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Xiong J, Kang SS, Wang M, Wang Z, Xia Y, Liao J, Liu X, Yu SP, Zhang Z, Ryu V, Yuen T, Zaidi M, Ye K. FSH and ApoE4 contribute to Alzheimer's disease-like pathogenesis via C/EBPβ/δ-secretase in female mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6577. [PMID: 37852961 PMCID: PMC10584868 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia. It is known that women with one ApoE4 allele display greater risk and earlier onset of AD compared with men. In mice, we previously showed that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a gonadotropin that rises in post-menopausal females, activates its receptor FSHR in the hippocampus, to drive AD-like pathology and cognitive impairment. Here we show in mice that ApoE4 and FSH jointly trigger AD-like pathogenesis by activating C/EBPβ/δ-secretase signaling. ApoE4 and FSH additively activate C/EBPβ/δ-secretase pathway that mediates APP and Tau proteolytic fragmentation, stimulating Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles. Ovariectomy-provoked AD-like pathologies and cognitive defects in female ApoE4-TR mice are ameliorated by anti-FSH antibody treatment. FSH administration facilitates AD-like pathologies in both young male and female ApoE4-TR mice. Furthermore, FSH stimulates AD-like pathologies and cognitive defects in ApoE4-TR mice, but not ApoE3-TR mice. Our findings suggest that in mice, augmented FSH in females with ApoE4 but not ApoE3 genotype increases vulnerability to AD-like process by activating C/EBPβ/δ-secretase signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yiyuan Xia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jianming Liao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shan-Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Vitaly Ryu
- Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine and Department of Orthopedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Tony Yuen
- Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine and Department of Orthopedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Mone Zaidi
- Mount Sinai Bone Program, Department of Medicine and Department of Orthopedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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2
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Lukiw WJ. MicroRNA (miRNA) Complexity in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:788. [PMID: 37372073 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
AD is a complex, progressive, age-related neurodegenerative disorder representing the most common cause of senile dementia and neurological dysfunction in our elderly domestic population. The widely observed heterogeneity of AD is a reflection of the complexity of the AD process itself and the altered molecular-genetic mechanisms operating in the diseased human brain and CNS. One of the key players in this complex regulation of gene expression in human pathological neurobiology are microRNAs (miRNAs) that, through their actions, shape the transcriptome of brain cells that normally associate with very high rates of genetic activity, gene transcription and messenger RNA (mRNA) generation. The analysis of miRNA populations and the characterization of their abundance, speciation and complexity can further provide valuable clues to our molecular-genetic understanding of the AD process, especially in the sporadic forms of this common brain disorder. Current in-depth analyses of high-quality AD and age- and gender-matched control brain tissues are providing pathophysiological miRNA-based signatures of AD that can serve as a basis for expanding our mechanistic understanding of this disorder and the future design of miRNA- and related RNA-based therapeutics. This focused review will consolidate the findings from multiple laboratories as to which are the most abundant miRNA species, both free and exosome-bound in the human brain and CNS, which miRNA species appear to be the most prominently affected by the AD process and review recent developments and advancements in our understanding of the complexity of miRNA signaling in the hippocampal CA1 region of AD-affected brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Alchem Biotech Research, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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3
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Dragović IR, Popović N, Ždralević M, Radulović L, Radunović M. Inflammation-Related microRNAs-146a and -155 Are Upregulated in Mild Cognitive Impairment Subjects Among Older Age Population in Montenegro. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:625-638. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pathological and clinical features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are in temporal discrepancy and currently accepted clinical tests provide the diagnosis decades after the initial pathophysiological events. In order to enable a more timely detection of AD, research efforts are directed to identification of biomarkers of the early symptomatic stage. Neuroinflammatory signaling pathways and inflammation-related microRNAs (miRNAs) could possibly have a crucial role in AD, making them promising potential biomarkers. Objective: We examined the expression of circulatory miRNAs with a documented role in AD pathophysiology: miR-29a/b, miR-101, miR-125b, miR-146a, and miR-155 in the plasma of AD patients (AD, n = 12), people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 9), and normocognitive group (CTRL, n = 18). We hypothesized that these miRNA expression levels could correlate with the level of participants’ cognitive decline. Methods: The study participants completed the standardized interview, neurological examination, neuropsychological assessment, and biochemical analyses. miRNA expression levels were assessed by RT-PCR. Results: Neurological and laboratory findings could not account for MCI, but miR-146a and -155 were upregulated in the MCI group compared to the control. miR-146a, known to mediate early neuroinflammatory AD events, was also upregulated in the MCI compared to AD group. ROC curve analysis for miRNA-146a showed 77.8% sensitivity and 94.4% specificity and 66.7% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity for miR-155. Conclusion: Determination of circulatory inflamma-miRs-146a and -155 expression, together with neuropsychological screening, could become a non-invasive tool for detecting individuals with an increased risk for AD, but research on a larger cohort is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nataša Popović
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Maša Ždralević
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Ljiljana Radulović
- Clinical Center of Montenegro, Department of Neurology, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Miodrag Radunović
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
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4
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Tozlu ÖÖ, Türkez H, Okkay U, Ceylan O, Bayram C, Hacımüftüoğlu A, Mardinoğlu A. Assessment of the neuroprotective potential of d-cycloserine and l-serine in aluminum chloride-induced experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease: In vivo and in vitro studies. Front Nutr 2022; 9:981889. [PMID: 36159454 PMCID: PMC9493202 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.981889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain accompanied by synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. No effective treatment has been found to slow the progression of the disease. Therapeutic studies using experimental animal models have therefore become very important. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible neuroprotective effect of D-cycloserine and L-serine against aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced AD in rats. Administration of AlCl3 for 28 days caused oxidative stress and neurodegeneration compared to the control group. In addition, we found that aluminum decreases α-secretase activity while increasing β-secretase and γ-secretase activities by molecular genetic analysis. D-cycloserine and L-serine application resulted in an improvement in neurodegeneration and oxidative damage caused by aluminum toxicity. It is believed that the results of this study will contribute to the synthesis of new compounds with improved potential against AlCl3-induced neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and drug development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Özdemir Tozlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Türkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Okkay
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Onur Ceylan
- Department of Medical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cemil Bayram
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacımüftüoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Adil Mardinoğlu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Adil Mardinoğlu,
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5
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Winstone JK, Pathak KV, Winslow W, Piras IS, White J, Sharma R, Huentelman MJ, Pirrotte P, Velazquez R. Glyphosate infiltrates the brain and increases pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα: implications for neurodegenerative disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:193. [PMID: 35897073 PMCID: PMC9331154 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbicides are environmental contaminants that have gained much attention due to the potential hazards they pose to human health. Glyphosate, the active ingredient in many commercial herbicides, is the most heavily applied herbicide worldwide. The recent rise in glyphosate application to corn and soy crops correlates positively with increased death rates due to Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Glyphosate has been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier in in vitro models, but has yet to be verified in vivo. Additionally, reports have shown that glyphosate exposure increases pro-inflammatory cytokines in blood plasma, particularly TNFα. METHODS Here, we examined whether glyphosate infiltrates the brain and elevates TNFα levels in 4-month-old C57BL/6J mice. Mice received either 125, 250, or 500 mg/kg/day of glyphosate, or a vehicle via oral gavage for 14 days. Urine, plasma, and brain samples were collected on the final day of dosing for analysis via UPLC-MS and ELISAs. Primary cortical neurons were derived from amyloidogenic APP/PS1 pups to evaluate in vitro changes in Aβ40-42 burden and cytotoxicity. RNA sequencing was performed on C57BL/6J brain samples to determine changes in the transcriptome. RESULTS Our analysis revealed that glyphosate infiltrated the brain in a dose-dependent manner and upregulated TNFα in both plasma and brain tissue post-exposure. Notably, glyphosate measures correlated positively with TNFα levels. Glyphosate exposure in APP/PS1 primary cortical neurons increases levels of soluble Aβ40-42 and cytotoxicity. RNAseq revealed over 200 differentially expressed genes in a dose-dependent manner and cell-type-specific deconvolution analysis showed enrichment of key biological processes in oligodendrocytes including myelination, axon ensheathment, glial cell development, and oligodendrocyte development. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results show for the first time that glyphosate infiltrates the brain, elevates both the expression of TNFα and soluble Aβ, and disrupts the transcriptome in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that exposure to this herbicide may have detrimental outcomes regarding the health of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Winstone
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 797 E Tyler St, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Khyatiben V Pathak
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resources (IMS-SR), City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wendy Winslow
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 797 E Tyler St, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Ignazio S Piras
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer White
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 797 E Tyler St, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Ritin Sharma
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resources (IMS-SR), City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resources (IMS-SR), City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ramon Velazquez
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 797 E Tyler St, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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6
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Young AP, Denovan-Wright EM. The Dynamic Role of Microglia and the Endocannabinoid System in Neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:806417. [PMID: 35185547 PMCID: PMC8854262 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.806417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, can take on a range of pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes to maintain homeostasis. However, the sustained activation of pro-inflammatory microglia can lead to a state of chronic neuroinflammation characterized by high concentrations of neurotoxic soluble factors throughout the brain. In healthy brains, the inflammatory processes cease and microglia transition to an anti-inflammatory phenotype, but failure to halt the pro-inflammatory processes is a characteristic of many neurological disorders. The endocannabinoid system has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for chronic neuroinflammation as there is evidence that synthetic and endogenously produced cannabinoids temper the pro-inflammatory response of microglia and may encourage a switch to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Activation of cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptors has been proposed as the mechanism of action responsible for these effects. The abundance of components of the endocannabinoid system in microglia also change dynamically in response to several brain pathologies. This can impact the ability of microglia to synthesize and degrade endocannabinoids or react to endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids. Cannabinoid receptors also participate in the formation of receptor heteromers which influences their function specifically in cells that express both receptors, such as microglia. This creates opportunities for drug-drug interactions between CB2 receptor-targeted therapies and other classes of drugs. In this article, we review the roles of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglia in the development and resolution of neuroinflammation. We also discuss the fluctuations observed in the components of the endocannabinoid in microglia and examine the potential of CB2 receptors as a therapeutic target in this context.
