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Dadi AF, He V, Nutton G, Su JY, Guthridge S. Predicting child development and school readiness, at age 5, for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in Australia's Northern Territory. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296051. [PMID: 38117820 PMCID: PMC10732444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive early development is critical in shaping children's lifelong health and wellbeing. Identifying children at risk of poor development is important in targeting early interventions to children and families most in need of support. We aimed to develop a predictive model that could inform early support for vulnerable children. METHODS We analysed linked administrative records for a birth cohort of 2,380 Northern Territory children (including 1,222 Aboriginal children) who were in their first year of school in 2015 and had a completed record from the Australian Early Development Census (AEDC). The AEDC measures early child development (school readiness) across five domains of development. We fitted prediction models, for AEDC weighted summary scores, using a Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) considering four groups of factors-pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, known at birth, and child-related factors. We first assessed the models' internal validity and then the out-of-sample predictive power (external validity) using the PLSpredict procedure. RESULT We identified separate predictive models, with a good fit, for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. For Aboriginal children, a significant pre-pregnancy predictor of better outcomes was higher socioeconomic status (direct, β = 0.22 and indirect, β = 0.16). Pregnancy factors (gestational diabetes and maternal smoking (indirect, β = -0.09) and child-related factors (English as a second language and not attending preschool (direct, β = -0.28) predicted poorer outcomes. Further, pregnancy and child-related factors partially mediated the effects of pre-pregnancy factors; and child-related factors fully mediated the effects of pregnancy factors on AEDC weighted scores. For non-Aboriginal children, pre-pregnancy factors (increasing maternal age, socioeconomic status, parity, and occupation of the primary carer) directly predicted better outcomes (β = 0.29). A technical observation was that variance in AEDC weighted scores was not equally captured across all five AEDC domains; for Aboriginal children results were based on only three domains (emotional maturity; social competence, and language and cognitive skills (school-based)) and for non-Aboriginal children, on a single domain (language and cognitive skills (school-based)). CONCLUSION The models give insight into the interplay of multiple factors at different stages of a child's development and inform service and policy responses. Recruiting children and their families for early support programs should consider both the direct effects of the predictors and their interactions. The content and application of the AEDC measurement need to be strengthened to ensure all domains of a child's development are captured equally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Fekadu Dadi
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Vincent He
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Georgina Nutton
- College of Indigenous Futures, Education and the Arts, Charles Darwin University, Darwin Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Jiunn-Yih Su
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Steven Guthridge
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Vrantsidis DM, Clark CAC, Volk A, Wakschlag LS, Andrews Espy K, Wiebe SA. Exploring the interplay of dopaminergic genotype and parental behavior in relation to executive function in early childhood. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1147-1158. [PMID: 34779374 PMCID: PMC9107528 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Child genotype is an important biologically based individual difference conferring differential sensitivity to the effect of parental behavior. This study explored dopaminergic polygenic composite × parental behavior interactions in relation to young children's executive function. Participants were 135 36-month-old children and their mothers drawn from a prospective cohort followed longitudinally from pregnancy. A polygenic composite was created based on the number of COMT, DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4 alleles associated with increased reward sensitivity children carried. Maternal negative reactivity and responsiveness were coded during a series of structured mother-child interactions. Executive function was operationalized as self-control and working memory/inhibitory control. Path analysis supported a polygenic composite by negative reactivity interaction for self-control. The nature of the interaction was one of diathesis-stress, such that higher negative reactivity was associated with poorer self-control for children with higher polygenic composite scores. This result suggests that children with a higher number of alleles may be more vulnerable to the negative effect of negative reactivity. Negative reactivity may increase the risk for developing behavior problems in this population via an association with poorer self-control. Due to the small sample size, these initial findings should be treated with caution until they are replicated in a larger independent sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne M Vrantsidis
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Caron A C Clark
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Auriele Volk
