Inflammatory biomarkers and intellectual disability in patients with Down syndrome

BACKGROUND

Intellectual disability (ID) is part of the Down syndrome (DS) phenotypic spectrum, but the exact molecular pathophysiology of ID in individuals with DS is not yet fully understood, with many research hypotheses still unproven. Basing on previous studies (which suggested a possible role of altered inflammatory response in DS-related ID), we assessed the serum levels of a number of inflammatory biomarkers [serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (C-RP), high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1)] in a cohort of individuals with DS and healthy controls.

METHODS

In total, 24 children diagnosed with DS and 12 healthy controls were enrolled, and all underwent detailed cognitive assessment. Also, serum SAA, C-RP and HMGB1 levels were measured in all recruited subjects and correlated to the severity of ID in the DS group.

RESULTS

Serum SAA, C-RP and HMGB1 values were found to be significantly higher in the DS group compared with the healthy subjects (P = 0.001). In addition, serum HMGB1 levels positively correlated with C-RP and SAA in the DS group but not in the healthy controls. Only serum C-RP levels resulted inversely correlated (P < 0.01) with intelligence quotient (IQ); conversely, significant statistical correlations between serum SAA levels and IQ (as well as between HMGB1 and IQ) have been not found (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The levels of the determined markers were higher in DS individuals compared with (cognitively) healthy subjects, and CRP showed a negative correlation with IQ in children with DS.

Angiosuppression and Chemotherapy: Strategies Aimed at Their Integration in Cancer Patients

A number of antiangiogenic agents have been developed as pharmaceuticals and are currently being tested in clinical studies. Potential strategies to enhance the activity of angiogenesis inhibitors could be to combine them, or better still, to administer them either sequentially or concurrently with cytotoxic drugs. Chemotherapy would be a more appropriate initial choice for patients with advanced disease since cytostatic agents can induce a fast regression of the tumor and cancer-related symptoms. Antiangiogenic treatment could be used after chemotherapy in patients who achieve disease remission to prolong the time to progression, the symptom-free interval and the overall survival. Antiangiogenic treatment is likely to attain an important role in the adjuvant setting. In fact, it could be used for prolonged periods after radical surgery to maintain dormancy of residual tumor cells. In spite of these promising preclinical data, several points need to be clarified before the initiation of clinical trials. In fact, certain misconceptions may interfere with their optimum design and result analysis.

Serum interleukin-6 levels are increased in HIV-infected patients that develop autoimmune disease during long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND

Elevated IL-6 levels have been associated with both autoimmune diseases and treated HIV-seropositive (HIV⁺) subjects. However, few data on classic and trans-signaling IL-6 in autoimmune thyroid diseases and HIV⁺ subjects developing autoimmune disorders are currently available.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 102 patients were included in the study. They were subdivided into two groups. Group A consisted in 51 HIV⁺ patients, who were followed-up for a period of five years in search of possible occurrence of autoimmune diseases. Ten of them, treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), developed an autoimmune disorder, namely Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and psoriasis. Group B consisted in 51 patients affected by Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Serum levels of the free form of IL-6 were analyzed by ELISA in all patients and for HIV⁺ patients at the beginning of the follow-up, before initiation of ART.

RESULTS

Mean serum levels of IL-6 were similar in Group A and in Group B. In Group B, IL-6 levels showed a 5.8% increase compared with assay minimum detectable dose corresponding to 1% of full serum IL-6 level. However, serum levels of free IL-6 were increased in those HIV⁺ patients who developed autoimmune disorders (5.8±2.8pg/ml) and in these patients, the highest levels of free IL-6 correlated with age and CD4 cellular counts.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study indicates a correlation between serum free IL-6 levels and the occurrence of autoimmune disease in HIV⁺ population, treated with ART during a long-term follow-up. The increased levels of serum free IL-6 were observed before ART treatment was initiated, indicating that IL-6 measurement in such patients may represent an early predictor of development of autoimmune disease.

Cardiac diastolic evaluation in pregnant women with abnormal glucose tolerance: an opportunity to detect the early and subclinical alterations and prevent cardiovascular diseases

of this study were to assess diastolic function in pregnant women with abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT), compared with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) women, and to evaluate the insulin resistance status and its association with Doppler-echocardiographic indexes. Echocardiograms of 108 consecutive Caucasian women with singleton pregnancies were performed. Insulin resistance status was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). All the studied women showed normal diastolic patterns. Patients with AGT (50.9%), as compared with NGT women, had higher HOMA-IR (1.70 ± 1.30 versus 1.01 ± 0.81, P = 0.003), lower QUICKI (0.36 ± 0.005 versus 0.40 ± 0.06, P = 0.004), higher lateral mitral annulus late diastolic velocity (13.6 ± 4.9 versus 11.9 ± 4.9, P = 0.03), and higher A-wave velocity, the wave responsible for the active atrial contraction component (75.2 ± 14.2 versus 67.7 ± 16.2, P = 0.01). At multivariate regression analysis HOMA-IR was the only parameter associated with A-wave velocity. In conclusion, women with AGT had an increased subclinical diastolic active participation, which is associated with higher levels of insulin resistance. For the increased risk of deterioration of cardiac diastolic function, earlier and more seriously than normal pregnancy, AGT women may have a careful followup to detect the early signs of cardiac alteration and to prevent cardiovascular diseases.

[The United Nations conventions on the rights of persons with disabilities: which strategies for protection at work?]