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7
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Hanslik KL, Marino KM, Ulland TK. Modulation of Glial Function in Health, Aging, and Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:718324. [PMID: 34531726 PMCID: PMC8439422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.718324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, are normally associated with support roles including contributions to energy metabolism, synaptic plasticity, and ion homeostasis. In addition to providing support for neurons, microglia and astrocytes function as the resident immune cells in the brain. The glial function is impacted by multiple aspects including aging and local CNS changes caused by neurodegeneration. During aging, microglia and astrocytes display alterations in their homeostatic functions. For example, aged microglia and astrocytes exhibit impairments in the lysosome and mitochondrial function as well as in their regulation of synaptic plasticity. Recent evidence suggests that glia can also alter the pathology associated with many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Shifts in the microbiome can impact glial function as well. Disruptions in the microbiome can lead to aberrant microglial and astrocytic reactivity, which can contribute to an exacerbation of disease and neuronal dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the normal physiological functions of microglia and astrocytes, summarize novel findings highlighting the role of glia in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and examine the contribution of microglia and astrocytes to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L. Hanslik
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M. Marino
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tyler K. Ulland
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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8
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Chen C, Zhou Y, Wang H, Alam A, Kang SS, Ahn EH, Liu X, Jia J, Ye K. Gut inflammation triggers C/EBPβ/δ-secretase-dependent gut-to-brain propagation of Aβ and Tau fibrils in Alzheimer's disease. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106320. [PMID: 34260075 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Some evidence suggests that misfolded protein aggregates found in AD brains may have originated from the gut, but the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not fully understood. C/EBPβ/δ-secretase signaling in the colon was investigated in a 3xTg AD mouse model in an age-dependent manner. We applied chronic administration of 1% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to trigger gut leakage or colonic injection of Aβ or Tau fibrils or AD patient brain lysates in 3xTg mice and combined it with excision/cutting of the gut-brain connecting vagus nerve (vagotomy), in order to explore the role of the gut-brain axis in the development of AD-like pathologies and to monitor C/EBPβ/δ-secretase signaling under those conditions. We found that C/EBPβ/δ-secretase signaling is temporally activated in the gut of AD patients and 3xTg mice, initiating formation of Aβ and Tau fibrils that spread to the brain. DSS treatment promotes gut leakage and facilitates AD-like pathologies in both the gut and the brain of 3xTg mice in a C/EBPβ/δ-secretase-dependent manner. Vagotomy selectively blunts this signaling, attenuates Aβ and Tau pathologies, and restores learning and memory. Aβ or Tau fibrils or AD patient brain lysates injected into the colon propagate from the gut into the brain via the vagus nerve, triggering AD pathology and cognitive dysfunction. The results indicate that inflammation activates C/EBPβ/δ-secretase and initiates AD-associated pathologies in the gut, which are subsequently transmitted to the brain via the vagus nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yunzhe Zhou
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hualong Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashfaqul Alam
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Heibei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eun Hee Ahn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Wu Z, Chen C, Kang SS, Liu X, Gu X, Yu SP, Keene CD, Cheng L, Ye K. Neurotrophic signaling deficiency exacerbates environmental risks for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100986118. [PMID: 34140411 PMCID: PMC8237621 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100986118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis remains obscure. Life and/or environmental events, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), high-fat diet (HFD), and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), are proposed exogenous risk factors for AD. BDNF/TrkB, an essential neurotrophic signaling for synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, are reduced in the aged brain and in AD patients. Here, we show that environmental factors activate C/EBPβ, an inflammatory transcription factor, which subsequently up-regulates δ-secretase that simultaneously cleaves both APP and Tau, triggering AD neuropathological changes. These adverse effects are additively exacerbated in BDNF+/- or TrkB+/- mice. Strikingly, TBI provokes both senile plaque deposit and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) formation in TrkB+/- mice, associated with augmented neuroinflammation and extensive neuronal loss, leading to cognitive deficits. Depletion of C/EBPβ inhibits TBI-induced AD-like pathologies in these mice. Remarkably, amyloid aggregates and NFT are tempospatially distributed in TrkB+/- mice brains after TBI, providing insight into their spreading in the progression of AD-like pathologies. Hence, our study revealed the roles of exogenous (TBI, HFD, and CCH) and endogenous (TrkB/BDNF) risk factors in the onset of AD-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhourui Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China;
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322;
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10
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Yao Y, Kang SS, Xia Y, Wang ZH, Liu X, Muller T, Sun YE, Ye K. A delta-secretase-truncated APP fragment activates CEBPB, mediating Alzheimer's disease pathologies. Brain 2021; 144:1833-1852. [PMID: 33880508 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is sequentially cleaved by secretases and generates amyloid-β, the major components in senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. APP is upregulated in human Alzheimer's disease brains. However, the molecular mechanism of how APP contributes to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Here we show that truncated APP C586-695 fragment generated by δ-secretase directly binds to CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (CEBPB), an inflammatory transcription factor, and enhances its transcriptional activity, escalating Alzheimer's disease-related gene expression and pathogenesis. The APP C586-695 fragment, but not full-length APP, strongly associates with CEBPB and elicits its nuclear translocation and augments the transcriptional activities on APP itself, MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau), δ-secretase and inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression, finally triggering Alzheimer's disease pathology and cognitive disorder in a viral overexpression mouse model. Blockade of δ-secretase cleavage of APP by mutating the cleavage sites reduces its stimulatory effect on CEBPB, alleviating amyloid pathology and cognitive dysfunctions. Clearance of APP C586-695 from 5xFAD mice by antibody administration mitigates Alzheimer's disease pathologies and restores cognitive functions. Thus, in addition to the sequestration of amyloid-β, APP implicates in Alzheimer's disease pathology by activating CEBPB upon δ-secretase cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Yao
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20065, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yiyuan Xia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhi-Hao Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Thorsten Muller
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Cell Signalling, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Yi E Sun
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20065, P.R. China.,Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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11
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Microglial Turnover in Ageing-Related Neurodegeneration: Therapeutic Avenue to Intervene in Disease Progression. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010150. [PMID: 33466587 PMCID: PMC7828713 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain-dwelling macrophages and major parts of the neuroimmune system that broadly contribute to brain development, homeostasis, ageing and injury repair in the central nervous system (CNS). Apart from other brain macrophages, they have the ability to constantly sense changes in the brain’s microenvironment, functioning as housekeepers for neuronal well-being and providing neuroprotection in normal physiology. Microglia use a set of genes for these functions that involve proinflammatory cytokines. In response to specific stimuli, they release these proinflammatory cytokines, which can damage and kill neurons via neuroinflammation. However, alterations in microglial functioning are a common pathophysiology in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and prion diseases, as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. When their sentinel or housekeeping functions are severely disrupted, they aggravate neuropathological conditions by overstimulating their defensive function and through neuroinflammation. Several pathways are involved in microglial functioning, including the Trem2, Cx3cr1 and progranulin pathways, which keep the microglial inflammatory response under control and promote clearance of injurious stimuli. Over time, an imbalance in this system leads to protective microglia becoming detrimental, initiating or exacerbating neurodegeneration. Correcting such imbalances might be a potential mode of therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative diseases.