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sandra A Wiebe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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3
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Duko B, Gebremedhin AT, Tessema GA, Alati R, Pereira G. Average treatment effect of maternal prenatal tobacco smoking on offspring developmental vulnerability in early childhood. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 78:35-43. [PMID: 36584811 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood developmental vulnerability has been closely related to the predictors of relatively good health, social and educational outcomes later in adulthood. However, the impacts of prenatal tobacco exposure on childhood developmental vulnerability have been rarely examined. Further, a few of the studies that have investigated maternal prenatal tobacco smoking and child developmental vulnerability have reported mixed results and there are currently no published estimates derived from causal epidemiological methods. METHODS We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study on the association between maternal prenatal tobacco smoking and developmental vulnerability in children born in Western Australia (WA). De-identified individual-level maternal, infant and birth records were obtained from the Midwives Notification System (MNS), a statutory record of all births in WA. WA register for Developmental Anomalies (WARDA) were also obtained from the WA Data Linkage. Records on early childhood developmental vulnerability at the median age of 5 years were obtained from the Australian Early Development Census (AEDC). We used a doubly robust estimator to estimate the causal effects. RESULTS Complete data were available for 64,558 mothers-children's pairs. Approximately 16% of children were exposed to maternal prenatal tobacco smoking. Children exposed to maternal prenatal tobacco smoking were more likely to be classified as developmentally vulnerable/at-risk on the physical health and wellbeing (RR = 1.40, 95%CI:1.36-1.45), social competence (RR = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.38-1.47), emotional maturity (RR = 1.34, 95%CI:1.30-1.39), language and cognitive skills (RR = 1.50, 95%CI:1.45-1.54), and communication skills and general knowledge (RR = 1.37, 95%CI:1.33-1.42) domains. CONCLUSION Maternal prenatal exposure to tobacco may influence early childhood developmental vulnerability. Early intervention to quit tobacco smoking before becoming pregnant could potentially reduce later childhood developmental vulnerability on multiple domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Duko
- Curtin School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA, Australia.
| | - Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin
- Curtin School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA, Australia
| | - Gizachew Assefa Tessema
- Curtin School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA, Australia; enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rosa Alati
- Curtin School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA, Australia; Institute for Social Sciences Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gavin Pereira
- Curtin School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA, Australia; enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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4
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Vrantsidis DM, Wakschlag LS, Espy KA, Wiebe SA. Differential associations of maternal behavior to preschool boys' and girls' executive function. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 83:101468. [PMID: 37220613 PMCID: PMC10201980 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Boys are more sensitive to environmental factors like parental behavior, an important predictor of executive function. This study examined whether the interaction between child sex and maternal behavior was associated with children's executive function in a manner consistent with the vulnerability or differential susceptibility model. Participants were 146 36-month-old children and their mothers. Maternal responsiveness and negative reactivity were coded during structured mother-child interactions. Executive function was operationalized as latent self-control and working memory/inhibitory control (WMIC). Structural equation modelling supported a sex by responsiveness interaction for self-control but not WMIC. Consistent with a vulnerability model, less responsiveness was associated with poorer self-control for boys relative to girls. Boys' self-control may be more vulnerable to the negative effect of unresponsive maternal behavior helping explain boys increased risk for externalizing behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne M. Vrantsidis
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, 633 N. St. Clair Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Departments of Neuroscience, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sandra A. Wiebe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
