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Ede MO, Nwosu KC, Okeke CI, Oneli JO. Predictors of pathological gambling behaviours in parents population in Nigeria. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9197. [PMID: 38649388 PMCID: PMC11035556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of psychological pains, burnout, and anxiety among gamblers in Nigeria is high. This is because pathological gambling (PG) is on the rise and it is linked to many social vices such as stealing, drug abuse, and sexual abuse. It is important to investigate the trajectories of PG in Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey design was employed in our study with 197 participants sampled from 28 gambling venues in Nigeria made up the study's sample size. Of the 197, 131 (66.5%) were males and 66 (33.5%) were females. 50 (25.4%) were within the age range of 20-30 years, 42 (21.3%) were within 31-40 years, 40 (20.3%) were within 41-50 years, 35 (17.8%) were within 51-60 years, and 30 (15.2%) were within 61 and above. Using the hierarchical regression analysis, our finding revealed a significant association between psychological distress and our respondents' pathological gambling behaviour whereas none of the sociodemographic variables made a significant contribution to their pathological gambling behaviour. We concluded that gamblers' psychological well-being is crucial to understanding their problematic gambling behaviours in the context of a developing nation such as Nigeria, and that this could be similar among our respondents. Implications of our findings were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Onyemaechi Ede
- Department of Childhood Education, Faculty of Education, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Chinedu Ifedi Okeke
- Department of Childhood Education, Faculty of Education, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Joy Obiageli Oneli
- Teleo Network International School of Theology, Pastoral Ministry Grace Training International Bible Institute, Duluth, Gambia.
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2
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Yockey RA. Psychosocial Factors Associated With Past Month Gambling Among Adolescents: Results From the 2016-2020 PRIDE Survey. Health Promot Pract 2024; 25:213-219. [PMID: 36367292 DOI: 10.1177/15248399221135101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The present study sought to identify psychosocial factors associated with recent gambling (gambling within the past 30 days). The 2016, 2018, and 2020 Parents' Institute for Drug Education (PRIDE) data sets were pooled and analyzed, consisting of 108,690 adolescents in 13 local public schools. A sizable percentage (13.1%) of adolescents reported gambling in the past 30 days. Multiple logistic regression analyses found differences based on demographic factors, previous substance use, and psychosocial factors. Adolescents at highest risk were male, non-White, in high school; sold drugs; and participated in violent activities in the past 30 days. The study also found worrying rates of substance use. Findings from the present study can inform harm reduction efforts, prevention messaging, and clinical interventions related to adolescent gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andrew Yockey
- The University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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3
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Macía L, Estévez A, Jáuregui P. Gambling: Exploring the Role of Gambling Motives, Attachment and Addictive Behaviours Among Adolescents and Young Women. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:183-201. [PMID: 35579778 PMCID: PMC9981506 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of research that seeks to understand the aetiology, consequences and risk factors associated with addictive behaviours in youths. However, research examining the specific profile of adolescent females is very limited. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were, firstly, to explore the differences between attachment, gambling motives (social enhancement and coping), positive and negative affect, and addictive behaviours (gambling, drugs, spending, alcohol and video games) in female adolescents with and without risk of gambling problems. Secondly, the relationships between attachment, gambling motives, positive and negative affect and addictive behaviours were analysed in the subsample of female adolescents with problem gambling Thirdly, we examine the predictive role of positive and negative affect, gambling motives, and attachment in the aforementioned addictive behaviours. The sample was composed of 351 adolescents and young women, of which 312 had no risk of gambling and 39 had gambling problems. The results obtained revealed higher scores in drugs, spending, maternal attachment, and all gambling motives in the group of gambling problems. Likewise, analyses showed that the relevance of the predictor variables (attachment, gambling motives, and affect) varied according to the addiction that was taken as a reference point (i.e., gambling, drugs, spending, alcohol and video games).Consequently, the identification of the possible vulnerability factors for each addiction could be useful in the design of prevention and treatment approaches. In addition, the need for integrated and holistic health- and social- care programmes are suggested in terms of sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Macía
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Psychology Department, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - A. Estévez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Psychology Department, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - P. Jáuregui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Psychology Department, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Contentious Issues and Future Directions in Adolescent Gambling Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111482. [PMID: 34769997 PMCID: PMC8583412 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. There is currently considerable public policy and regulatory interest in the nature and prevalence of underage gambling. Research in this area has purported to show that adolescents are at elevated risk of problem gambling and that early exposure to gambling or gambling-like activities could be a potential precursor to future harm. Method. In this commentary, we provide a critical appraisal of these arguments with reference to major studies in the field of gambling studies. It is argued that adolescent gambling research is a contentious area. Some questions remain concerning the validity of adolescent problem gambling measures, the strength of the association between adolescent and adult gambling and the impact of simulated gambling activities. Results. The paper summarises the conceptual and methodological issues that should be considered and addressed in future studies to strengthen the validity of research in this area. Conclusion. The paper encourages the greater use of harm-based measures, longitudinal and individual-level transition analyses and questions that capture the influence of activities rather than just their temporal sequencing.
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Abstract
Attachment and alexithymia play a central role in the appearance and persistence of pathological gambling and related comorbid addictive behaviours among adolescents and young adults. The aim of the present study was to explore the differences between problem gamblers and non-problem gamblers in gambling severity, spending, video gaming, alcohol and drugs use, attachment, and alexithymia, as well as the interaction among these variables. The study sample included 560 participants non-problem gamblers (mean age = 15.49 years) and 54 problem gamblers (mean age = 16.43 years). Gambling disorder (SOGS-RA), drugs, alcohol, video games and spending (MULTICAGE CAD-4), attachment (IPPA), and alexithymia (TAS-20) were measured. Student's t, Pearson's r, and multiple mediation analyses were conducted. Problem gamblers scored significantly higher in all substance and non-substance addictive behaviours and alexithymia; as well as significantly lower scores in mother and father attachment scales. Moreover, gambling was negatively associated to father and mother attachment, and positively associated to alexithymia. Finally, alexithymia was found to mediate between parental attachment and gambling, spending, videogame, drug and alcohol abuse, especially in the case of mother attachment. This study demonstrated that adolescent and young adult problem gamblers show higher comorbid addictions than non-problem gamblers, in the same way as higher levels of alexithymia and poorer father attachment. Given that higher comorbidity in early ages is associated with worse prognosis and higher psychopathology in adult life, early detection and treatment purposes becomes essential.
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Riley BJ, Oster C, Rahamathulla M, Lawn S. Attitudes, Risk Factors, and Behaviours of Gambling among Adolescents and Young People: A Literature Review and Gap Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:984. [PMID: 33499418 PMCID: PMC7908209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gambling is occurring in a rapidly changing landscape, with new trends and technologies affecting gambling behaviour and problem gambling across a range of populations. Gambling activity among adolescents and young people has received considerable research attention due to a high prevalence of gambling reported among these groups in recent years. Despite legislation worldwide to constrain gambling among adolescents and young people, modern technology, such as online gaming apps and online gambling venues, has significantly increased their exposure to the risks of problem gambling. It is important, therefore, to have up to date information about what is currently known about gambling and to explore gaps in our knowledge. This gap analysis presents the results of a systematic approach to reviewing the current literature on gambling behaviour, attitudes, and associated risk factors for gambling and problem gambling among adolescents and young adults (aged 10-25 years). The review included studies published between January 2015 and August 2020 and included 85 studies for final synthesis. Findings reveal further research is needed on the implications for young people of emerging technologies and new trends in gambling in the digital age. The current gap analysis reveals that this should include more research on the development and impact of both treatment and intervention strategies, and policy and regulatory frameworks from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Riley
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
| | - Candice Oster
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
| | - Mubarak Rahamathulla
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Social Work, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6000, Australia;
| | - Sharon Lawn
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; (B.J.R.); (C.O.)
