulation of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Nayvelt
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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21
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Chow CF, Kong HK, Leung SW, Chiu BKW, Koo CK, Lei ENY, Lam MHW, Wong WT, Wong WY. Heterobimetallic Ru(II)−Eu(III) Complex as Chemodosimeter for Selective Biogenic Amine Odorants Detection in Fish Sample. Anal Chem 2010; 83:289-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102393f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Fai Chow
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi-Kuan Kong
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shu-Wai Leung
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brenda K. W. Chiu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Kin Koo
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Elva N. Y. Lei
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael H. W. Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong SAR, China, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China, and Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Tummala R, Diegelman P, Fiuza SM, Batista de Carvalho LAE, Marques MPM, Kramer DL, Clark K, Vujcic S, Porter CW, Pendyala L. Characterization of Pt-, Pd-spermine complexes for their effect on polyamine pathway and cisplatin resistance in A2780 ovarian carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2010; 24:15-24. [PMID: 20514439 DOI: 10.3892/or_00000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously showed that platinum drugs up-regulate SSAT and SMO and down-regulate ODC and SAMDC in the polyamine pathway. Several studies including our own established that platinum drugs combined with polyamine analog DENSPM produces synergistic increase in SSAT activity with polyamine depletion. Since polyamine pathway is an important therapeutic target, we investigated whether agents containing both platinum and polyamines have similar effects on the polyamine pathway. Two complexes i) Pt-spermine with two cisplatin molecules linked to a spermine in the center and ii) Pd-spermine with similar structure i, but Pd (II) substituted for Pt (II) were analyzed with respect to their effect on the expression of genes in polyamine pathway, SSAT and SMO protein expression, SSAT activity and polyamine pools. Pt-, Pd-spermine complexes induced significant down-regulation of SMO, arginase 2 and NRF-2, with no change in SSAT, while cisplatin as a single agent or in combination with DENSPM induced significant up-regulation of SSAT and SMO. The SSAT activity was not induced by either Pt- or Pd-spermine in A2780 cells; SMO protein levels were significantly elevated compared to the no-drug control and to a similar extent as cisplatin/DENSPM. The Pd-spm treatment induced a fall in putrescine levels to 33%, spermidine to 62% and spermine to 72% while Pt-spm did not induce such a decline. Comparative cytotoxicity studies in A2780 cells indicated the potency to be cisplatin> Pd-Spm>Pt-Spm. Although both complexes exhibit a lower potency, the degree of resistance itself is much lower for Pt-spermine and Pd-spermine in that order (2.5 and 7.5, respectively) compared to cisplatin ( approximately 12) as tested in cisplatin resistant A2780/CP cells. These studies suggest that Pd (II)-polyamine complexes may constitute a promising group of inorganic compounds for further studies in the development of novel chemotherapy/adjuvant chemotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakumar Tummala
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Mita K, Fukuchi K, Hamana K, Ichimura S, Nenoi M. Accumulation of spermidine/spermine N1‐acetyltransferase and alternatively spliced mRNAs as a delayed response of HeLa S3 cells following X‐ray irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 80:369-75. [PMID: 15223770 DOI: 10.1080/09553000410001695886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A key enzyme of polyamine catabolism, spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT), is responsive to antiproliferative agents. The role of SSAT in cellular responses to X-ray irradiation was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Exponentially growing HeLa S3 cells were irradiated by X-rays, and mRNA levels for SSAT were measured as a function of post-irradiation time through Northern hybridization. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect alternatively spliced SSAT mRNAs. The intracellular polyamine content was measured by the o-phthalaldehyde method and the enzymatic activity of SSAT by the increased amount of acetylated spermidine after incubation. RESULTS Not only SSAT mRNA, but also an alternatively spliced mRNA accumulated at the initial stage of growth inhibition after the first or second replication of irradiated cells. The maximum fold increase relative to the level of non-irradiated cells was 3.0-3.5 for both transcripts after 5-Gy irradiation. On the other hand, the mRNA of ornithine decarboxylase, a key enzyme of polyamine synthesis, was little influenced by X-ray treatment. Enzymatic activity of SSAT and the acetylspermidine level were elevated after X-ray irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Activation of SSAT and the induction of alternatively spliced mRNA of the SSAT gene play an important role in regulating growth inhibition and cell death after X-ray irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mita
- Laboratory of Insect Genome, Department of Genome Research National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences Owashi 1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634 Japan.
