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Wu Y, Xu Z, Liu S, Tang M, Lu S. Emission characteristics of PM 2.5 and components of condensable particulate matter from coal-fired industrial plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148782. [PMID: 34274667 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), including condensable particulate matter (CPM) and filterable particulate matter (FPM), emitted from coal combustion is one of the major contributors to air pollution. In this study, CPM and FPM were sampled from two coal-fired industrial boilers with air pollution control devices (APCDs). The emission concentration of total PM (CPM and FPM) and inorganic components of CPM were studied. The organic fractions in CPM and raw coal were analyzed using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The concentrations of total PM in the flue gas decreased from 1475.61 to 7.68 mg/Nm3 in unit 1, and from 2451.62 to 29.38 mg/Nm3 in unit 2 after the flue gas passed through the APCDs. CPM accounted for 51.42-91.93% of total PM emitted from stacks, of which organic components (73.87-96.30%) were one of the main constituents. Although aromatic hydrocarbons are one of the major components of raw coal, they were almost nonexistent in the CPM emitted from coal combustion. Saturated hydrocarbons accounted for the largest proportion of organic components in CPM, 49.19% in unit 1 and 61.16% in unit 2. The proportion of esters in the oxygen-containing derivatives of CPM emitted from two units was relatively high. SO42- was the inorganic component with the largest concentration in CPM emitted from the boiler units. This study will improve the understanding of the emissions levels of PM2.5 and the properties of CPM that originate from the coal-fired industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhenyao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Minghui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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2
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Dust Criteria Derived from Long-Term Filter and Online Observations at Gosan in South Korea. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dust and pollution are frequently mixed together in East Asia, causing large uncertainties in assessing climate change and environmental influence and in relevant policymaking. To discern the dust effect on particle mass, we carried out long-term measurements of the mass and key chemical compositions of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 from August 2007 to February 2012 and collected hourly data of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations from January 2012 to October 2020 at Gosan, South Korea. The principal component analysis of measured species reveals two dominant factors, pollution and dust, accounting for 46% and 16% of the total variance, respectively. The mode distribution of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 mass in addition to the dust events helps to provide a robust criterion of the dust impact. Dust can be identified by the mean + standard deviation (σ) of PM10, while the threshold is down to the mean concentration when dust particles experience precipitation. High PM2.5 concentration also presents dust impact; however, the criterion decreases from mean + σ in 2007–2012 to mean in 2012–2020. It indicates that dust is no longer a high-concentration event of PM2.5, but its influence gradually appears in low-concentration particles. Therefore, the dust criterion obtained from long-term PM10 concentration data is robust; however, the standard is based on PM2.5 changes over time and still needs to be determined by follow-up long-term observations.
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Large Eddy Simulation of Microphysics and Influencing Factors in Shallow Convective Clouds. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A flight of shallow convective clouds during the SCMS95 (Small Cumulus Microphysics Study 1995) observation project is simulated by the large eddy simulation (LES) version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF-LES) with spectral bin microphysics (SBM). This study focuses on relative dispersion of cloud droplet size distributions, since its influencing factors are still unclear. After validation of the simulation by aircraft observations, the factors affecting relative dispersion are analyzed. It is found that the relationships between relative dispersion and vertical velocity, and between relative dispersion and adiabatic fraction are both negative. Furthermore, the negative relationships are relatively weak near the cloud base, strengthen with the increasing height first and then weaken again, which is related to the interplays among activation, condensation and evaporation for different vertical velocity and entrainment conditions. The results will be helpful to improve parameterizations related to relative dispersion (e.g., autoconversion and effective radius) in large-scale models.
