1
|
Marafante M, Bertinetti S, Carena L, Fabbri D, Malandrino M, Vione D, Berto S. Chemical characterization and speciation of the soluble fraction of Arctic PM 10. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1389-1398. [PMID: 38227013 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The chemical composition of the soluble fraction of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and how these components can combine with each other to form different species affect the chemistry of the aqueous phase dispersed in the atmosphere: raindrops, clouds, fog, and ice particles. The study was focused on the analysis of the soluble fraction of Arctic PM10 samples collected at Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands, Norwegian Arctic) during the year 2012. The concentration values of Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, formate, acetate, malonate, and oxalate in the water-soluble fraction of PM10 were determined by atomic spectroscopy and ion chromatography. Speciation models were applied to define the major species that would occur in aqueous solution as a function of pH (2-10). The model highlights that (i) the main cations such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ occur in the form of aquoions in the whole investigated pH range; (ii) Cu2+, Zn2+, and, in particular, Fe3+ and Al3+ are mostly present in their hydrolytic forms; and (iii) Al3+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ form solid hydrolytic species that precipitate at pH values slightly higher than neutrality. These latter metals show interesting interactions with oxalate and sulfate ions, too. The speciation models were also calculated considering the seasonal variability of the concentration of the components and at higher concentration levels than those found in water PM extracts, to better simulate concentrations actually found in the atmospheric aqueous phase. The results highlight the role of oxalate as the main organic ligand in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marafante
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Bertinetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Luca Carena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Berto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kuttippurath J, Patel VK, Roy R, Kumar P. Sources, variability, long-term trends, and radiative forcing of aerosols in the Arctic: implications for Arctic amplification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:1621-1636. [PMID: 38044405 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution in the Arctic has been an important driver for the ongoing climate change there. Increase in the Arctic aerosols causes the phenomena of Arctic haze and Arctic amplification. Our analysis of aerosol optical depth (AOD), black carbon (BC), and dust using ground-based, satellite, and reanalysis data in the Arctic for the period 2003-2019 shows that the lowest amount of all these is found in Greenland and Central Arctic. There is high AOD, BC, and dust in the northern Eurasia and parts of North America. All aerosols show their highest values in spring. Significant positive trends in AOD (> 0.003 year-1) and BC (0.0002-0.0003 year-1) are found in the northwestern America and northern Asia. Significant negative trends are observed for dust (- 0.0001 year-1) around Central Arctic. Seasonal analysis of AOD, BC, and dust reveals an increasing trend in summer and decreasing trend in spring in the Arctic. The major sources of aerosols are the nearby Europe, Russia, and North America regions, as assessed using the potential source contribution function (PSCF). Anthropogenic emissions from the transport, energy, and household sectors along with natural sources such as wildfires contribute to the positive trends of aerosols in the Arctic. These increasing aerosols in the Arctic influence Arctic amplification through radiative effects. Here, we find that the net aerosol radiative forcing is high in Central Arctic, Greenland, Siberia, and Canadian Arctic, about 2-4 W/m2, which can influence the regional temperature. Therefore, our study can assist policy decisions for the mitigation of Arctic haze and Arctic amplification in this environmental fragile region of the Earth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikas Kumar Patel
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Raina Roy
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thi YVN, Vu TD, Do VQ, Ngo AD, Show PL, Chu DT. Residual toxins on aquatic animals in the Pacific areas: Current findings and potential health effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167390. [PMID: 37758133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific Ocean is among the five largest and deepest oceans in the world. The area of the Pacific Ocean covers about 28 % of the Earth's surface. This is the habitat of many marine species, and its diversity is recognized as a fundamental element of Pacific culture and heritage. The ecosystems of aquatic animals are highly affected by climate change and by other factors. Residual toxins on aquatic animals can be categorized into two types based on origin: toxins of marine origin and toxins associated with human activity. Residual toxins have emerged as a global concern in recent years due to their frequent presence in aquatic environments. Furthermore, residual toxins in organisms living in the marine environment in the Pacific Ocean region also seriously affect food safety, food security, and especially human health. In this review we discuss important issues about residual toxins on aquatic animals in the Pacific areas specifically about the types of toxins that exist in marine animals, their contamination pathways in the Asia, Pacific region and the potential health effects for humans, the application of information technology and artificial intelligence in residual toxins on aquatic animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen Vy Nguyen Thi
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thuy-Duong Vu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Van Quy Do
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Anh Dao Ngo
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dinh Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barr SL, Wyld B, McQuaid JB, Neely III RR, Murray BJ. Southern Alaska as a source of atmospheric mineral dust and ice-nucleating particles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3708. [PMID: 37585539 PMCID: PMC10431707 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) influence cloud radiative properties and climate; however, INP sources and concentrations are poorly constrained, particularly in high-latitude regions. Southern Alaska is a known source of high-latitude dust, but its contribution to atmospheric mineral dust and INP concentrations has not been quantified. We show that glacial dust collected in southern Alaska is an effective ice-nucleating material under conditions relevant for mixed-phase clouds and is more active than low-latitude dust because of a biological component that enhances its activity. We use dispersion modeling to show that this source contributes to the regional INP population and that the dust emitted is transported over a broad area of North America, reaching altitudes where it could cause cloud glaciation. Our results highlight the importance of quantifying emissions and ice-nucleating characteristics of high-latitude dusts and suggest that the ice-nucleating ability of emitted dust in these regions should be represented in models using different parametrizations to low-latitude dust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Barr
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Leeds, UK
| | - Bethany Wyld
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Ryan R. Neely III
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Leeds, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen A, Yang L, Sun L, Gao Y, Xie Z. Holocene changes in biomass burning in the boreal Northern Hemisphere, reconstructed from anhydrosugar fluxes in an Arctic sediment profile. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161460. [PMID: 36626988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rapid warming of Arctic is causing increased fire activities in the boreal Northern Hemisphere (NH), leading to unprecedent changes in the global carbon cycling, human health and ecosystems. Understanding the interaction between fire and climate in this far north region is crucial for predicting future changes of wildfires. However, fire records over geological time scales are still scarce in the high latitudes of NH to provide comprehensive pictures of the fire history in this region. Here, we used the flux of levoglucosan (Lev) and its isomers in a sediment profile YN from Svalbard, high Arctic, as proxies for the changes in biomass burning from ∼9-2 kyr BP (thousand years before present). Backward trajectories and comparison with charcoal syntheses from various regions confirmed that the Lev transport to the profile site is sourced from the fire activities in the boreal NH, especially in northern Europe and northern Siberia. The Lev flux exhibited a slight overall decreasing trend at ∼3 %/kyr (p = 0.09) over the study period, as well as centennial maxima at ∼9, 8-7, 6, 5, and 4-3 kyr BP (p = 0.06). On sub-orbital scales, the long-term decrease in fire activities corresponded to trends of summer temperature in the extratropics of the NH (p = 0.01, r = 0.42), reflecting their regulation of fuel availability and flammability. On centennial to sub-millennial time scales, high levels of biomass burning were associated with periods of increased North Atlantic ice-rafted debris (p = 0.02, r = 0.38), which were indicative of cold and dry conditions over most of the source regions, reflecting the impacts of dryness on fuel flammability. The results suggested that enhanced Arctic amplification on centennial time scales may reduce biomass burning in most of the boreal NH, although fires in some mid-latitude regions may be facilitated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afeng Chen
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lianjiao Yang
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Liguang Sun
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yuesong Gao
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Zhouqing Xie
- Institute of Polar Environment & Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yao W, Gui K, Zheng Y, Li L, Wang Y, Che H, Zhang X. Seasonal cycles and long-term trends of arctic tropospheric aerosols based on CALIPSO lidar observations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114613. [PMID: 36272597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Notable warming trends have been observed in the Arctic, with tropospheric aerosols being one of the key drivers. Here the seasonal cycles of three-dimensional (3D) distributions of aerosol extinction coefficients (AECs) and frequency of occurrences (FoOs) for different aerosol subtypes in the troposphere over the Arctic from 2007 to 2019 are characterized capitalizing on Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) Level-3 gridded aerosol profile product. Seasonal contributions of total and type-dependent aerosols through their partitioning within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and free troposphere (FT) are also quantified utilizing the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) PBL height data. The results show substantial seasonal and geographical dependence in the distribution of aerosols over the Arctic. Sulfate, black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) contribute most of the total AEC, with Eurasia being the largest contributor. The vertical structure of AECs and FoOs over the Arctic demonstrates that the vertical influence of aerosols is higher in eastern Siberia and North America than in northern Eurasia and its coasts. When the total aerosol optical depth (TAOD) is partitioned into the PBL and FT, results indicate that the contributions of TAOD within the FT tend to be more significant, especially in summer, with the FT contributes 64.2% and 69.2% of TAOD over the lower (i.e., 60° N-70° N) and high (i.e., north of 70° N) Arctic, respectively. Additionally, seasonal trend analyses suggest Arctic TAOD exhibits a multi-year negative trend in winter, spring, and autumn and a positive trend in summer during 2007-2019, due to an overall decrease in sulfate from weakened anthropogenic emissions and a significant increase in BC and OC from enhanced biomass burning activities. Overall, this study has potential implications for understanding the seasonal cycles and trends in Arctic aerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences & Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ke Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huizheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Year-round trace gas measurements in the central Arctic during the MOSAiC expedition. Sci Data 2022; 9:723. [PMID: 36434022 PMCID: PMC9700757 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the key role of the Arctic in the global Earth system, year-round in-situ atmospheric composition observations within the Arctic are sparse and mostly rely on measurements at ground-based coastal stations. Measurements of a suite of in-situ trace gases were performed in the central Arctic during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition. These observations give a comprehensive picture of year-round near-surface atmospheric abundances of key greenhouse and trace gases, i.e., carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, dimethylsulfide, sulfur dioxide, elemental mercury, and selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Redundancy in certain measurements supported continuity and permitted cross-evaluation and validation of the data. This paper gives an overview of the trace gas measurements conducted during MOSAiC and highlights the high quality of the monitoring activities. In addition, in the case of redundant measurements, merged datasets are provided and recommended for further use by the scientific community.