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12
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C/EBPβ is a key transcription factor for APOE and preferentially mediates ApoE4 expression in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6002-6022. [PMID: 33339957 PMCID: PMC8758498 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) allele is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its protein product, ApoE4, exerts its deleterious effects mainly by influencing amyloid-β (Aβ) and Tau (neurofibrillary tangles, NFTs) deposition in the brain. However, the molecular mechanism dictating its expression during ageing and in AD remains incompletely clear. Here we show that C/EBPβ acts as a pivotal transcription factor for APOE and mediates its mRNA levels in an age-dependent manner. C/EBPβ binds the promoter of APOE and escalates its expression in the brain. Knockout of C/EBPβ in AD mouse models diminishes ApoE expression and Aβ pathologies, whereas overexpression of C/EBPβ accelerates AD pathologies, which can be attenuated by anti-ApoE monoclonal antibody or deletion of ApoE via its specific shRNA. Remarkably, C/EBPβ selectively promotes more ApoE4 expression versus ApoE3 in human neurons, correlating with higher activation of C/EBPβ in human AD brains with ApoE4/4 compared to ApoE3/3. Therefore, our data support that C/EBPβ is a crucial transcription factor for temporally regulating APOE gene expression, modulating ApoE4's role in AD pathogenesis.
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13
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de Vidania S, Palomares-Perez I, Frank-García A, Saito T, Saido TC, Draffin J, Szaruga M, Chávez-Gutierrez L, Calero M, Medina M, Guix FX, Dotti CG. Prodromal Alzheimer's Disease: Constitutive Upregulation of Neuroglobin Prevents the Initiation of Alzheimer's Pathology. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:562581. [PMID: 33343276 PMCID: PMC7744294 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.562581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, a considerable number of the autopsy samples of cognitively normal individuals aged between 57 and 102 years have revealed the presence of amyloid plaques, one of the typical signs of AD, indicating that many of us use mechanisms that defend ourselves from the toxic consequences of Aß. The human APP NL/F (hAPP NL/F) knockin mouse appears as the ideal mouse model to identify these mechanisms, since they have high Aß42 levels at an early age and moderate signs of disease when old. Here we show that in these mice, the brain levels of the hemoprotein Neuroglobin (Ngb) increase with age, in parallel with the increase in Aß42. In vitro, in wild type neurons, exogenous Aß increases the expression of Ngb and Ngb over-expression prevents Aß toxicity. In vivo, in old hAPP NL/F mice, Ngb knockdown leads to dendritic tree simplification, an early sign of Alzheimer’s disease. These results could indicate that Alzheimer’s symptoms may start developing at the time when defense mechanisms start wearing out. In agreement, analysis of plasma Ngb levels in aged individuals revealed decreased levels in those whose cognitive abilities worsened during a 5-year longitudinal follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia de Vidania
- Molecular Neuropathology, Physiological and Pathological Processes, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Palomares-Perez
- Molecular Neuropathology, Physiological and Pathological Processes, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Frank-García
- Department of Neurology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Division Neurodegenerative Disease, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jonathan Draffin
- Molecular Neuropathology, Physiological and Pathological Processes, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Szaruga
- KU Leuven Department for Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutierrez
- KU Leuven Department for Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Miguel Calero
- CIBERNED, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, CIEN Foundation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Medina
- CIBERNED, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, CIEN Foundation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc X Guix
- Molecular Neuropathology, Physiological and Pathological Processes, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos G Dotti
- Molecular Neuropathology, Physiological and Pathological Processes, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Li M, Chen WD, Wang YD. The roles of the gut microbiota-miRNA interaction in the host pathophysiology. Mol Med 2020; 26:101. [PMID: 33160314 PMCID: PMC7648389 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota regulates the biological processes of organisms acting like ‘another’ genome, affecting the health and disease of the host. MicroRNAs, as important physiological regulators, have been found to be involved in health and disease. Recently, the gut microbiota has been reported to affect host health by regulating host miRNAs. For example, Fusobacterium nucleatum could aggravate chemoresistance of colorectal cancer by decreasing the expression of miR-18a* and miR-4802. What’s more, miRNAs can shape the gut microbiota composition, ultimately affecting the host's physiology and disease. miR-515-5p and miR-1226-5p could promote the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) and Escherichia coli (E.coli), which have been reported to drive colorectal cancer. Here, we will review current findings of the interactions between the gut microbiota and microRNAs and discuss how the gut microbiota–microRNA interactions affect host pathophysiology including intestinal, neurological, cardiovascular, and immune health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, The People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Fingolimod Affects Transcription of Genes Encoding Enzymes of Ceramide Metabolism in Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2799-2811. [PMID: 32356173 PMCID: PMC7253528 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The imbalance in sphingolipid signaling may be critically linked to the upstream events in the neurodegenerative cascade of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We analyzed the influence of mutant (V717I) amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP) transgene on sphingolipid metabolism enzymes in mouse hippocampus. At 3 months of age AβPP/Aβ presence upregulated enzymes of ceramide turnover on the salvage pathway: ceramide synthases (CERS2, CERS4, CERS6) and also ceramidase ACER3. At 6 months, only CERS6 was elevated, and no ceramide synthase was increased at 12 months. However, sphingomyelin synthases, which utilize ceramide on the sphingomyelinase pathway, were reduced (SGMS1 at 12 and SGMS2 at 6 months). mRNAs for sphingomyelin synthases SGMS1 and SGMS2 were also significantly downregulated in human AD hippocampus and neocortex when compared with age-matched controls. Our findings suggest early-phase deregulation of sphingolipid homeostasis in favor of ceramide signaling. Fingolimod (FTY720), a modulator of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors countered the AβPP-dependent upregulation of hippocampal ceramide synthase CERS2 at 3 months. Moreover, at 12 months, FTY720 increased enzymes of ceramide-sphingosine turnover: CERS4, ASAH1, and ACER3. We also observed influence of fingolimod on the expression of the sphingomyelinase pathway enzymes. FTY720 counteracted the AβPP-linked reduction of sphingomyelin synthases SGMS1/2 (at 12 and 6 months, respectively) and led to elevation of sphingomyelinase SMPD2 (at 6 and 12 months). Therefore, our results demonstrate potentially beneficial, age-specific effects of fingolimod on transcription of sphingolipid metabolism enzymes in an animal model of AD.