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Silva AI, Camelo A, Madureira J, Reis AT, Machado AP, Teixeira JP, Costa C. Urinary cotinine assessment of maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure status and its associations with perinatal outcomes: a cross-sectional birth study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 203:111827. [PMID: 34363802 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco consumption and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure remains an important public health concern. Pregnant women require particular attention as active and passive smoking during pregnancy are associated with multiple adverse perinatal outcomes. This study aimed to biochemically validate self-reported smoking and ETS exposure status among pregnant women, to more precisely ascertain its association with adverse perinatal outcomes. Data refers to 595 pregnant women who sought prenatal care in a public hospital in Porto, Portugal. A standard questionnaire on smoking and ETS-related variables was completed. Urinary cotinine (UC) concentrations were assessed by solid-phase competitive ELISA, in maternal urine samples collected on the day of delivery. The results showed that the optimal UC cut-off value to distinguish smokers from non-smokers and within non-smokers those who were exposed to ETS from those non-exposed in the third trimester of pregnancy was 74.1 ng/mL (sensitivity and specificity of 96.7% and 98.0%, respectively) and 1.6 ng/mL (sensitivity of 66.2% and specificity of 75.7%, respectively). The agreement between maternal self-reported and UC-based smoking status was very good (κ=0.919, p<0.001), but much lower for ETS exposure (κ=0.386, p<0.001). Maternal active smoking in the third trimester of pregnancy was associated with a significant decrease in birth weight, length and head circumference of 157.66 g (95% CI: -245.81, -69.52; p<0.001), 0.78 cm (95% CI: -1.22, -0.34; p=0.001) and 0.39 cm (95% CI: -0.70, -0.07; p=0.016), respectively. Maternal ETS exposure in the third trimester of pregnancy was associated with a non-significant increase in birth weight of 38.37 g (95% CI: -28.91, 105.64; p=0.263). Furthermore, maternal smoking cessation was associated with the increase of approximately 172 g in birth weight (95% CI: 50.00, 293.19). As such, there is an urgent need for increased public health awareness campaigns to encourage smoking cessation during pregnancy, in order to improve perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Inês Silva
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Camelo
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Madureira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Teresa Reis
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Machado
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
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Ostlund BD, Pérez-Edgar KE, Shisler S, Terrell S, Godleski S, Schuetze P, Eiden RD. Prenatal substance exposure and maternal hostility from pregnancy to toddlerhood: Associations with temperament profiles at 16 months of age. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:1566-1583. [PMID: 35095214 PMCID: PMC8794013 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether infant temperament was predicted by level of and change in maternal hostility, a putative transdiagnostic vulnerability for psychopathology, substance use, and insensitive parenting. A sample of women (N = 247) who were primarily young, low-income, and had varying levels of substance use prenatally (69 nonsmokers, 81 tobacco-only smokers, and 97 tobacco and marijuana smokers) reported their hostility in the third trimester of pregnancy and at 2, 9, and 16 months postpartum, and their toddler's temperament and behavior problems at 16 months. Maternal hostility decreased from late pregnancy to 16 months postpartum. Relative to pregnant women who did not use substances, women who used both marijuana and tobacco prenatally reported higher levels of hostility while pregnant and exhibited less change in hostility over time. Toddlers who were exposed to higher levels of prenatal maternal hostility were more likely to be classified in temperament profiles that resemble either irritability or inhibition, identified via latent profile analysis. These two profiles were each associated with more behavior problems concurrently, though differed in their association with competence. Our results underscore the utility of transdiagnostic vulnerabilities in understanding the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology risk and are discussed in regards to the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan D. Ostlund
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | | | - Shannon Shisler
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Sarah Terrell
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Stephanie Godleski
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, USA
| | - Pamela Schuetze
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Rina D. Eiden
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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Nagpal N, Ramos AM, Hajal N, Massey SH, Leve LD, Shaw DS, Ganiban JM, Reiss D, Neiderhiser JM. Psychopathology Symptoms are Associated with Prenatal Health Practices in Pregnant Women with Heavy Smoking Levels. Matern Child Health J 2021; 25:330-337. [PMID: 33417106 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-020-03048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Smoking during pregnancy may be linked to other problematic prenatal health behaviors in women. We examined interrelationships among prenatal smoking, prenatal health behaviors and mental health. The objective of this study was to examine factors that may contribute to variations in prenatal health practices among women who smoke during pregnancy. METHODS Birth mothers from an adoption study (N = 912) were interviewed about prenatal smoking, health behaviors, and mental health symptoms at 5 months postpartum. RESULTS One-quarter of participants (N = 222) reported smoking 6 or more cigarettes daily for at least 1 trimester. For mothers who smoked more than 6 cigarettes daily, higher levels of antisocial behaviors (β = - .14, p = .03) and depressive symptoms (β = - .17, p = .03) were associated with less frequent prenatal folate use; antisocial behaviors and depressive symptoms were not associated for prenatal folate use among women who did not smoke more than 6 cigarettes daily. For mothers who did not smoke more than 6 cigarettes daily, more depressive symptoms were associated with fewer prenatal care visits (β = .12, p = .01). Antisocial behaviors and anxiety symptoms were not associated with prenatal care visits in either group of mothers. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Maternal antisocial behaviors and depressive symptoms during pregnancy may be markers for poorer adherence to recommendations for folate supplementation among women who smoke 6 or more cigarettes daily during pregnancy, independent of adequacy of prenatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Nagpal