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Burns MR, Graminski GF, Weeks RS, Chen Y, O'Brien TG. Lipophilic lysine-spermine conjugates are potent polyamine transport inhibitors for use in combination with a polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1983-93. [PMID: 19281226 DOI: 10.1021/jm801580w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells can overcome the ability of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors to completely deplete their internal polyamines by the importation of polyamines from external sources. This paper discusses the development of a group of lipophilic polyamine analogues that potently inhibit the cellular polyamine uptake system and greatly increase the effectiveness of polyamine depletion when used in combination with DFMO, a well-studied polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor. The attachment of a length-optimized C(16) lipophilic substituent to the epsilon-nitrogen atom of an earlier lead compound, D-Lys-Spm (5), has produced an analogue, D-Lys(C(16)acyl)-Spm (11) with several orders of magnitude more potent cell growth inhibition on a variety of cultured cancer cell types including breast (MDA-MB-231), prostate (PC-3), melanoma (A375), and ovarian (SK-OV-3), among others. These results are discussed in the context of a possible membrane-catalyzed interaction with the extracellular polyamine transport apparatus. The resulting novel two-drug combination therapy targeting cellular polyamine metabolism has shown exceptional efficacy against cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in a transgenic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) mouse model of skin cancer. A majority (88%) of large, aggressive SCCs exhibited complete or nearly complete remission to this combination therapy, whereas responses to each agent alone were poor. The availability of a potent polyamine transport inhibitor allows, for the first time, for a real test of the hypothesis that starving cells of polyamines will lead to objective clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Burns
- MediQuest Therapeutics, Inc, Bothell, Washington 98021, USA.
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Prévention des cancers du sein : de la chimioprévention à la chirurgie prophylactique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 37:661-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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26
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Byun JA, Lee SH, Jung BH, Choi MH, Moon MH, Chung BC. Analysis of polyamines as carbamoyl derivatives in urine and serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:73-80. [PMID: 17668437 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative analysis of polyamines in urine and serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is described. The polyamines were carbamylated with isobutyl chloroformate, extracted with diethyl ether under pH 9.0, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS with single reaction monitoring mode. The limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL based on a signal-to-noise ratio>3, and the correlation coefficient (r2) for the calibration curves was >0.99 for both urine and serum samples. The present method was applied to urine and serum samples from 30 breast cancer patients and 30 normal female controls. There was no significant difference in the urinary polyamine levels between breast cancer patients and controls. However, 1,3-diaminopropane, putrescine, spermine and N-acetylspermidine levels in serum increased in breast cancer patients. These four serum polyamines may be a good index to study both production and metabolism of polyamines, and a useful tool in assessment of the polyamine status of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ah Byun
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
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Deng W, Jiang X, Mei Y, Sun J, Ma R, Liu X, Sun H, Tian H, Sun X. Role of ornithine decarboxylase in breast cancer. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2008; 40:235-43. [PMID: 18330478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis that decarboxylates ornithine to putrescine, has become a promising target for cancer research. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of ODC in breast cancer. We detected expression of ODC in breast cancer tissues and four breast cancer cell lines, and transfected breast cancer cells with an adenoviral vector carrying antisense ODC (rAd-ODC/Ex3as) and examined their growth and migration. ODC was overexpressed in breast cancer tissues and cell lines compared with non-tumor tissues and normal breast epithelial cells, and there was a positive correlation between the level of ODC mRNA and the staging of tumors. The expression of ODC correlated with cyclin D1, a cell cycle protein, in synchronized breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Gene transfection of rAd-ODC/Ex3as markedly down-regulated expression of ODC and cyclin D1, resulting in suppression of proliferation and cell cycle arrest at G0-G1 phase, and the inhibition of colony formation, an anchorage-independent growth pattern, and the migratory ability of MDA-MB-231 cells. rAd-ODC/Ex3as also markedly reduced the concentration of putrescine, but not spermidine or spermine, in MDA-MB-231 cells. The results suggested that the ODC gene might act as a prognostic factor for breast cancer and it could be a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Deng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Maynor MS, Nelson TL, O'Sullivan C, Lavigne JJ. A food freshness sensor using the multistate response from analyte-induced aggregation