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16
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Shomali N, Baradaran B, Deljavanghodrati M, Akbari M, Hemmatzadeh M, Mohammadi H, Jang Y, Xu H, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S. A new insight into thymosin β4, a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3270-3279. [PMID: 31612500 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a G-actin-sequestering secreted peptide, improves neurovascular remodeling and central nervous system plasticity, which leads to neurological recovery in many neurological diseases. Inflammatory response adjustment and tissue inflammation consequences from neurological injury are vital for neurological recovery. The innate or nonspecific immune system is made of different components. The Toll-like receptor pro-inflammatory signaling pathway, which is one of these components, regulates tissue injury. The main component of the Toll-like/IL-1 receptor signaling pathway, which is known as IRAK1, can be regulated by miR-146a and regulates NF-κB expression. Due to the significant role of Tβ4 in oligodendrocytes, neurons, and microglial cells in neurological recovery, it is suggested that Tβ4 regulates the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pro-inflammatory signaling pathway by upregulating miR-146a in neurological disorders. However, further investigations on the role of Tβ4 in regulating the expression of miR146a and TLR signaling pathway in the immune response adjustment in neurological disorders provides an insight into mechanisms of action and the possibility of Tβ4 therapeutic effect enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Yue Jang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Siamak Sandoghchian Shotorbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Center of Clinical Medicine and Laboratory, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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17
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Nygaard M, Larsen MJ, Thomassen M, McGue M, Christensen K, Tan Q, Christiansen L. Global expression profiling of cognitive level and decline in middle-aged monozygotic twins. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 84:141-147. [PMID: 31585296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Only few studies have investigated the genomewide transcriptome of normative cognitive aging. We therefore aimed at investigating blood gene expression patterns associated with cognitive aging using a population-based sample of 235 middle-aged monozygotic twin pairs with longitudinal data on cognitive function. This unique setup enabled examination of gene expression differences associated with individual and intrapair differences in cognitive level and change while controlling for underlying genetic variation and shared early environment. Overall, increased expression of several gene sets was found to strongly correlate with a lower cognitive level and cognitive decline. The most significantly correlated gene sets were related to protein metabolism, translation, RNA metabolism, infectious disease, and the immune system, which are all processes previously linked to transcription signatures of pathological and normal brain aging, and aging in blood. The results of our study thus suggest that gene expression patterns of cognitive level and decline in our sample mirror those seen in cognitively impaired individuals, which could point toward a more generic response to cognitive aging and aging in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Nygaard
- The Danish Twin Registry and The Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Martin J Larsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, Human Genetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, Human Genetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Matt McGue
- The Danish Twin Registry and The Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Twin Registry and The Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Qihua Tan
- The Danish Twin Registry and The Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Lene Christiansen
- The Danish Twin Registry and The Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen OE, Denmark
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18
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Bright F, Werry EL, Dobson-Stone C, Piguet O, Ittner LM, Halliday GM, Hodges JR, Kiernan MC, Loy CT, Kassiou M, Kril JJ. Neuroinflammation in frontotemporal dementia. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:540-555. [PMID: 31324897 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) refers to a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders with different pathological signatures, genetic variability and complex disease mechanisms, for which no effective treatments exist. Despite advances in understanding the underlying pathology of FTD, sensitive and specific fluid biomarkers for this disease are lacking. As in other types of dementia, mounting evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is involved in the progression of FTD, including cortical inflammation, microglial activation, astrogliosis and differential expression of inflammation-related proteins in the periphery. Furthermore, an overlap between FTD and autoimmune disease has been identified. The most substantial evidence, however, comes from genetic studies, and several FTD-related genes are also implicated in neuroinflammation. This Review discusses specific evidence of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in FTD and describes how advances in our understanding of these mechanisms, in FTD as well as in other neurodegenerative diseases, might facilitate the development and implementation of diagnostic tools and disease-modifying treatments for FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Bright
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eryn L Werry
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol Dobson-Stone
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lars M Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Research Council, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Clement T Loy
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jillian J Kril
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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19
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Guo H, Cao H, Cui X, Zheng W, Wang S, Yu J, Chen Z. Silymarin's Inhibition and Treatment Effects for Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:E1748. [PMID: 31064071 PMCID: PMC6539875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a longstanding problem, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has stymied researchers in the medical field with its increasing incidence and enormous treatment difficulty. Silymarin has always been valued by researchers for its good efficacy and safety in treating liver disease. Recent studies have shown that silymarin also has good pharmacological activity in the nervous system, especially for the treatment of AD. Silymarin can control the production of Aβ by inhibiting the precursor substance of Aβ (β-amyloid precursor protein), and it can inhibit the polymerization of Aβ. Silymarin can also increase the acetylcholine content in the nervous system by inhibiting cholinesterase activity. At the same time, it also has the effect of resisting oxidative stress and the inflammatory response of the nervous system. These pharmacological activities contribute to the inhibition of the onset of AD. The good efficacy of silymarin on AD and its high safety and availability give it huge potential for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Hui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Xiaowei Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Wenxiu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Jiyang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
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20
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Jęśko H, Lukiw WJ, Wilkaniec A, Cieślik M, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Murawska E, Hilgier W, Adamczyk A. Altered Expression of Urea Cycle Enzymes in Amyloid-β Protein Precursor Overexpressing PC12 Cells and in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:279-291. [PMID: 29439324 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Urea cycle enzymes may play important yet poorly characterized roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous results showed that amyloid-β (Aβ) affects urea cycle enzymes in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in arginases, other urea cycle enzymes, and nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) in PC12 cells transfected with AβPP bearing the double 'Swedish' mutation (APPsw, K670M/N671L) and in postmortem sporadic AD brain hippocampus; the mutation intensifies Aβ production and strongly associates with AD neuropathology. mRNA expression was analyzed using real-time PCR in cell cultures and DNA microarrays in hippocampal CA1 area of human AD brains. Arginase activity was measured spectrophotometrically, and arginine, ornithine, and citrulline levels by high-performance liquid chromatography. Our data demonstrated that the expression and activity of arginases (Arg1 and Arg2), as well as the expression of argininosuccinate synthase (Ass) were significantly reduced in APPsw cells compared to control. However, argininosuccinate lyase (Asl) was upregulated in APPsw cells. Real-time PCR analysis revealed significant elevation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (Nnos) mRNA in APPsw cells, without changes in the endothelial Enos, whereas inducible Inos was undetectable. The changes were found to follow closely those observed in the human hippocampal CA1 region of sporadic AD brains. The changes in enzyme expression were accompanied in APPsw cells by significantly elevated citrulline, ornithine, and arginine. Our findings demonstrate that AβPP/Aβ alters arginine metabolism and induces a shift of cellular homeostasis that may support the oxidative/nitrosative stress observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Emilia Murawska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hilgier
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Cong L, Zhao Y, Pogue AI, Lukiw WJ. Role of microRNA (miRNA) and Viroids in Lethal Diseases of Plants and Animals. Potential Contribution to Human Neurodegenerative Disorders. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1018-1029. [PMID: 30472940 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918090031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both plants and animals have adopted a common strategy of using ~18-25-nucleotide small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), known as microRNAs (miRNAs), to transmit DNA-based epigenetic information. miRNAs (i) shape the total transcriptional output of individual cells; (ii) regulate and fine-tune gene expression profiles of cell clusters, and (iii) modulate cell phenotype in response to environmental stimuli and stressors. These miRNAs, the smallest known carriers of gene-encoded post-transcriptional regulatory information, not only regulate cellular function in healthy cells but also act as important mediators in the development of plant and animal diseases. Plants possess their own specific miRNAs; at least 32 plant species have been found to carry infectious sncRNAs called viroids, whose mechanisms of generation and functions are strikingly similar to those of miRNAs. This review highlights recent remarkable and sometimes controversial findings in miRNA signaling in plants and animals. Special attention is given to the intriguing possibility that dietary miRNAs and/or sncRNAs can function as mobile epigenetic and/or evolutionary linkers between different species and contribute to both intra- and interkingdom signaling. Wherever possible, emphasis has been placed on the relevance of these miRNAs to the development of human neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Based on the current available data, we suggest that such xeno-miRNAs may (i) contribute to the beneficial properties of medicinal plants, (ii) contribute to the negative properties of disease-causing or poisonous plants, and (iii) provide cross-species communication between kingdoms of living organisms involving multiple epigenetic and/or potentially pathogenic mechanisms associated with the onset and pathogenesis of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cong
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2272, USA.,Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Y Zhao
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2272, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2272, USA
| | - A I Pogue
- Alchem Biotech Research, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - W J Lukiw
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2272, USA. .,Department Neurology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2272, USA.,Department Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112-2272, USA
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22
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Spatiotemporal activation of the C/EBPβ/δ-secretase axis regulates the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E12427-E12434. [PMID: 30530690 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815915115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathological hallmarks include senile plaques with aggregated amyloid beta as a major component, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) containing truncated and hyperphosphorylated Tau, extensive neuronal loss, and chronic neuroinflammation. However, the key molecular mechanism that dominates the pathogenesis of AD remains elusive for AD. Here we show that the C/EBPβ/δ-secretase axis is activated in an age-dependent manner in different brain regions of the 3×Tg AD mouse model, elevating δ-secretase-truncated APP and Tau proteolytic truncates and promoting senile plaques and NFT formation in the brain, associated with gradual neuronal loss and chronic neuroinflammation. Depletion of inflammatory cytokine-regulated transcription factor C/EBPβ from 3×Tg mice represses APP, Tau, and δ-secretase expression, which subsequently inhibits APP and Tau cleavage, leading to mitigation of AD pathologies. Knockout of δ-secretase from 3×Tg mice strongly blunts AD pathogenesis. Consequently, inactivation of the C/EBPβ/δ-secretase axis ameliorates cognitive dysfunctions in 3×Tg mice by blocking APP and Tau expression and their pathological fragmentation. Thus, our findings support the notion that C/EBPβ/δ-secretase axis plays a crucial role in AD pathogenesis.
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The exploration of novel Alzheimer's therapeutic agents from the pool of FDA approved medicines using drug repositioning, enzyme inhibition and kinetic mechanism approaches. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:2513-2526. [PMID: 30551512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel drug development is onerous, time consuming and overpriced process with particularly low success and relatively high enfeebling rates. To overcome this burden, drug repositioning approach is being used to predict the possible therapeutic effects of FDA approved drugs in different diseases. Herein, we designed a computational and enzyme inhibitory mechanistic approach to fetch the promising drugs from the pool of FDA approved drugs against AD. The binding interaction patterns and conformations of screened drugs within active region of AChE were confirmed through molecular docking profiles. The possible associations of selected drugs with AD genes were predicted by pharmacogenomics analysis and confirmed through data mining. The stability behaviour of docked complexes (Drugs-AChE) were checked by MD simulations. The possible therapeutic potential of repositioned drugs against AChE were checked by in vitro analysis. Taken together, Cinitapride displayed a comparable results with standard and can be used as possible therapeutic agent in the treatment of AD.