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7
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Tani F, Ponti L, Ghinassi S. Sensation Seeking and Gambling Behavior in Adolescence: Can Externalizing Problems Moderate This Relationship? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17238986. [PMID: 33276645 PMCID: PMC7731405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gambling is a widespread phenomenon during adolescence. Among different risk factors involved in the onset of adolescent gambling behaviors, one factor that is studied is the sensation seeking personality trait. However, the literature is heterogeneous and a direct relationship between sensation seeking and gaming behaviors has not always been highlighted. This suggests that the relationship can be influenced by other factors. In particular, we explored the moderating role of externalizing problems in this relationship. A total of 363 adolescents (232 males and 131 females) aged 14 to 20 (M = 16.35, SD = 1.36) completed a battery of questionnaires aimed to assess their gambling behaviors, as well as the levels of externalizing problems and sensation seeking. The results showed that sensation seeking was associated with gambling severity, but this relationship was significant when externalizing problems were high and medium. On the contrary, when externalizing problems were low, the relationship between sensation seeking and gambling severity was not significant. Overall, sensation seeking in adolescence can favor the implementation of risk behaviors, such as gambling, but only in association with the presence of externalizing problems. Limitations, strengths, and social and clinical implications of the present study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Tani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lucia Ponti
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-055-2755000
| | - Simon Ghinassi
- Department of Education, Languages, Intercultures, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
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Odame SK, Quarshie ENB, Oti-Boadi M, Andoh-Arthur J, Asante KO. Adolescent Problem Gambling in Rural Ghana: Prevalence and Gender Differentiation. J Gambl Stud 2020; 37:83-105. [PMID: 33179195 PMCID: PMC7882566 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Problem gambling among young people is now a public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the behaviour remains understudied, particularly, among rural-dwelling young people in countries within the subregion. We aimed to estimate the 12 months prevalence of problem gambling and to describe the overall and gender differences and commonalities in personal factors and social adversities associated with problem gambling among adolescents in rural Ghana. We conducted a cross-sectional survey involving a random sample of 1101 in-school adolescents aged 10–19 years in a rural district in Eastern Ghana; we used the DSM-IV-Multiple Response-Juvenile (DSM-IV-MR-J) questionnaire to assess problem gambling during the previous 12 months. Personal lifestyle and psychosocial variables were assessed using adopted items from the 2012 WHO–Global School-based Student Health Survey. Overall, three in 10 adolescents (3 in 10 females; 4 in 10 males) in rural Ghana reported problem gambling in the previous 12 months. Female adolescents who experienced problem gambling were more likely to report family-related social adversities, while adolescent male problem gambling was associated with school-related factors and interpersonal factors outside the family context. Regardless of gender, sexual abuse victimisation was associated with three times increase in the odds of experiencing problem gambling. Relative to the prevalence of gambling among adolescents in urban contexts in other countries within sub-Saharan Africa, the estimates of problem gambling among in-school rural adolescents in Ghana are higher. Although further studies are needed to understand the nuances of the behaviour, the evidence of this study underscores the need for general and targeted health promotion, intervention and prevention efforts to mitigate the family, school, and interpersonal social adversities associated with adolescent problem gambling in rural Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Nii-Boye Quarshie
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Lifton Place, Leeds, LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire, UK. .,Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Mabel Oti-Boadi
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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King DL, Russell A, Hing N. Adolescent Land-Based and Internet Gambling: Australian and International Prevalence Rates and Measurement Issues. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-020-00311-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Dowling NA, Merkouris SS, Dias S, Rodda SN, Manning V, Youssef GJ, Lubman DI, Volberg RA. The diagnostic accuracy of brief screening instruments for problem gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 74:101784. [PMID: 31759246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-gambling specialist services, such as primary care, alcohol and other drug use, and mental health services, are well placed to enhance the identification of people with gambling problems and offer appropriate generalist first level interventions or referral. Given time and resource demands, many of these clinical services may only have the capacity to administer very short screening instruments. This systematic review was conducted to provide a resource for health service providers and researchers in identifying the most accurate brief (1-5 item) screening instruments to identify problem and at-risk gambling for their specific purposes and populations. A systematic search of peer-reviewed and grey literature from 1990 to 2019 identified 25 articles for inclusion. Meta-analysis revealed five of the 20 available instruments met criteria for satisfactory diagnostic accuracy in detecting both problem and at-risk gambling: Brief Problem Gambling Screen (BPGS-2), NODS-CLiP, Problem Gambling Severity Index-Short Form (PGSI-SF), NODS-PERC, and NODS-CLiP2. Of these, the NODS-CLiP and NODS-PERC have the largest volume of diagnostic data. The Lie/Bet Questionnaire and One-Item Screen are also promising shorter options. Because these conclusions are drawn from a relatively limited evidence base, future studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of existing brief instruments across settings, age groups, and timeframes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Kwong Lee Dow Building, 234 Queensberry Street, Parkville, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - S S Merkouris
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - S Dias
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - S N Rodda
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, 216 Morrin Road, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - V Manning
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 2, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hil, 3128 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, 110 Church Street, Richmond 3121, VIC, Australia
| | - G J Youssef
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - D I Lubman
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 2, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hil, 3128 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, 110 Church Street, Richmond 3121, VIC, Australia
| | - R A Volberg
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 715 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Andrie EK, Tzavara CK, Tzavela E, Richardson C, Greydanus D, Tsolia M, Tsitsika AK. Gambling involvement and problem gambling correlates among European adolescents: results from the European Network for Addictive Behavior study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:1429-1441. [PMID: 31062040 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Worldwide, concern has grown over the expansion of gambling among adolescents, who have an increased likelihood of developing risk-taking behaviors. This study aimed to increase knowledge of problem gambling among adolescents in seven European countries and to assess the effect of demographic and lifestyle factors recorded in the European Network for Addictive Behavior survey (https://www.eunetadb.eu). METHODS A cross-sectional school-based study (n = 13,284) was conducted in Germany, Greece, Iceland, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania and Spain. Anonymous self-completed questionnaires included socio-demographic data, internet usage characteristics, school achievement, parental control, the Internet Addiction Test, the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents Test and Achenbach's Youth Self-Report. RESULTS 12.5% of the participants reported last year gambling activities either online or offline. 3.6% of the study participants and 28.1% of gamblers (either online or offline) were at risk or had a gambling problem. The study results showed that a higher proportion of adolescents was either at risk or had a gambling problem among males, in the older age group, when the parental educational level was lower/middle, and in the absence of siblings. Furthermore, being at risk or having a gambling problem was associated with lower age at first use of the internet, lower school grades, using the internet 6-7 days per week, and problematic internet use. At risk or problem gamblers had higher scores on all scales of problem behavior and lower scores (lower competence) on activities and academic performance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underline the need for better gambling legislation and suggest the importance of developing social responsibility tools that may help diminish adolescent gambling involvement, with special attention to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth K Andrie
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara K Tzavara
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Tzavela
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Clive Richardson
- Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, 136, Sygrou Avenue, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Donald Greydanus
- Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Maria Tsolia
- Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon and Livadeias, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis K Tsitsika
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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12
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Keen B, Anjoul F, Blaszczynski A. How learning misconceptions can improve outcomes and youth engagement with gambling education programs. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:372-383. [PMID: 31553237 PMCID: PMC7044616 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gambling education programs typically focus on promoting gambling as a high-risk activity with harmful effects; however, these programs demonstrate limited effects on the prevention of gambling problems. This paper proposes a clear theoretical framework to inform the content and delivery of gambling education initiatives and draws on psychological and pedagogical research to address some of the practical issues associated with its implementation. METHODS Literature was reviewed across fields of psychology, public health, and pedagogy to provide key recommendations to improve the outcomes of gambling education. RESULTS Four key recommendations were made for the development of future gambling education programs centering on theoretical approach, specialized content, and delivery. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Recommended advancements are as follows: (a) evidence suggests shifting away from messages about gambling harms and instead applying a cognitive-developmental framework of problem gambling that may improve youth engagement by increasing personal relevance. (b) The cognitive model of problem gambling suggests that misconceptions about the profitability of gambling games (e.g., the gambler's fallacy) play an important role in the development of problems and should be a key target for education. However, exposing such misconceptions requires the challenge of teaching the mathematical principles that underpin them. (c) The pedagogical field provides valuable insights into teaching complex concepts. Research that applies the conceptual change model to science education suggests misconceptions also facilitate learning new complex information, such as gambling-related mathematical concepts (i.e., randomness and statistics). (d) In addition, improvements in computer-assisted teaching methods provide opportunities to use simulations and visualizations to help teach abstract concepts and correct such misconceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Keen
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Corresponding author: Brittany Keen; School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia; Phone: +61 2 9114 4373; Fax: +61 2 9036 5223; E-mail:
| | - Fadi Anjoul
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alex Blaszczynski
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Rider GN, McMorris BJ, Gower AL, Coleman E, Eisenberg ME. Gambling Behaviors and Problem Gambling: A Population-Based Comparison of Transgender/Gender Diverse and Cisgender Adolescents. J Gambl Stud 2019; 35:79-92. [PMID: 30343416 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most gambling research utilizes general youth samples and focuses on binary gender categories; few studies examine and compare gambling behaviors between transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth and their cisgender peers. The current study used population-based data from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey to compare the prevalence of gambling behaviors and problem gambling among TGD versus cisgender adolescents, in addition to examining differences by birth-assigned sex. The analytic sample consisted of 80,929 students (including, n = 2168 [2.7%] TGD) in 9th and 11th grades. Chi-square tests and Cohen's d effect sizes were used for all comparisons. TGD youth reported greater involvement in most gambling behaviors and problem gambling compared to cisgender youth. In comparisons by birth-assigned sex, TGD youth assigned male at birth were particularly at risk for gambling involvement and problem gambling. TGD youth assigned female at birth also reported higher rates of problem gambling than both cisgender youth assigned male and female at birth. Results suggest that examining rates of gambling behavior and problem gambling as well as identifying disparities in vulnerable youth populations is crucial in order to develop culturally responsive and gender inclusive prevention, intervention, and outreach programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nic Rider
- Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1300 S. 2nd St., Suite 180, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA.