of a cross-reactive poly(thiophene). Org Lett 2007; 9:3217-20. [PMID: 17637024 DOI: 10.1021/ol071065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A single cross-reactive conjugated polymer generates a multidimensional response capable of identifying and differentiating between 22 structurally similar and biologically relevant amines with 97% accuracy in a highly competitive aqueous environment. Statistical analysis on an array of wavelengths was used to assess the viability of this approach. In a separate investigation, the multidimensional response from a single cross-responsive poly(thiophene) has been analyzed using a different ratiometric method to quantify the amount of biogenic amine present in a fish matrix, thereby evaluating the quality of the food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Maynor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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29
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Park JY, Kim BC, Park SM. Molecular recognition of protonated polyamines at calix[4]crown-5 self-assembled monolayer modified electrodes by impedance measurements. Anal Chem 2007; 79:1890-6. [PMID: 17253660 DOI: 10.1021/ac061966h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition of protonated aliphatic polyamines has been studied at calix[4]crown-5 self-assembled monolayer modified gold electrodes by electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) experiments. The energy of complex formation between the calix [4]crown-5 molecule and a series of alkyl ammonium ions was shown by molecular modeling and EIS experiments to depend on the number of amine groups in the alkyl chain as well as the number of methylene groups between the amine groups. The structures of complexes formed between the crown ether on the lower rim of calix[4]arene and protonated amines were determined by minimizing the complex formation energies. The adducts thus formed on the SAM rendered the electron transfer from the electrode to the probe (Fe(CN)63-/4- pair) easier or more difficult depending on the number of ammonium groups and their arrangement in linear alkyl chains. Analytical procedures have been developed to detect protonated spermidine (a recognized cancer marker) in simulated urine, blood, erythrocyte, and cerebrospinal fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Park
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Molecular Systems, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Korea
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Huang Y, Keen JC, Pledgie A, Marton LJ, Zhu T, Sukumar S, Park BH, Blair B, Brenner K, Casero RA, Davidson NE. Polyamine analogues down-regulate estrogen receptor alpha expression in human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:19055-63. [PMID: 16679312 PMCID: PMC3623667 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600910200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of polyamines in cell growth has led to the development of a number of agents that interfere with polyamine metabolism including a novel class of polyamine analogues, oligoamines. Here we demonstrate that oligoamines specifically suppress the mRNA and protein expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and ERalpha target genes in ER-positive human breast cancer cell lines, whereas neither ERbeta nor other steroid hormonal receptors are affected by oligoamines. The constitutive expression of a cytomegalovirus promoter-driven exogenous ERalpha in ER-negative MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells was not altered by oligoamines, suggesting that oligoamines specifically suppress ERalpha transcription rather than affect mRNA or protein stability. Further analysis demonstrated that oligoamines disrupted the DNA binding activity of Sp1 transcription factor family members to an ERalpha minimal promoter element containing GC/CA-rich boxes. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with the JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 or expression of the c-Jun dominant negative inhibitor TAM67 blocked the oligoamine-activated JNK/c-Jun pathway and enhanced oligoamine-inhibited ERalpha expression, suggesting that AP-1 is a positive regulator of ERalpha expression and that oligoamine-activated JNK/AP-1 activity may antagonize the down-regulation of ERalpha induced by oligoamines. Taken together, these results suggest a novel antiestrogenic mechanism for specific polyamine analogues in human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Judith C. Keen
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Allison Pledgie
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | | | - Tao Zhu
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Ben Ho Park
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Brian Blair
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Keith Brenner
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Robert A. Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Nancy E. Davidson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Breast Cancer Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans St., Rm. 409, Baltimore, MD 21231. Tel.: 410-955-8489; Fax: 410-614-4073;