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Measuring the Vertical Profiles of Aerosol Extinction in the Lower Troposphere by MAX-DOAS at a Rural Site in the North China Plain. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements were performed during the summer (13 June–20 August) of 2014 at a rural site in North China Plain. The vertical profiles of aerosol extinction (AE) in the lower troposphere were retrieved to analyze the temporal variations of AE profiles, near-surface AE, and aerosol optical depth (AOD). The average AOD and near-surface AE over the period of study were 0.51 ± 0.26 and 0.33 ± 0.18 km−1 during the effective observation period, respectively. High AE events and elevated AE layers were identified based on the time series of hourly AE profiles, near-surface AEs and AODs. It is found that in addition to the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) and relative humidity (RH), the variations in the wind field have large impacts on the near-surface AE, AOD, and AE profile. Among 16 wind sectors, higher AOD or AE occur mostly in the directions of the cities upstream. The diurnal variations of the AE profiles, AODs and near-surface AEs are significant and influenced mainly by the source emissions, PBLH, and RH. The AE profile shape from MAX-DOAS measurement is generally in agreement with that from light detection and ranging (lidar) observations, although the AE absolute levels are different. Overall, ground-based MAX-DOAS can serve as a supplement to measure the AE vertical profiles in the lower troposphere.
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Zhang C, Zou Z, Chang Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yang X. Source assessment of atmospheric fine particulate matter in a Chinese megacity: Insights from long-term, high-time resolution chemical composition measurements from Shanghai flagship monitoring supersite. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126598. [PMID: 32443236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a long-term, hourly resolution dataset (from January 2014 to April 2015) of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) matter, organic matter (OM) and black carbon (BC) as PM2.5 chemical components in China. Seasonally differentiated weekly diurnal profiles of major particulate species were investigated in conjunction with potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis. The average concentration of PM2.5 was 48.3 ± 35.1 μg m-3, in which OM was the major constituent (29.7 ± 13.9%), followed by sulfate (25.1 ± 8.1%), nitrate (18.5 ± 8.3%), ammonium (13.3 ± 3.8%), and other trace species (6.8 ± 4.0%). Interestingly, unlike other PM species, OM concentrations kept very similar level among different seasons, indicating on-road traffic is a stable source of PM2.5. Besides, a persistently strong particulate OM pollution belt was found along the lower reaches of Yangtze River. Significant enhancement of SIA (mainly nitrate) was coincided with high PM2.5 mass loading. Source apportionment were conducted and found the overwhelming dominance of long-range transport of the pollutants from north China. Using a case study, we further integrate Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) meteorological modeling and lidar observation to better understand the evolution process of a typical pollution episode. Our assessment of the extremely large datasets derived from Shanghai supersite demonstrated the online instrumentation as a robust and credible alternative to filter-based sampling techniques for long-term PM2.5 monitoring and characterization in heavily polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhong Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Pudong New Area Environmental Monitoring Station, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Yunhua Chang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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6
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Zhang X, Yang S, Bo T. Experimental study on the space charge properties in haze events. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 87:361-376. [PMID: 31791509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, haze has posed a serious threat to the global climate change, ecological balance and human health. In this study, the laboratory experiments and field observations were performed and a possible charging mechanism was proposed to investigate the space charge properties in haze events. The laboratory experiments showed that the charge polarity of primary aerosol is determined by species of combustion fuels while the magnitude is dependent on the combustion completeness. The field observations revealed that the space charge of atmosphere aerosol in haze events differs from that of fair weather and is closely related to PM2.5 concentration when Relative Humidity (RH) < 60%, with 1 to 2 orders of magnitude less than the case when RH ≥ 60%. The analysis of equivalent charge-to-mass ratio (ECTM) suggested that in haze events the space charge is governed by primary aerosol emitted by combustion of fossil fuel in a low relative humidity, whereas it is manipulated by the secondary chemical reaction of atmosphere aerosol in a high relative humidity. And we can identify the main pollutants in haze events according to the polarity of atmosphere aerosol and quickly take measures when RH < 60%. Accordingly, the dust-haze of RH < 80% can be divided into dry-dust-haze when RH < 60% and wet-dust-haze when 60% ≤ RH < 80%. Our study firstly elucidated the space charge properties of atmosphere aerosol in haze events and can provide a new perspective for the prevention and control of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Western Disaster and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Western Disaster and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tianli Bo
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Western Disaster and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Abstract
Cloud droplet size distribution (CDSD) is a critical characteristic for a number of processes related to clouds, considering that cloud droplets are formed in different sizes above the cloud-base. This paper analyzes the in-situ aircraft measurements of CDSDs and aerosol concentration ( N a ) performed in stratiform clouds in Hebei, China, in 2015 to reveal the characteristics of cloud spectral width, commonly known as relative dispersion ( ε , ratio of standard deviation (σ) to mean radius (r) of the CDSD). A new algorithm is developed to calculate the contributions of droplets of different sizes to ε . It is found that small droplets with the size range of 1 to 5.5 μm and medium droplets with the size range of 5.5 to 10 μm are the major contributors to ε, and the medium droplets generally dominate the change of ε. The variation of ε with N a can be well explained by comparing the normalized changes of σ and r ( k σ / σ and k r / r ), rather than k σ and k r only ( k σ is Δσ/Δ N a and k r is Δr/Δ N a ). From the perspective of external factors affecting ε change, the effects of N a and condensation are examined. It is found that ε increases initially and decreases afterward as N a increases, and “condensational broadening” occurs up to 1 km above cloud-base, potentially providing observational evidence for recent numerical simulations in the literature.