| | - Barbara J McMorris
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Amy L Gower
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Eli Coleman
- Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1300 S. 2nd St., Suite 180, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Marla E Eisenberg
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
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14
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Špolc M, Mravčík V, Drbohlavová B, Chomynová P. Problem gambling among Czech adolescents: An exploration of its relationship to early initiation of tobacco smoking. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:114-122. [PMID: 30704262 PMCID: PMC7044610 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gambling in adolescence is often related to licit and illicit substance use. Some evidence shows that teenage smokers gamble more than non-smokers. The aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between problem gambling and smoking among Czech adolescents. METHODS Data on 6,082 adolescents (50.1% boys and 49.9% girls) aged 15-19 years were collected as part of the ESPAD study in the Czech Republic in 2015. Logistic regression and linear regression models were used to test the hypothesis that the early onset of daily smoking increases the risk of problem gambling. RESULTS The age of initiation of daily smoking seems to be a more reliable marker of the risk of problem gambling than smoking status or intensity of smoking. More than 20% of smokers who started smoking daily at the age of 12 years or earlier are at risk of problem gambling, which shows a significantly increased probability compared to non-smokers (OR = 2.7). Other factors that increase the chances of becoming a problem gambler include being male, of higher age, and a student of a secondary school. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The relationship between adolescent smoking and gambling is complex and is likely to be influenced by other underlying factors. Early daily smokers and at-risk gamblers tend in a similar way to risky behavior as a result of impulsivity. Interventions targeting early smoking and other substance-use behavior should not only aim at quitting smoking but could also include preventing smokers from developing problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Špolc
- Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Mravčík
- National Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Addiction, Office of the Government of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic,Epidemiological and Clinical Research of Addictions, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic,Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Drbohlavová
- Epidemiological and Clinical Research of Addictions, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic,Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Chomynová
- Department of Addictology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic,Corresponding author: Pavla Chomynová; National Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Addiction, Office of the Government of the Czech Republic, Nabrezi E. Benese 4, Prague 1, CZ-11801, Czech Republic; Phone: +420 224 003 822; E-mail:
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15
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Kryszajtys DT, Hahmann TE, Schuler A, Hamilton-Wright S, Ziegler CP, Matheson FI. Problem Gambling and Delinquent Behaviours Among Adolescents: A Scoping Review. J Gambl Stud 2018; 34:893-914. [PMID: 29470759 PMCID: PMC6096515 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-018-9754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite many studies indicating an association between problem gambling and delinquent behaviours among adolescents, there has been no effort to systematically analyze the state of the literature on this relationship. To fill this gap, we conducted a scoping review of the literature published between 2000 and 2016 on problem gambling and delinquent behaviours among adolescents. We searched twelve databases and reviewed reference lists to identify eligible studies. Search terms included a combination of medical subject headings and keywords for gambling, youth, and delinquency, which were combined with the Boolean operator "AND". 1795 studies were identified through the literature search. Nine studies were eligible for inclusion. All of the studies were conducted in North America, with primarily male participants, and most of the data were cross-sectional. No qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria. Screening tools used to measure problem gambling were inconsistent, making comparisons across studies difficult. We found a consistent moderate to strong association between problem gambling and delinquent behaviour. Only one study presented associations by socio-economic status and none considered gender, sex or ethnic differences. Studies in the review showed that problem gambling is associated with both violent and non-violent behaviours among adolescents. These associations may suggest that problem gambling and delinquent behaviours have common risk factors and reflect a syndrome of risky behaviours best targeted through prevention and treatment that is holistic and considers the context in which the youth is situated. Further research is warranted to better understand the relationship between problem gambling and delinquent behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Kryszajtys
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
| | - Tara E. Hahmann
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
| | - Andrée Schuler
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8 Canada
| | - Sarah Hamilton-Wright
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
| | - Carolyn P. Ziegler
- Health Sciences Library, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8 Canada
| | - Flora I. Matheson
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
- Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
- Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto, 14 Queen’s Park Cres W, Toronto, ON M5S 3K9 Canada
- Mental Health and Addictions Research Program, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Studies, G1 06, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5 Canada
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16
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Reardon KW, Wang M, Neighbors C, Tackett JL. The Personality Context of Adolescent Gambling: Better Explained by the Big Five or Sensation-Seeking? JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-018-9690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Giralt S, Müller KW, Beutel ME, Dreier M, Duven E, Wölfling K. Prevalence, risk factors, and psychosocial adjustment of problematic gambling in adolescents: Results from two representative German samples. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:339-347. [PMID: 29865866 PMCID: PMC6174582 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Gambling disorder is a significant public health concern. Especially, male minors have been shown to gamble in a problematic way, despite legal prohibitions. Methods We examined representative samples of students aged from 12 to 18 years (N = 9,309) in two German federal states to provide prevalence data and clinical description of risk factors for problematic gambling. Results We found that about 40% of the adolescents reported engaging in gambling activities within the past 12 months and found prevalence rates of 1.7% and 2.2% for problematic gambling. Especially, use of online gambling and slot machines was found to be related to problematic gambling. Male adolescents with a migration background were of higher risk for problematic gambling and psychopathological symptoms were significantly elevated among that group. Discussion The results indicate that participation in gambling activities is common among underaged adolescents and that prevalence of problematic gambling exceeds rates of adults. Similarly, problematic gambling is associated with increased psychopathological strain. Conclusion Given that a high proportion of adult gamblers report having started gambling in adolescents, our data emphasize the need for prevention and early intervention strategies for problematic gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Giralt
- Clinic for Forensic Psychiatry, District Hospital Ansbach, Ansbach, Germany,Corresponding author: Sebastián Giralt; Clinic for Forensic Psychiatry, District Hospital Ansbach, Feuchtwangerstr. 38, Ansbach 91522, Germany; Phone: +49 981 4653 4222; Fax: +49 981 4653 1050; E-mail:
| | - Kai W. Müller
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addictions, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred E. Beutel
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addictions, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Dreier
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addictions, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Duven
- Institut für Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie Hessen [Institute for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy] (IKVT) Ltd., Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Klaus Wölfling
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addictions, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Abstract
The present paper is the third in a series on the evaluation of new tests designed to detect the disordered gambler. The present paper has two objectives. First, the observed variation in test performance between settings and populations is described in general terms and an explanation of the observed variation is presented in terms of what is referred to as spectrum effects. Second the expected variation in test performance between settings and populations is illustrated with several examples and the implications emphasized for the purpose of test evaluation.