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Anti-tumoral effect of native and immobilized bovine serum amine oxidase in a mouse melanoma model. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69:1693-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gervais A, Levêque J, Bouet-Toussaint F, Burtin F, Lesimple T, Sulpice L, Patard JJ, Genetet N, Catros-Quemener V. Dendritic cells are defective in breast cancer patients: a potential role for polyamine in this immunodeficiency. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R326-35. [PMID: 15987427 PMCID: PMC1143555 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that are currently employed in cancer clinical trials. However, it is not clear whether their ability to induce tumour-specific immune responses when they are isolated from cancer patients is reduced relative to their ability in vivo. We determined the phenotype and functional activity of DCs from cancer patients and investigated the effect of putrescine, a polyamine molecule that is released in large amounts by cancer cells and has been implicated in metastatic invasion, on DCs. Methods The IL-4/GM-CSF (granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor) procedure for culturing blood monocyte-derived DCs was applied to cells from healthy donors and patients (17 with breast, 7 with colorectal and 10 with renal cell carcinoma). The same peroxide-treated tumour cells (M74 cell line) were used for DC pulsing. We investigated the effects of stimulation of autologous lymphocytes by DCs pulsed with treated tumour cells (DC-Tu), and cytolytic activity of T cells was determined in the same target cells. Results Certain differences were observed between donors and breast cancer patients. The yield of DCs was dramatically weaker, and expression of MHC class II was lower and the percentage of HLA-DR-Lin- cells higher in patients. Whatever combination of maturating agents was used, expression of markers of mature DCs was significantly lower in patients. Also, DCs from patients exhibited reduced ability to stimulate cytotoxic T lymphocytes. After DC-Tu stimulation, specific cytolytic activity was enhanced by up to 40% when DCs were from donors but only up to 10% when they were from patients. IFN-γ production was repeatedly found to be enhanced in donors but not in patients. By adding putrescine to DCs from donors, it was possible to enhance the HLA-DR-Lin- cell percentage and to reduce the final cytolytic activity of lymphocytes after DC-Tu stimulation, mimicking defective DC function. These putrescine-induced deficiencies were reversed by treating DCs with all-trans retinoic acid. Conclusion These data are consistent with blockade of antigen-presenting cells at an early stage of differentiation in patients with breast cancer. Putrescine released in the microenvironmement of DCs could be involved in this blockade. Use of all-trans retinoic acid treatment to reverse this blockade and favour ex vivo expansion of antigen-specific T lymphocytes is of real interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Gervais
- Groupe de Recherche en Thérapeutique AntiCancéreuse, UPRES 2261, Faculté de Médecine de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Jean Levêque
- Groupe de Recherche en Thérapeutique AntiCancéreuse, UPRES 2261, Faculté de Médecine de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Service de Gynécologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - Françoise Bouet-Toussaint
- Groupe de Recherche en Thérapeutique AntiCancéreuse, UPRES 2261, Faculté de Médecine de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Burtin
- Laboratoire d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Lesimple
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre AntiCancéreux de Rennes, Avenue de la Bataille Flandres-Dunkerque, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Sulpice
- Departement de Chirurgie Viscérale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Patard
- Groupe de Recherche en Thérapeutique AntiCancéreuse, UPRES 2261, Faculté de Médecine de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Service d'Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Noelle Genetet
- Groupe de Recherche en Thérapeutique AntiCancéreuse, UPRES 2261, Faculté de Médecine de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Catros-Quemener
- Groupe de Recherche en Thérapeutique AntiCancéreuse, UPRES 2261, Faculté de Médecine de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
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Rioux-Leclercq N, Delcros JG, Bansard JY, Epstein JI, Patard JJ, Lobel B, Guillé F, Jouan F, Bellaud P, Moulinoux JP. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor polyamines discriminates high-risk patients undergoing nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2004; 35:1279-84. [PMID: 15492997 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is known to display a wide variation in biological behavior and clinical outcome. Although usual bioclinical prognostic parameters (eg, nuclear grade, tumor stage) are to a certain extent useful in predicting the outcome of RCC after radical nephrectomy, they now appear to be insufficient. The polyamines (spermidine, spermine, and putrescine) are ubiquitous polycations that are essential for cell proliferation. To support their excessive proliferation, cancer cells have high rates of polyamine metabolism. Indeed, malignant cells typically have higher polyamine levels than their normal counterparts. Before this report, antipolyamine antibodies that are potentially valuable tools for the in situ observation of polyamines had not been exploited in clinical conditions. In the present study, tumor tissues obtained from radical nephrectomy performed for RCC (n = 73) were immunostained with the anti-spermine monoclonal antibody Spm8-2, and the immunoreactivity was evaluated as a prognostic tool. RCC cells displayed various reactivity to the antibody Spm8-2 that translated into a heterogeneous cytoplasmic staining. The prognostic value of the labeling index (LI) on clinical outcome was correlated with the usual clinicopathologic parameters, and the cell proliferation rate was evaluated using Ki-67 labeling. Multiple correspondence analysis and ascending