More than 15% of the world's population lives with some form of moderate or severe disabilities, a growing percentage due to aging population as well as to the global increase of chronic diseases. The United Nations approved, in December 2006, the "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities" which dealt with the theme "work and employment". It prohibited discrimination on the grounds of disability with regard to health and safety at work, ensuring safe and healthy working conditions including protection from harassment. The most important expectation for the UN Convention, ratified in Italy by law 18/2009, is the guarantee that disable people in the workplaces are provided with "reasonable accomodation". This term refers to modifications and adaptations which are necessary and appropriate, that do not foresee excessive costs, to be taken, where necessary, to ensure even workers with disabilities the enjoyment and exercise of all their rights.

High-grade poorly differentiated retroperitoneal sarcoma. Report of a case and review of the literature

Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) are uncommon tumors associated with a poor prognosis. This is particularly true in case of high-grade sarcomas of specific histological subtypes, as demonstrated by the largest surveys of the last decade. Up to the present day, unfortunately there are no powerful tools available except for surgery. On the other hand, the resection rate of RPS is significantly increased over the last decades allowing to deliver the best treatment available. This paper reports on the case of a young patient who was incidentally diagnosed with a retroperitoneal mass. The patient underwent surgery in our department and the histological report showed a spindle cell sarcoma of high grade of malignancy with an incomplete muscular phenotype. The patient was discharged on the seventh postoperative day and he is still free of local and distant recurrence.

Physiopathological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of hepatopulmonary syndrome

Patients with cirrhosis or portal hypertension may develop hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) and portopulmonary hypertension (PPHT). HPS occurs in 25% of the subjects with chronic hepatopathy waiting for a liver transplantation. HPS is characterized by chronic hepatopathy and/or portal hypertension, increased P(A-a)O2 gradient (more than 20 mmHg) with hypoxemia and intrapulmonary vascular dilatations without a primary cardiovascular disease. Hypoxiemia is due to intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunts and to dilatation of microvessels in basal parts of the lung and of pleural vessels. In patients with cirrhosis an impaired cardiovascular function is frequent, often in a subclinical phase of the disease. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction may develop a chronic hepatopathy and the relation between right ventricular and liver failure has been studied. During cirrhosis characteristic alterations of systemic hemodynamic can cause the hyperdynamic circulatory syndrome. Contrast enhanced 2D ECHO cardiography is the preferred screening test for intrapulmonary arteriovenous shunts. The aim of HPS therapy is to contrast intrapulmonary vasodilatation, increased portal flux and hyperdynamic syndrome. New therapeutical agents are fosfodiesterase inhibitors, ET-1 receptor antagonists and selective NOS inhibitors. However, medical treatment is not much effective in HPS and liver transplantation is considered the only therapeutical chance.

Osteoprotegerin and Bone Mineral Density in Hemodiafiltration Patients

A newly identified cytokine, osteoprotegerin (OPG) appears to be involved in the regulation of bone remodeling. In vitro studies suggest that OPG, a soluble member of the TNF receptor family of proteins, inhibits osteoclastogenesis by interrupting the intercellular signaling between osteoblastic stromal cells and osteoclast progenitors. As patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) often have renal osteodystrophy (ROD), we investigated the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in ROD, and investigated whether there was any relationship between serum OPG, intact parathyroid (PTH) (iPTH), vitamin D, and trabecular bone. Serum OPG combined with iPTH might be a useful tool in the noninvasive diagnosis of ROD, at least in cases in which the range of PTH values compromises reliable diagnosis. Thirty-six patients on maintenance hemodiafiltration (HDF) and a control group of 36 age and sex matched healthy subjects with no known metabolic bone disease were studied. The following assays were made on serum: iPTH, osteocalcin (BGP), bone alkaline phosphatase, 25(OH)-cholecalciferol, calcium, phosphate, OPG, IGF-1, estradiol, and free testosterone. Serum Ca++, P, B-ALP, BGP, IGF-1, iPTH, and OPG levels were significantly higher in HDF patients than in controls, while DXA measurements and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters were significantly lower. On grouping patients according to their mean OPG levels, we observed significantly lower serum IGF-1, vitamin D3 concentrations, and lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density in the high OPG groups. No correlation was found between OPG and bone turnover markers, whereas a negative correlation was found between serum OPG and IGF-1 levels (r=-0.64, p=0.032). Serum iPTH concentrations were positively correlated with bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP) (r=0.69, p=0.038) and BGP (r=0.92, p<0.001). The findings made suggest that an increase in OPG levels may be a compensatory response to elevated bone loss. The low bone mineral density (BMD) levels found in the high OPG group might have been due to the significant decrease in serum IGF-1 and vitamin D3 observed. In conclusion, the findings made in the present study demonstrate that increased OPG in hemodiafiltration patients is only partly due to decreased renal clearance. As it may partly reflect a compensatory response to increased bone loss, this parameter might be helpful in the identification of patients with a marked reduction in trabecular BMD.

Diagnosis and treatment of depression in Alzheimer's disease: impact on mood and cognition

Depression, a common neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with lower quality of life (QOL), higher mortality, and higher caregiver burden, is estimated to occur in 20-50% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Recent research suggests that depression in AD (dAD) may differ from major depression phenomenologically and etiologically. Treatment options for dAD include behavioral modifications, pharmacotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy. Successful treatment of dAD has been reported to improve patients' mood and QOL, as well as lower caregiver burden. Further research is needed in therapeutics of dAD to enhance treatment options and effectiveness.