Collapse
|
8
|
Siegel K, Neuberger A, Karlsson L, Zieger P, Mattsson F, Duplessis P, Dada L, Daellenbach K, Schmale J, Baccarini A, Krejci R, Svenningsson B, Chang R, Ekman AML, Riipinen I, Mohr C. Using Novel Molecular-Level Chemical Composition Observations of High Arctic Organic Aerosol for Predictions of Cloud Condensation Nuclei. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13888-13899. [PMID: 36112784 PMCID: PMC9535938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Predictions of cloud droplet activation in the late summertime (September) central Arctic Ocean are made using κ-Köhler theory with novel observations of the aerosol chemical composition from a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols (FIGAERO-CIMS) and an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), deployed during the Arctic Ocean 2018 expedition onboard the Swedish icebreaker Oden. We find that the hygroscopicity parameter κ of the total aerosol is 0.39 ± 0.19 (mean ± std). The predicted activation diameter of ∼25 to 130 nm particles is overestimated by 5%, leading to an underestimation of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration by 4-8%. From this, we conclude that the aerosol in the High Arctic late summer is acidic and therefore highly cloud active, with a substantial CCN contribution from Aitken mode particles. Variability in the predicted activation diameter is addressed mainly as a result of uncertainties in the aerosol size distribution measurements. The organic κ was on average 0.13, close to the commonly assumed κ of 0.1, and therefore did not significantly influence the predictions. These conclusions are supported by laboratory experiments of the activation potential of seven organic compounds selected as representative of the measured aerosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Siegel
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Department
of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Almuth Neuberger
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Linn Karlsson
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Paul Zieger
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Mattsson
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Patrick Duplessis
- Department
of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie
University, Halifax CA-B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
- Extreme
Environments
Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar Daellenbach
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme
Environments
Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Extreme
Environments
Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion CH-1951, Switzerland
| | - Radovan Krejci
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | | | - Rachel Chang
- Department
of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie
University, Halifax CA-B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Annica M. L. Ekman
- Department
of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Claudia Mohr
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
- Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A central arctic extreme aerosol event triggered by a warm air-mass intrusion. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5290. [PMID: 36075920 PMCID: PMC9458659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency and intensity of warm and moist air-mass intrusions into the Arctic have increased over the past decades and have been related to sea ice melt. During our year-long expedition in the remote central Arctic Ocean, a record-breaking increase in temperature, moisture and downwelling-longwave radiation was observed in mid-April 2020, during an air-mass intrusion carrying air pollutants from northern Eurasia. The two-day intrusion, caused drastic changes in the aerosol size distribution, chemical composition and particle hygroscopicity. Here we show how the intrusion transformed the Arctic from a remote low-particle environment to an area comparable to a central-European urban setting. Additionally, the intrusion resulted in an explosive increase in cloud condensation nuclei, which can have direct effects on Arctic clouds’ radiation, their precipitation patterns, and their lifetime. Thus, unless prompt actions to significantly reduce emissions in the source regions are taken, such intrusion events are expected to continue to affect the Arctic climate. Warm and moist air-mass intrusions into the Arctic are more frequent than the past decades. Here, the authors show that warm air mass intrusions from northern Eurasia inject record amounts of aerosols into the central Arctic Ocean strongly impacting atmospheric chemistry and cloud properties.
Collapse
|
10
|
Jensen LZ, Glasius M, Gryning SE, Massling A, Finster K, Šantl-Temkiv T. Seasonal Variation of the Atmospheric Bacterial Community in the Greenlandic High Arctic Is Influenced by Weather Events and Local and Distant Sources. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:909980. [PMID: 35879956 PMCID: PMC9307761 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.909980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arctic is a hot spot for climate change with potentially large consequences on a global scale. Aerosols, including bioaerosols, are important players in regulating the heat balance through direct interaction with sunlight and indirectly, through inducing cloud formation. Airborne bacteria are the major bioaerosols with some species producing the most potent ice nucleating compounds known, which are implicated in the formation of ice in clouds. Little is known about the numbers and dynamics of airborne bacteria in the Arctic and even less about their seasonal variability. We collected aerosol samples and wet deposition samples in spring 2015 and summer 2016, at the Villum Research Station in Northeast Greenland. We used amplicon sequencing and qPCR targeting the 16S rRNA genes to assess the quantities and composition of the DNA and cDNA-level bacterial community. We found a clear seasonal variation in the atmospheric bacterial community, which is likely due to variable sources and meteorology. In early spring, the atmospheric bacterial community was dominated by taxa originating from temperate and Subarctic regions and arriving at the sampling site through long-range transport. We observed an efficient washout of the aerosolized bacterial cells during a snowstorm, which was followed by very low concentrations of bacteria in the atmosphere during the consecutive 4 weeks. We suggest that this is because in late spring, the long-range transport ceased, and the local sources which comprised only of ice and snow surfaces were weak resulting in low bacterial concentrations. This was supported by observed changes in the chemical composition of aerosols. In summer, the air bacterial community was confined to local sources such as soil, plant material and melting sea-ice. Aerosolized and deposited Cyanobacteria in spring had a high activity potential, implying their activity in the atmosphere or in surface snow. Overall, we show how the composition of bacterial aerosols in the high Arctic varies on a seasonal scale, identify their potential sources, demonstrate how their community sizes varies in time, investigate their diversity and determine their activity potential during and post Arctic haze.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Z. Jensen
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Sven-Erik Gryning
- DTU Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andreas Massling
- iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kai Finster
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tina Šantl-Temkiv
- Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Tina Šantl-Temkiv,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Annual cycle observations of aerosols capable of ice formation in central Arctic clouds. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3537. [PMID: 35725737 PMCID: PMC9209516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arctic is warming faster than anywhere else on Earth, prompting glacial melt, permafrost thaw, and sea ice decline. These severe consequences induce feedbacks that contribute to amplified warming, affecting weather and climate globally. Aerosols and clouds play a critical role in regulating radiation reaching the Arctic surface. However, the magnitude of their effects is not adequately quantified, especially in the central Arctic where they impact the energy balance over the sea ice. Specifically, aerosols called ice nucleating particles (INPs) remain understudied yet are necessary for cloud ice production and subsequent changes in cloud lifetime, radiative effects, and precipitation. Here, we report observations of INPs in the central Arctic over a full year, spanning the entire sea ice growth and decline cycle. Further, these observations are size-resolved, affording valuable information on INP sources. Our results reveal a strong seasonality of INPs, with lower concentrations in the winter and spring controlled by transport from lower latitudes, to enhanced concentrations of INPs during the summer melt, likely from marine biological production in local open waters. This comprehensive characterization of INPs will ultimately help inform cloud parameterizations in models of all scales. The Arctic is changing faster than anywhere else on Earth. Interactions between clouds and aerosols play a role in these changes. We report how the quantities and origins of aerosols that affect cloud ice formation change over a full sea ice cycle
Collapse
|
12
|
Karlsson L, Baccarini A, Duplessis P, Baumgardner D, Brooks IM, Chang RY, Dada L, Dällenbach KR, Heikkinen L, Krejci R, Leaitch WR, Leck C, Partridge DG, Salter ME, Wernli H, Wheeler MJ, Schmale J, Zieger P. Physical and Chemical Properties of Cloud Droplet Residuals and Aerosol Particles During the Arctic Ocean 2018 Expedition. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD036383. [PMID: 35859907 PMCID: PMC9285477 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the physical and chemical properties and sources of particles that form clouds is especially important in pristine areas like the Arctic, where particle concentrations are often low and observations are sparse. Here, we present in situ cloud and aerosol measurements from the central Arctic Ocean in August-September 2018 combined with air parcel source analysis. We provide direct experimental evidence that Aitken mode particles (particles with diameters ≲70 nm) significantly contribute to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) or cloud droplet residuals, especially after the freeze-up of the sea ice in the transition toward fall. These Aitken mode particles were associated with air that spent more time over the pack ice, while size distributions dominated by accumulation mode particles (particles with diameters ≳70 nm) showed a stronger contribution of oceanic air and slightly different source regions. This was accompanied by changes in the average chemical composition of the accumulation mode aerosol with an increased relative contribution of organic material toward fall. Addition of aerosol mass due to aqueous-phase chemistry during in-cloud processing was probably small over the pack ice given the fact that we observed very similar particle size distributions in both the whole-air and cloud droplet residual data. These aerosol-cloud interaction observations provide valuable insight into the origin and physical and chemical properties of CCN over the pristine central Arctic Ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linn Karlsson
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique fédérale de LausanneSionSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Duplessis
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric ScienceDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNSCanada
| | | | - Ian M. Brooks
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Rachel Y.‐W. Chang
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric ScienceDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNSCanada
| | - Lubna Dada
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique fédérale de LausanneSionSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | | | - Liine Heikkinen
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Radovan Krejci
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - W. Richard Leaitch
- Climate Research DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoONCanada
| | - Caroline Leck
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Daniel G. Partridge
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Matthew E. Salter
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Heini Wernli
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Michael J. Wheeler
- Air Quality Research DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaTorontoONCanada
| | - Julia Schmale
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique fédérale de LausanneSionSwitzerland
| | - Paul Zieger
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lidar-Derived Aerosol Properties from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard during the MOSAiC Spring 2020. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present Raman lidar data (from a Nd:YAG operating at 355 nm, 532 nm and 1064 nm) from the international research village Ny-Ålesund for the time period of January to April 2020 during the Arctic haze season of the MOSAiC winter. We present values of the aerosol backscatter, the lidar ratio and the backscatter Ångström exponent, though the latter depends on wavelength. The aerosol polarization was generally below 2%, indicating mostly spherical particles. We observed that events with high backscatter and high lidar ratio did not coincide. In fact, the highest lidar ratios (LR > 75 sr at 532 nm) were already found by January and may have been caused by hygroscopic growth, rather than by advection of more continental aerosol. Further, we performed an inversion of the lidar data to retrieve a refractive index and a size distribution of the aerosol. Our results suggest that in the free troposphere (above ≈2500 m) the aerosol size distribution is quite constant in time, with dominance of small particles with a modal radius well below 100 nm. On the contrary, below ≈2000 m in altitude, we frequently found gradients in aerosol backscatter and even size distribution, sometimes in accordance with gradients of wind speed, humidity or elevated temperature inversions, as if the aerosol was strongly modified by vertical displacement in what we call the “mechanical boundary layer”. Finally, we present an indication that additional meteorological soundings during MOSAiC campaign did not necessarily improve the fidelity of air backtrajectories.