hierarchical classification were performed to determine significant prognostic factors. Univariate statistical survival analysis demonstrated that tumor size (P < .001), nuclear grade (P < .01), necrosis (P < .007), tumor stage (P < .004), metastasis (P < .001), Ki-67 LI (P < .0003), and Spm8-2 immunoreactivity (P < .0001) were predictors of tumor-related death. A positive correlation was found between Ki-67 LI and Spm8-2 immunoreactivity (r' = .53). Multivariate analysis revealed that only Ki-67 LI and Spm8-2 immunoreactivity were significant independent factors in patients with metastases (P < .04 and <.001, respectively) and in patients without metastases (P < .006 and <.001, respectively). Moreover, 100% of the patients with Spm8-2 immunoreactivity <10% were alive at the end of the follow-up. In terms of predictive values, Spm8-2 immunoreactivity had the highest predictive values (sensitivity, 89; specificity, 75; risk ratio, 11) of all clinicopathologic parameters. This study demonstrates that the anti-spermine monoclonal antibody Spm8-2 may be used at the time of radical nephrectomy as a reliable prognostic marker for defining RCC patients at high risk for progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Rioux-Leclercq
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology and the Urology Service, Hospital Center of the University of Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
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Molderings GJ, Kribben B, Heinen A, Schröder D, Brüss M, Göthert M. Intestinal tumor and agmatine (decarboxylated arginine): low content in colon carcinoma tissue specimens and inhibitory effect on tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Cancer 2004; 101:858-68. [PMID: 15305420 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polyamine system is a promising target for anticancer therapy. Ideally, an antineoplastic compound affecting this system should inhibit both ornithine decarboxylase and the polyamine transporter, and toxicity should be mild. Agmatine, decarboxylated L-arginine, appears to be such a compound. METHODS Adenosine triphosphate levels and the protein content of cell populations in culture were identified as surrogate markers for cell count. Agmatine content in cells and tissue specimens was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antizyme levels were estimated by Western blotting. RESULTS Agmatine inhibited the proliferation of six human intestinal tumor cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner; this inhibition probably was attributable to an interaction between agmatine and the intracellular polyamine system. Consistent with the inverse relation between cell proliferation and agmatine concentration was the finding that agmatine content in human colon carcinoma tissue was approximately one-half as great as it was in adjacent macroscopically normal tissue. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study were compatible with the hypothesis that agmatine possesses antineoplastic action against intestinal tumor cells. It is likely that this activity is attributable to agmatine's regulatory role in polyamine homeostasis.
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Heinen A, Brüss M, Bönisch H, Göthert M, Molderings GJ. Pharmacological characteristics of the specific transporter for the endogenous cell growth inhibitor agmatine in six tumor cell lines. Int J Colorectal Dis 2003; 18:314-9. [PMID: 12774246 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-002-0466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2002] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study examined agmatine transport into six human intestinal tumor cell lines and compared the pharmacological properties of this transporter with those of the agmatine carrier previously characterized in human glioblastoma cells. METHODS Carrier-mediated uptake was determined as specific accumulation of [(14)C]agmatine in the cells. The changes in intracellular agmatine concentration in the tumor cells after 24 h incubation with 1 mM agmatine was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Specific [(14)C]agmatine accumulation was found in the six human intestinal tumor cell lines Caco2, Cx1, Colo320, HT29, Colo205E, and SW480. Specific [(14)C]agmatine accumulation was inhibited by phentolamine, putrescine, spermine, clonidine, and decynium-22 but not by corticosterone, O-methylisoprenaline, or l-carnitine. Incubation with exogenous agmatine for 24 h increased intracellular agmatine content in all cell lines by a multiple of the basal endogenous content. Transfection of HEK293 cells with cDNA encoding either hOCT1, hOCT2, or hOCT3 did not enhance [(14)C]agmatine accumulation compared to nontransfected cells. CONCLUSION All intestinal tumor cell lines investigated express a functional specific agmatine transporter which exhibit pharmacological characteristics similar to those of the agmatine transporter in glioblastoma cells. This agmatine carrier is not identical with any so far known organic cation transport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heinen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Reuterstrasse 2b, 53113, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, play an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. The aim of this study is to correlate the polyamines with apoptosis and clinico-pathologic events in Egyptian breast cancer patients. METHODS PUT, SPD, and SPN were investigated using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and apoptosis in fresh frozen tissue specimens obtained from 40 patients suffering from breast cancer, as well as 20 patients with benign breast lesions. RESULTS The levels of PUT, SPD, and