[Migration, work flexibility and early retirement of nurses in Italy]

Several work organizational changes have been occurring in the health sector in the last years. Workforce is rapidly changing and particularly nurses. In Italy there is a growing shortage of nurses (5,4/1000 inhabitants versus 9,26 in EU25) due mainly to early retirement and insufficient turnover of nurses coming from educational programmes. Work flexibility and facilitation of migration flow of foreigner nurses have been introduced in Italy to face the problem. The present study is aimed at investigating the impact of such a change in the nursing sector in Italy and its possible impact on occupational safety and health. In view of this, the main institutional and category Sources were used. According to IPASVI estimates, the shortage of nurses in Italy is 99,000. Out of a total of 342,000 active professional nurses, 20,000 are foreign, mainly from European countries. Nurses are specially affected by accidents at work, mainly musculoskeletal disorders. The study shows a higher vulnerability of migrated nurses and nurses hired through cooperatives. Therefore urgent measures are needed to promote their integration and assess educational and training needs in the field of health and safety at work.

Relationship between metabolic syndrome and platelet responsiveness to leptin in overweight and obese patients

OBJECTIVE

To verify whether platelet responsiveness to leptin is associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SUBJECTS

We studied 169 consecutive patients, mean age=43.6+/-9.9 years, with overweight (N=57) or obesity (N=112).

MEASUREMENTS

Cluster analysis was used to generate three clusters based on platelet responsiveness to increasing doses of leptin. Profiles of metabolic syndrome risk factors of the three clusters were compared by discriminant analysis.

RESULTS

Platelet responsiveness to leptin was absent in cluster 1, whereas cluster 3 had the greatest platelet aggregation response to leptin pre-incubation. Plasma leptin levels significantly decreased from cluster 1 to cluster 3 in both gender. Patients in cluster 2 had an intermediate profile of leptin responsiveness. Highest body mass index (BMI) values were more frequent in non-responders, whereas the prevalence of high waist circumference, as well as hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension, increased with increasing responsiveness to leptin from cluster 1 to cluster 3. Pattern of metabolic syndrome risk factors qualified as group specific in 69.0% of the cluster 1, 54.9% of the cluster 2 and 55.8% of the cluster 3. Circulating leptin, waist circumference, plasma triglycerides and BMI defined distinctive patterns of metabolic syndrome risk factors in the clusters.

CONCLUSIONS

In overweight and obese outpatients, metabolic syndrome risk factors parallel to some extent platelet responsiveness to leptin. Such a correlation involves plasma leptin levels, waist circumference, plasma triglycerides and BMI, and may contribute to the excess risk of cardiovascular events in overweight and obese patients.

[Health risks associated with child labor: activities and proposals of WHO collaboration centers]

Child labour should be analyzed with regard to the main frameworks where it arises: particularly, the small family based enterprises in agricultural, hospitality and restaurateurs' sectors play a leading role. In these contexts the child can underestimate the risks related to the carried out work activity and assimilate the work background to the family background. In spite of the national thorough regulations on child labour, the network of WHO Collaborating Centres is working to develop a common awareness in order to evaluate, communicate and prevent the occupational health and safety risks for children, at national and international level.

Identifying pathways involved in leptin-dependent aggregation of human platelets

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), calcium, and protein kinase C (PKC) in mediating leptin-enhanced aggregation of human platelets.

DESIGN

In vitro, ex vivo study.

SETTING

Outpatient's Service for Prevention and Treatment of Obesity at the University Hospital of Messina, Italy.

SUBJECTS

In total, 14 healthy normal-weight male (age 31.4+/-1.9 y; body mass index 22.7+/-0.6 kg/m2) subjects.

MEASUREMENTS

Adenosine diphosphate-(ADP-) induced platelet aggregation and platelet free calcium were measured after incubation of platelets with leptin alone (5-500 ng/ml), or leptin (50 and 100 ng/ml) in combination with anti-human leptin receptor long form antibody (anti-ObRb-Ab, 1:800-1:100 dilutions), PLC inhibitor U73122 (3.125-25 microM), PLA(2) inhibitor AACOCF3 (1.25-10 microM), or PKC inhibitor Ro31-8220 (1.25-10 microM).

RESULTS

Platelet stimulation with leptin leads to a significant and dose-dependent increase in ADP-induced platelet aggregation and platelet free calcium concentrations. Leptin effects on both platelet aggregation and calcium mobilization were completely abated by the co-incubation with leptin and anti-ObRb-Ab. Leptin-induced platelet aggregation was dose-dependently inhibited by U73122, AACOCF3, or Ro31-8220. The effect of leptin on intracellular calcium was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by incubation with U73122 and AACOCF3, but not with Ro31-8220.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study confirms that leptin is able to enhance ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets, and raise the possibility that PLC, PKC, PLA(2), and calcium could play a relevant role in mediating the proaggregating action of leptin.

Polyamines in Nickel-Titanium Archwire-Induced Gingivitis in Adolescents

BACKGROUND

Polyamines spermine, spermidine, and putrescine are involved in a number of inflammatory diseases, but their role in the development of gingivitis and periodontitis has not been fully investigated. The goal of this investigation was to study the levels and the variations of these amines, and the main enzymes related to their metabolism, during archwire orthodontic treatment, a condition which may induce gingivitis.

METHODS

Sixty patients (age range: 11 to 27 years) were examined for gingivitis occurring during nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) archwire orthodontic treatment. Plaque and gingival indexes (PI, GI) as well as salivary polyamine metabolism before the archwire insertion (T0) and at 3 (T1), 6 (T2), and 12 (T3) months of treatment were measured.

RESULTS

In patients in the age range of 14 to 17 years, spermine and spermidine, but not putrescine contents, as well as ornithine-decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine-decarboxylase (SAMDC) activities, significantly rose at 3 months after insertion, without any change in periodontal parameters, and further increased at 6 months reaching the maximum at 12 months. GI increased later, from 6 to 12 months, while PI did not significantly change. Spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) activity remained unchanged from T0 to T3. On the contrary, in patients whose age was 11 to 13 or over 18 years, no significant variations in polyamine metabolism and periododontal parameters were observed at any examination time.