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The Role of NADPH Oxidases and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123824. [PMID: 30513656 PMCID: PMC6321244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For a number of years, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) was synonymous with NOX2/gp91phox and was considered to be a peculiarity of professional phagocytic cells. Over the last decade, several more homologs have been identified and based on current research, the NOX family consists of NOX1, NOX2, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1 and DUOX2 enzymes. NOXs are electron transporting membrane proteins that are responsible for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation-primarily superoxide anion (O₂●-), although hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) can also be generated. Elevated ROS leads to oxidative stress (OS), which has been associated with a myriad of inflammatory and degenerative pathologies. Interestingly, OS is also the commonality in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). NOX enzymes are expressed in neurons, glial cells and cerebrovascular endothelial cells. NOX-mediated OS is identified as one of the main causes of cerebrovascular damage in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will discuss recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms linking NOX activity, OS and neurodegenerative diseases, with particular focus on the neurovascular component of these conditions. We conclude highlighting current challenges and future opportunities to combat age-related neurodegenerative disorders by targeting NOXs.
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Mendonca P, Taka E, Bauer D, Reams RR, Soliman KFA. The attenuating effects of 1,2,3,4,6 penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose on pro-inflammatory responses of LPS/IFNγ-activated BV-2 microglial cells through NFƙB and MAPK signaling pathways. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 324:43-53. [PMID: 30236786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overactivated microglial cells exhibit chronic inflammatory response and can lead to the continuous production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, perpetuating inflammation, and ultimately resulting in neuronal injury. 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-Galloyl-β-d-Glucose (PGG), which is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, has exhibited anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of many cytokines in different experimental models, but its effect on activated microglia cells was never described. In the present study, we investigated PGG effect in proteins involved in the NFƙB and MAPK signaling pathways, which play a central role in inflammation through their ability to induce transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. METHODS PCR arrays and RT-PCR with individual primers were used to determine the effect of PGG on mRNA expression of genes involved in NFƙB and MAPK signaling pathways. Western blots were performed to confirm PCR results. RESULTS The data obtained showed that PGG modulated the expression of 5 genes from the NFƙB (BIRC3, CHUK, IRAK1, NFƙB1, NOD1) and 2 genes from MAPK signaling pathway (CDK2 and MYC) when tested in RT-PCR assays. Western blots confirmed the PCR results at the protein level, showing that PGG attenuated the expression of total and phosphorylated proteins (CDK2, CHUK, IRAK1, and NFƙB1) involved in NFƙB and MAPK signaling. CONCLUSION These findings show that PGG could modulate the expression of genes and proteins involved in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mendonca
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Equar Taka
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - David Bauer
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Renee R Reams
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States.
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C/EBPβ regulates delta-secretase expression and mediates pathogenesis in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1784. [PMID: 29725016 PMCID: PMC5934399 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Delta-secretase cleaves both APP and Tau to mediate the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangle in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, how aging contributes to an increase in delta-secretase expression and AD pathologies remains unclear. Here we show that a CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPβ), an inflammation-regulated transcription factor, acts as a key age-dependent effector elevating both delta-secretase (AEP) and inflammatory cytokines expression in mediating pathogenesis in AD mouse models. We find that C/EBPβ regulates delta-secretase transcription and protein levels in an age-dependent manner. Overexpression of C/EBPβ in young 3xTg mice increases delta-secretase and accelerates the pathological features including cognitive dysfunctions, which is abolished by inactive AEP C189S. Conversely, depletion of C/EBPβ from old 3xTg or 5XFAD mice diminishes delta-secretase and reduces AD pathologies, leading to amelioration of cognitive impairment in these AD mouse models. Thus, our findings support that C/EBPβ plays a pivotal role in AD pathogenesis via increasing delta-secretase expression. Delta-secretase cleaves both APP and Tau, and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology. Here the authors show that C/EBPβ, a regulator of inflammation, also regulates transcription of delta-secretase in an age-dependent manner and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology in mouse models.
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Modulatory Effects of Fingolimod (FTY720) on the Expression of Sphingolipid Metabolism-Related Genes in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:174-185. [PMID: 29687345 PMCID: PMC6334734 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipid signaling disturbances correlate with Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. We examined the influence of FTY720/fingolimod, a sphingosine analog and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, on the expression of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling genes in a mouse transgenic AD model. Our results demonstrated that AβPP (V717I) transgene led with age to reduced mRNA expression of S1P receptors (S1PRs), sphingosine kinase SPHK2, ceramide kinase CERK, and the anti-apoptotic Bcl2 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, suggesting a pro-apoptotic shift in 12-month old mice. These changes largely emulated alterations we observed in the human sporadic AD hippocampus: reduced SPHK1, SPHK2, CERK, S1PR1, and BCL2. We observed that the responses to FTY720 treatment were modified by age and notably differed between control (APP-) and AD transgenic (APP+) animals. AβPP (V717I)-expressing 12-month-old animals reacted to fingolimod with wide changes in the gene expression program in cortex and hippocampus, including increased pro-survival SPHKs and CERK. Moreover, BCL2 was elevated by FTY720 in the cortex at all ages (3, 6, 12 months) while in hippocampus this increase was observed at 12 months only. In APP- mice, fingolimod did not induce any significant mRNA changes at 12 months. Our results indicate significant effect of FTY720 on the age-dependent transcription of genes involved in sphingolipid metabolism and pro-survival signaling, suggesting its neuroprotective role in AD animal model.
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Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ. Microbiome-Mediated Upregulation of MicroRNA-146a in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:145. [PMID: 29615954 PMCID: PMC5867462 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first indication of a potential mechanistic link between the pathobiology of the human gastrointestinal (GI)-tract microbiome and its contribution to the pathogenetic mechanisms of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) came a scant 4 years ago (1). Ongoing research continues to strengthen the hypothesis that neurotoxic microbial-derived components of the GI tract microbiome can cross aging GI tract and blood-brain barriers and contribute to progressive proinflammatory neurodegeneration, as exemplified by the AD-process. Of central interest in these recent investigations are the pathological roles played by human GI tract resident Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and neurotropic viruses-two prominent divisions of GI tract microbiome-derived microbiota-which harbor considerable pathogenic potential. It is noteworthy that the first two well-studied microbiota-the GI tract abundant Gram-negative bacteria Bacteroides fragilis and the neurotropic herpes simplex virus-1 both share a final common pathway of NF-κB (p50/p65) activation and microRNA-146a induction with ensuing pathogenic stimulation of innate-immune and neuroinflammatory pathways. These appear to strongly contribute to the inflammation-mediated amyloidogenic neuropathology of AD. This communication: (i) will review recent research contributions that have expanded our understanding of the nature of the translocation of microbiome-derived neurotoxins-across biophysiological barriers; (ii) will assess multiple-recent investigations of the induction of the proinflammatory pathogenic microRNA-146a by these two prominent classes of human microbiota; and (iii) will discuss the role of molecular neurobiology and mechanistic contribution of polymicrobial infections to AD-type neuropathological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Bazazzadegan N, Dehghan Shasaltaneh M, Saliminejad K, Kamali K, Banan M, Nazari R, Riazi GH, Khorram Khorshid HR. Effects of Ectoine on Behavior and Candidate Genes Expression in ICV-STZ Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 7:629-636. [PMID: 29399553 PMCID: PMC5788218 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically defined by the presence of amyloid plaques and tangles in the brain, therefore, any drug or compound with potential effect on lowering amyloid plaques, could be noticed for AD management especially in the primary phases of the disease. Ectoine constitutes a group of small molecule chaperones (SMCs). SMCs inhibit proteins and other changeable macromolecular structures misfolding from environmental stresses. Ectoine has been reported successfully prohibit insulin amyloid formation in vitro. Methods: We selected eight genes, DAXX, NFκβ, VEGF, PSEN1, MTAP2, SYP, MAPK3 and TNFα genes which had previously showed significant differential expression in Alzheimer human brain and STZ- rat model. We considered the neuroprotective efficacy by comparing the expression of candidate genes levels in the hippocampus of rat model of Sopradic Alzheimer's disease (SAD), using qPCR in compound-treated and control groups as well as therapeutic effects at learning and memory levels by using Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. Results: Our results showed significant down-regulation of Syp, Mapk3 and Tnfα and up-regulation of Vegf in rat's hippocampus after treatment with ectoine comparing to the STZ-induced group. In MWM, there was no significant change in swimming distance and time for finding the hidden platform in treated comparing to STZ-induced group. In addition, it wasn't seen significant change in compound-treated comparing to STZ-induced and control groups in memory level. Conclusion: It seems this compound may have significant effect on expression level of some AD- related genes but not on clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Bazazzadegan
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Dehghan Shasaltaneh
- Laboratory of Neuro-organic Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kioomars Saliminejad
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Kamali
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Banan
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Nazari
- Laboratory of Neuro-organic Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Hossein Riazi