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19
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Anagnostopoulos DC, Lazaratou H, Paleologou MP, Peppou LE, Economou M, Malliori M, Papadimitriou GN, Papageorgiou C. Adolescent gambling in greater Athens area: a cross-sectional study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1345-1351. [PMID: 28894886 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Problem gambling in adolescents has recently emerged as a pressing public health concern. In this context and in light of the pervasive financial crisis in Greece, the present study aimed to explore adolescents' gambling involvement in Athens region to estimate the prevalence of its problematic form and to identify its risk/protective factors. METHODS A total of 2141 students were recruited from a representative sample of 51 schools located in greater Athens area. The presence of problem gambling was assessed through the use of the DSM-IV-MR-J questionnaire. Data were collected in the form of a self-reported questionnaire during one school hour. RESULTS Results indicate that 1-year prevalence of high severity problem gambling was found to be 5.6%. Regarding the risk factors for problem gambling; male gender, parental engagement with gambling activities, living without the parents, low grades at school, foreign nationality and the referent absence of availability of food in the household, increased the risk of suffering from the disorder. CONCLUSION Gambling behavior among adolescents constitutes a problem in Greece and highlights the need for designing and implementing appropriate preventive interventions, especially amid the ongoing financial crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris C Anagnostopoulos
- Department of Child Psychiatry, General Pediatric Hospital of Athens "Aghia Sophia", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon and Papadiamantopoulou St, Athens, 115 27, Greece
| | - Helen Lazaratou
- Child and Adolescent Unit, 1st Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Community Mental Health Centre Byron Kesariani, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dilou St 14, Athens, 162 31, Greece
| | - Mina P Paleologou
- Department of Child Psychiatry, General Pediatric Hospital of Athens "Aghia Sophia", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon and Papadiamantopoulou St, Athens, 115 27, Greece.
| | - Lily E Peppou
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilis Sofias St 72-74, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Economou
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilis Sofias St 72-74, Athens, Greece
| | - Melpomeni Malliori
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilis Sofias St 72-74, Athens, Greece
| | - George N Papadimitriou
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilis Sofias St 72-74, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Papageorgiou
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vassilis Sofias St 72-74, Athens, Greece
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20
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Dowling NA, Shandley KA, Oldenhof E, Affleck JM, Youssef GJ, Frydenberg E, Thomas SA, Jackson AC. The intergenerational transmission of at-risk/problem gambling: The moderating role of parenting practices. Am J Addict 2017; 26:707-712. [PMID: 28881065 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although parenting practices are articulated as underlying mechanisms or protective factors in several theoretical models, their role in the intergenerational transmission of gambling problems has received limited research attention. This study therefore examined the degree to which parenting practices (positive parenting, parental involvement, and inconsistent discipline) moderated the intergenerational transmission of paternal and maternal problem gambling. METHODS Students aged 12-18 years (N = 612) recruited from 17 Australian secondary schools completed a survey measuring parental problem gambling, problem gambling severity, and parenting practices. RESULTS Participants endorsing paternal problem gambling (23.3%) were 4.3 times more likely to be classified as at-risk/problem gamblers than their peers (5.4%). Participants endorsing maternal problem gambling (6.9%) were no more likely than their peers (4.0%) to be classified as at-risk/problem gamblers. Paternal problem gambling was a significant predictor of offspring at-risk/problem gambling after controlling for maternal problem gambling and participant demographic characteristics. The relationship between maternal problem gambling and offspring at-risk/problem gambling was buffered by parental involvement. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Paternal problem gambling may be important in the development of adolescent at-risk/problem gambling behaviours and higher levels of parental involvement buffers the influence of maternal problem gambling in the development of offspring gambling problems. Further research is therefore required to identify factors that attenuate the seemingly greater risk of transmission associated with paternal gambling problems. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Parental involvement is a potential candidate for prevention and intervention efforts designed to reduce the intergenerational transmission of gambling problems. (Am J Addict 2017;26:707-712).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicki A Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Erin Oldenhof
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Julia M Affleck
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George J Youssef
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erica Frydenberg
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shane A Thomas
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,International Institute for Primary Health Care Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Alun C Jackson
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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21
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Hellström C, Wagner P, Nilsson KW, Leppert J, Åslund C. Gambling frequency and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in relation to problem gambling among Swedish adolescents: a population-based study. Ups J Med Sci 2017; 122:119-126. [PMID: 28436719 PMCID: PMC5441372 DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2017.1294636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the associations between gambling frequency, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, and problem gambling among adolescent boys and girls. One hypothesis was that adolescents with increased ADHD symptoms have a higher frequency of gambling compared to adolescents with fewer ADHD symptoms. METHOD A population-based sample of adolescents (aged 15-18 years) completed a questionnaire on demographics, gambling habits, ADHD symptoms, and problematic gambling; 1412 adolescents (from 4440 sampled) with gambling experience were included in the final sample. RESULTS A zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis revealed that increased ADHD symptoms, higher gambling frequency, and higher age were associated with lower odds for being non-susceptible to gambling problems. Moreover, gambling frequency interacted with ADHD symptoms in predicting probability of being non-susceptible to gambling problems. However, when analysing those already susceptible to problem gambling, ADHD symptoms did not modify the effect of gambling frequency on the expected magnitude of gambling problems. In susceptible individuals, problem gambling increased with both increased ADHD symptoms and increased gambling frequency, but the level of problems due to gambling frequency did not change depending on the ADHD symptom level. There was an interaction effect between sex and gambling frequency in relation to gambling problems. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with ADHD symptoms seem to be more sensitive to gambling, in terms of being susceptible to developing gambling problems. However, once susceptible, adolescents with ADHD symptoms are affected by gambling frequency similarly to other susceptible participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Hellström
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
- School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
- CONTACT Charlotta Hellström School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, S-72123 Västerås, Sweden
| | - Philippe Wagner
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Kent W. Nilsson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Jerzy Leppert
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Åslund
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västmanland County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
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22
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Keen B, Blaszczynski A, Anjoul F. Systematic Review of Empirically Evaluated School-Based Gambling Education Programs. J Gambl Stud 2017; 33:301-325. [PMID: 27566689 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-016-9641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent problem gambling prevalence rates are reportedly five times higher than in the adult population. Several school-based gambling education programs have been developed in an attempt to reduce problem gambling among adolescents; however few have been empirically evaluated. The aim of this review was to report the outcome of studies empirically evaluating gambling education programs across international jurisdictions. A systematic review following guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement searching five academic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Medline, PsycINFO, and ERIC, was conducted. A total of 20 papers and 19 studies were included after screening and exclusion criteria were applied. All studies reported intervention effects on cognitive outcomes such as knowledge, perceptions, and beliefs. Only nine of the studies attempted to measure intervention effects on behavioural outcomes, and only five of those reported significant changes in gambling behaviour. Of these five, methodological inadequacies were commonly found including brief follow-up periods, lack of control comparison in post hoc analyses, and inconsistencies and misclassifications in the measurement of gambling behaviour, including problem gambling. Based on this review, recommendations are offered for the future development and evaluation of school-based gambling education programs relating to both methodological and content design and delivery considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Keen
- Responsible Gambling Research Group, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney University, 94 Mallett St, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Alex Blaszczynski
- Responsible Gambling Research Group, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney University, 94 Mallett St, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Fadi Anjoul
- Responsible Gambling Research Group, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney University, 94 Mallett St, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
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23
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Nicholson R, Graves C, Ellery M, Afifi TO. The Temporal Relationship Between Faulty Gambling Cognitions and Gambling Severity in Young Adults. J Gambl Stud 2017; 32:1215-1229. [PMID: 27074945 PMCID: PMC5101278 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-016-9605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Disordered gambling in young adults is hypothesized as being related to mistaken gambling-related cognitions. Few studies have examined the temporal order of this relationship using longitudinal data. The purpose of this study is to understand the directionality of the relationship between gambling cognitions and gambling severity in a longitudinal sample of young adults. Young adults (N = 578), initially aged 18–21 years, completed the Manitoba Longitudinal Survey of Young Adults at two time points approximately 2–3 years apart. Measures of beliefs about randomness related to gambling and gambling severity, as measured by the Problem Gambling Severity Index, were utilized. A cross-sectional relationship between gambling severity and gambling-related cognitions was observed with greater gambling severity being associated with increased endorsement of mistaken cognitions. Evidence for a bidirectional longitudinal relationship was observed with faulty gambling cognitions leading to later problematic gambling behaviors and vice versa when examining a total beliefs scale. When examining specific beliefs about randomness, initial gambling group membership predicted later endorsement of certain beliefs about randomness while initial belief ratings did not impact later gambling group membership. The results of this study suggest a bidirectional relationship between gambling severity and erroneous gambling-related cognitions. However, when examining specific beliefs about randomness, evidence was found for problem gambling behaviors leading to erroneous gambling beliefs. These findings suggest that prevention efforts targeting cognitions may not be as effective in impacting those not yet demonstrating disordered gambling behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Nicholson
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Chad Graves
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Ellery
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, S113-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W5, Canada.