CONCLUSION

These data support the hypothesis that salivary polyamines might be earlier indicators of gingivitis than the gingival index score in adolescents wearing archwire appliances.

Differences of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression between liver and abdominal metastases from colon cancer. Implications for the treatment with VEGF inhibitors

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a central role in promoting angiogenesis, and it is the target of innovative anti-cancer therapies. In colorectal carcinomas, differences in the VEGF expression have been found between the primary tumor and its metastases. We postulated that differences in the VEGF expression may also exist between liver and abdominal metastases from colon cancer. Consecutive colon cancer patients with liver or abdominal metastases were considered eligible for the study. Biopsies had to be performed before chemotherapy and the VEGF analysis were conducted through immunohistochemistry. The staining results were correlated to the metastatic pattern. The study population consisted of 41 patients with a metastatic site in the liver in 19 patients and the abdomen in 22 patients. A positive VEGF staining was found in 19 of the 41 metastatic samples (46%). Cases with positive VEGF expression were found more frequently in abdominal (15 out of 22 patients; 68%) than in liver metastases (4 out of 19 patients; 21%). Also, the degree of VEGF immunoreactivity was significantly higher in abdominal than in liver metastases. Evidence is supported that the VEGF expression may be different between colon cancer metastatic sites. The efficacy of anti-VEGF treatments may depend on the VEGF expression status, and this finding deserves further investigation.

Modified responses to PGE2 in polyamine biosynthesis by T lymphocytes of gastric- and conjunctiva basal cell-carcinoma patients

The response to Prostaglandin (PG) E2 of T cells from gastric carcinoma (GC)- and conjunctiva-basal cell carcinoma (conjunctiva-BCC)-bearing patients has been studied in relation to polyamine metabolism. Polyamines are crucial co-factors in cell growth as well as differentiation and many works report that lymphocyte spermine (SP), spermidine (SPD) and putrescine (PUT) levels may be related to tumor proliferation. The present work aims to detect the basal and PGE2 induced concentrations of these polyamines and cAMP, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT) activities of T lymphocytes drawn from patients suffering from GC and conjunctiva-BCC since many carcinomas are characterized by high levels of PGE2. Data obtained from lymphocytes of neoplastic subjects were compared with those derived from PGE2-treated control lymphocytes. Results highlight a very significant increase of all the polyamine metabolites in PGE2-treated T cells from neoplastic patients in respect to the untreated and PGE2-treated control lymphocytes. Therefore, it is conceivable that the PGE2 content increase, often occurring during the epithelial tumour development, may contribute, through enhancement of polyamine metabolism, to tumor progression.

Effects of vitamin E and prostaglandin E2 on expression of CREB1 and CREB2 proteins by human T lymphocytes

Both prostaglandins (PGs) and vitamin E are known to deeply affect immune responses. It is shown here that they both influence T cell-mediated immunity through reciprocal interference on the expression of cyclic-AMP responsive element binding (CREB) family proteins. CREB1 protein of human T lymphocytes was significantly modulated by a brief treatment of 5 to 10 min with PGE2. On the contrary, vitamin E appeared to be ineffective on the CREB1 behavior, while it abolished the PGE2-induced modulation of this protein. The CREB2 protein expression was also affected by PGE2 treatment, but a longer period of incubation (>20 min) was needed to observe these changes. Vitamin E showed a strong enhancing effect on CREB2 that was partially reversed by the subsequent treatment with PGE2. Our results support the idea that there is reciprocal interference between PGE2 and vitamin E on PGE2-induced signals in T lymphocytes. These data are in agreement with the reports concerning different cell systems and experimental conditions.

Glycolytic enzymes in polyamine-treated bovine retina

The retina is characterized by glycolysis under aerobic conditions, mediated by lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-5 (LDH-5) as well as by the soluble isoenzyme of malate dehydrogenase. Bovine retina LDH and MDH isoenzymes and their activities were studied after polyamine treatment. Our results showed that LDH-5 isoenzyme presented the highest activity in untreated as well as in putrescine-treated retina. Decreased activity was present when the retina was treated with spermidine or spermine. It was demonstrated that retinic LDH-5 had a high affinity for lactate which enabled the isoenzyme to be more effective than the other LDH isoenzymes in the conversion of NADH to NAD. Therefore, the putrescine enhancing LDH-5 activity appeared to be capable of stimulating NAD-mediated rhodopsin regeneration. Putrescine induced a marked increase of both MDH isoenzymes--soluble (s-MDH) and mitochondrial (m-MDH), while spermine and spermidine mostly affected the soluble form of the enzyme. Putrescine induced a three-fold increase in s-MDH and m-MDH activities, while spermine and spermidine induced a four to five-fold increase in s-MDH. These results document the differential effects of polyamine treatment on LDH and MDH isoenzyme activities.

Immunohistochemical determination of p53 protein does not predict clinical response in advanced colorectal cancer with low thymidylate synthase expression receiving a bolus 5-fluorouracil-leucovorin combination

BACKGROUND

We assessed the hypothesis that a compromised p53 function could account for the non response of colon cancer patients with low thymidylate synthase (TS) expression receiving a bolus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) leucovorin (LV) combination.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study population consisted of 41 patients with unresectable metastatic colon cancer, homogeneously, treated with bolus 5-FU and LV.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven patients (66%) showed high levels of TS expression. The difference in the proportion of objective responses between patients with low (CR + PR: 7 of 14, 50%) and high (CR + PR: 0 of 27) TS levels was statistically significant (P = 0.0001, chi-square test). p53 nuclear over-expression was found in 27 of 41 patients (66%). No differences were observed in p53 overexpression in patients with high (66%) or low (66%) TS expression. p53 status was not found to be associated with response even in patients with low TS expression.