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Zhang W, Liu Y, Feng K, Hubacek K, Wang J, Liu M, Jiang L, Jiang H, Liu N, Zhang P, Zhou Y, Bi J. Revealing Environmental Inequality Hidden in China's Inter-regional Trade. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7171-7181. [PMID: 29800524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trade among regions or countries not only allows the exchange of goods and services but also leads to the transfer of pollution. The unequal exchange of goods and services and associated value added and pollution may be subject to environmental inequality in China given that Chinese provinces are in different development stages. By using the latest multiregional input-output tables and the sectoral air pollutant emission inventory in 2012, we traced emissions and value added along China's domestic supply chains. Here, we show that 62%-76% of the consumption-based air-pollutant emissions of richer regions (Beijing-Tianjin, East Coast and South Coast) were outsourced to other regions; however, approximately 70% of the value added triggered by these region's final consumption was retained within the region. Some provinces in western China, such as Guizhou, Ningxia, and Yunnan, not only incurred net pollution inflows but also suffered a negative balance of value added when trading with rich provinces. Addressing such inequalities could provide not only a basis for determining each province's responsibility for pollution control but also a model for other emerging economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation , Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institutes of Science and Development , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- School of Public Policy and Management , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Kuishuang Feng
- Department of Geographical Sciences , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Klaus Hubacek
- Department of Geographical Sciences , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Environmental Studies , Masaryk University , Brno 60200 , Czech Republic
| | - Jinnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation , Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Ling Jiang
- School of Government , Central University of Finance and Economics , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Hongqiang Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation , Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Nianlei Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation , Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Pengyan Zhang
- College of Environment and Planning , Henan University , Kaifeng 475004 , China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Planning and Policy Simulation , Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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9
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Li L, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Role of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Production of Sulfate during Chinese Haze-Aerosol Episodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2686-2693. [PMID: 29378118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Haze events in China megacities involve the rapid oxidation of SO2 to sulfate aerosol. Given the weak photochemistry that takes place in these optically thick hazes, it has been hypothesized that SO2 is mostly oxidized by NO2 emissions in the bulk of pH > 5.5 aerosols. Because NO2(g) dissolution in water is very slow and aerosols are more acidic, we decided to test such a hypothesis. Herein, we report that > 95% of NO2(g) disproportionates [2NO2(g) + H2O(l) = H+ + NO3-(aq) + HONO (R1)] upon hitting the surface of NaHSO3 aqueous microjets for < 50 μs, thereby giving rise to strong NO3- ( m/ z 62) signals detected by online electrospray mass spectrometry, rather than oxidizing HSO3- ( m/ z 81) to HSO4- ( m/ z 97) in the relevant pH 3-6 range. Because NO2(g) will be consumed via R1 on the surface of typical aerosols, the oxidation of S(IV) may in fact be driven by the HONO/NO2- generated therein. S(IV) heterogeneous oxidation rates are expected to primarily depend on the surface density and liquid water content of the aerosol, which are enhanced by fine aerosol and high humidity. Whether aerosol acidity affects the oxidation of S(IV) by HONO/NO2- remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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10