- Laboratory of Neuro-organic Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Bazazzadegan N, Dehghan Shasaltaneh M, Saliminejad K, Kamali K, Banan M, Khorram Khorshid HR. Effects of Herbal Compound (IMOD) on Behavior and Expression of Alzheimer's Disease Related Genes in Streptozotocin-Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:491-494. [PMID: 29071234 PMCID: PMC5651073 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for over 95% of cases. Possible mechanisms of AD such as inflammation and oxidative stresses in the brain motivate researchers to follow many therapies which would be effective, especially in the early stages of the disease. IMOD, the herbal extract of R. Canina, T. Vulgare and U. Dioica plant species enriched with selenium, has anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory and protective effects against oxidative stress. Methods: In this study three AD-related genes, DAXX, NFκβ and VEGF, were chosen as candidate to investigate the neuroprotective effect of the extract by comparing their expression levels in the hippocampus of rat model of sporadic AD, using qPCR in the herbal-treated and control groups. The therapeutic effects on learning and memory levels were evaluated by Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. Results: Gene expression results were indicative of significant up-regulation of Vegf in rat’s hippocampus after treatment with the herbal extract comparing to model group (P-value= 0.001). The MWM results showed significant changes in path length and time for finding the hidden platform in all groups during test and the same change in the treated comparing to the control group in memory level. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the herbal extract may have significant effect on gene expression but not on behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Bazazzadegan
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Dehghan Shasaltaneh
- Laboratory of Neuro-organic Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kioomars Saliminejad
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Kamali
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Banan
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhao Y, Cong L, Jaber V, Lukiw WJ. Microbiome-Derived Lipopolysaccharide Enriched in the Perinuclear Region of Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1064. [PMID: 28928740 PMCID: PMC5591429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant clinical, epidemiological, imaging, genetic, molecular, and pathophysiological data together indicate that there occur an unusual inflammatory reaction and a disruption of the innate-immune signaling system in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. Despite many years of intense study, the origin and molecular mechanics of these AD-relevant pathogenic signals are still not well understood. Here, we provide evidence that an intensely pro-inflammatory bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), part of a complex mixture of pro-inflammatory neurotoxins arising from abundant Gram-negative bacilli of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, are abundant in AD-affected brain neocortex and hippocampus. For the first time, we provide evidence that LPS immunohistochemical signals appear to aggregate in clumps in the parenchyma in control brains, and in AD, about 75% of anti-LPS signals were clustered around the periphery of DAPI-stained nuclei. As LPS is an abundant secretory product of Gram-negative bacilli resident in the human GI-tract, these observations suggest (i) that a major source of pro-inflammatory signals in AD brain may originate from internally derived noxious exudates of the GI-tract microbiome; (ii) that due to aging, vascular deficits or degenerative disease these neurotoxic molecules may “leak” into the systemic circulation, cerebral vasculature, and on into the brain; and (iii) that this internal source of microbiome-derived neurotoxins may play a particularly strong role in shaping the human immune system and contributing to neural degeneration, particularly in the aging CNS. This “Perspectives” paper will further highlight some very recent developments that implicate GI-tract microbiome-derived LPS as an important contributor to inflammatory-neurodegeneration in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Lin Cong
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Vivian Jaber
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Fan X, Wheatley EG, Villeda SA. Mechanisms of Hippocampal Aging and the Potential for Rejuvenation. Annu Rev Neurosci 2017; 40:251-272. [PMID: 28441118 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have seen remarkable progress in our understanding of the multifactorial drivers of hippocampal aging and cognitive decline. Recent findings have also raised the possibility of functional rejuvenation in the aged hippocampus. In this review, we aim to synthesize the mechanisms that drive hippocampal aging and evaluate critically the potential for rejuvenation. We discuss the functional changes in synaptic plasticity and regenerative potential of the aged hippocampus, followed by mechanisms of microglia aging, and assess the cross talk between these proaging processes. We then examine proyouth interventions that demonstrate significant promise in reversing age-related impairments in the hippocampus and, finally, attempt to look ahead toward novel therapeutics for brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelai Fan
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; , , .,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Elizabeth G Wheatley
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; , , .,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Saul A Villeda
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; , , .,The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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De Mena L, Chhangani D, Fernandez-Funez P, Rincon-Limas DE. secHsp70 as a tool to approach amyloid-β42 and other extracellular amyloids. Fly (Austin) 2017; 11:179-184. [PMID: 28165856 PMCID: PMC5552267 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2017.1291104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-association of amyloidogenic proteins is the main pathological trigger in a wide variety of neurodegenerative disorders. These aggregates are deposited inside or outside the cell due to hereditary mutations, environmental exposures or even normal aging. Cumulative evidence indicates that the heat shock chaperone Hsp70 possesses robust neuroprotection against various intracellular amyloids in Drosophila and mouse models. However, its protective role against extracellular amyloids was largely unknown as its presence outside the cells is very limited. Our recent manuscript in PNAS revealed that an engineered form of secreted Hsp70 (secHsp70) is highly protective against toxicity induced by extracellular deposition of the amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) peptide. In this Extra View article, we extend our analysis to other members of the heat shock protein family. We created PhiC31-based transgenic lines for human Hsp27, Hsp40, Hsp60 and Hsp70 and compared their activities in parallel against extracellular Aβ42. Strikingly, only secreted Hsp70 exhibits robust protection against Aβ42-triggered toxicity in the extracellular milieu. These observations indicate that the ability of secHsp70 to suppress Aβ42 insults is quite unique and suggest that targeted secretion of Hsp70 may represent a new therapeutic approach against Aβ42 and other extracellular amyloids. The potential applications of this engineered chaperone are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena De Mena
- a Department of Neurology , McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Deepak Chhangani
- a Department of Neurology , McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Pedro Fernandez-Funez
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Minnesota Medical School , Duluth , MN , USA
| | - Diego E Rincon-Limas
- a Department of Neurology , McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA.,c Department of Neuroscience, Genetics Institute and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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Corbi G, Conti V, Davinelli S, Scapagnini G, Filippelli A, Ferrara N. Dietary Phytochemicals in Neuroimmunoaging: A New Therapeutic Possibility for Humans? Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:364. [PMID: 27790141 PMCID: PMC5062465 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several efforts have been made in the search for genetic and epigenetic patterns linked to diseases, a comprehensive explanation of the mechanisms underlying pathological phenotypic plasticity is still far from being clarified. Oxidative stress and inflammation are two of the major triggers of the epigenetic alterations occurring in chronic pathologies, such as neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made to realize that chronic, low-grade inflammation is one of the major risk factor underlying brain aging. Accumulated data strongly suggest that phytochemicals from fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices may exert relevant immunomodulatory and/or anti-inflammatory activities in the context of brain aging. Starting by the evidence that a common denominator of aging and chronic degenerative diseases is represented by inflammation, and that several dietary phytochemicals are able to potentially interfere with and regulate the normal function of cells, in particular neuronal components, aim of this review is to summarize recent studies on neuroinflammaging processes and proofs indicating that specific phytochemicals may act as positive modulators of neuroinflammatory events. In addition, critical pathways involved in mediating phytochemicals effects on neuroinflammaging were discussed, exploring the real impact of these compounds in preserving brain health before the onset of symptoms leading to inflammatory neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise Campobasso, Italy
| | - Valeria Conti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno Salerno, Italy
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise Campobasso, Italy
| | - Amelia Filippelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno Salerno, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of NaplesNaples, Italy; Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of TeleseTelese Terme, Italy
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Age-dependent differential expression of death-associated protein 6 (Daxx) in various peripheral tissues and different brain regions of C57BL/6 male mice. Biogerontology 2016; 17:817-828. [PMID: 27465500 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Death-associated protein 6 (DAXX) is a ubiquitous protein implicated in various cellular processes such as apoptosis, tumorigenesis, development and transcription. The role of DAXX is however ambiguous and many contradictory results regarding its function in apoptosis upon various cellular stresses are described in the literature. In order to have a better understanding of the role of DAXX throughout the entire organism under physiological stress conditions, we have characterized the mRNA levels, protein expression and the proteolytic processing of DAXX in the normal aging process in peripheral organs and brain regions in C57BL/6 male mice. Overall, Daxx mRNA expression decreases with aging in the liver, kidney, heart, cortex and cerebellum. In contrast, an increase is observed in the striatum. The protein expression of DAXX and of its proteolytic fragments increases with aging in the kidney, heart and cortex. In liver and spleen, no changes are observed while in the striatum and cerebellum, certain forms increase and others decrease with age, suggesting that the functions of DAXX may be cell type dependent. This study provides important details regarding the expression and post-translational modifications of DAXX in aging in the entire organism and provides reference data for the deregulation observed in age-associated diseases.