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24
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Jiménez-Murcia S, Granero R, Stinchfield R, Tremblay J, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Moragas L, Savvidou LG, Fernández-Aranda F, Aymamí N, Gómez-Peña M, Tárrega S, Gunnard K, Martín-Romera V, Steward T, Mestre-Bach G, Menchón JM. A Spanish Validation of the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (CAGI). Front Psychol 2017; 8:177. [PMID: 28223961 PMCID: PMC5293835 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Large-scale epidemiological studies show a significant prevalence of gambling disorder (GD) during adolescence and emerging adulthood, and highlight the need to identify gambling-related behaviors at early ages. However, there are only a handful of screening instruments for this population and many studies measuring youth gambling problems use adult instruments that may not be developmentally appropriate. The aim of this study was to validate a Spanish version of the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (CAGI) among late adolescent and young adults and to explore its psychometric properties. Methods: The sample (16-29 years old) included a clinical group (n = 55) with GD patients and a control group (n = 340). Results: Exploratory factor analysis yielded one factor as the best model. This 24-item scale demonstrated satisfactory reliability (internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha, α = 0.91), satisfactory convergent validity as measured by correlation with South Oaks Gambling Screen (r = 0.74), and excellent classification accuracy (AUC = 0.99; sensitivity = 0.98; and specificity = 0.99). Conclusion: Our results provide empirical support for our validation of the Spanish version of the CAGI. We uphold that the Spanish CAGI can be used as a brief, reliable, and valid instrument to assess gambling problems in Spanish youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de BellvitgeBarcelona Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Randy Stinchfield
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joël Tremblay
- Département de Psychoéducation, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de BellvitgeBarcelona Spain; Departament d'Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Maternoinfantil, Escola Universitària d'Infermeria, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
| | - Lamprini G Savvidou
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de BellvitgeBarcelona Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Aymamí
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
| | - Salomé Tárrega
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katarina Gunnard
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Trevor Steward
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de BellvitgeBarcelona Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de BellvitgeBarcelona Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de BellvitgeBarcelona Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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25
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Dowling N, Merkouris S, Greenwood C, Oldenhof E, Toumbourou J, Youssef G. Early risk and protective factors for problem gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 51:109-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Understanding the Relationship Between Sports-Relevant Gambling and Being At-Risk for a Gambling Problem Among American Adolescents. J Gambl Stud 2016; 33:437-448. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-016-9653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Pitt H, Thomas SL, Bestman A. Initiation, influence, and impact: adolescents and parents discuss the marketing of gambling products during Australian sporting matches. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:967. [PMID: 27620167 PMCID: PMC5020565 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harmful gambling is a significant public health issue. Alongside the rapid diversification of gambling products, are rapid increases in the marketing for specific types of gambling products, such as online wagering. While concern has been raised about the impact of gambling promotions during sporting matches on the gambling beliefs and behaviours of adolescents, very little research has explored adolescents' and parents' attitudes towards the marketing of gambling products within sport. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted with 59 family groups comprising of at least one parent and one adolescent (14-18 years old) in Victoria, Australia. Parents and adolescents were interviewed separately and asked questions relating to their gambling attitudes and behaviours. They were then brought together, and advertising reception techniques were utilised to prompt discussions about the marketing of gambling during sport. A thematic approach to analysis was used, constantly comparing similarities and differences between and across groups. RESULTS Three main themes emerged. First, was initiation of sport as a platform for the promotion of gambling. Adolescents perceived that the use of embedded promotions (for example during the match) and the use of athletes in gambling promotions were significant mechanisms for creating an alignment between gambling companies and sporting teams and codes. Second, was the influence of marketing messages in creating a perception that gambling was always accessible, and was an integral part of the sporting experience. Third was the impact of marketing messages on adolescent's discourses about sport. Parents described that they had noticed that wagering, and 'odds' discussions, had become embedded in adolescents narratives about sporting matches. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Gambling marketing during sport has significantly increased. While the gambling industry states that it does not aim to intentionally target young people, adolescents are increasingly aware of the relationship between gambling and sport. Future research should explore the impacts and influence of gambling promotions during sport on the gambling attitudes and consumption intentions of adolescents. Effective public health policy is needed to develop comprehensive regulatory frameworks to protect young people from unnecessary exposure to the marketing for this potentially harmful adult product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pitt
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Samantha L. Thomas
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Amy Bestman
- Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Canale N, Scacchi L, Griffiths MD. Adolescent gambling and impulsivity: Does employment during high school moderate the association? Addict Behav 2016; 60:37-41. [PMID: 27085156 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the potential moderating relationships between adolescent gambling and impulsivity traits (negative urgency, positive urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance and sensation seeking) with employment status. High-school students (N=400; 69% male; mean age=18.35years; SD=1.16; past year gamblers) were surveyed to provide data on impulsivity and employment. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to examine associations with gambling and related problems. Positive urgency was associated with stronger scores of both gambling frequency and problem gambling. Students in employment had substantially higher frequency of gambling and greater problem gambling. Moreover, the combination of having a job and low perseverance was associated with a particularly high frequency on gambling. These findings further support the importance of positive urgency and employment status in adolescent gambling. The study highlights unique moderating relationship between gambling and lack of perseverance with employment status. Youth with a low perseverance and having a job may have particular need for interventions to reduce gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale Canale
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Luca Scacchi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
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Enwereuzor IK, Ugwu LI, Ugwu DI. Role of smartphone addiction in gambling passion and schoolwork engagement: a Dualistic Model of Passion approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:9. [PMID: 27635367 PMCID: PMC5002047 DOI: 10.1186/s40405-016-0018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
There are growing concerns that seem to suggest that students no longer engage in school-related activities as they ought to. Recent observation has revealed that students now spend excessive time participating in Internet gambling with their smartphone during school period. This trend could have far-reaching consequences on their schoolwork engagement and by extension, academic performance. Drawing on the Dualistic Model of Passion, this study therefore, examined the mediatory role of smartphone addiction in the gambling passion—schoolwork engagement relation. A cross-sectional design was adopted. Male undergraduates (N = 278) of a large public university in Nigeria who engage in Internet gambling participated in the study. They completed self-report measures of gambling passion, smartphone addiction, and schoolwork engagement. Results showed that harmonious gambling passion was not related to smartphone addiction whereas it was positively related to schoolwork engagement. Obsessive gambling passion had positive and negative relations with smartphone addiction and schoolwork engagement, respectively. Smartphone addiction was negatively related to schoolwork engagement and mediated only the obsessive gambling passion—schoolwork engagement relation but not that between harmonious gambling passion and schoolwork engagement. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonard I Ugwu
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Dorothy I Ugwu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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King DL, Delfabbro PH. Adolescents’ perceptions of parental influences on commercial and simulated gambling activities. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2016.1220611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rossen FV, Lucassen MFG, Fleming TM, Sheridan J, Denny SJ. Adolescent gambling behaviour, a single latent construct and indicators of risk: findings from a national survey of New Zealand high school students. ASIAN JOURNAL OF GAMBLING ISSUES AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 6:7. [PMID: 27630814 PMCID: PMC4998168 DOI: 10.1186/s40405-016-0017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study explores underlying latent construct/s of gambling behaviour, and identifies indicators of "unhealthy gambling". Data were collected from Youth'07 a nationally representative sample of New Zealand secondary school students (N = 9107). Exploratory factor analyses, item-response theory analyses, multiple indicators-multiple causes, and differential item functioning analyses were used to assess dimensionality of gambling behaviour, underlying factors, and indicators of unhealthy gambling. A single underlying continuum of gambling behaviour was identified. Gambling frequency and 'gambling because I can't stop' were most strongly associated with unhealthy gambling. Gambling to 'feel better about myself' and to 'forget about things' provided the most precise discriminants of unhealthy gambling. Multivariable analyses found that school connectedness was associated with lower levels of unhealthy gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona V. Rossen
- Social and Community Health, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Mathijs F. G. Lucassen
- Department of Health and Social Care, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Theresa M. Fleming
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janie Sheridan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon J. Denny
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Dickson L, Derevensky JL. Equipping School Psychologists to Address Another Risky Behavior. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0829573506298689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
School psychologists are assuming an increasingly important role in ensuring youth have the mental and emotional health to succeed academically. Although considerable attention has been paid to a number of adolescent high-risk behaviors including drug and alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and sexually transmitted diseases, little attention has been paid to youth gambling behaviors. Youth problem gambling has been largely overlooked as a mental and public health issue although it can result in serious mental heath consequences and impede students’ academic success. The current state of knowledge regarding adolescent gambling is presented. Prevention and intervention initiatives that are accessible to school psychologists are outlined, and the challenges to school psychologists in implementing youth problem gambling prevention programs are discussed.