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Ge B, Wang Z, Lin W, Xu X, Li J, Ji D, Ma Z. Air pollution over the North China Plain and its implication of regional transport: A new sight from the observed evidences. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:29-38. [PMID: 29156439 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of the fine particles (PM2.5) are frequently observed during all seasons over the North China Plain (NCP) region in recent years. In NCP, the contributions of regional transports to certain area, e.g. Beijing city, are often discussed and estimated by models when considering an effective air pollution controlling strategy. In this study, we selected three sites from southwest to northeast in NCP, in which the concentrations of air pollutants displayed a multi-step decreasing trend in space. An approach based on the measurement results at these sites has been developed to calculate the relative contributions of the minimal local emission (MinLEC) and the maximum regional transport (MaxRTC) to the air pollutants (e.g., SO2, NO2, CO, PM2.5) in Beijing. The minimal influence of local emission is estimated by the difference of the air pollutants' concentrations between urban and rural areas under the assumption of a similar influence of regional transport. Therefore, it's convenient to estimate the contributions of local emission from regional transport based on the selective measurement results instead of the complex numerical model simulation. For the whole year of 2013, the averaged contributions of MinLEC (MaxRTC) for NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and CO are 61.7% (30.7%), 46.6% (48%), 52.1% (40.2%) and 35.8% (45.5%), respectively. The diurnal variation of MaxRTC for SO2, PM2.5 and CO shows an increased pattern during the afternoon and reached a peak (more than 50%) around 18:00, which indicates that the regional transport is the important role for the daytime air pollution in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Weili Lin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongshen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
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11
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Liu X, Qu H, Huey LG, Wang Y, Sjostedt S, Zeng L, Lu K, Wu Y, Hu M, Shao M, Zhu T, Zhang Y. High Levels of Daytime Molecular Chlorine and Nitryl Chloride at a Rural Site on the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9588-9595. [PMID: 28806070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chlorine (Cl2) and nitryl chloride (ClNO2) concentrations were measured using chemical ionization mass spectrometry at a rural site over the North China Plain during June 2014. High levels of daytime Cl2 up to ∼450 pptv were observed. The average diurnal Cl2 mixing ratios showed a maximum around noon at ∼100 pptv. ClNO2 exhibited a strong diurnal variation with early morning maxima reaching ppbv levels and afternoon minima sustained above 60 pptv. A moderate correlation (R2 = 0.31) between Cl2 and sulfur dioxide was observed, perhaps indicating a role for power plant emissions in the generation of the observed chlorine. We also observed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.83) between daytime (10:00-20:00) Cl2 and ClNO2, which implies that both of them were formed from a similar mechanism. In addition, Cl2 production is likely associated with a photochemical mechanism as Cl2 concentrations varied with ozone (O3) levels. The impact of Cl2 and ClNO2 as Cl atom sources is investigated using a photochemical box model. We estimated that the produced Cl atoms oxidized slightly more alkanes than OH radicals and enhanced the daily concentrations of peroxy radicals by 15% and the O3 production rate by 19%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hang Qu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - L Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Steven Sjostedt
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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12
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Yang T, Sun Y, Zhang W, Wang Z, Liu X, Fu P, Wang X. Evolutionary processes and sources of high-nitrate haze episodes over Beijing, Spring. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 54:142-151. [PMID: 28391923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rare and consecutive high-nitrate haze pollution episodes were observed in Beijing in spring 2012. We present detailed characterization of the sources and evolutionary mechanisms of this haze pollution, and focus on an episode that occurred between 15 and 26 April. Submicron aerosol species were found to be substantially elevated during haze episodes, and nitrates showed the largest increase and occupation (average: 32.2%) in non-refractory submicron particles (NR-PM1), which did not occur in other seasons as previously reported. The haze episode (HE) was divided into three sub-episodes, HEa, HEb, and HEc. During HEa and HEc, a shallow boundary layer, stagnant meteorological conditions, and high humidity favored the formation of high-nitrate concentrations, which were mainly produced by three different processes - daytime photochemical production, gas-particle partitioning, and nighttime heterogeneous reactions - and the decline in visibility was mainly induced by NR-PM1. However, unlike HEa and HEc, during HEb, the contribution of high nitrates was partly from the transport of haze from the southeast of Beijing - the transport pathway was observed at ~800-1000m by aerosol Lidar - and the decline in visibility during HEb was primarily caused by PM2.5. Our results provide useful information for air quality improvement strategies in Beijing during Spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Aviation Meteorological Center of China, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Fu H, Chen J. Formation, features and controlling strategies of severe haze-fog pollutions in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:121-138. [PMID: 