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Daulatzai MA. Dysfunctional Sensory Modalities, Locus Coeruleus, and Basal Forebrain: Early Determinants that Promote Neuropathogenesis of Cognitive and Memory Decline and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:295-337. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cholesterol overload induces apoptosis in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells through the up regulation of flotillin-2 in the lipid raft and the activation of BDNF/Trkb signaling. Neuroscience 2016; 328:201-9. [PMID: 27155148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological investigations have shown that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. It has been indicated that the cholesterol concentration in the brain of AD patients is higher than that in normal people. In this study, we investigated the effects of cholesterol concentrations, 0, as the control, 3.125, 12.5, and 25μM, on cholesterol metabolism, neuron survival, AD-related protein expressions, and cell morphology and apoptosis using SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. We observed that expressions of cholesterol hydroxylase (Cyp46), flotillin-2 (a marker of lipid raft content), and truncated tyrosine kinase B (TrkBtc) increased, while expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and full-length TrkB (TrkBfl) decreased as the concentration of cholesterol loading increased. Down-regulation of the PI3K-Akt-glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β cascade and cell apoptosis were also observed at higher concentrations of cholesterol, along with elevated levels of β-amyloid (Aβ), β-secretase (BACE), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In conclusion, we found that cholesterol overload in neuronal cells imbalanced the cholesterol homeostasis and increased the protein expressions causing cell apoptosis, which illustrates the neurodegenerative pathology of abnormally elevated cholesterol concentrations found in AD patients.
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Zhao Y, Alexandrov PN, Lukiw WJ. Anti-microRNAs as Novel Therapeutic Agents in the Clinical Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:59. [PMID: 26941600 PMCID: PMC4766517 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overview- One hundred and ten years since its first description Alzheimer's disease (AD) still retains its prominent status: (i) as the industrialized world's number one cause of age-related intellectual impairment and cognitive decline; (ii) as this country's most rapidly expanding socioeconomic and healthcare concern; and (iii) as an insidious, progressive and lethal neurological disorder of the human central nervous system (CNS) for which there is currently no adequate treatment or cure (Alzheimer, 1991; Alzheimer et al., 1991, 1995) [https://www.alz.org/facts/downloads/facts_figures_2015.pdf (2015)]. The concept of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as being involved in the etiopathogenesis of AD and age-related human neurodegenerative disease was first proposed about 25 years ago, however it was not until 2007 that specific microRNA (miRNA) abundance, speciation and localization to the hippocampal CA1 region (an anatomical area of the human CNS specifically targeted by the AD process) was shown to strongly associate with AD-type change when compared to age-matched controls (Lukiw et al., 1992; Lukiw, 2007; Schipper et al., 2007; Cogswell et al., 2008; Guerreiro et al., 2012). Currently about 400 reports address the potential link between disruptions in miRNA signaling and the development of various features associated with AD neuropathology (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=micro+RNA+alzheimer's+disease). In this “Perspectives” paper we will highlight some of the most recent literature on anti-miRNA (AM; antagomir) therapeutic strategies and some very recent technological advances in the analysis and characterization of defective miRNA signaling pathways in AD compared to neurologically normal age-matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Science CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA; Department Neurology, LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA
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Riechers SP, Butland S, Deng Y, Skotte N, Ehrnhoefer DE, Russ J, Laine J, Laroche M, Pouladi MA, Wanker EE, Hayden MR, Graham RK. Interactome network analysis identifies multiple caspase-6 interactors involved in the pathogenesis of HD. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1600-18. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Cornejo F, von Bernhardi R. Age-Dependent Changes in the Activation and Regulation of Microglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 949:205-226. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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von Bernhardi R, Cornejo F, Parada GE, Eugenín J. Role of TGFβ signaling in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:426. [PMID: 26578886 PMCID: PMC4623426 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD); being associated with conspicuous changes on microglia activation. Aged microglia exhibit an increased expression of cytokines, exacerbated reactivity to various stimuli, oxidative stress, and reduced phagocytosis of β-amyloid (Aβ). Whereas normal inflammation is protective, it becomes dysregulated in the presence of a persistent stimulus, or in the context of an inflammatory environment, as observed in aging. Thus, neuroinflammation can be a self-perpetuating deleterious response, becoming a source of additional injury to host cells in neurodegenerative diseases. In aged individuals, although transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is upregulated, its canonical Smad3 signaling is greatly reduced and neuroinflammation persists. This age-related Smad3 impairment reduces protective activation while facilitating cytotoxic activation of microglia through several cellular mechanisms, potentiating microglia-mediated neurodegeneration. Here, we critically discuss the role of TGFβ-Smad signaling on the cytotoxic activation of microglia and its relevance in the pathogenesis of AD. Other protective functions, such as phagocytosis, although observed in aged animals, are not further induced by inflammatory stimuli and TGFβ1. Analysis in silico revealed that increased expression of receptor scavenger receptor (SR)-A, involved in Aβ uptake and cell activation, by microglia exposed to TGFβ, through a Smad3-dependent mechanism could be mediated by transcriptional co-factors Smad2/3 over the MSR1 gene. We discuss that changes of TGFβ-mediated regulation could at least partially mediate age-associated microglia changes, and, together with other changes on inflammatory response, could result in the reduction of protective activation and the potentiation of cytotoxicity of microglia, resulting in the promotion of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo E Parada
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Eugenín
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Department of Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile
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Morara S, Colangelo AM, Provini L. Microglia-Induced Maladaptive Plasticity Can Be Modulated by Neuropeptides In Vivo. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:135342. [PMID: 26273481 PMCID: PMC4529944 DOI: 10.1155/2015/135342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia-induced maladaptive plasticity is being recognized as a major cause of deleterious self-sustaining pathological processes that occur in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Microglia, the primary homeostatic guardian of the central nervous system, exert critical functions both during development, in neural circuit reshaping, and during adult life, in the brain physiological and pathological surveillance. This delicate critical role can be disrupted by neural, but also peripheral, noxious stimuli that can prime microglia to become overreactive to a second noxious stimulus or worsen underlying pathological processes. Among regulators of microglia, neuropeptides can play a major role. Their receptors are widely expressed in microglial cells and neuropeptide challenge can potently influence microglial activity in vitro. More relevantly, this regulator activity has been assessed also in vivo, in experimental models of brain diseases. Neuropeptide action in the central nervous system has been associated with beneficial effects in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathological experimental models. This review describes some of the mechanisms of the microglia maladaptive plasticity in vivo and how neuropeptide activity can represent a useful therapeutical target in a variety of human brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Morara
- Neuroscience Institute (CNR), Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
- Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience “R. Levi-Montalcini”, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Provini
- Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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von Bernhardi R, Eugenín-von Bernhardi L, Eugenín J. Microglial cell dysregulation in brain aging and neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:124. [PMID: 26257642 PMCID: PMC4507468 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the main risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. In aging, microglia undergoes phenotypic changes compatible with their activation. Glial activation can lead to neuroinflammation, which is increasingly accepted as part of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We hypothesize that in aging, aberrant microglia activation leads to a deleterious environment and neurodegeneration. In aged mice, microglia exhibit an increased expression of cytokines and an exacerbated inflammatory response to pathological changes. Whereas LPS increases nitric oxide (NO) secretion in microglia from young mice, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) predominates in older mice. Furthermore, there is accumulation of DNA oxidative damage in mitochondria of microglia during aging, and also an increased intracellular ROS production. Increased ROS activates the redox-sensitive nuclear factor kappa B, which promotes more neuroinflammation, and can be translated in functional deficits, such as cognitive impairment. Mitochondria-derived ROS and cathepsin B, are also necessary for the microglial cell production of interleukin-1β, a key inflammatory cytokine. Interestingly, whereas the regulatory cytokine TGFβ1 is also increased in the aged brain, neuroinflammation persists. Assessing this apparent contradiction, we have reported that TGFβ1 induction and activation of Smad3 signaling after inflammatory stimulation are reduced in adult mice. Other protective functions, such as phagocytosis, although observed in aged animals, become not inducible by inflammatory stimuli and TGFβ1. Here, we discuss data suggesting that mitochondrial and endolysosomal dysfunction could at least partially mediate age-associated microglial cell changes, and, together with the impairment of the TGFβ1-Smad3 pathway, could result in the reduction of protective activation and the facilitation of cytotoxic activation of microglia, resulting in the promotion of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommy von Bernhardi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jaime Eugenín