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Cook S, Turner NE, Ballon B, Paglia-Boak A, Murray R, Adlaf EM, Ilie G, den Dunnen W, Mann RE. Problem Gambling Among Ontario Students: Associations with Substance Abuse, Mental Health Problems, Suicide Attempts, and Delinquent Behaviours. J Gambl Stud 2016; 31:1121-34. [PMID: 24981225 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-014-9483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes gambling problems among Ontario students in 2009 and examines the relationship between gambling problems and substance use problems, mental health problem indicators, and delinquent behaviors. Data were derived from the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey of Ontario students in grades 7-12. Gambling problems were measured as 2 or more of 6 indicators of problem gambling. In total 2.8% of the students surveyed endorsed two or more of the problem gambling items. The odds of problem gamblers reporting mental distress was 4.2 times higher than the rest of the sample and the odds of problem gamblers reporting a suicide attempt were 17.8 times greater than the rest of the sample. In addition compared to the rest of the students, delinquent behaviors were also more common among problem gamblers, including theft (OR = 14.5), selling marijuana (OR = 19.6), gang fights (OR = 11.3) and carrying a handgun (OR = 11.2). In a multivariate analysis, substance-use problems, mental health problems, and the participation in a variety of delinquent behaviors remained significantly associated with youth problem gambling behavior. Students who report problem gambling behaviors show increased substance abuse, mental health, and delinquency/criminal problems that are similar to those seen among adult problem gamblers. The association between these problems suggests that these problems could be addressed in a unified manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cook
- Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Nigel E Turner
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Rm. T524, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Bruce Ballon
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Rm. T524, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Angela Paglia-Boak
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Rm. T524, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.
| | - Robert Murray
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Rm. T524, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.
| | - Edward M Adlaf
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Rm. T524, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Wendy den Dunnen
- Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert E Mann
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell Street, Rm. T524, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Afifi TO, Nicholson R, Martins SS, Sareen J. A Longitudinal Study of the Temporal Relation Between Problem Gambling and Mental and Substance Use Disorders Among Young Adults. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2016; 61:102-11. [PMID: 27253701 PMCID: PMC4784242 DOI: 10.1177/0706743715625950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Relatively little is known about the temporal relation between at-risk gambling or problem gambling (PG) and mental and substance use disorders (SUDs) in young adulthood. Our study aimed to examine whether past-year, at-risk, or PG is associated with incident mental disorders and SUDs (that is, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder [OCD], or alcohol dependence) and illegal drug use, and whether past-year mental disorders and SUDs and illegal drug use is associated with incident at-risk or PG. METHOD Data for this longitudinal study were drawn from the Manitoba Longitudinal Study of Young Adults (MLSYA). Respondents aged 18 to 20 years in 2007 were followed prospectively for 5 years. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses, at-risk or PG was associated with increased odds of depression, OCD, alcohol dependence, and illegal drug use. In longitudinal analysis at-risk or PG at cycle 1 was associated with incident major depressive disorder, alcohol dependence, and illegal drug use in the follow-up period. Only illegal drug use at cycle 1 was associated with incident at-risk or PG during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS At-risk or PG was associated with more new onset mental disorders and SUDs (depression, alcohol dependence, and illegal drug use), compared with the reverse (illegal drug use was the only association with new onset at-risk or PG). Preventing at-risk or PG from developing early in adulthood may correspond with decreases in new onset mental disorders and SUDs later in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Ryan Nicholson
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Silvia S Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jitender Sareen
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
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Fröberg F, Modin B, Rosendahl IK, Tengström A, Hallqvist J. The association between compulsory school achievement and problem gambling among Swedish young people. J Adolesc Health 2015; 56:420-8. [PMID: 25659200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to examine the association between school grades at the age of 16 years and problem gambling at the age of 17-25 years among Swedish females and males. METHODS In a cohort design, we followed the 16- to 24-year-old participants in the representative Swedish Longitudinal Gambling Study for 2 years, 2008/2009 and 2009/2010, generating 3,816 person-years of follow-up time. The outcome, incidence of mild and moderate/severe gambling problems, was measured by the Problem Gambling Severity Index in telephone interviews. The exposure was register-linked information about final grades in compulsory school. The association between school grades and problem gambling was estimated in multinomial logistic regressions. RESULTS Low and average school grades were associated with increased incidence of mild and moderate/severe problem gambling compared to high grades, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, psychological distress, and alcohol use. Low grades, compared to high grades, were associated with a higher risk of mild gambling problems for adolescent males, whereas the incidence proportion of moderate/severe problem gambling was high for males aged 20-25 years with low grades, among whom unemployment was also very high. Furthermore, we found a strong and graded association between school grades and moderate/severe problem gambling for women in both age groups, despite a low prevalence of gambling participation among females compared to males. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that Swedish youth with low school achievement have an increased risk of gambling problems up to 8 years after school graduation, after control for confounding from sociodemographic characteristics, psychological distress, and alcohol use, and that this association is stronger for females than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Fröberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Bitte Modin
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingvar K Rosendahl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Tengström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Hallqvist
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Castrén S, Grainger M, Lahti T, Alho H, Salonen AH. At-risk and problem gambling among adolescents: a convenience sample of first-year junior high school students in Finland. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2015; 10:9. [PMID: 25879923 PMCID: PMC4381398 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-015-0003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Adolescent gambling and substance use are viewed as a public health concern internationally. The early onset age of gambling is a known risk factor for developing gambling problems later in life. The aims of this study are: to evaluate the internal consistency reliability, factorial validity and classification accuracy of the Finnish version of DSM-IV-Multiple Response-Juvenile (DSM-IV-MR-J) criteria measuring at-risk/problem gambling (ARPG); to examine gender differences in gambling participation, ARPG and substance use among first-year junior high school students; and to investigate the association of gambling and gaming (video game playing) participation, substance use and social variables with ARPG. Methods This study examined 988 adolescents (mean age 13.4 years) at 11 public schools in Finland between October-December 2013. The response rate was 91.6%. Chi-squared test and binary logistic regression analysis were used. Results ‘Illegal acts’ was the most endorsed and sensitive, but the least specific criteria identifying ARPG. During the past year, 51.6% of the respondents had gambled, 7.9% were identified as at-risk/problem gamblers (DSM-IV-MR-J score ≥ 2), 8.0% had smoked and 8.9% had been drinking for intoxication, and the first three were significantly more common among boys than girls. The odds ratio of being a male past-year at-risk/problem gambler was 2.27, 5.78 for gambling often or sometimes, 2.42 for video game playing weekly or more often and 6.23 for having peer gamblers. Conclusions Overall, the Finnish version of the DSM-IV-MR-J had acceptable internal consistency reliability and factorial validity. None of the DSM-IV-MR-J criteria were accurate enough to screen ARPG per se. ARPG past-year prevalence was relatively high with males gambling more than females. ARPG was as common as drinking alcohol for intoxication and smoking. Peer gambling was strongly associated with ARPG. Efficient strategies to minimise the risks of gambling problems, tools for prevention and identification of ARPG among the underage are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Castrén
- Clinicum, Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Tobacco, Gambling and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marjut Grainger
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tuuli Lahti
- Department of Tobacco, Gambling and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland. .,Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Philosophy University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Hannu Alho
- Clinicum, Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Tobacco, Gambling and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anne H Salonen