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine/Bellevue Hospital Center, 462 First Avenue, Administration Building Rm A314, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Amanda M Ramos
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Nastassia Hajal
- Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Suena H Massey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Leslie D Leve
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Jody M Ganiban
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, USA
| | - David Reiss
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Jenae M Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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8
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Addo KA, Palakodety N, Hartwell HJ, Tingare A, Fry RC. Placental microRNAs: Responders to environmental chemicals and mediators of pathophysiology of the human placenta. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1046-1056. [PMID: 32913718 PMCID: PMC7472806 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are epigenetic modifiers that play an important role in the regulation of the expression of genes across the genome. miRNAs are expressed in the placenta as well as other organs, and are involved in several biological processes including the regulation of trophoblast differentiation, migration, invasion, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and cellular metabolism. Related to their role in disease process, miRNAs have been shown to be differentially expressed between normal placentas and placentas obtained from women with pregnancy/health complications such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, and obesity. This dysregulation indicates that miRNAs in the placenta likely play important roles in the pathogenesis of diseases during pregnancy. Furthermore, miRNAs in the placenta are susceptible to altered expression in relation to exposure to environmental toxicants. With relevance to the placenta, the dysregulation of miRNAs in both placenta and blood has been associated with maternal exposures to several toxicants. In this review, we provide a summary of miRNAs that have been assessed in the context of human pregnancy-related diseases and in relation to exposure to environmental toxicants in the placenta. Where data are available, miRNAs are discussed in their context as biomarkers of exposure and/or disease, with comparisons made across-tissue types, and conservation across studies detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia A. Addo
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Niharika Palakodety
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hadley J. Hartwell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aishani Tingare
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gilling School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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9
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Froggatt S, Covey J, Reissland N. Infant neurobehavioural consequences of prenatal cigarette exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:1112-1124. [PMID: 31821600 PMCID: PMC7317476 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Prenatal exposure to cigarettes leads to alterations in brain development during pregnancy. This has an impact on postnatal psychological and behavioural processes, affecting an infant's neurobehavioural profile with little known about which aspects are affected. The evidence was synthesised to assess the effects of prenatal cigarette smoke exposure on neurobehavioural outcomes within the first year of life. METHODS Six databases were searched (Web of Science Core Collections, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, EBSCOhost eBook Collection and OpenGrey) in November 2018. Eligible studies (n = 17) had to include a measure of prenatal cigarette exposure and a neurobehavioural assessment ≤1 year of age. RESULTS In the first year of life, specific areas of neurobehavioural functioning are related to prenatal cigarette exposure with eight out of 10 areas of neurobehaviour having significant medium (negative affect, attention, excitability, irritability and orientation) or small (muscle tone, regulation and difficult temperament) pooled effect sizes. Only lethargy and stress did not show any significant pooled effects. CONCLUSION Prenatal cigarette exposure affects a significant range of behaviours during the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Covey
- Department of PsychologyDurham UniversityDurhamUK
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10