Collapse
|
14
|
Airmass Analysis of Size-Resolved Black Carbon Particles Observed in the Arctic Based on Cluster Analysis. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here we apply new analysis methods and approaches to existing long-term measurement series that provide additional insights into the atmospheric processes that control black carbon (BC) in the Arctic. Based on clustering size distribution data from Zeppelin Observatory for the years 2002–2010, observations classified as ‘Polluted’ were further investigated based on BC properties. The data were split into two subgroups, and while the microphysical and chemical fingerprints of the two subgroups are very similar, they show larger differences in BC concentration and correlation with the particle size distribution. Therefore, a source–receptor analysis was performed with HYSPLIT 10-days backward trajectories for both subsets. We demonstrate that within this ‘Polluted’ category, the airmasses that contributed to the largest BC signal at the Zeppelin station are not necessarily associated with traditional transport pathways from Eurasia. Instead, the strongest signal is from a region east of the Ural Mountains across the continent to the Kamchatka Peninsula.
Collapse
|
15
|
Han Y, Fu B, Tao S, Zhu D, Wang X, Peng S, Li B. Impact of the initial hydrophilic ratio on black carbon aerosols in the Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:153044. [PMID: 35038527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) contributes to patterns of Arctic warming, yet the initial hydrophilic ratio (IHR) of BC emitted from various sources and its impact on Arctic BC remain uncertain. With the use of a tagged tracer method of BC implemented in the global chemistry transport model GEOS-Chem, IHRs were partitioned into 7 BC combustion source categories according to the PKU-BC-v2 emission inventory. The results show that as the IHR increased, the concentration of BC decreased globally. The impact on Arctic BC was mainly reflected in the vertical profile and the burden rather than at the surface. Specifically, the greatest impact of IHR on Arctic BC appeared in summer, with the largest perturbation appearing at an altitude of approximately 600 hPa, reaching 8%. This change in BC vertical profile was mainly caused by the IHR change of wildfire combustion in Russia (44%) and Canada (51%), and the emissions from these two regions were also the two most important contributors to the BC concentration and burden in the middle and lower Arctic atmosphere in summer. In the other three seasons, anthropogenic combustion sources (oil, coal, and biomass) in East Asia, Russia, and Europe accounted for 19-40%, 14-28%, and 7-23%, respectively, of the monthly BC burden. Emissions from Russia were the most important contributor (27-43%) to the monthly BC surface concentration. Due to the large adjustment in IHR from 20% to 70%, biomass burning in Europe was shown to be the dominant contributor causing both burden (39%) and surface concentration (88%) changes in all seasons except summer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunman Han
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bengang Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thomas DC, Christensen JH, Massling A, Pernov JB, Skov H. The effect of the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown on atmospheric black carbon levels in northeastern Greenland. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2022; 269:118853. [PMID: 34803467 PMCID: PMC8592639 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and subsequent spread of the disease COVID-19 became classified as a pandemic in March of 2020, leading to global safety measures introduced to limit the impact of the virus. This combination of safety measures has become commonly referred to as "lockdown". The associated industry and lifestyle changes led to reductions in the anthropogenic emission of atmospheric pollutants such as black carbon (BC), which is transported from the mid-latitudes into the Arctic during the winter and spring. Measurements of BC and other anthropogenic pollutants are of increasing importance in the Arctic due to the rapid warming observed there in the past few decades. It is believed that BC has a significant role in this warming, and so understanding the Arctic's response to reduced BC emissions at lower latitudes will provide insight into how future changes might mitigate further warming. Reductions in BC have been reported worldwide, and so in this study, the impact of these reductions on BC concentrations at the High Arctic site Villum Research Station was investigated. The effect was examined from March 2020, around when global lockdowns began, to June 2020, when the Arctic haze period ended and BC levels were once again low. Firstly, the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model (DEHM) was used to assess this impact on BC concentrations by adjusting global anthropogenic pollution emission inventories to simulate those observed during the lockdown period and comparing the results to a similar model run with standard emission inventories. Secondly, equivalent BC data from an aethalometer at Villum Research Station were analysed, comparing the concentrations during the lockdown period to both aethalometer data from previous years and DEHM results from the lockdown period. It was found that when adjusted DEHM emission inventories were introduced from the 1st of March, the model predicted a reduction in BC concentrations beginning on the 10th of March and reached a 10% reduction by the 1st of April. This reduction fluctuated around 10% until the end of the Arctic haze period. Aethalometer data did not show any significant change from previous years, and no concentration reduction could be concluded from its comparison with DEHM results. This is likely because the predicted reduction of 10% is smaller than both the inter-annual and intra-annual variability of measured BC concentrations at Villum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Charles Thomas
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jesper H Christensen
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andreas Massling
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jakob Boyd Pernov
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Henrik Skov
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Studies of the Dispersed Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol and Its Relationship with Small Gas Impurities in the Near-Water Layer of Lake Baikal Based on the Results of Ship Measurements in the Summer of 2020. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere over Lake Baikal covers a vast area (31,500 square meters) and has more significant differences in the composition and variability of gaseous and aerosol components in atmospheric air than in coastal continental areas and is still a poorly studied object. In recent years, the anthropogenic impact on the ecosystem of Lake Baikal has been increasing due to the development of industry in the region, the expansion of tourist infrastructure and recreational areas of the coastal zone of the lake. In addition, one of the significant sources of atmospheric pollution in the Baikal region is the emissions of smoke aerosol and trace gases from forest fires, the number of which is increasing in the region. This article presents the results of experimental studies of the dispersed composition of aerosols and gas impurities, such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides during route ship measurements in the water area of Lake Baikal in the summer of 2020.
Collapse
|
18
|
Moschos V, Dzepina K, Bhattu D, Lamkaddam H, Casotto R, Daellenbach KR, Canonaco F, Rai P, Aas W, Becagli S, Calzolai G, Eleftheriadis K, Moffett CE, Schnelle-Kreis J, Severi M, Sharma S, Skov H, Vestenius M, Zhang W, Hakola H, Hellén H, Huang L, Jaffrezo JL, Massling A, Nøjgaard JK, Petäjä T, Popovicheva O, Sheesley RJ, Traversi R, Yttri KE, Schmale J, Prévôt ASH, Baltensperger U, El Haddad I. Equal abundance of summertime natural and wintertime anthropogenic Arctic organic aerosols. NATURE GEOSCIENCE 2022; 15:196-202. [PMID: 35341076 PMCID: PMC8916957 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols play an important yet uncertain role in modulating the radiation balance of the sensitive Arctic atmosphere. Organic aerosol is one of the most abundant, yet least understood, fractions of the Arctic aerosol mass. Here we use data from eight observatories that represent the entire Arctic to reveal the annual cycles in anthropogenic and biogenic sources of organic aerosol. We show that during winter, the organic aerosol in the Arctic is dominated by anthropogenic emissions, mainly from Eurasia, which consist of both direct combustion emissions and long-range transported, aged pollution. In summer, the decreasing anthropogenic pollution is replaced by natural emissions. These include marine secondary, biogenic secondary and primary biological emissions, which have the potential to be important to Arctic climate by modifying the cloud condensation nuclei properties and acting as ice-nucleating particles. Their source strength or atmospheric processing is sensitive to nutrient availability, solar radiation, temperature and snow cover. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the current pan-Arctic organic aerosol, which can be used to support modelling efforts that aim to quantify the climate impacts of emissions in this sensitive region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaios Moschos
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Katja Dzepina
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Casotto
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Datalystica Ltd, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Wenche Aas
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway
| | - Silvia Becagli
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Giulia Calzolai
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Florence Division, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Claire E. Moffett
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX USA
| | | | - Mirko Severi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - Sangeeta Sharma
- Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Henrik Skov
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mika Vestenius
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wendy Zhang
- Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hellén
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lin Huang
- Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Institute of Environmental Geosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Andreas Massling
- Department of Environmental Science, iClimate, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jakob K. Nøjgaard
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olga Popovicheva
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Rita Traversi
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, ISP-CNR, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | | | - Julia Schmale
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
- Extreme Environments Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - André S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang H, Ding K, Huang X, Wang W, Ding A. Insight into ozone profile climatology over northeast China from aircraft measurement and numerical simulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147308. [PMID: 33932671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is a major pollutant that can harm human health, animals and plants. With a rapid development in Northeast China, ozone pollution has become an increasingly serious environmental challenge. To study the ozone distribution and the potential sources of ozone precursors in Northeast China, we analyzed vertical ozone profiles from the In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) in 2012-2014 and provided the climatological vertical structure of tropospheric ozone over Shenyang. The tropospheric ozone generally presents high in hot months, mainly due to the combined effects of the strong solar radiation and high volatile organic compounds emission in summer. While in cold months, the ozone is low because of weak solar radiation and high nitrogen oxides emission. Besides, a low-ozone center exists within lower troposphere in August, which is mainly caused by the East Asian summer monsoon prevailing in summer. To analyze the sources of ozone, typical ozone pollution episodes were studied and the results revealed the different pathways for the enhancement of ozone pollution in Shenyang: regional transport of anthropogenic emissions from North China Plain (NCP), long-range transport from Siberian biomass burning and local photochemical production. Modeling results show that the largest contribution to the surface ozone in Northeast China is local anthropogenic emissions (exceed 90%); the regional transport of NCP anthropogenic emissions contribute more to the pollutants around 2 km, and account for more than 50% pollutants during highly ozone polluted days; through long-range transport, Siberian biomass burning in the spring also have a nonnegligible effect on the near-ground ozone in Northeast China. Overall, this study provides tropospheric ozone climatology and its source attribution in Northeast China, and highlight the great importance of regional transport of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions in ozone pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, China
| | - Wuke Wang
- Department of atmospheric science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Feltracco M, Barbaro E, Spolaor A, Vecchiato M, Callegaro A, Burgay F, Vardè M, Maffezzoli N, Dallo F, Scoto F, Zangrando R, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Year-round measurements of size-segregated low molecular weight organic acids in Arctic aerosol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142954. [PMID: 33498125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids in aerosols Earth's atmosphere are ubiquitous and they have been extensively studied across urban, rural and polar environments. However, little is known about their properties, transport, source and seasonal variations in the Svalbard Archipelago. Here, we present the annual trend of organic acids in the aerosol collected at Ny-Ålesund and consider their size-distributions to infer their possible sources and relative contributions. A series of carboxylic acids were detected with a predominance of C2-oxalic acid. Pinic acid and cis-pinonic acid were studied in order to better understand the oxidative and gas-to-particle processes occurred in the Arctic atmosphere. Since the water-soluble organic fraction is mainly composed by organic acids and ions, we investigated how the seasonal variation leads to different atmospheric transport mechanisms, focusing on the chemical variations between the polar night and boreal summer. Using major ions, levoglucosan and MSA, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified five different possible sources: a) sea spray; b) marine primary production; c) biomass burning; d) sea ice related process and e) secondary products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Feltracco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy.