SPN were higher in breast cancer tissues than in benign breast lesions (p < 0.001). Polyamines were correlated well with apoptosis. Moreover, PUT was an independent prognostic factor for relapse. Also, SPD and SPN correlated significantly with early tumor grades. ROC curves were used to choose the best cut-off values for polyamines (70, 135, and 290 mmol/g tissue) for PUT, SPD, and SPN, respectively. At these cut-off values, the sensitivities were (75%, 60%, and 70%), and the specificities were (80%, 95%, and 95%) for PUT, SPD, and SPN, respectively. CONCLUSION Polyamines may be used as additional markers for detection of malignant transformation in breast tissue. Moreover, because of their ability to induce apoptosis in malignant tissues, polyamines are suitable targets for therapeutic intervention that is specifically directed to induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mahmoud El-Salahy
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
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Abstract
Estrogen administration is associated with reduction in perimenopausal symptoms and the risk for several conditions affecting postmenopausal women. As estrogen administration also increases the risk for breast cancer, a common dilemma facing many women and their physicians is whether to use estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that antagonises estrogenic effects in breast tissue but retains some estrogen agonist properties in other organs, or neither. For women with average to moderate risk of breast cancer and with perimenopausal symptoms, ERT may be the best short-term choice. For very high-risk women (>1% per year) with menopausal symptoms, alternatives to ERT might be offered and tried first. A diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer within the last 2 to 5 years should be considered a relative contraindication for ERT unless the tumour was estrogen receptor negative. High-risk women without menopausal symptoms are the best candidates for the only currently approved drug for breast cancer risk reduction, tamoxifen. Although the drug is approved for women with a 5-year risk of breast cancer > or = 1.7% (0.34% per year), postmenopausal women most likely to experience a favourable benefit/risk ratio are those with a Gail estimated risk of >0.5% per year without a uterus or >1% per year if they retain their uterus. Tamoxifen should not be used in women with prior history of thromboembolic or precancerous uterine conditions. Tamoxifen is often used in Europe in conjunction with transdermal ERT in hysterectomised women without obvious loss of efficacy or increased risk of thromboembolism. Raloxifene is a second generation SERM with estrogen-like agonist effects on bone but with less uterine estrogen agonist activity than tamoxifen. Raloxifene may have less potent breast antiestrogenic effects than tamoxifen, particularly in a moderate- to high-estrogen environment. Raloxifene is approved for use in reducing risk of osteoporosis, but not breast cancer. Whether it is as effective as tamoxifen in reducing breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women is the subject of a current trial. All women regardless of breast cancer risk are advised to employ nonpharmacological risk reduction measures, including normalisation of bodyweight, exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and avoidance of smoking and alcohol. The preventive options are best weighed during an individualised consultation where a woman's menopausal symptoms and risk for breast cancer and other diseases can be examined, and the options for improving postmenopausal health can be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Fabian
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7820, USA.
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Venza I, Ruggeri P, Valenti A, Denaro L, Severino A, Teti D. Modified responses to PGE2 in polyamine biosynthesis by T lymphocytes of gastric- and conjunctiva basal cell-carcinoma patients. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2001; 23:541-54. [PMID: 11792013 DOI: 10.1081/iph-100108600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The response to Prostaglandin (PG) E2 of T cells from gastric carcinoma (GC)- and conjunctiva-basal cell carcinoma (conjunctiva-BCC)-bearing patients has been studied in relation to polyamine metabolism. Polyamines are crucial co-factors in cell growth as well as differentiation and many works report that lymphocyte spermine (SP), spermidine (SPD) and putrescine (PUT) levels may be related to tumor proliferation. The present work aims to detect the basal and PGE2 induced concentrations of these polyamines and cAMP, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT) activities of T lymphocytes drawn from patients suffering from GC and conjunctiva-BCC since many carcinomas are characterized by high levels of PGE2. Data obtained from lymphocytes of neoplastic subjects were compared with those derived from PGE2-treated control lymphocytes. Results highlight a very significant increase of all the polyamine metabolites in PGE2-treated T cells from neoplastic patients in respect to the untreated and PGE2-treated control lymphocytes. Therefore, it is conceivable that the PGE2 content increase, often occurring during the epithelial tumour development, may contribute, through enhancement of polyamine metabolism, to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Venza
- Department of Experimental Phatology and Microbiology, University of Messina, Medical School, Italy
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Abstract