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Alzu'bi A, Middleham W, Shoaib M, Clowry GJ. Selective Expression of Nicotinic Receptor Sub-unit mRNA in Early Human Fetal Forebrain. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:72. [PMID: 32670017 PMCID: PMC7326072 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence from animal and human studies indicate that exposure to nicotine during development, separated from the effects of smoking tobacco, can contribute to dysregulation of brain development including behavioral deficits. An RNAseq study of human fetal cerebral cortex demonstrated that 9 out of 16 genes for human nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor subunits are selectively expressed between 7.5 and 12 post-conceptional weeks (PCW). The most highly expressed subunit genes were CHNRA4 and CHNRB2, whose protein products combine to form the most ubiquitous functional receptor isoform expressed in the adult brain. They exhibited correlated expression in both RNAseq samples, and in tissue sections by in situ hybridization. Co-localization studies with other cortical markers suggest they are pre-dominantly expressed by post-mitotic glutamatergic neuron pre-cursors in both cortical plate and pre-subplate, rather than cortical progenitor cells or GABAergic interneuron pre-cursors. However, GABAergic interneuron progenitor cells in the ganglionic eminences do express these sub-units. CHNRA5 also showed moderate levels of expression and again favored post-mitotic neurons. Other subunits, e.g., CHRNA7, exhibited low but detectable levels of expression. CHRN genes found not to be expressed included genes for subunits usually considered muscle specific, e.g., CHNRA1, although some muscle specific gene expression was detected, for instance CHNRB1. Although there is little or no synthesis of acetylcholine by intrinsic cortical neurons, cholinergic fibers from basal forebrain innervate the cerebral cortex from 12 PCW at the latest. Acetylcholine may have a paracrine effect on radially migrating cortical neurons and GABAergic interneuron progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Alzu'bi
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - William Middleham
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Shoaib
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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11
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Stroud LR, Bublitz MH, Crespo FA, Lester B, Salisbury AL. Maternal smoking in pregnancy, fetal activity & newborn behavioral state: An observational ultrasound study. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 81:106894. [PMID: 32407872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) remains one of the most common prenatal drug exposures in the US and worldwide. MSDP is associated with medical risk for the fetus and altered behavioral development in infants; however, fewer studies have examined the impact of MSDP on fetal behavior or newborn behavioral state. We investigated associations between MSDP and (a) fetal motor activity and (b) newborn behavioral state following handling. Participants were 79 healthy mother-fetus/newborn pairs (57% MSDP-exposed). MSDP was measured by maternal interview and verified by saliva biomarkers. Mothers completed an observational fetal ultrasound assessment between 24 and 37 weeks gestation (M = 28 weeks), including baseline, vibro-acoustic stimulus and recovery periods. Total fetal motor activity and complex body movements were coded from ultrasound videos. Following delivery, newborn post-handling behavioral state was assessed by direct observational coding. MSDP exposure was associated with higher baseline fetal motor activity, particularly at younger gestational ages. Further, motor reactivity to stimulation emerged at later gestational ages in MSDP-exposed fetuses, while motor reactivity was consistent across gestational ages in unexposed fetuses. Finally, heavy MSDP exposure was associated with more arousal following handling and greater need for soothing interventions in the newborn period. Monitoring of fetal behavior via ultrasound may offer a unique opportunity to identify at-risk infants and provides data for stronger public health messaging regarding risks of MSDP. Associations between MSDP and increased newborn fussiness highlight opportunities for education and anticipatory guidance in the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Margaret H Bublitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Women's Medicine Collaborative, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Frank A Crespo
- Jackson Memorial Hospital, Jackson Health System, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Barry Lester
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Amy L Salisbury
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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12
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Vrantsidis DM, Clark CAC, Chevalier N, Espy KA, Wiebe SA. Socioeconomic status and executive function in early childhood: Exploring proximal mechanisms. Dev Sci 2020; 23:e12917. [PMID: 31680392 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although there is substantial evidence that socioeconomic status (SES) predicts children's executive function (EF), the mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood. This study tested the utility of two theories proposed to link SES to children's EF: the family stress model and the family investment model. Data came from the Midwestern Infant Development Study (N = 151). To measure SES, parental education and income were assessed during pregnancy, and income was also assessed when children were 6 and 36 months old. Children's EF, operationalized as working memory/inhibitory control (WMIC) and self-control, was assessed at 36 months of age, along with potential mediators including maternal psychological distress, harsh parenting, and cognitive stimulation. Using structural equation modeling, we tested simultaneous pathways from SES to EF: (a) via maternal psychological distress to harsh parenting (family stress model) and (b) via cognitive stimulation (family investment model). Of the SES measures, lower education predicted poorer WMIC directly and indirectly via greater maternal psychological distress. Lower education also predicted poorer self-control via greater maternal psychological distress. This effect was partially suppressed by an indirect path from lower education to better self-control via greater psychological distress and increased harsh parenting. Cognitive stimulation did not act as a mediator. Income was not directly or indirectly associated with EF. These findings provide partial support for the family stress model and suggest that family functioning is an important proximal mechanism for children's EF development. This study also highlights the importance of considering SES as a multidimensional construct.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caron A C Clark