CONCLUSIONS

p53 status measured by immunohistochemistry does not seem to be useful to identify unresponsive patients with low TS expression.

Polyamine metabolism in prostaglandin E2-treated human T lymphocytes

The effects of Prostaglandin (PG) E2 treatment of human T lymphocytes on polyamine metabolism were investigated. PGE2 is known to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation, while polyamines play an important role in several biochemical processes leading to increased cell growth. Preincubation of T lymphocytes with PGE2 (10(-6) M) for 10 min was able to increase ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and putrescine as well as spermine levels, while spermidine concentration was drastically reduced. After 30 and 60 min of treatment, a decrease in ODC activity and putrescine concentration was observed. On the contrary, the initial inhibition of spermine-N1-acetyltransferase (SAT) activity was followed by a progressive increase of this catabolic enzyme. These changes were related to modifications of cAMP concentrations. Our data may help clarify the mechanisms underlying the biphasic effect of PGE2, which ultimately leads to inhibition of cell proliferation.

In vitro effect of lithium chloride on interleukin-15 production by monocytes from IL-breast cancer patients

Lithium salt compounds are used to limit the degree and duration of neutropenia in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine which possesses promoting activities on hematopoiesis and is also involved in antitumor response, activating NK, CTL and LAK cells. In this study we analyzed IL-15 production by monocyte cultures treated with lithium chloride (LiCl). Monocytes were obtained from patients affected by non-metastatic and metastatic breast cancer. LiCl treatment induced IL-15 production by monocytes mainly from non-metastatic patients. Combined lipopolysaccharide/LiCl treatment of monocyte cultures up-regulated IL-15 release compared to those treated with LPS alone (p<0.0001). The modulation of LiCl-induced IL-15 could counteract the immunosuppression state of cancer patients, which should be taken into account when developing new immunotherapeutic strategies.

Polyamine metabolism in prostaglandin E2-treated human T lymphocytes

The effects of Prostaglandin (PG) E2 treatment of human T lymphocytes on polyamine metabolism were investigated. PGE2 is known to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation, while polyamines play an important role in several biochemical processes leading to increased cell growth. Preincubation of T lymphocytes with PGE2 (10(-6) M) for 10 min was able to increase ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and putrescine as well as spermine levels, while spermidine concentration was drastically reduced. After 30 and 60 min of treatment, a decrease in ODC activity and putrescine concentration was observed. On the contrary, the initial inhibition of spermine-N1-acetyltransferase (SAT) activity was followed by a progressive increase of this catabolic enzyme. These changes were related to modifications of cAMP concentrations. Our data may help clarify the mechanisms underlying the biphasic effect of PGE2, which ultimately leads to inhibition of cell proliferation.

Ameloblast morphogenesis during amelogenesis. S.E.M. study

A study has been carried out on the S.E.M. on the enamel of an albino rat's inferior incisor. The observations concern almost the entire ameloblastic cycle, specifically, from the end of the cellular differentiation phase (pre-ameloblasts III) to the end of the modulation phase. The authors have pointed out some morphogenetical variations which during the depositing phase, are manifested on the distal extremity of the cells and are concentrated at this level in the differentiation of the Tomes' processes. Successively, during the transitional post-secretory and cellular modulation phases, the morphogenetical differences at the distal extremities also involve the lateral walls of the ameloblasts and their spatial relationships. Some morphological differences are correlated with different functional moments and revealed by an examination of the corresponding superficial areas of the enamel in the course of its formation. In this study, the constant orientation of the perpendicular is evident at the secretion plane in opposition with other studies that propose a 'pendulum movement' theory of these cells during the depositing phase of the prismatic layers. In addition, a morphological classification is proposed consisting of four types of modulative ameloblasts.

Angiosuppression and chemotherapy: strategies aimed at their integration in cancer patients

A number of antiangiogenic agents have been developed as pharmaceuticals and are currently being tested in clinical studies. Potential strategies to enhance the activity of angiogenesis inhibitors could be to combine them, or better still, to administer them either sequentially or concurrently with cytotoxic drugs. Chemotherapy would be a more appropriate initial choice for patients with advanced disease since cytostatic agents can induce a fast regression of the tumor and cancer-related symptoms. Antiangiogenic treatment could be used after chemotherapy in patients who achieve disease remission to prolong the time to progression, the symptom-free interval and the overall survival. Antiangiogenic treatment is likely to attain an important role in the adjuvant setting. In fact, it could be used for prolonged periods after radical surgery to maintain dormancy of residual tumor cells. In spite of these promising preclinical data, several points need to be clarified before the initiation of clinical trials. In fact, certain misconceptions may interfere with their optimum design and result analysis.

Water supplementation enhances the effect of high-fiber diet on stool frequency and laxative consumption in adult patients with functional constipation

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a high-fiber diet and fluid supplementation in patients with functional chronic constipation.

METHODOLOGY

One hundred and seventeen patients with chronic functional constipation (aged 18-50 years) were randomly divided into two treatment groups. For two months both groups consumed a standard diet providing approximately 25 g fiber per day. Group 1 (58 patients) was allowed ad libitum fluid intake, while Group 2 was instructed to drink 2 liters of mineral water per day. Compliance was monitored throughout the study and results were assessed in terms of bowel-movement frequency and laxative use.