The demonstration by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (NSABP) that 5 years of tamoxifen therapy is associated with an approximate 50% reduction in breast cancer incidence in high-risk women was a milestone in breast cancer prevention. Because tamoxifen is associated with increased risk of side-effects such as hot flashes, menstrual abnormalities, uterine cancer, and thromboembolic phenomena, its use will not be advisable or acceptable for all high-risk women. Women over 50 years of age appear to be at highest risk for serious adverse events, such as uterine cancer and thromboembolic phenomena. Individuals in whom tamoxifen-associated breast cancer risk reduction appears to outweigh risk of serious side-effects include women with prior in situ or estrogen receptor (ER)-positive invasive cancer, atypical hyperplasia, and/or women ages 35-49 with a calculated Gail 5-year risk of > or =1.7%, hysterectomized women aged 50 and older with a 5-year Gail risk of > or =2.5%, and nonhysterectomized women aged 50 and older with a 5-year Gail risk of >5.0%. It is not yet clear whether tamoxifen can reduce breast cancer incidence in women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, although preliminary evidence favors benefit for at least those with a BRCA2 mutation. Raloxifene is a selective ER modulator with less uterine estrogen agonist activity than tamoxifen, and it is hoped that it will result in fewer uterine cancers but will be equally efficacious in reducing the risk of breast cancer. The NSABP is currently conducting a randomized study of tamoxifen versus raloxifene in high-risk postmenopausal women. Approximately one third of invasive cancers are ER negative. Tamoxifen does not reduce the incidence of ER-negative cancers, nor does it appear to be effective in preventing the appearance of one third of ER-positive cancers. Priorities in prevention research are to develop (a) biomarkers to refine short-term risk assessments based on epidemiologic models, (b) biomarkers predictive of response to specific classes of preventive agents, (c) drugs with fewer side-effects and/or effective in ER-negative or ER-positive tamoxifen-resistant precancerous disease, and (d) efficient clinical trial models to assess new agent efficacy. Breast intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) may be sampled by minimally invasive techniques and is an attractive short-term risk biomarker. Molecular abnormalities observed in IEN may be used to select potential agents for testing/therapy, and modulation of these abnormalities may be used in phase I trials to select appropriate doses and in phase II trials to assess response. Breast density volume and certain serum markers such as insulin-like growth factor-1 are also being studied as potential risk and response biomarkers. Reversal or prevention of advanced IEN as well as modulation of other risk biomarkers in randomized phase II and phase III trials is being evaluated as a means of more efficiently evaluating prevention drugs in the future. A number of agents are being developed that target molecular abnormalities in IEN, have fewer or different side effects than tamoxifen, and may be effective in ER-negative or tamoxifen-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Fabian
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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Shah N, Thomas TJ, Lewis JS, Klinge CM, Shirahata A, Gelinas C, Thomas T. Regulation of estrogenic and nuclear factor kappa B functions by polyamines and their role in polyamine analog-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2001; 20:1715-29. [PMID: 11313919 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2000] [Revised: 01/05/2001] [Accepted: 01/09/2001] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The natural polyamines -putrescine, spermidine, and spermine- are essential for cell growth and differentiation. Polyamines are involved in several gene regulatory functions, although their mechanism(s) of action has not been elucidated. We investigated the role of polyamines in the function of NF-kappa B and estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha), two transcription factors implicated in breast cancer cell proliferation and cell survival, using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We found that spermine facilitated the binding of ER alpha and NF-kappa B to estrogen response element (ERE)- and NF-kappa B response element (NRE), respectively, and enhanced ER alpha-mediated transcriptional activation in transient transfection experiments. We also found that the association of the co-regulatory protein CBP/p300 with ER alpha and NF-kappa B was increased by spermine treatment of MCF-7 cells. Spermine also increased the nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B compared to the control. In contrast, treatment of MCF-7 cells with polyamine analogs, BE-3-4-3 and BE-3-3-3, resulted in transcriptional inhibition of both ERE- and NRE-driven reporter plasmids. In addition, polyamine analogs inhibited the association of ER alpha and NF-kappa B with CBP/p300 and were unable to facilitate nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B. APO-BRDU assay demonstrated that polyamine analogs induced apoptosis, with a loss of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. These data show a gene regulatory function of polyamines involving transcriptional activation of ER alpha and NF-kappa B, potentially leading to the up-regulation of genes involved in breast cancer cell proliferation. Our results with BE-3-4-3 and BE-3-3-3 suggest that down-regulation of ER alpha- and NF-kappa B-regulated genes is a possible mechanism for the action of polyamine analogs in inducing apoptosis of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, NJ 08903, USA
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