| | - Elena Barbaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Alice Callegaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - François Burgay
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Massimiliano Vardè
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Niccolò Maffezzoli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Federico Dallo
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Federico Scoto
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council of Italy (ISAC-CNR), SP Lecce-Monteroni Km 1.2, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangrando
- Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences - National Research Council of Italy (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Potential Source Contribution Function Analysis of High Latitude Dust Sources over the Arctic: Preliminary Results and Prospects. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The results of a preliminary investigation of the dust sources in the Arctic based on their geochemical properties by potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis are presented in this paper. For this purpose, we considered one year of aerosol geochemical data from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, and a short list of chemical elements (i.e., Al, Fe, Mn, Ti, Cr, V, Ni, Cu, and Zn) variably related to the dust fraction. Based on PSCF analysis: (i) four different dust source areas (i.e., Eurasia, Greenland, Arctic-Alaska, and Iceland) were characterized by distinguishing geochemical ranges and seasonal occurrence; and (ii) a series of typical dust days from the distinct source areas were identified based on the corresponding back trajectory patterns. Icelandic dust samples revealed peculiar but very variable characteristics in relation to their geographical source regions marked by air mass back trajectories. The comparison between pure and mixed Icelandic dust samples (i.e., aerosols containing Icelandic dust along with natural and/or anthropogenic components) revealed the occurrence of different mixing situations. Comparison with Icelandic soils proved the existence of dilution effects related to the emission and the transport processes.
Collapse
|
22
|
Overview of Aerosol Properties in the European Arctic in Spring 2019 Based on In Situ Measurements and Lidar Data. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we analysed aerosol measurements from lidar and PM10 samples around the European Arctic site of Ny-Ålesund during late winter–early spring 2019. Lidar observations above 700 m revealed time-independent values for the aerosol backscatter coefficient (ββ), colour ratio (CR), linear particle depolarisation ratio (δδ) and lidar ratio (LR) from January to April. In contrast to previous years, in 2019 the early springtime backscatter increase in the troposphere, linked to Arctic haze, was not observed. In situ nss-sulphate (nss-SO42−) concentration was measured both at a coastal (Gruvebadet) and a mountain (Zeppelin) station, a few kilometres apart. As we employed different measurement techniques at sites embedded in complex orography, we investigated their agreement. From the lidar perspective, the aerosol load (indicated by ββ) above 700 m changed by less than a factor of 3.5. On the contrary, the daily nss-SO42− concentration erratically changed by a factor of 25 (from 0.1 to 2.5 ng m−3) both at Gruvebadet and Zeppelin station, with the latter mostly lying above the boundary layer. Moreover, daily nss-SO42− concentration was remarkably variable (correlation about 0.7 between the sites), despite its long-range origin. However, on a seasonal average basis the in situ sites agreed very well. Therefore, it can be argued that nss-SO42− advection mainly takes place in the lowest free troposphere, while under complex orography it is mixed downwards by local boundary layer processes. Our study suggests that at Arctic sites with complex orography ground-based aerosol properties show higher temporal variability compared to the free troposphere. This implies that the comparison between remote sensing and in situ observations might be more reasonable on longer time scales, i.e., monthly and seasonal basis even for nearby sites.
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen X, Kang S, Yang J, Ji Z. Investigation of black carbon climate effects in the Arctic in winter and spring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:142145. [PMID: 33181988 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) exerts a potential influence on climate, especially in the Arctic, where the environment is very sensitive to climate change. Therefore, the study of climate effects of BC in this region is particularly important. In this study, numerical simulations were performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) in the Arctic in winter and spring for two years to investigate the atmospheric BC causing changes in surface radiation, meteorology, and atmospheric stability. Generally, WRF-Chem well reproduced the temporal variations of meteorological variables and BC concentration. Numerical simulations showed that BC concentrations in the Arctic in winter were mostly higher than those in spring, and the BC-induced near-surface temperature changes were also stronger. The effects of BC on near-surface water vapor mixing ratio were consistent with the spatial pattern of near-surface temperature changes. That was probably the result of the regional circulation anomaly due to the temperature changes. Additionally, the distributions of near-surface temperature changes and horizontal wind changes also reflected in the distribution of planetary boundary layer height. Ultimately, this study revealed that the downward longwave radiation related to cloudiness changes played an important role for driving near-surface temperature in the Arctic in winter. While in spring, the relatively less changes in near-surface temperature may be the result of the mutual compensation between the surface longwave and shortwave radiation effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Junhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhenming Ji
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519000, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kirdyanov AV, Krusic PJ, Shishov VV, Vaganov EA, Fertikov AI, Myglan VS, Barinov VV, Browse J, Esper J, Ilyin VA, Knorre AA, Korets MA, Kukarskikh VV, Mashukov DA, Onuchin AA, Piermattei A, Pimenov AV, Prokushkin AS, Ryzhkova VA, Shishikin AS, Smith KT, Taynik AV, Wild M, Zorita E, Büntgen U. Ecological and conceptual consequences of Arctic pollution. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1827-1837. [PMID: 32975023 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the effect of pollution on forest health and decline received much attention in the 1980s, it has not been considered to explain the 'Divergence Problem' in dendroclimatology; a decoupling of tree growth from rising air temperatures since the 1970s. Here we use physical and biogeochemical measurements of hundreds of living and dead conifers to reconstruct the impact of heavy industrialisation around Norilsk in northern Siberia. Moreover, we develop a forward model with surface irradiance forcing to quantify long-distance effects of anthropogenic emissions on the functioning and productivity of Siberia's taiga. Downwind from the world's most polluted Arctic region, tree mortality rates of up to 100% have destroyed 24,000 km2 boreal forest since the 1960s, coincident with dramatic increases in atmospheric sulphur, copper, and nickel concentrations. In addition to regional ecosystem devastation, we demonstrate how 'Arctic Dimming' can explain the circumpolar 'Divergence Problem', and discuss implications on the terrestrial carbon cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kirdyanov
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Paul J Krusic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Vladimir V Shishov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia.,Mathematical Methods and IT Department, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660075, Russia
| | - Eugene A Vaganov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.,Rectorate, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Alexey I Fertikov
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Myglan
- Institute of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Valentin V Barinov
- Institute of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Jo Browse
- Center for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55099, Germany
| | - Viktor A Ilyin
- Mathematical Methods and IT Department, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660075, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Knorre
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia.,State Natural Reserve (Stolby), Krasnoyarsk, 660006, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Korets
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Kukarskikh
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch RAS, Ekaterinburg, 620144, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Mashukov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Alexander A Onuchin
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Alma Piermattei
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Alexander V Pimenov
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Anatoly S Prokushkin
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Vera A Ryzhkova
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shishikin
- V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Federal Research Centre, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | | | - Anna V Taynik
- Institute of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Martin Wild
- Institute for Atmosphere for Climate Science, ETH-Z, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Eduardo Zorita
- Helmholtz Centrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht, 21502, Germany
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland.,Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Brno, 603 00, Czech Republic.,Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Niang C, Mancho AM, García-Garrido VJ, Mohino E, Rodriguez-Fonseca B, Curbelo J. Transport pathways across the West African Monsoon as revealed by Lagrangian Coherent Structures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12543. [PMID: 32719398 PMCID: PMC7385109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The West African Monsoon (WAM) system is the main source of rainfall in the agriculturally based region of the Sahel. Understanding transport across the WAM is of crucial importance due to the strong impact of humidity and dust pathways on local cloud formation. However, the description of this transport is challenging due to its 3D complex nature. Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) simplify transport description across the WAM by providing a geometrical partition of the troposphere into domains. Air parcels within each domain have similar dynamical characteristics. LCS make it possible to achieve an integrated vision of transport pathways across this system. Using this approach we unveil new connections in the WAM system. In particular, we identify transport pathways between the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) and the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). Furthermore, the clockwise circulation associated with the divergent upper part of the Sahara heat low is clearly delimitated. Additionally, we show the presence of mixing regions in the AEJ and the lower part of the TEJ that are linked to pathways to sources of dust and humidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coumba Niang
- Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Nicolás Cabrera 15, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratoire de Physique de l'Atmosphére et de l'Océan Simón Fongang (LPAO-SF), Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique (ESP), Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5085, Dakar-Fann, Senegal
| | - Ana Maria Mancho
- Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Nicolás Cabrera 15, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Elsa Mohino
- Departamento de Fisica de la Tierra y Astrofisica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Rodriguez-Fonseca
- Departamento de Fisica de la Tierra y Astrofisica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jezabel Curbelo
- Instituto de Ciencias Matemáticas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Nicolás Cabrera 15, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Matemàtiques, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Does the Intra-Arctic Modification of Long-Range Transported Aerosol Affect the Local Radiative Budget? (A Case Study). REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12132112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of aerosol spatio-temporal variability on the Arctic radiative budget is not fully constrained. This case study focuses on the intra-Arctic modification of long-range transported aerosol and its direct aerosol radiative effect (ARE). Different types of air-borne and ground-based remote sensing observations (from Lidar and sun-photometer) revealed a high tropospheric aerosol transport episode over two parts of the European Arctic in April 2018. By incorporating the derived aerosol optical and microphysical properties into a radiative transfer model, we assessed the ARE over the two locations. Our study displayed that even in neighboring Arctic upper tropospheric levels, aged aerosol was transformed due to the interplay of removal processes (nucleation scavenging and dry deposition) and alteration of the aerosol source regions (northeast Asia and north Europe). Along the intra-Arctic transport, the coarse aerosol mode was depleted and the visible wavelength Lidar ratio (LR) increased significantly (from 15 to 64–82 sr). However, the aerosol modifications were not reflected on the ARE. More specifically, the short-wave (SW) atmospheric column ARE amounted to +4.4 - +4.9 W m−2 over the ice-covered Fram Strait and +4.5 W m−2 over the snow-covered Ny-Ålesund. Over both locations, top-of-atmosphere (TOA) warming was accompanied by surface cooling. These similarities can be attributed to the predominant accumulation mode, which drives the SW radiative budget, as well as to the similar layer altitude, solar geometry, and surface albedo conditions over both locations. However, in the context of retreating sea ice, the ARE may change even along individual transport episodes due to the ice albedo feedback.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen X, Kang S, Yang J. Investigation of distribution, transportation, and impact factors of atmospheric black carbon in the Arctic region based on a regional climate-chemistry model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113127. [PMID: 31706781 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) as the main component of pollutants in the Arctic plays an important role on regional climate change. In this study, we applied the regional climate-chemistry model, WRF-Chem, to investigate the spatial distribution, transportation, and impact factors of BC in the Arctic. Compared with reanalysis data and observations, the WRF-Chem performed well in terms of the seasonal variations of meteorological parameters and BC concentrations, indicating the applicability of this model on Arctic BC simulation works. Our results showed that the BC concentrations in the Arctic had an obviously seasonalvariation pattern. Surface BC concentrations peaked during winter and spring seasons, while the minimum occurred during summer and autumn seasons. For the vertical distribution, BC aerosols mainly concentrated in the Arctic lower troposphere, and most of BC distributed near the surface during winter and spring seasons and in the higher altitude during other seasons. The seasonality of BC was associated with the seasonal change of meteorological field. During winter, the significant northward airflow prevailing in northern Eurasia caused the transport of accumulated pollutants from this region into the Arctic. The similar but weakened northward airflow pattern and the anticyclone activity during spring can allow pollutants to be transported to the Arctic lower troposphere. Moreover, the more stable atmosphere during winter and spring seasons made BC accumulated mainly near the surface. During summer and autumn seasons, the less stable boundary layer and the cyclone activity in the Arctic facilitated the diffusion of pollutants into the higher altitude. Meanwhile, the higher relative humidity can promote the wet removal process and lead to the relatively lower BC concentrations near the surface. Compared with the seasonal change of emission, our analysis showed that the seasonal variation of meteorological field was the main contributor for the seasonality of BC in the Arctic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Junhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Study of Chemical and Optical Properties of Biomass Burning Aerosols during Long-Range Transport Events toward the Arctic in Summer 2017. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning related aerosol episodes are becoming a serious threat to the radiative balance of the Arctic region. Since early July 2017 intense wildfires were recorded between August and September in Canada and Greenland, covering an area up to 4674 km2 in size. This paper describes the impact of these biomass burning (BB) events measured over Svalbard, using an ensemble of ground-based, columnar, and vertically-resolved techniques. BB influenced the aerosol chemistry via nitrates and oxalates, which exhibited an increase in their concentrations in all of size fractions, indicating the BB origin of particles. The absorption coefficient data (530 nm) at ground reached values up to 0.6 Mm–1, highlighting the impact of these BB events when compared to average Arctic background values, which do not exceed 0.05 Mm–1. The absorption behavior is fundamental as implies a subsequent atmospheric heating. At the same time, the AERONET Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data showed high values at stations located close to or in Canada (AOD over 2.0). Similarly, increased values of AODs were then observed in Svalbard, e.g., in Hornsund (daily average AODs exceeded 0.14 and reached hourly values up to 0.5). Elevated values of AODs were then registered in Sodankylä and Andenes (daily average AODs exceeding 0.150) a few days after the Svalbard observation of the event highlighting the BB columnar magnitude, which is crucial for the radiative impact. All the reported data suggest to rank the summer 2017 plume of aerosols as one of the biggest atmosphere related environmental problems over Svalbard region in last 10 years.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim JS, Kug JS, Jeong SJ, Park H, Schaepman-Strub G. Extensive fires in southeastern Siberian permafrost linked to preceding Arctic Oscillation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax3308. [PMID: 31934623 PMCID: PMC6949040 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon release through boreal fires could considerably accelerate Arctic warming; however, boreal fire occurrence mechanisms and dynamics remain largely unknown. Here, we analyze fire activity and relevant large-scale atmospheric conditions over southeastern Siberia, which has the largest burned area fraction in the circumboreal and high-level carbon emissions due to high-density peatlands. It is found that the annual burned area increased when a positive Arctic Oscillation (AO) takes place in early months of the year, despite peak fire season occurring 1 to 2 months later. A local high-pressure system linked to the AO drives a high-temperature anomaly in late winter, causing premature snowmelt. This causes earlier ground surface exposure and drier ground in spring due to enhanced evaporation, promoting fire spreading. Recently, southeastern Siberia has experienced warming and snow retreat; therefore, southeastern Siberia requires appropriate fire management strategies to prevent massive carbon release and accelerated global warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Soo Kim
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jong-Seong Kug
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Su-Jong Jeong
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute for Sustainable Development (ISD), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hotaek Park
- Institute of Arctic Climate and Environmental Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Gabriela Schaepman-Strub
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nakoudi K, Böckmann C, Ritter C, Pefanis V, Maturilli M, Bracher A, Neuber R. Aerosol Investigation During the Arctic Haze Season of 2018: Optical and Microphysical Properties. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202023702002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, optical and microphysical properties of Arctic aerosol as well as their radiative impact are investigated. Air-borne Lidar observations along with ground-based measurements are evaluated for the Arctic Haze season of 2018. Aerosol abundance as inferred from particle backscatter was typical for this period of the year, with nearly spherical and large particles. The inversion of microphysical properties yielded high Refractive Index (RI) together with low Single-Scattering Albedo (SSA), suggesting absorbing particles. A fitted lognormal volume distribution revealed a fine mode with effective radius (reff) of μm and a coarse mode with reff=0.75 μm. The total radiative balance on ground was positive (12 Wm-2).