RESULTS

Fiber intake was similar in the two groups, while total daily fluid intake in Group 2 (mean 2.1 liters) was significantly greater than that of Group 1 (1.1 liters)(p < 0.001). In both groups, there were statistically significant increases in stool frequency and decreases in laxative use during the two-month trial, but both changes were greater in Group 2 (stool frequency: p < 0.001 vs. Group 1; laxative use: p < 0.001 vs Group 1).

CONCLUSIONS

A daily fiber intake of 25 g can increase stool frequency in patients with chronic functional constipation, and this effect can be significantly enhanced by increasing fluid intake to 1.5-2.0 liters/day.

Epithelial-cell apoptosis and proliferation in Helicobacter pylori-related chronic gastritis

BACKGROUND

Several studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with enhanced gastric epithelial-cell proliferation, which is thought to be involved in its apparent carcinogenicity. This hyperproliferation is believed to be related to the inflammatory effects of the bacterium. The role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric epithelial apoptosis, however, is less clear.

AIM

We attempted to identify the effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on apoptosis in the gastric epithelium and its possible relation to epithelial-cell proliferation and mucosal inflammation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We studied cell proliferation (via bromodeoxyuridine labelling), apoptosis (using in situ TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling of DNA strand breaks) and mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cell infiltrates (computer-assisted image analysis) in gastric antral biopsies obtained from 37 gastritis patients (20 Helicobacter pylori-positive, 17 Helicobacter pylori-negative).

RESULTS

Helicobacter pylori-positives displayed significantly enhanced proliferation within the gastric epithelium that was positively correlated with both acute and chronic inflammatory-cell densities. Apoptotic indexes were similar in both groups and showed no correlation with any of the parameters under consideration.

CONCLUSIONS

Enhanced epithelial cell proliferation and an altered distribution of cycling cells within the gastric glands are a common feature of chronic superficial gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori. In vivo immunohistochemically detected apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells does not seem to be affected by Helicobacter pylori infection. Further study is needed to clarify the effect of this infection on programmed cell death within gastric glands.

MLH1 and MSH2 constitutional mutations in colorectal cancer families not meeting the standard criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

Genetic diagnosis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) may have a significant impact on the clinical management of patients and their at-risk relatives. At present, clinical criteria represent the simplest and most useful method for the identification of HNPCC families and for the selection of candidates for genetic testing. However, reports of mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutations in families not fulfilling the minimal diagnostic criteria point out the necessity to identify additional clinical parameters suggestive of genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer (CRC) related to MMR defects. We thus investigated a series of 32 Italian putative HNPCC individuals selected on the basis of one of the following criteria: 1) family history of CRC and/or other extracolonic tumors; 2) early-onset CRC; and 3) presence of multiple primary malignancies in the same individual. These patients were investigated for the presence of MLH1 and MSH2 mutations by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Pathogenetic truncating mutations were identified in 4 (12.5%) cases, 3 of them involving MSH2 and 1 MLH1. In addition, 2 missense MLH1 variants of uncertain significance were observed. All pathogenetic mutations were associated with early age (<40 years) at onset and proximal CRC location. Our results support the contention that constitutional MMR mutations can also occur in individuals without the classical HNPCC pattern. Moreover, evaluation of the clinical parameters associated with MMR mutations indicates that early onset combined with CRC location in the proximal colon can be definitely considered suggestive of MMR-related hereditary CRC and should be included among the guidelines for referring patients for genetic testing.

Effects of in vitro polyamine treatment on LDH isoenzyme patterns in Yoshida sarcoma cells and in former macrophages

LDH isoenzyme shifts are frequently observed in several malignant neoplasm when compared with the corresponding normal tissues. In the present work, we studied LDH isoenzyme behaviour both in Yoshida cells and in founder macrophages, before and after polyamine treatment. The choice of polyamine was prompted in that these polycations also act on the enzymatic and metabolic steps. Results obtained evidenced: i) LDH activity was higher in Yoshida cells than in macrophages; ii) polyamine treatment provoked in tumour cells a very strong increase of LDH activity whereas in macrophages only a slight decrease; iii) Yoshida cells showed the presence of 4 LDH isoenzymes only.

Characterization of MSH2 and MLH1 mutations in Italian families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

Mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MLH1 are considered to be the two major genes that are responsible for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Germline heterozygous inactivating mutations of MSH2 and MLH1 have been identified previously in a substantial fraction of individuals who are predisposed genetically to colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and other tumors of the HNPCC spectrum. With the aim of determining the relevance of these two genes in the Italian population, we submitted to mutational analysis a set of 17 HNPCC families, all of which fulfilled the "Amsterdam criteria." A combination of different techniques, including reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of long fragments and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) on cDNA and genomic DNA, allowed the identification of ten molecular variants, seven of which are predicted to inactivate mismatch repair function. The mutated predisposing gene was MSH2 in two families and MLH1 in five other families. All of the mutations were characterized by DNA sequencing and appeared to involve different molecular mechanisms, such as short in-frame and out-of-frame deletions, splicing errors, and nonsense mutations. This study also demonstrates that, in the Italian population, a considerable fraction of HNPCC families (at least 41%) is linked to MSH2 and MLH1 mutations.