- Clinicum, Internal Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Tobacco, Gambling and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
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Molinaro S, Canale N, Vieno A, Lenzi M, Siciliano V, Gori M, Santinello M. Country- and individual-level determinants of probable problematic gambling in adolescence: a multi-level cross-national comparison. Addiction 2014; 109:2089-97. [PMID: 25171305 DOI: 10.1111/add.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the role of family and socio-economic indicators of welfare state in accounting for probable problem gambling during adolescence in a representative sample of students living in nine European countries. DESIGN Data from the 2011 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) Study were used for cross-sectional analyses of adolescent probable problem gambling. SETTING Representative surveys in nine European countries. PARTICIPANTS A total of 31 236 16-year-old students. MEASUREMENTS Respondents' probable problem gambling, socio-demographic characteristics and parenting (regulation, monitoring and caring) were measured individually. Indicators of wealth (gross domestic product per capita, GDP), expenditure on public health (% GDP) and benefit in kind for families/children (% GDP) were obtained from national public databases. FINDINGS Students who perceived more parental caring [odds ratio (OR) = 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.85-0.98] and monitoring (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.53-0.62) reported less involvement in probable problem gambling. Moreover, students who perceived stronger parental regulation (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.09-1.23) were more likely to be possible problematic gamblers. At the country level, expenditure on public health was associated negatively with probable problem gambling (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.78-0.97), whereas GDP per capita (OR = 1, 95% CI = 1.00-1.00) and the benefits in kind for families/children (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.89-1.51) showed no association with probable problem gambling. CONCLUSIONS Family characteristics and expenditure on public health may play a key role in explaining probable problem gambling among adolescents in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Molinaro
- National Research Council, Clinical Physiology Institute, Pisa, Italy
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38
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From adolescent to adult gambling: an analysis of longitudinal gambling patterns in South Australia. J Gambl Stud 2014; 30:547-63. [PMID: 23595217 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-013-9384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although there are many cross-sectional studies of adolescent gambling, very few longitudinal investigations have been undertaken. As a result, little is known about the individual stability of gambling behaviour and the extent to which behaviour measured during adolescence is related to adult behaviour. In this paper, we report the results of a 4-wave longitudinal investigation of gambling behaviour in a probability sample of 256 young people (50 % male, 50 % female) who were interviewed in 2005 at the age of 16-18 years and then followed through to the age of 20-21 years. The results indicated that young people showed little stability in their gambling. Relatively few reported gambling on the same individual activities consistently over time. Gambling participation rates increased rapidly as young people made the transition from adolescence to adulthood and then were generally more stable. Gambling at 15-16 years was generally not associated with gambling at age 20-21 years. These results highlight the importance of individual-level analyses when examining gambling patterns over time.
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Lee GP, Martins SS, Pas ET, Bradshaw CP. Examining potential school contextual influences on gambling among high school youth. Am J Addict 2014; 23:510-7. [PMID: 25065420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2014.12142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Gambling is an increasing concern among adolescence, yet there has been limited investigation into school-level factors that may increase the risk for gambling. The current study examined the relationship between substance use and gambling, and explored the influence of school context on adolescent gambling. METHODS Data come from 25,456 students in 58 high schools participating in the Maryland Safe and Supportive Schools Initiative. Youth-reports of socio-demographics, lifetime gambling, and past-month substance use (ie, alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, non-medical prescription drug) were collected. School-level characteristics were student suspension rate, student mobility, percentage of students receiving free/reduce-priced meals, percentage of African American students, urbanicity, gambling prevalence, gambling problem prevalence, and substance use prevalence. Weighted multilevel analyses were conducted. RESULTS One-third (n = 8,318) reported lifetime gambling, and 10% (n = 2,580) of the full sample, or 31% of the gamblers, experienced gambling problems. Being male and alcohol, marijuana, and non-medical prescription drug use were associated with twice the odds of gambling. Among gamblers, being male, African American, and cigarette, marijuana, and non-medical prescription drug use were associated with higher odds of gambling problems. The school-level factors of suspension rate and percentage of African American had minimal, inverse associations with gambling; however, none were related to gambling problems. CONCLUSIONS Multilevel results indicated that adolescents that are male and use substances are more likely to gamble and have gambling problems. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE The findings indicate a need for prevention programs targeting risky behaviors to also target gambling as such behaviors often co-occur among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace P Lee
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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40
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Petry NM, Blanco C, Auriacombe M, Borges G, Bucholz K, Crowley TJ, Grant BF, Hasin DS, O'Brien C. An overview of and rationale for changes proposed for pathological gambling in DSM-5. J Gambl Stud 2014; 30:493-502. [PMID: 23526033 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-013-9370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is scheduled for publication in 2013. It will include several changes to the diagnosis of pathological gambling: the name of the disorder will be altered, the threshold for diagnosis will decrease, and one criterion will be removed. This paper reviews the rationale for these changes and addresses how they may impact diagnosis and treatment of the disorder, as well as potential for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Petry
- MC-3944, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-3944, USA,
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Abstract
Kommerzielle Glücksspielangebote und selbstorganisierte Spiele um Geld repräsentieren integrale Bestandteile der Lebenswirklichkeit vieler Heranwachsender. In diesem Zusammenhang machen internationale wie nationale Befunde in konsistenter Weise darauf aufmerksam, dass in der Entwicklungsphase des Jugendalters ein erhöhtes Risiko besteht, glücksspielbezogene Probleme zu entwickeln. Allerdings mangelt es an testtheoretisch abgesicherten, jugendgerechten Verfahren zur Bestimmung eines problematischen Spielverhaltens. Daher muss letztendlich offen bleiben, ob diese Form jugendlichen Problemverhaltens überhaupt angemessen und zielgerichtet erfasst wird, oder ob es sich hierbei (zumindest partiell) um einen Messartefakt handelt. Ein Ziel zukünftiger Forschungen ist es folglich, ein Screening-Instrument zu entwickeln und zu validieren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hayer
- Institut für Psychologie und Kognitionsforschung der Universität Bremen
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
| | - Gerhard Meyer
- Institut für Psychologie und Kognitionsforschung der Universität Bremen
| | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
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Mom, Dad It’s Only a Game! Perceived Gambling and Gaming Behaviors among Adolescents and Young Adults: an Exploratory Study. Int J Ment Health Addict 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-014-9509-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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LEEMAN ROBERTF, PATOCK-PECKHAM JULIEA, HOFF RANIA, KRISHNAN-SARIN SUCHITRA, STEINBERG MARVINA, RUGLE LOREENJ, POTENZA MARCN. Perceived parental permissiveness toward gambling and risky behaviors in adolescents. J Behav Addict 2014; 3:115-23. [PMID: 25215222 PMCID: PMC4117283 DOI: 10.1556/jba.3.2014.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Perceived parental permissiveness toward gambling may relate to adolescents' engagement in various risky behaviors. To examine this possibility, we analyzed data from a high-school based risk-behavior survey to assess relationships between perceived parental permissiveness toward gambling and adolescent gambling behavior, substance use and related problems. We also evaluated predictions that relationships between perceived parental permissiveness toward gambling and risky behaviors would be particularly strong amongst adolescents reporting high sensation-seeking or impulsivity. METHODS High-school students (n = 2,805) provided data on risky behaviors, perceived parental permissiveness toward gambling, impulsivity and sensation-seeking. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships with gambling and alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use. RESULTS Perceived parental permissiveness toward gambling related significantly to adolescent gambling, all substance-use behaviors as well as alcohol and drug problems. There were significant parental-permissiveness-by-sensation-seeking interactions in multiple models. Relationships between perceived parental permissiveness toward gambling and alcohol-use frequency were particularly strong among those with high sensation-seeking. This relationship also applied to gambling and heavy cigarette smoking, albeit to a lesser extent. Impulsivity related strongly to drug problems among those who perceived their parents to be more and less permissive toward gambling. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These findings support the relevance of perceived parental permissiveness toward gambling to adolescent risky behaviors. Parenting perceived as less permissive toward gambling appeared to have protective effects on gambling, alcohol and cigarette use, even among those with high sensation-seeking. Reducing parental permissiveness toward gambling may be a valuable intervention goal, particularly for parents of sensation-seeking adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- ROBERT F. LEEMAN