Collapse
|
31
|
Qi L, Wang S. Sources of black carbon in the atmosphere and in snow in the Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:442-454. [PMID: 31323589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We systematically identify sources of black carbon (BC) in the Arctic, including BC in the troposphere, at surface and in snow, using tagged tracer technique implemented in a 3D global chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. We validate modeled BC sources (fossil fuel combustion versus biomass burning) against carbon isotope measurements at Barrow (Alaska), Zeppelin (Norway), Abisko (Sweden), Alert (Canada) and Tiksi (Russia) in the Arctic. The model reproduces the observed annual mean fraction of biomass burning (fbb, %) at the five sites within 20% and the observed and modeled monthly fbb values agree within a factor of two. Model results suggest that fossil fuel combustion is the major source of BC in the troposphere (50-94%, vary with sub-regions), at surface (55-68%) and in snow (58-69%) in the Arctic as annual mean, but biomass burning dominates at certain altitudes (600-800 hPa) and during periods of time between April to September. The model shows that BC in the troposphere, in deposition and in snow in different Arctic sub-regions have distinctively different sources and source regions. We find that long-range transport of Asian emissions has a stronger influence on BC in the atmosphere than on BC deposition. In contrast, contributions from Russian and European emissions are larger for BC deposition than for BC in the atmosphere. Specifically, Asian fossil fuel combustion emissions dominate BC loading in all Arctic sub-regions in both winter (Oct.-Mar., 35-54%) and summer (Apr.-Sep., 34-56%). For BC deposition, Siberian fossil fuel emissions are the largest contributors in Russia both in winter (62%) and summer (44%), and European fossil fuel emissions dominate in Ny-Ålesund (44% in winter) and Tromsø (71% in winter and 46% in summer). For BC deposition in the North American sector, Asian fossil fuel emissions are the largest contributors in winter (25-38%) and North American biomass burning emissions (38-72%) dominate in summer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Šantl-Temkiv T, Lange R, Beddows D, Rauter U, Pilgaard S, Dall'Osto M, Gunde-Cimerman N, Massling A, Wex H. Biogenic Sources of Ice Nucleating Particles at the High Arctic Site Villum Research Station. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10580-10590. [PMID: 31094516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The radiative balance in the Arctic region is sensitive to in-cloud processes, which principally depend on atmospheric aerosols, including ice nucleating particles (INPs). High temperature INPs (active at ≥-15 °C) are common in the Arctic. While laboratory and limited in situ studies show that the high-temperature active INPs are associated with bioaerosols and biogenic compounds, there is still little quantitative insight into the Arctic biogenic INPs and bioaerosols. We measured concentrations of bioaerosols, bacteria, and biogenic INPs at the Villum Research Station (VRS, Station Nord) in a large number of snow (15) and air (51) samples. We found that INPs active at high subzero temperatures were present both in spring and summer. Air INP concentrations were higher in summer (18 INP m-3 at ≥-10 °C) than in spring (<4 INP m-3 at ≥-10 °C), when abundant INPs were found in snowfall (1.4 INP mL-1 at ≥-10 °C). Also, in summer, a significantly higher number of microbial and bacterial cells were present compared to the spring. A large proportion (60%-100%) of INPs that were active between -6 °C and -20 °C could be deactivated by heating to 100 °C, which was indicative of their predominantly proteinaceous origin. In addition, there was a significant linear regression between the summer air concentrations of INPs active at ≥-10 °C and air concentrations of bacterial-marker-genes (p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.999, n = 6), pointing at bacterial cells as the source of high-temperature active INPs. In conclusion, the majority of INPs was of proteinaceous, and possibly of bacterial, origin and was found in air during summer and in snowfall during springtime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Šantl-Temkiv
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy , Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Microbiology Section , Aarhus University , 116 Ny Munkegad , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center , Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change , Aarhus University , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Robert Lange
- Department of Environmental Science , Aarhus University , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - David Beddows
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , B15 2TT Birmingham , U.K
| | - Urška Rauter
- Department of Biology , University of Ljubljana , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Stephanie Pilgaard
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy , Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Microbiology Section , Aarhus University , 116 Ny Munkegad , 8000 Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Manuel Dall'Osto
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography , Institute of Marine Sciences , 08003 Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Andreas Massling
- Department of Environmental Science, iCLIMATE Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change , Aarhus University , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science , Aarhus University , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Heike Wex
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Francis D, Eayrs C, Chaboureau JP, Mote T, Holland DM. A meandering polar jet caused the development of a Saharan cyclone and the transport of dust toward Greenland. ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.5194/asr-16-49-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. In this study, we identify a new mechanism by which dust aerosols travel
over long distances across the eastern side of the North Atlantic Ocean
toward the Arctic. The meandering polar jet was at the origin of both dust
emission through cyclogenesis over Northwest Africa and poleward transport
of the uplifted dust towards the Arctic, through cut-off circulation. The
dust emission was associated with an intense Saharan cyclone that formed
over Northwest Africa in early April 2011. The formation of the cyclone was
caused by the intrusion into subtropics, of a high-latitude-upper-level
trough, linked to the meandering polar jet. The trough initiated
cyclogenesis over Northwest Africa after orographic blocking by the
Anti-Atlas Mountains. The still meandering polar jet led to the formation of
a cut-off low further south with which the Saharan dust-cyclone merged 2 d later and moved northward with the main stream. Beside satellite
observations, a simulation at high resolution was performed using the
prognostic-dust permitting model MesoNH. The total dust load carried during
this event to areas located north of 40∘ N was estimated by the model to be
38 Tg and dust deposition was estimated to be 1.3 Tg. The Saharan dust
reaching Greenland was accompanied by warm and moist air masses that caused
a rise in surface temperature of about 10 ∘C for more than 3 consecutive days
over the southeastern Greenland. Ice melt over this area of Greenland was
detected in the brightness temperature observations.
Collapse
|
34
|
Popovicheva O, Diapouli E, Makshtas A, Shonija N, Manousakas M, Saraga D, Uttal T, Eleftheriadis K. East Siberian Arctic background and black carbon polluted aerosols at HMO Tiksi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:924-938. [PMID: 30577143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of Arctic pollution is hampered by a lack of aerosol studies in Northern Siberia. Black carbon observations were carried out at the Hydrometeorological Observatory Tiksi, a coast of Laptev sea, from September 2014 to September 2016. Aerosol sampling was accompanied by physico-chemical characterization. BC climatology showed a seasonal variation with highest concentrations from January to March (up to 450ng/m3) and lowest ones for June and September (about 20ng/m3). Stagnant weather and stable atmosphere stratification resulted in accumulation of pollution, in dependence on the wind direction and air mass transportation. Carbon fractions, functionalities, ions, and elements are associated to marine, biogenic, and continental sources. In September low OC, aliphatic, carbonyls, amines, and hydroxyls characterize background aerosols. Na+/Cl- ratio much higher than in sea-salt indicates a strong Cl depletion. Increased OC, aromatic, carbonyls, and nitrocompounds as well as waste burning markers K+, Cl-, and PO42- confirm impacts from Tiksi landfill burns. BC pollution episodes are differentiated through increased EBC and sulfates, related to gas flaring, industrial and residential emissions transported from Western Siberia while the increase of carbonyls, hydroxyl, and aromatic indicate emissions sources from Yakutia and Tiksi urban area. Arctic Haze aerosols are characterized by increased concentrations of SO42- in comparison with OC, much higher abundance of oxygenated compounds with respect to alkanes of anthropogenic origin. In summer rich organic chemistry indicates impacts of biogenic, local urban, and shipping sources as well as secondary aerosol formation influenced by emissions from low latitude Siberia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Popovicheva
- Scobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - E Diapouli
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - A Makshtas
- Arctic Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg 199397, Russia
| | - N Shonija
- Chemical Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - M Manousakas
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - D Saraga
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - T Uttal
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Thakur RC, Thamban M. Influence of gaseous and particulate species on neutralization processes of polar aerosol and snow - A case study from Ny-Ålesund. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:12-25. [PMID: 30528003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The inter-conversion of nitrogen and sulfur species between the gas and particulate phases and their interaction with alkaline species influences the acidity of the aerosols and surface snow. To better understand these processes, a short field campaign was undertaken in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, during 13th April 2012 to 24th April 2012. Air measurements were carried out through a particulate sampler equipped with denuders and filter packs for simultaneous collection of trace gases (HNO3, NO2, SO2 and reactive nitrogen compounds) and aerosols, with daily collection of snow samples. Ionic composition of the samples was analyzed using ion chromatography technique. The results suggested that nitrate-rich aerosols are formed when PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate) disassociates to form NO2 and HNO3 which further hydrolyzes to form pNO3- (particulate nitrate). This resulted in a high contribution of pNO3- (62%) to the total nitrogen budget over the study area. The acidity of the aerosols and snow evaluated through cation/anion ratio (C/A) indicated alkaline conditions with C/A>2. The bicarbonates/carbonates of Mg2+ played an important role in neutralization processes of surface snow while the role of NH3 was dominant in aerosol neutralization processes. Such neutralization processes can increase the aerosol hygroscopicity causing warming. Chloride depletion in the snow was significant as compared to the aerosols, indicating two important processes, scavenging of coarse sea salt by the snow and gaseous adsorption of SO2 on the snow surface. However, a more systematic and long term study is required for a better understanding of the neutralization processes and chemical inter-conversions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roseline C Thakur
- ESSO - National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa 403804, India.
| | - Meloth Thamban
- ESSO - National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Headland Sada, Vasco da Gama, Goa 403804, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chemical Composition of Aerosol over the Arctic Ocean from Summer ARctic EXpedition (AREX) 2011–2012 Cruises: Ions, Amines, Elemental Carbon, Organic Matter, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, n-Alkanes, Metals, and Rare Earth Elements. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the summers of 2011 and 2012, two scientific cruises were carried out over the Arctic Ocean aiming at the determination of the aerosol chemical composition in this pristine environment. First, mass spectrometry was applied to study the concentration and gas/particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes. Experimental and modelled data of phase partitioning were compared: results demonstrated an equilibrium between gas and particle phase for PAHs, while n-alkanes showed a particle-oriented partitioning, due to the local marine origin of them, confirmed by the extremely low value of their carbon preference index. Moreover, the inorganic and organic ions (carboxylic acids and amines) concentrations, together with those of elemental carbon (EC) and organic matter (OM), were analyzed: 63% of aerosol was composed of ionic compounds (>90% from sea-salt) and the OM content was very high (30.5%; close to 29.0% of Cl−) in agreement with n-alkanes’ marine signature. Furthermore, the amines’ (dimethylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine) concentrations were 3.98 ± 1.21, 1.70 ± 0.82, and 1.06 ± 0.56 p.p.t.v., respectively, fully in keeping with concentration values used in the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplet)-chamber experiments to simulate the ambient nucleation rate in a H2SO4-DMA-H2O system, showing the amines’ importance in polar regions to promote new particle formation. Finally, high resolution mass spectrometry was applied to determine trace elements, including Rare Earth Elements (REEs), highlighting the dominant natural versus anthropic inputs for trace metals (e.g., Fe, Mn, Ti vs. As, Cd, Ni) and possible signatures of such anthropic activity.