27836344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With rapid industrialization and urbanization, China is facing a great challenge with regard to severe fog-haze pollutions, which were characterized by high fine particulate concentration level and visibility impairment. The control strategies for atmosphere pollutions in China were not only cutting-edge topics of atmospheric research, but also an urgent issue to be addressed by the Chinese government and the public. Focused on the core scientific issues of the haze and fog pollution, this paper reviews the main studies conducted in China, especially after 2010, including formation mechanisms, evolution features, and factors contributing to the fog-haze pollutions. Present policy and control strategies were synoptically discussed. The major challenges ahead will be stated and recommendations for future research directions are proposed at the end of this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Liu Z, Wang Y, Hu B, Ji D, Zhang J, Wu F, Wan X, Wang Y. Source appointment of fine particle number and volume concentration during severe haze pollution in Beijing in January 2013. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:6845-6860. [PMID: 26667647 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Extreme haze episodes repeatedly shrouded Beijing during the winter of 2012-2013, causing major environmental and health problems. To better understand these extreme events, particle number size distribution (PNSD) and particle chemical composition (PCC) data collected in an intensive winter campaign in an urban site of Beijing were used to investigate the sources of ambient fine particles. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis resolved a total of eight factors: two traffic factors, combustion factors, secondary aerosol, two accumulation mode aerosol factors, road dust, and long-range transported (LRT) dust. Traffic emissions (54%) and combustion aerosol (27%) were found to be the most important sources for particle number concentration, whereas combustion aerosol (33%) and accumulation mode aerosol (37%) dominated particle volume concentrations. Chemical compositions and sources of fine particles changed dynamically in the haze episodes. An enhanced role of secondary inorganic species was observed in the formation of haze pollution. Regional transport played an important role for high particles, contribution of which was on average up to 24-49% during the haze episodes. Secondary aerosols from urban background presented the largest contributions (45%) for the rapid increase of fine particles in the severest haze episode. In addition, the invasion of LRT dust aerosols further elevated the fine particles during the extreme haze episode. Our results showed a clear impact of regional transport on the local air pollution, suggesting the importance of regional-scale emission control measures in the local air quality management of Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fangkun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- College of Atmospheric Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Wang S, Luo K, Wang X, Sun Y. Estimate of sulfur, arsenic, mercury, fluorine emissions due to spontaneous combustion of coal gangue: An important part of Chinese emission inventories. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 209:107-13. [PMID: 26650082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A rough estimate of the annual amount of sulfur, arsenic, mercury and fluoride emission from spontaneous combustion of coal gangue in China was determined. The weighted mean concentrations of S, As, Hg, and F in coal gangue are 1.01%, 7.98, 0.18, and 365.54 mg/kg, respectively. Amounts of S, As, Hg, and F emissions from coal gangue spontaneous combustion show approximately 1.13 Mt, and 246, 45, and 63,298 tons in 2013, respectively. The atmospheric release amount of sulfur from coal gangue is more than one tenth of this from coal combustion, and the amounts of As, Hg, and F are close to or even exceed those from coal combustion. China's coal gangue production growth from 1992 to 2013 show an obvious growth since 2002. It may indicate that Chinese coal gangue has become a potential source of air pollution, which should be included in emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunli Luo
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Exploration and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Land and Resources of P. R. China, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yuzhuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Resource Exploration Research, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