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Sandra A Wiebe
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Clark CAC, Massey SH, Wiebe SA, Espy KA, Wakschlag LS. Does early maternal responsiveness buffer prenatal tobacco exposure effects on young children's behavioral disinhibition? Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:1285-1298. [PMID: 30428950 PMCID: PMC6520205 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Children with prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) exhibit early self-regulatory impairments, reflecting a life-course persistent propensity toward behavioral disinhibition. Previously, we demonstrated the protective role of parental responsiveness for reducing the risk of exposure-related disruptive behavior in adolescence. Here, we expanded this line of inquiry, examining whether responsiveness moderates the relation of PTE to a broader set of behavioral disinhibition features in early childhood and testing alternative diathesis-stress versus differential susceptibility explanatory models. PTE was assessed prospectively using interviews and bioassays in the Midwestern Infant Development Study (MIDS). Mother-child dyads (N = 276) were re-assessed at approximately 5 years of age in a preschool follow-up. We quantified maternal responsiveness and child behavioral disinhibition using a combination of directly observed activities in the lab and developmentally sensitive questionnaires. Results supported a diathesis-stress pattern. Children with PTE and less responsive mothers showed increased disruptive behavior and lower effortful control compared with children without PTE. In contrast, exposed children with more responsive mothers had self-regulatory profiles similar to their non-exposed peers. We did not observe sex differences. Findings provide greater specification of the protective role of maternal responsiveness for self-regulation in children with PTE and help clarify mechanisms that may underscore trajectories of exposure-related behavioral disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caron A C Clark
- Department of Educational Psychology,University of Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln, NE,USA
| | - Suena H Massey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine,Chicago, IL,USA
| | - Sandra A Wiebe
- Department of Psychology,University of Alberta,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada
| | - Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Office of the Provost,University of San Antonio at Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA;Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory,University of Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University,Chicago,IL, USA
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Age of initiation of cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use among western Alaska Native people: Secondary analysis of the WATCH study. Addict Behav Rep 2019; 9:100143. [PMID: 31193747 PMCID: PMC6541901 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examined self-reported age of tobacco initiation (cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco [ST] use) and explored potential sex and generational group influences on tobacco use onset among Alaska Native (AN) adult ever tobacco users. Methods Secondary analysis of consolidated data from the Western Alaska Tribal Collaborative for Health (WATCH) study comprised 2800 AN adult ever tobacco users (1490 women, 1310 men; mean age = 39.2 years) from two rural western Alaska regions. ST use data were limited to one region. Logistic regression was used to examine potential sex and generational group (age 18–29, 30–49, ≥50) effects on initiation at ≤13 years of age. Results Thirty-seven percent of the sample reported using any tobacco product by age 13 years. Initiation of any ST use by age 13 was greater than for cigarette smoking (52.7% vs. 18.2%), and women were more likely than men to report initiation of any ST use at ≤13 years (52.6% vs. 38.4%). Nearly one-third of ever smokers (31%) initiated in young adulthood (ages 18–29). For ST use, logistic regression analyses revealed significant sex differences (women more likely to initiate by 13 years of age than men) and generational group effects with younger and middle age groups more likely to report initiation ≤13 years compared to the eldest participants. For smoking, no sex differences were observed but the youngest generational group was more likely to report initiation by age 13 compared to the eldest group. Conclusions Earlier age of tobacco initiation is found among younger generations of AN people. Findings highlight the need to focus prevention efforts on initiation of smoking in young adulthood and uptake of ST use among girls. Younger Alaska Native (AN) adults reported earlier tobacco initiation than older adults. Women reported earlier age of smokeless tobacco (ST) initiation than men. Almost one third of ever smokers (29%) had initiated in young adulthood (age 18–29). Prevention efforts are needed for ST use in AN girls and smoking in young adults.