Characterization of MSH2 and MLH1 mutations in Italian families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

Mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MLH1 are considered to be the two major genes that are responsible for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Germline heterozygous inactivating mutations of MSH2 and MLH1 have been identified previously in a substantial fraction of individuals who are predisposed genetically to colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and other tumors of the HNPCC spectrum. With the aim of determining the relevance of these two genes in the Italian population, we submitted to mutational analysis a set of 17 HNPCC families, all of which fulfilled the "Amsterdam criteria." A combination of different techniques, including reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of long fragments and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) on cDNA and genomic DNA, allowed the identification of ten molecular variants, seven of which are predicted to inactivate mismatch repair function. The mutated predisposing gene was MSH2 in two families and MLH1 in five other families. All of the mutations were characterized by DNA sequencing and appeared to involve different molecular mechanisms, such as short in-frame and out-of-frame deletions, splicing errors, and nonsense mutations. This study also demonstrates that, in the Italian population, a considerable fraction of HNPCC families (at least 41%) is linked to MSH2 and MLH1 mutations.

PGE2-induced immunoregulation mediated by cytokine production from cultures of human peripheral T lymphocytes

Prostaglandins (PGs) are generally known to exert inhibitory as well as some enhancing effects on the immune system. This study was performed to assess the influence of the exogenous PGs and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-elevating agents on cytokine production by PWM-stimulated human T lymphocytes. Peripheral blood T lymphocytes from healthy donors were pretreated for 30 min at 25 degrees C with PGE2 (10(-4) to 10(-7) M) PGF1 alpha, IBMX or Forskolin (10(-4) to 10(-5) M) and cultured for 7 days in the presence of Pokeweed Mitogen (PWM), PGE2, IBMX and Forskolin, but not PGF1 alpha, significantly increased IL-6 production while inhibited IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and GM-CSF production. Our data indicate that cAMP-elevating agents can profoundly affect cytokine secretion by T cells in PWM-driven cultures and that this effect is dose-dependent. The results reported here are compatible with the existence of separate pathways of gene induction for IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and GM-CSF on the one hand and IL-6 on the other one.

DNA ploidy pattern in human chronic liver diseases and hepatic nodular lesions. Flow cytometric analysis on echo-guided needle liver biopsy

BACKGROUND

Significantly elevated fractions of diploid hepatocytes and reduction in the polyploid populations have been reported in human and experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). This study was conducted to determine how these changes are related to conditions that often precede HCC, such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and premalignant focal nodules in cirrhotic livers.

METHODS

Ultrasound-guided needle biopsy specimens of the liver were obtained from patients with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or ultrasonographically diagnosed nodules within cirrhotic livers; biopsy specimens also were taken from patients without hepatic disease. DNA flow cytometry was performed on isolated nuclei to determine the percentages of diploid, tetraploid, and octaploid hepatocytes; the S-phase fraction for each diploid peak and the diploid/polyploid (tetraploid + octaploid) ratio also were calculated. Part of each specimen was reserved for evaluation of hepatocyte binuclearity.

RESULTS

Chronically hepatitic (18 patients) and cirrhotic (18 patients) livers showed significantly increased diploid/polyploid ratios, with respect to normal livers, that were significantly correlated with decreases in hepatocyte binuclearity. This trend was even more marked in euploid nodules (4 premalignant and 5 malignant), in which the S-phase fractions were significantly higher than those of normal liver; aneuploidy was found in 6 of 11 malignant and 2 of 6 premalignant nodules.

DNA ploidy pattern in human chronic liver diseases and hepatic nodular lesions. Flow cytometric analysis on echo-guided needle liver biopsy

BACKGROUND

Significantly elevated fractions of diploid hepatocytes and reduction in the polyploid populations have been reported in human and experimentally induced hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). This study was conducted to determine how these changes are related to conditions that often precede HCC, such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and premalignant focal nodules in cirrhotic livers.

METHODS

Ultrasound-guided needle biopsy specimens of the liver were obtained from patients with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or ultrasonographically diagnosed nodules within cirrhotic livers; biopsy specimens also were taken from patients without hepatic disease. DNA flow cytometry was performed on isolated nuclei to determine the percentages of diploid, tetraploid, and octaploid hepatocytes; the S-phase fraction for each diploid peak and the diploid/polyploid (tetraploid + octaploid) ratio also were calculated. Part of each specimen was reserved for evaluation of hepatocyte binuclearity.

RESULTS

Chronically hepatitic (18 patients) and cirrhotic (18 patients) livers showed significantly increased diploid/polyploid ratios, with respect to normal livers, that were significantly correlated with decreases in hepatocyte binuclearity. This trend was even more marked in euploid nodules (4 premalignant and 5 malignant), in which the S-phase fractions were significantly higher than those of normal liver; aneuploidy was found in 6 of 11 malignant and 2 of 6 premalignant nodules.

Impairment of lymphocyte sensitivity to prostaglandin E2 in cultures from patients with lymphoadenopathy associated syndrome

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) appears to have an immunosuppressive role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Therefore, the effect was studied of PGE2 pretreatment of T lymphocytes from patients with lymphadenopathy associated syndrome (LAS) on the expression of CD25 and CD71 as well as plaque forming cell (PFC) generation in pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-driven cultures. The PGE2-treated or untreated T lymphocytes were cultured with B cells and monocytes in the presence of PWM. Both CD25 and CD71 expression were assessed with an immunofluorescence technique; PFC generation was tested by hemolysis. Before exposure to PWM, LAS lymphocytes showed activation as evidenced by high CD25 and CD71 expression and PFC generation. Pretreatment by PGE2 did not inhibit expression of activation markers and PFC generation in LAS cultures, in contrast to what happened in control cultures. Thus, LAS lymphocytes are activated in vivo and are less sensitive to PGE2 inhibition than normal lymphocytes.