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Tian H, Liu K, Hao J, Wang Y, Gao J, Qiu P, Zhu C. Nitrogen oxides emissions from thermal power plants in china: current status and future predictions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11350-11357. [PMID: 24010996 DOI: 10.1021/es402202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasing emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) over the Chinese mainland have been of great concern due to their adverse impacts on regional air quality and public health. To explore and obtain the temporal and spatial characteristics of NOx emissions from thermal power plants in China, a unit-based method is developed. The method assesses NOx emissions based on detailed information on unit capacity, boiler and burner patterns, feed fuel types, emission control technologies, and geographical locations. The national total NOx emissions in 2010 are estimated at 7801.6 kt, of which 5495.8 kt is released from coal-fired power plant units of considerable size between 300 and 1000 MW. The top provincial emitter is Shandong where plants are densely concentrated. The average NOx-intensity is estimated at 2.28 g/kWh, markedly higher than that of developed countries, mainly owing to the inadequate application of high-efficiency denitrification devices such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Future NOx emissions are predicted by applying scenario analysis, indicating that a reduction of about 40% by the year 2020 can be achieved compared with emissions in 2010. These results suggest that NOx emissions from Chinese thermal power plants could be substantially mitigated within 10 years if reasonable control measures were implemented effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhong Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
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Pollution plumes observed by aircraft over North China during the IPAC-NC field campaign. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cai H, Xie S. Temporal and spatial variation in recent vehicular emission inventories in China based on dynamic emission factors. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2013; 63:310-326. [PMID: 23556241 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2012.755138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The vehicular emission trend in China was tracked for the recent period 2006-2009 based on a database of dynamic emission factors of CO, nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), NOx, PM10, CO2, CH4, and N2O for all categories of on-road motor vehicles in China, which was developed at the provincial level using the COPERT 4 model, to account for the effects of rapid advances in engine technologies, implementation of improved emission standards, emission deterioration due to mileage, and fuel quality improvement. Results show that growth rates of CO and NMVOC emissions slowed down, but NOx and PM10 emissions continued rising rapidly for the period 2006-2009. Moreover CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions in 2009 almost doubled compared to those in 2005. Characteristics of recent spatial distribution of emissions and emission contributions by vehicle category revealed that priority of vehicular emission control should be put on the eastern and southeastern coastal provinces and northern regions, and passenger cars and motorcycles require stricter control for the reduction of CO and NMVOC emissions, while effective reduction of NOx and PM10 emissions can be achieved by better control of heavy-duty vehicles, buses and coaches, and passenger cars. Explicit provincial-level Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, which quantified for the first time the Chinese vehicular emission uncertainties associated with both COPERT-derived and domestically measured emission factors by vehicle technology, showed that CO, NMVOC, and NOx emissions for the period 2006-2009 were calculated with the least uncertainty, followed by PM10 and CO2, despite relatively larger uncertainties in N2O and CH4 emissions. The quantified low uncertainties of emissions revealed a necessity of applying vehicle technology- and vehicle age-specific dynamic emission factors for vehicular emission estimation, and these improved methodologies are applicable for routine update and forecast of China's on-road motor vehicle emissions. IMPLICATIONS This paper tracks the temporal and spatial variation characteristics in recent vehicular emission inventories in China based on dynamic emission factors. The fact that CO and NMVOC emissions kept growing at reduced rates and the NOx, PM10, and GHG emissions continued rising rapidly reveals that it was insufficient to bring down the rapid growth of NOx, PM10, and CO2 emissions by merely tightening emission standards and improving fuel quality of motor vehicles. The results will assist decision makers to formulate effective control policies for China's vehicular emissions. The improved methodologies are applicable for routine update of China's vehicular emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cai
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Li W, Shi Z, Zhang D, Zhang X, Li P, Feng Q, Yuan Q, Wang W. Haze particles over a coal-burning region in the China Loess Plateau in winter: Three flight missions in December 2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tao M, Chen L, Su L, Tao J. Satellite observation of regional haze pollution over the North China Plain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Karydis VA, Kumar P, Barahona D, Sokolik IN, Nenes A. On the effect of dust particles on global cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet number. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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