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, Corresponding author: Robert F. Leeman, PhD; Yale School of Medicine, 34 Park Street, Room S200, New Haven, CT 01659 USA; Phone: +1-203-974-7373; Fax: +1-203-974-7606; E-mail:
| | | | - RANI A. HOFF
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - LOREEN J. RUGLE
- Problem Gambling Services of Connecticut, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - MARC N. POTENZA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and part-time job status in relation to substance use and gambling in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2014; 54:460-6. [PMID: 24268362 PMCID: PMC4048016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and part-time employment have each been linked to risky behaviors in adolescents, their inter-relationships are less well-understood. We examined data from adolescents to assess the following predictions: (1) sensation-seeking would relate closely to substance use and gambling; (2) impulsivity would relate closely to alcohol, drug, and gambling problems; and (3) these relationships would be particularly strong among those holding part-time jobs. METHOD High-school students (N = 3,106) were surveyed to provide data on impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and part-time job status. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships with gambling, substance use (i.e., alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) and related problems. RESULTS Both impulsivity and sensation-seeking related significantly to substance use and impulsivity to gambling. Impulsivity had stronger associations with drug and gambling problems than sensation-seeking did. Students with paid part-time jobs were more likely to drink alcohol, binge drink, and use marijuana. Sensation-seeking had a particularly strong relationship to heavy cigarette smoking among students with part-time jobs. Conversely, there was little relationship between part-time job status and smoking among low sensation-seekers. CONCLUSIONS These findings further support the relevance of sensation-seeking, impulsivity, and part-time job status to risky behaviors among adolescents. Sensation-seeking and impulsivity had unique relationships to risky behaviors, in accordance with theory and prior evidence. Impulsive adolescents may be in particular need for interventions to reduce drug use and gambling. Although part-time jobs can be beneficial, parents and caregivers should be mindful of potential negative ramifications of paid work outside the home.
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Adolescent simulated gambling via digital and social media: An emerging problem. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Scholes-Balog KE, Hemphill SA, Dowling NA, Toumbourou JW. A prospective study of adolescent risk and protective factors for problem gambling among young adults. J Adolesc 2014; 37:215-24. [PMID: 24439627 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of research examining prospective predictors of problem gambling. The current study utilised a large longitudinal data set (N = 2328) to examine a large range of adolescent risk and protective factors for problem gambling in young adulthood. These risk and protective factors covered the domains of the community, family, school, peer group and individual. Numerous predictors associated with the family, school and peer-individual were statistically significant in analyses adjusted for gender and age. However, in the fully adjusted multivariate analyses, only two predictors were statistically significant. Within this model, gender (female) was associated with a reduced risk of young adult problem gambling, while family rewards for prosocial involvement moderated the risk relationship between adolescent alcohol use and young adult problem gambling. These findings highlight the importance of adolescent alcohol use and family environment as potentially modifiable predictors of young adult problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty E Scholes-Balog
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Pde, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sheryl A Hemphill
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Pde, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicki A Dowling
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - John W Toumbourou
- Prevention Sciences, School of Psychology and Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Deakin University, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Australia
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Critselis E, Janikian M, Paleomilitou N, Oikonomou D, Kassinopoulos M, Kormas G, Tsitsika A. Internet gambling is a predictive factor of Internet addictive behavior. J Behav Addict 2013; 2:224-30. [PMID: 25215204 PMCID: PMC4154577 DOI: 10.1556/jba.2.2013.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Adolescent Internet gambling is associated with concomitant addictive behaviors. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Internet gambling practices, its impact upon psychosocial development and to evaluate the association between gambling practices and Internet addictive behavior among Cypriot adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in a convenience sample (n = 805) of adolescents attending selected public schools (9th and 10th grades) in Cyprus. Anonymous self-completed questionnaires were used including the Internet Addiction Test and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. RESULTS Among the study population (n = 805), approximately one third (n = 28; 34.9%) reported Internet gambling. Internet gamblers were twice as likely to utilize Internet café portals (adjusted odds ratio for gender and age, AOR: 2.13; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI: 1.56-2.91) for interactive game-playing (AOR: 6.84; 95% CI: 4.23-11.07), chat-rooms (AOR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.31-4.85), and retrieval of sexual information (AOR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.42-2.81). Among Internet gamblers 26.0% (n = 73) reported borderline addictive Internet use and 4.3% (n = 12) addictive behavior. Internet gamblers more often had comprehensive psychosocial and emotional maladjustment (AOR: 4.00; 95% CI: 1.97-8.13), including Abnormal Conduct Problems (AOR: 3.26; 95% CI: 2.00-5.32), Emotional Symptoms (AOR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.02-3.11), and Peer Problems (AOR: 2.44; 95% CI: 1.08-5.48) scores. The multivariate regression analyses indicated that the single independent predictor associated with Internet addictive behavior was Internet gambling (AOR: 5.66; 95% CI: 1.45-22.15). DISCUSSION Internet gambling is associated with addictive Internet use, as well as emotional maladjustment and behavioral problems, among Cypriot adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate whether Internet gambling constitutes a risk factor for the development of Internet addictive behavior among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Artemis Tsitsika
- ,
Corresponding author. Artemis Tsitsika Assistant Professor in Pediatrics-Adolescent Medicine, Adolescent Health Unit (AHU), Second University Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, 24 Mesogeion Avenue, Goudi 11527, Athens, Greece. E-mail:
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Moore SM, Thomas AC, Kalé S, Spence M, Zlatevska N, Staiger PK, Graffam J, Kyrios M. Problem gambling among international and domestic university students in Australia: who is at risk? J Gambl Stud 2013; 29:217-30. [PMID: 22565226 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-012-9309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Young people are a high risk group for gambling problems and university (college) students fall into that category. Given the high accessibility of gambling in Australia and its association with entertainment, students from overseas countries, particularly those where gambling is restricted or illegal, may be particularly vulnerable. This study examines problem gambling and its correlates among international and domestic university students using a sample of 836 domestic students (286 males; 546 females); and 764 international students (369 males; 396 females) at three Australian universities. Our findings indicate that although most students gamble infrequently, around 5 % of students are problem gamblers, a proportion higher than that in the general adult population. Popular gambling choices include games known to be associated with risk (cards, horse races, sports betting, casino games, and gaming machines) as well as lotto/scratch tickets. Males are more likely to be problem gamblers than females, and almost 10 % of male international students could be classified as problem gamblers. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that male gender, international student status, financial stress, negative affect and frequency of gambling on sports, horses/dogs, table games, casino gaming machines, internet casino games and bingo all significantly predicted problem gambling. Results from this study could inform gambling-education programs in universities as they indicate which groups are more vulnerable and specify which games pose more risk of problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Moore
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.
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Tolchard B, Delfabbro P. The Victorian Gambling Screen: Validity and Reliability in an Adolescent Population. Int J Ment Health Addict 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-013-9441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Teacher Awareness and Attitudes Regarding Adolescent Risky Behaviours: Is Adolescent Gambling Perceived to be a Problem? J Gambl Stud 2013; 30:435-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-013-9363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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