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Tsai SY, Bendriem RM, Lee CTD. The cellular basis of fetal endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in drug-induced neurodevelopmental deficits. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100145. [PMID: 30937351 PMCID: PMC6430408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal substance exposure is a growing public health concern worldwide. Although the opioid crisis remains one of the most prevalent addiction problems in our society, abuse of cocaine, methamphetamines, and other illicit drugs, particularly amongst pregnant women, are nonetheless significant and widespread. Evidence demonstrates prenatal drug exposure can affect fetal brain development and thus can have long-lasting impact on neurobehavioral and cognitive performance later in life. In this review, we highlight research examining the most prevalent drugs of abuse and their effects on brain development with a focus on endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress signaling pathways. A thorough exploration of drug-induced cellular stress mechanisms during prenatal brain development may provide insight into therapeutic interventions to combat effects of prenatal drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y.A. Tsai
- Integrative Neuroscience Branch, Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Drug Abuse, The National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Raphael M. Bendriem
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Chun-Ting D. Lee
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
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Stroud LR, Papandonatos GD, McCallum M, Kehoe T, Salisbury AL, Huestis MA. Prenatal tobacco and marijuana co-use: Impact on newborn neurobehavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 70:28-39. [PMID: 30266574 PMCID: PMC6239899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco and marijuana are some of the most common prenatal substance exposures worldwide. The social acceptability and political landscape of marijuana and its potency have changed dramatically in the last two decades leading to increased use by pregnant women. Despite evidence for increasing marijuana use and high rates of co-use of tobacco (TOB) and marijuana (MJ) during pregnancy, the impact of prenatal exposure to each substance is typically studied in isolation. We investigated the influence of co-exposure to TOB and MJ on infant neurobehavioral development over the first postnatal month. Participants were 111 mother-infant pairs from a low-income, diverse sample (Mean age = 25 ± 5; 54% minorities). TOB and MJ use were assessed by Timeline Followback interview with biochemical confirmation. Three groups were identified: (a) prenatal MJ + TOB, (b) prenatal TOB only, (c) controls. Newborn neurobehavior was assessed at seven time points over the first postnatal month using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale. MJ + TOB-exposed infants showed decreased ability to self-soothe (Self-regulation) and attend to stimuli (Attention), and increased need for examiner soothing (Handling) and low motor activity (Lethargy) versus unexposed infants. Despite low levels of MJ use in MJ + TOB co-users, co-exposure was associated with nearly double the impact on infant self-soothing and need for examiner soothing versus TOB-exposure alone. Effects of MJ + TOB co-exposure appeared more pronounced for daughters than for sons. Although results are preliminary, they highlight additional risk from dual exposure to MJ + TOB vs. TOB exposure alone, particularly for daughters. Results also highlight the critical importance of investigating prenatal exposures in concert and the need for intervention efforts to address MJ co-use in pregnant TOB users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912, United States; Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Coro West, Suite 309, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence, RI 02906, United States.
| | - George D Papandonatos
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Room 703, Providence, RI 02903, United States.
| | - Meaghan McCallum
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Coro West, Suite 309, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence, RI 02906, United States.
| | - Tessa Kehoe
- Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Coro West, Suite 309, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence, RI 02906, United States.
| | - Amy L Salisbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Box G-RIH, Hasbro 129, Providence, RI 02903, United States; Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women & Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, United States.