Collapse
|
37
|
Pérez-Rodríguez M, Silva-Sánchez N, Kylander ME, Bindler R, Mighall TM, Schofield JE, Edwards KJ, Martínez Cortizas A. Industrial-era lead and mercury contamination in southern Greenland implicates North American sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:919-930. [PMID: 28946380 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To study the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants from lower latitude industrial areas to the Arctic, we analysed a peat core spanning the last ~700cal.yr (~1300-2000CE) from southern Greenland, an area sensitive to atmospheric pollution from North American and Eurasian sources. A previous investigation conducted in the same location recorded atmospheric lead (Pb) pollution after ~1845, with peak values recorded in the 1970s, and concluded that a North American source was most likely. To confirm the origin of the lead, we present new Pb isotope data from Sandhavn, together with a high-resolution record for mercury (Hg) deposition. Results demonstrate that the mercury accumulation rate has steadily increased since the beginning of the 19th century, with maximum values of 9.3μgm-2yr-1 recorded ~1940. Lead isotopic ratios show two mixing lines: one which represents inputs from local and regional geogenic sources, and another that comprises regional geogenic and pollution sources. Detrending the Pb isotopic ratio record (thereby extracting the effect of the geogenic mixing) has enabled us to reconstruct a detailed chronology of metal pollution. The first sustained decrease in Pb isotope signals is recorded as beginning ~1740-1780 with the lowest values (indicating the highest pollution signature) dated to ~1960-1970. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio of excess Pb (measuring 1.222, and reflecting pollution-generated Pb), when compared with the Pb isotopic composition of the Sandhavn peat record since the 19th century and the timing of Pb enrichments, clearly points to the dominance of pollution sources from North America, although it did not prove possible to further differentiate the emissions sources geographically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pérez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Institut für Geoökologie, AG Umweltgeochemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Noemí Silva-Sánchez
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Malin E Kylander
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Bindler
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tim M Mighall
- Department of Geography and Environment, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, UK
| | - J Edward Schofield
- Department of Geography and Environment, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, UK
| | - Kevin J Edwards
- Department of Geography and Environment, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, UK; Department of Archaeology, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Elphinstone Road, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, UK; Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, Herschel Road, Cambridge CB3 9AL, UK
| | - Antonio Martínez Cortizas
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kim MH, Omar AH, Tackett JL, Vaughan MA, Winker DM, Trepte CR, Hu Y, Liu Z, Poole LR, Pitts MC, Kar J, Magill BE. The CALIPSO Version 4 Automated Aerosol Classification and Lidar Ratio Selection Algorithm. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2018; 11:6107-6135. [PMID: 31921372 PMCID: PMC6951257 DOI: 10.5194/amt-11-6107-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) version 4.10 (V4) level 2 aerosol data products, released in November 2016, include substantial improvements to the aerosol subtyping and lidar ratio selection algorithms. These improvements are described along with resulting changes in aerosol optical depth (AOD). The most fundamental change in V4 level 2 aerosol products is a new algorithm to identify aerosol subtypes in the stratosphere. Four aerosol subtypes are introduced for the stratospheric aerosols: polar stratospheric aerosol (PSA), volcanic ash, sulfate/other, and smoke. The tropospheric aerosol subtyping algorithm was also improved by adding the following enhancements: (1) all aerosol subtypes are now allowed over polar regions, whereas the version 3 (V3) algorithm allowed only clean continental and polluted continental aerosols; (2) a new "dusty marine" aerosol subtype is introduced, representing mixtures of dust and marine aerosols near the ocean surface; and (3) the "polluted continental" and "smoke" subtypes have been renamed "polluted continental/smoke" and "elevated smoke", respectively. V4 also revises the lidar ratios for clean marine, dust, clean continental, and elevated smoke subtypes. As a consequence of the V4 updates, the mean 532 nm AOD retrieved by CALIOP has increased by 0.044 (0.036) or 52 % (40 %) for nighttime (daytime). Lidar ratio revisions are the most influential factor for AOD changes from V3 to V4, especially for cloud-free skies. Preliminary validation studies show that the AOD discrepancies between CALIOP and AERONET/MODIS (ocean) are reduced in V4 compared to V3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Hae Kim
- NASA Postdoctoral Program (USRA), Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Ali H. Omar
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhaoyan Liu
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Jayanta Kar
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kim MH, Omar AH, Tackett JL, Vaughan MA, Winker DM, Trepte CR, Hu Y, Liu Z, Poole LR, Pitts MC, Kar J, Magill BE. The CALIPSO Version 4 Automated Aerosol Classification and Lidar Ratio Selection Algorithm. ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 2018; 11:6107-6135. [PMID: 31921372 DOI: 10.1175/2009jtecha1231.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) version 4.10 (V4) level 2 aerosol data products, released in November 2016, include substantial improvements to the aerosol subtyping and lidar ratio selection algorithms. These improvements are described along with resulting changes in aerosol optical depth (AOD). The most fundamental change in V4 level 2 aerosol products is a new algorithm to identify aerosol subtypes in the stratosphere. Four aerosol subtypes are introduced for the stratospheric aerosols: polar stratospheric aerosol (PSA), volcanic ash, sulfate/other, and smoke. The tropospheric aerosol subtyping algorithm was also improved by adding the following enhancements: (1) all aerosol subtypes are now allowed over polar regions, whereas the version 3 (V3) algorithm allowed only clean continental and polluted continental aerosols; (2) a new "dusty marine" aerosol subtype is introduced, representing mixtures of dust and marine aerosols near the ocean surface; and (3) the "polluted continental" and "smoke" subtypes have been renamed "polluted continental/smoke" and "elevated smoke", respectively. V4 also revises the lidar ratios for clean marine, dust, clean continental, and elevated smoke subtypes. As a consequence of the V4 updates, the mean 532 nm AOD retrieved by CALIOP has increased by 0.044 (0.036) or 52 % (40 %) for nighttime (daytime). Lidar ratio revisions are the most influential factor for AOD changes from V3 to V4, especially for cloud-free skies. Preliminary validation studies show that the AOD discrepancies between CALIOP and AERONET/MODIS (ocean) are reduced in V4 compared to V3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Hae Kim
- NASA Postdoctoral Program (USRA), Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Ali H Omar
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhaoyan Liu
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Lamont R Poole
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Jayanta Kar
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Brian E Magill
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ubl S, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. Relationships between Atmospheric Transport Regimes and PCB Concentrations in the Air at Zeppelin, Spitsbergen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9784-9791. [PMID: 28719193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent hazardous chemicals that are still detected in the atmosphere and other environmental media, although their production has been banned for several decades. At the long-term monitoring site, Zeppelin at Spitsbergen, different PCB congeners have been continuously measured for more than a decade. However, it is not clear what factors determine the seasonal and interannual variability of different (lighter versus heavier) PCB congeners. To investigate the influence of atmospheric transport patterns on PCB-28 and PCB-101 concentrations at Zeppelin, we applied the Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model FLEXPART and calculated "footprints" that indicate the potential source regions of air arriving at Zeppelin. By means of a cluster analysis, we assigned groups of similar footprints to different transport regimes and analyzed the PCB concentrations according to the transport regimes. The concentrations of both PCB congeners are affected by the different transport regimes. For PCB-101, the origin of air masses from the European continent is primarily related to high concentrations; elevated PCB-101 concentrations in winter can be explained by the high frequency of this transport regime in winter, whereas PCB-101 concentrations are low when air is arriving from the oceans. For PCB-28, in contrast, concentrations are high during summer when air is mainly arriving from the oceans but low when air is arriving from the continents. The most likely explanation of this finding is that local emissions of PCB-28 mask the effect of long-range transport and determine the concentrations measured at Zeppelin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Ubl
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk University , 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Arctic sea ice melt leads to atmospheric new particle formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3318. [PMID: 28607400 PMCID: PMC5468288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) and growth significantly influences climate by supplying new seeds for cloud condensation and brightness. Currently, there is a lack of understanding of whether and how marine biota emissions affect aerosol-cloud-climate interactions in the Arctic. Here, the aerosol population was categorised via cluster analysis of aerosol size distributions taken at Mt Zeppelin (Svalbard) during a 11 year record. The daily temporal occurrence of NPF events likely caused by nucleation in the polar marine boundary layer was quantified annually as 18%, with a peak of 51% during summer months. Air mass trajectory analysis and atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur tracers link these frequent nucleation events to biogenic precursors released by open water and melting sea ice regions. The occurrence of such events across a full decade was anti-correlated with sea ice extent. New particles originating from open water and open pack ice increased the cloud condensation nuclei concentration background by at least ca. 20%, supporting a marine biosphere-climate link through sea ice melt and low altitude clouds that may have contributed to accelerate Arctic warming. Our results prompt a better representation of biogenic aerosol sources in Arctic climate models.