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Santiago, Chile
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Deleidi M, Jäggle M, Rubino G. Immune aging, dysmetabolism, and inflammation in neurological diseases. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:172. [PMID: 26089771 PMCID: PMC4453474 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As we age, the immune system undergoes a process of senescence accompanied by the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, a chronic subclinical condition named as “inflammaging”. Emerging evidence from human and experimental models suggest that immune senescence also affects the central nervous system and promotes neuronal dysfunction, especially within susceptible neuronal populations. In this review we discuss the potential role of immune aging, inflammation and metabolic derangement in neurological diseases. The discovery of novel therapeutic strategies targeting age-linked inflammation may promote healthy brain aging and the treatment of neurodegenerative as well as neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Deleidi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Madeline Jäggle
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Graziella Rubino
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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45
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Ojo JO, Rezaie P, Gabbott PL, Stewart MG. Impact of age-related neuroglial cell responses on hippocampal deterioration. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:57. [PMID: 25972808 PMCID: PMC4413780 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is one of the greatest risk factors for the development of sporadic age-related neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation is a common feature of this disease phenotype. In the immunoprivileged brain, neuroglial cells, which mediate neuroinflammatory responses, are influenced by the physiological factors in the microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS). These physiological factors include but are not limited to cell-to-cell communication involving cell adhesion molecules, neuronal electrical activity and neurotransmitter and neuromodulator action. However, despite this dynamic control of neuroglial activity, in the healthy aged brain there is an alteration in the underlying neuroinflammatory response notably seen in the hippocampus, typified by astrocyte/microglia activation and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production and signaling. These changes may occur without any overt concurrent pathology, however, they typically correlate with deteriorations in hippocamapal or cognitive function. In this review we examine two important phenomenons, firstly the relationship between age-related brain deterioration (focusing on hippocampal function) and underlying neuroglial response(s), and secondly how the latter affects molecular and cellular processes within the hippocampus that makes it vulnerable to age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O. Ojo
- Department of Life Sciences, The Open UniversityWalton Hall, UK
- Department of Neuropathology, Roskamp InstituteSarasota, FL, USA
| | - Payam Rezaie
- Department of Life Sciences, The Open UniversityWalton Hall, UK
| | - Paul L. Gabbott
- Department of Life Sciences, The Open UniversityWalton Hall, UK
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Maphis N, Xu G, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Jiang S, Cardona A, Ransohoff RM, Lamb BT, Bhaskar K. Reactive microglia drive tau pathology and contribute to the spreading of pathological tau in the brain. Brain 2015; 138:1738-55. [PMID: 25833819 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological aggregation of tau is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. We have previously shown that the deficiency of the microglial fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) led to the acceleration of tau pathology and memory impairment in an hTau mouse model of tauopathy. Here, we show that microglia drive tau pathology in a cell-autonomous manner. First, tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation occur as early as 2 months of age in hTauCx3cr1(-/-) mice. Second, CD45(+) microglial activation correlates with the spatial memory deficit and spread of tau pathology in the anatomically connected regions of the hippocampus. Third, adoptive transfer of purified microglia derived from hTauCx3cr1(-/-) mice induces tau hyperphosphorylation within the brains of non-transgenic recipient mice. Finally, inclusion of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (Kineret®) in the adoptive transfer inoculum significantly reduces microglia-induced tau pathology. Together, our results suggest that reactive microglia are sufficient to drive tau pathology and correlate with the spread of pathological tau in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Maphis
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM 87131, USA
| | - Guixiang Xu
- 2 Department of Neurosciences, NC30, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- 2 Department of Neurosciences, NC30, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
| | - Shanya Jiang
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM 87131, USA
| | - Astrid Cardona
- 3 Department of Biology, University of Texas San Antonio, West Campus/Tobin lab MBT 1.216, San Antonio TX 78249, USA
| | | | - Bruce T Lamb
- 2 Department of Neurosciences, NC30, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM 87131, USA
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Hill JM, Dua P, Clement C, Lukiw WJ. An evaluation of progressive amyloidogenic and pro-inflammatory change in the primary visual cortex and retina in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Front Neurosci 2014; 8:347. [PMID: 25429256 PMCID: PMC4228830 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James M Hill
- Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center and Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prerna Dua
- Department of Health Information Management, Louisiana State University Ruston, LA, USA
| | - Christian Clement
- Department of Natural Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Experimental Therapeutics and Human Toxicology Lab, Southern University at New Orleans New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center and Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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Alexandrov PN, Dua P, Lukiw WJ. Up-Regulation of miRNA-146a in Progressive, Age-Related Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Human CNS. Front Neurol 2014; 5:181. [PMID: 25324823 PMCID: PMC4179622 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Prerna Dua
- Department of Health Information Management, Louisiana State University , Ruston, LA , USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, LA , USA ; LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, LA , USA
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Zhao Y, Bhattacharjee S, Jones BM, Hill J, Dua P, Lukiw WJ. Regulation of neurotropic signaling by the inducible, NF-kB-sensitive miRNA-125b in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in primary human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:97-106. [PMID: 24293102 PMCID: PMC4038663 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inducible microRNAs (miRNAs) perform critical regulatory roles in central nervous system (CNS) development, aging, health, and disease. Using miRNA arrays, RNA sequencing, enhanced Northern dot blot hybridization technologies, Western immunoblot, and bioinformatics analysis, we have studied miRNA abundance and complexity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain tissues compared to age-matched controls. In both short post-mortem AD and in stressed primary human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells, we observe a consistent up-regulation of several brain-enriched miRNAs that are under transcriptional control by the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB. These include miRNA-9, miRNA-34a, miRNA-125b, miRNA-146a, and miRNA-155. Of the inducible miRNAs in this subfamily, miRNA-125b is among the most abundant and significantly induced miRNA species in human brain cells and tissues. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that an up-regulated miRNA-125b could potentially target the 3'untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding (a) a 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX; ALOX15; chr 17p13.3), utilized in the conversion of docosahexaneoic acid into neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), and (b) the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR; VD3R; chr12q13.11) of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. 15-LOX and VDR are key neuromolecular factors essential in lipid-mediated signaling, neurotrophic support, defense against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species), and neuroprotection in the CNS. Pathogenic effects appear to be mediated via specific interaction of miRNA-125b with the 3'-UTR region of the 15-LOX and VDR messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In AD hippocampal CA1 and in stressed HNG cells, 15-LOX and VDR down-regulation and a deficiency in neurotrophic support may therefore be explained by the actions of a single inducible, pro-inflammatory miRNA-125b. We will review the recent data on the pathogenic actions of this up-regulated miRNA-125b in AD and discuss potential therapeutic approaches using either anti-NF-kB or anti-miRNA-125b strategies. These may be of clinical relevance in the restoration of 15-LOX and VDR expression back to control levels and the re-establishment of homeostatic neurotrophic signaling in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Surjyadipta Bhattacharjee
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Brandon M. Jones
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Jim Hill
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Prerna Dua
- Department of Health Information Management, Louisiana State University, Ruston, LA 71272 USA
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
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Aalaei-Andabili SH, Fabbri M, Rezaei N. Reciprocal effects of Toll-like receptors and miRNAs on biological processes in human health and disease: a systematic review. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:1127-42. [PMID: 24088081 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of miRNAs in human diseases are emerging. Manipulation of miRNA expression seems to be an effective approach to control disease severity. It has recently been found that Toll-like receptors and miRNAs work by exerting reciprocal effects. Toll-like receptor stimulation can lead to up-/down-regulation of various miRNA expressions. Lipopolysaccharide induction may result in interactions between different miRNAs. Several miRNAs are involved in cancers, indicating the importance of identifying strategies to properly manipulate their expression level. The control of various miRNA expression levels, taking into consideration the plethora of their target genes and the possibility that this may lead to contracting function, which is an important issue in treatment of any miRNA-based (phenotype) disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Aalaei-Andabili
- Molecular Immunology Research Center & Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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