Rectal epithelial cell proliferation patterns as predictors of adenomatous colorectal polyp recurrence

To determine whether proliferative patterns in flat rectal mucosal samples can predict the recurrence of adenomatous colorectal polyps, after polypectomy, biopsy specimens from normal looking rectal mucosa were obtained at endoscopy from 55 patients diagnosed for the first time as having adenomatous colorectal polyps. Epithelial cell proliferation was assessed in biopsy specimens through 3H-thymidine autoradiography. After polypectomy, patients were followed for 24 months and underwent complete colonoscopy every 6 months to detect and remove any metachronous lesions. In 40 patients second biopsy specimens were taken during one of the follow up colonoscopies to evaluate the stability of proliferative indices over time. The ratio of labelled (S phase) to total cells (labelling index) for the entire crypt, as well as ratios for each of the five equal compartments into which the crypt had been divided longitudinally, was calculated for each patient. Mean labelling indices for upper crypt compartments 3 and 4 + 5 in the 22 patients in whom polyps recurred were significantly higher (respectively p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) than those of the 33 without recurrence suggesting that an upward shift of the crypt's replicative compartment is associated with polyp recurrence. Labelling indices remained essentially unchanged in those patients who underwent biopsy twice. Reproducible kinetic parameters such as these might be useful in planning follow up of patients with adenomatous polyps after polypectomy.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha does not cause lung edema in rabbits

Although tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is a key mediator in the pathophysiology of sepsis and septic shock, its role in lung microvascular injury is controversial. In isolated blood-perfused rabbit lungs, we studied the microvascular effects of human recombinant TNF by measuring the capillary filtration coefficient (Kf,c) as an index of microvascular leakiness and the arterial and venous resistances and occlusion pressures to define the microvascular pressure profile. At the end of the experiments, the lung wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D) was determined as an index of edema. TNF increased the pulmonary venous resistance slightly but did not affect Kf,c or W/D. Furthermore, TNF at different doses failed to increase W/D less than or equal to 8 h after in vivo administration. Our data suggest that 1) the pulmonary microvascular response to TNF differs from the systemic response, which is characterized by arteriolar vasodilation, and 2) TNF is insufficient to cause lung edema, both in vivo and in vitro. Thus the development of lung microvascular injury may require the combined action of TNF and other mediators.

A short incubation with PGE2 affects the proliferative response of T lymphocytes to PWM

In this study we have investigated the role of PGE2 in the activation of human T lymphocytes by PWM. A preincubation of these cells with molar concentrations of the prostaglandin ranging from 10(-9) M to 10(-4) M is able to reduce the expression of IL-2R and CD71 on T lymphocyte membrane during the first days of culture, while the DR molecule which is expressed later in the same experimental conditions is not affected by the treatment of T lymphocytes with PGE2. The PGE2-induced inhibition of IL-2R and CD71 well correlates with the reduction of 3H-thymidine incorporation by T cells, indicating that a preincubation of T lymphocytes with PGE2 profoundly affects the proliferative apparatus of these cells when they are stimulated by PWM.

Prostaglandin E2-induced inhibition of the in vitro immune response by SRBC-stimulated human lymphocytes

Exogenous PGE2 strongly inhibits the response of human lymphocyte cultures to SRBC. This effect is mediated through a T cell inhibition since non-T cells are not significantly affected. Indomethacin, which inhibits in this system lymphocyte endogenous PGE2 synthesis increases the in vitro immune response. The effect of indomethacin is overcame by exogenous PGE2. These data may be relevant for explaining the immunomodulatory role of PGE2 following antigen challenge.

Effects of progesterone on [35S] t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding in some forebrain areas of the female rat and its correlation to aggressive behavior

The antiaggressive effects of progesterone (P) were evaluated in association with alterations in [35S] t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS; chloride ion channel antagonist) binding in some forebrain sites of the female rat using in vitro quantitative autoradiography. The administration of 4 mg P was followed by a reduction in the frequency of different aggressive behaviors such as circling, nose-to-nose and fighting (mostly of the defensive nature) in ovariectomized (OVX) sexually mature rats, housed in pairs, during male-female encounters. Quantitative autoradiography data revealed that the same P dose, at the forebrain level, was responsible for low [35S] t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding levels in the medial preoptic area, lateral and basolateral amygdala nucleus and oriens-pyramidalis hippocampus CA1 layer, with even lower values being obtained following the in vitro addition of the potent P metabolite 5 alpha-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one. These results suggests that the probable antiaggressive role of P during heterosexual encounters may be regulated by a local potent metabolite acting at the membrane site of the GABA complex.

A customized instrumentation stand for patient transport

A customized instrumentation stand is described for use during transport of cardiothoracic or major surgery patients between the OR and a critical care area. The stand attaches to a patient bed and is equipped with a pulse oximeter, ECG/BP monitor, defibrillator/monitor and support module, oxygen tank, supplies, and medications. The design allows maximum visibility and accessibility, easy movement, and quick attachment to and disconnection from a bed. A similar apparatus may benefit surgical programs facing comparable transport needs.

Differential modulation of [3H]flunitrazepam binding in female rat brain by sex steroid hormones

Quantitative autoradiographic analysis revealed changes in [3H]flunitrazepam (a benzodiazepine agonist) binding in the anterior hypothalamus nucleus, the medial preoptic area and the cortico-medial amygdala nucleus following in vivo estradiol. The administration of 4 mg of progesterone, but not 1 mg, increased the binding of [3H]flunitrazepam in the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus and in the oriens-pyramidalis CA1 layer of the hippocampus. Exposure of brain sections in vitro to the potent, naturally occurring progesterone metabolite, 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone, induced GABA-dependent changes in flunitrazepam binding, similar to the changes induced by progesterone, thus suggesting that different steroid mechanisms are implicated in the control of flunitrazepam binding.