Collapse
|
42
|
Conrad BM, Johnson MR. Field Measurements of Black Carbon Yields from Gas Flaring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1893-1900. [PMID: 27997147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) emissions from gas flaring in the oil and gas industry are postulated to have critical impacts on climate and public health, but actual emission rates remain poorly characterized. This paper presents in situ field measurements of BC emission rates and flare gas volume-specific BC yields for a diverse range of flares. Measurements were performed during a series of field campaigns in Mexico and Ecuador using the sky-LOSA optical measurement technique, in concert with comprehensive Monte Carlo-based uncertainty analyses. Parallel on-site measurements of flare gas flow rate and composition were successfully performed at a subset of locations enabling direct measurements of fuel-specific BC yields from flares under field conditions. Quantified BC emission rates from individual flares spanned more than 4 orders of magnitude (up to 53.7 g/s). In addition, emissions during one notable ∼24-h flaring event (during which the plume transmissivity dropped to zero) would have been even larger than this maximum rate, which was measured as this event was ending. This highlights the likely importance of superemitters to global emission inventories. Flare gas volume-specific BC yields were shown to be strongly correlated with flare gas heating value. A newly derived correlation fitting current field data and previous lab data suggests that, in the context of recent studies investigating transport of flare-generated BC in the Arctic and globally, impacts of flaring in the energy industry may in fact be underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Conrad
- Energy & Emissions Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University , 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Matthew R Johnson
- Energy & Emissions Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University , 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lehmann S, Gajek G, Chmiel S, Polkowska Ż. Do morphometric parameters and geological conditions determine chemistry of glacier surface ice? Spatial distribution of contaminants present in the surface ice of Spitsbergen glaciers (European Arctic). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23385-23405. [PMID: 27638795 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemism of the glaciers is strongly determined by long-distance transport of chemical substances and their wet and dry deposition on the glacier surface. This paper concerns spatial distribution of metals, ions, and dissolved organic carbon, as well as the differentiation of physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity) determined in ice surface samples collected from four Arctic glaciers during the summer season in 2012. The studied glaciers represent three different morphological types: ground based (Blomlibreen and Scottbreen), tidewater which evolved to ground based (Renardbreen), and typical tidewater glacier (Recherchebreen). All of the glaciers are functioning as a glacial system and hence are subject to the same physical processes (melting, freezing) and the process of ice flowing resulting from the cross-impact force of gravity and topographic conditions. According to this hypothesis, the article discusses the correlation between morphometric parameters, changes in mass balance, geological characteristics of the glaciers and the spatial distribution of analytes on the surface of ice. A strong correlation (r = 0.63) is recorded between the aspect of glaciers and values of pH and ions, whereas dissolved organic carbon (DOC) depends on the minimum elevation of glaciers (r = 0.55) and most probably also on the development of the accumulation area. The obtained results suggest that although certain morphometric parameters largely determine the spatial distribution of analytes, also the geology of the bed of glaciers strongly affects the chemism of the surface ice of glaciers in the phase of strong recession.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lehmann
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Gajek
- Department of Geology and Lithosphere Protection, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 2cd Kraśnicka St, 20-718, Lublin, Poland
| | - Stanisław Chmiel
- Department of Hydrology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 2cd Kraśnicka St, 20-718, Lublin, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Groot Zwaaftink CD, Grythe H, Skov H, Stohl A. Substantial contribution of northern high-latitude sources to mineral dust in the Arctic. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:13678-13697. [PMID: 31423407 PMCID: PMC6686616 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the Arctic, impurities in the atmosphere and cryosphere can strongly affect the atmospheric radiation and surface energy balance. While black carbon has hence received much attention, mineral dust has been in the background. Mineral dust is not only transported into the Arctic from remote regions but also, possibly increasingly, generated in the region itself. Here we study mineral dust in the Arctic based on global transport model simulations. For this, we have developed a dust mobilization scheme in combination with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. A model evaluation, based on measurements of surface concentrations and annual deposition at a number of stations and aircraft vertical profiles, shows the suitability of this model to study global dust transport. Simulations indicate that about 3% of global dust emission originates from high-latitude dust sources in the Arctic. Due to limited convection and enhanced efficiency of removal, dust emitted in these source regions is mostly deposited closer to the source than dust from for instance Asia or Africa. This leads to dominant contributions of local dust sources to total surface dust concentrations (~85%) and dust deposition (~90%) in the Arctic region. Dust deposition from local sources peaks in autumn, while dust deposition from remote sources occurs mainly in spring in the Arctic. With increasing altitude, remote sources become more important for dust concentrations as well as deposition. Therefore, total atmospheric dust loads in the Arctic are strongly influenced by Asian (~38%) and African (~32%) dust, whereas local dust contributes only 27%. Dust loads are thus largest in spring when remote dust is efficiently transported into the Arctic. Overall, our study shows that contributions of local dust sources are more important in the Arctic than previously thought, particularly with respect to surface concentrations and dust deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Grythe
- NILU ‐ Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchKjellerNorway
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Atmospheric Science UnitStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Air Quality ResearchFinnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - H. Skov
- Arctic Research Center, Department of Environmental ScienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
| | - A. Stohl
- NILU ‐ Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchKjellerNorway
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Panov AV, Prokushkin AS, Korets MA, Bryukhanov AV, Myers-Pigg AN, Louchouarn P, Sidenko NV, Amon R, Andreae MO, Heimann M. Linking trace gas measurements and molecular tracers of organic matter in aerosols for identification of ecosystem sources and types of wildfires in Central Siberia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/48/1/012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
46
|
Winiger P, Andersson A, Eckhardt S, Stohl A, Gustafsson Ö. The sources of atmospheric black carbon at a European gateway to the Arctic. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12776. [PMID: 27627859 PMCID: PMC5027618 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosols from incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuel contribute to Arctic climate warming. Models-seeking to advise mitigation policy-are challenged in reproducing observations of seasonally varying BC concentrations in the Arctic air. Here we compare year-round observations of BC and its δ(13)C/Δ(14)C-diagnosed sources in Arctic Scandinavia, with tailored simulations from an atmospheric transport model. The model predictions for this European gateway to the Arctic are greatly improved when the emission inventory of anthropogenic sources is amended by satellite-derived estimates of BC emissions from fires. Both BC concentrations (R(2)=0.89, P<0.05) and source contributions (R(2)=0.77, P<0.05) are accurately mimicked and linked to predominantly European emissions. This improved model skill allows for more accurate assessment of sources and effects of BC in the Arctic, and a more credible scientific underpinning of policy efforts aimed at efficiently reducing BC emissions reaching the European Arctic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Winiger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - A Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - S Eckhardt
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2027, Norway
| | - A Stohl
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2027, Norway
| | - Ö. Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mahmood R, von Salzen K, Flanner M, Sand M, Langner J, Wang H, Huang L. Seasonality of global and Arctic black carbon processes in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme models. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:7100-7116. [PMID: 31404350 PMCID: PMC6680174 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd024849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study quantifies black carbon (BC) processes in three global climate models and one chemistry transport model, with focus on the seasonality of BC transport, emissions, wet and dry deposition in the Arctic. In the models, transport of BC to the Arctic from lower latitudes is the major BC source for this region. Arctic emissions are very small. All models simulated a similar annual cycle of BC transport from lower latitudes to the Arctic, with maximum transport occurring in July. Substantial differences were found in simulated BC burdens and vertical distributions, with Canadian Atmospheric Global Climate Model (CanAM) (Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM) producing the strongest (weakest) seasonal cycle. CanAM also has the shortest annual mean residence time for BC in the Arctic followed by Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Multiscale Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry model, Community Earth System Model, and NorESM. Overall, considerable differences in wet deposition efficiencies in the models exist and are a leading cause of differences in simulated BC burdens. Results from model sensitivity experiments indicate that convective scavenging outside the Arctic reduces the mean altitude of BC residing in the Arctic, making it more susceptible to scavenging by stratiform (layer) clouds in the Arctic. Consequently, scavenging of BC in convective clouds outside the Arctic acts to substantially increase the overall efficiency of BC wet deposition in the Arctic, which leads to low BC burdens and a more pronounced seasonal cycle compared to simulations without convective BC scavenging. In contrast, the simulated seasonality of BC concentrations in the upper troposphere is only weakly influenced by wet deposition in stratiform clouds, whereas lower tropospheric concentrations are highly sensitive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashed Mahmood
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Department of Meteorology COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Knut von Salzen
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Canadian Center for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | - Mark Flanner
- Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Maria Sand
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research-Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Joakim Langner
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Norrköping Sweden
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
| | - Lin Huang
- Climate Chemistry Measurements and Research Environment and Climate Change Canada Toronto Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Unrealistically pristine air in the Arctic produced by current global scale models. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26561. [PMID: 27222352 PMCID: PMC4879630 DOI: 10.1038/srep26561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon aerosol (BCA) in the Arctic has profound impacts on the global climate system through radiation processes. Despite its enormous impacts, current global scale models, powerful tools for estimating overall impact, tend to underestimate the levels of BCA in the Arctic over several seasons. Using a global aerosol transport simulation with a horizontal grid resolution of 3.5 km, we determined that a higher resolution significantly reduced the underestimation of BCA levels in the Arctic, mainly due to an enhancement of the representation of low-pressure and frontal systems. The BCA mass loading in the Arctic simulated with 3.5-km grid resolution was 4.2-times larger than that simulated with coarse (56-km) grid resolution. Our results also indicated that grid convergence had not occurred on both the contrast between the cloud/cloud free areas and the poleward BCA mass flux, despite the use of the 3.5-km grid resolution. These results suggest that a global aerosol transport simulation using kilometre-order or finer grid resolution is required for more accurate estimation of the distribution of pollutants in the Arctic.
Collapse
|
49
|
Moroni B, Cappelletti D, Ferrero L, Crocchianti S, Busetto M, Mazzola M, Becagli S, Traversi R, Udisti R. Local vs. long-range sources of aerosol particles upon Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands): mineral chemistry and geochemical records. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-016-0533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
50
|
Chen YC, Hamre B, Frette Ø, Muyimbwa D, Blindheim S, Stebel K, Sobolewski P, Toledano C, Stamnes JJ. Aerosol optical properties in Northern Norway and Svalbard. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:660-672. [PMID: 26836066 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present comparisons between estimates of the aerosol optical thickness and the Ångström exponent in Northern Norway and Svalbard based on data from AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) stations at Andenes (69.28°N, 16.01°E, 379 m altitude) and Hornsund (77.00°N, 15.56°E, 10 m altitude) for the period 2008-2013. The five/six-year annual mean values for the aerosol optical thickness at 500 nm τ(500) at Andenes and Hornsund both were 0.09. At Hornsund, there was less variation of the monthly mean value of τ(500) than at Andenes. The annual mean values of the Ångström exponent α at Andenes and Hornsund were 1.29 and 1.34, respectively. At Andenes and Hornsund α was found to be larger than 1.1 in 68% and 84% of the observations, respectively, indicating that fine-mode particles were dominating at both sites. Both sites had a similar aerosol size distribution during summer although one site is in an arctic area while the other site is in a subarctic area.
Collapse
|