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute for Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
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Micalizzi L, Knopik VS. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring executive function: What do we know and what are the next steps? Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1333-1354. [PMID: 29144227 PMCID: PMC6028309 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) exhibit difficulties in executive function (EF) from infancy through adolescence. Due to the developmental significance of EF as a predictor of adaptive functioning throughout the life span, the MSDP-EF relation has clear public health implications. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the relationship between MSDP and offspring EF across development; consider brain-based assessments, animal models, and genetically informed studies in an effort to elucidate plausible pathways of effects; discuss implications for prevention and intervention; and make calls to action for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Micalizzi
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University
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Stroud LR, McCallum M, Salisbury AL. Impact of maternal prenatal smoking on fetal to infant neurobehavioral development. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1087-1105. [PMID: 30068428 PMCID: PMC6541397 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent emphasis on the profound importance of the fetal environment in "programming" postnatal development, measurement of offspring development typically begins after birth. Using a novel coding strategy combining direct fetal observation via ultrasound and actocardiography, we investigated the impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) on fetal neurobehavior; we also investigated links between fetal and infant neurobehavior. Participants were 90 pregnant mothers and their infants (52 MSDP-exposed; 51% minorities; ages 18-40). Fetal neurobehavior at baseline and in response to vibro-acoustic stimulus was assessed via ultrasound and actocardiography at M = 35 weeks gestation and coded via the Fetal Neurobehavioral Assessment System (FENS). After delivery, the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale was administered up to seven times over the first postnatal month. MSDP was associated with increased fetal activity and fetal limb movements. Fetal activity, complex body movements, and cardiac-somatic coupling were associated with infants' ability to attend to stimuli and to self-regulate over the first postnatal month. Furthermore, differential associations emerged by MSDP group between fetal activity, complex body movements, quality of movement, and coupling, and infant attention and self-regulation. The present study adds to a growing literature establishing the validity of fetal neurobehavioral measures in elucidating fetal programming pathways.
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Eiden RD, Schuetze P, Shisler S, Huestis MA. Prenatal exposure to tobacco and cannabis: Effects on autonomic and emotion regulation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 68:47-56. [PMID: 29727701 PMCID: PMC6161361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco and cannabis are often used together in pregnancy and both have effects on children's regulatory system. Yet, little is known about the impact of co-use on the development of emotion regulation at the developmentally salient age of 2 years. One pathway linking co-exposure to tobacco and cannabis to toddler regulation may be via poor autonomic regulation in infancy. In addition, substance using mothers may be more dysregulated themselves, which may have direct effects on toddler regulation, but may also affect parenting, particularly maternal sensitivity during mother-child interactions. Thus, a second pathway linking exposure to toddler regulation may be via maternal dysregulation and low maternal sensitivity. We examined a conceptual model linking prenatal exposure to toddler regulation via these two pathways in a prospective sample (N = 247) of mother-child dyads recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy. Results indicated significant effects of co-exposure on poor autonomic regulation in infancy, which in turn predicted poor toddler emotion regulation. Mothers who used both tobacco and cannabis displayed lower sensitivity during play interactions with their infants. Maternal sensitivity was modestly stable from infant to toddler period and was predictive of higher toddler emotion regulation. Continued postnatal exposure to tobacco was also a significant, unique predictor of lower toddler emotion regulation. Results highlight the importance of examining co-exposure effects and suggest that this common pattern of use may be associated with higher infant/toddler risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina D Eiden
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York.
| | - Pamela Schuetze
- State University of New York at Buffalo State, United States
| | | | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Morris M, Shaw A, Lambert M, Perry HH, Lowenstein E, Valenzuela D, Velazquez-Ulloa NA. Developmental nicotine exposure affects larval brain size and the adult dopaminergic system of Drosophila melanogaster. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 18:13. [PMID: 29898654 PMCID: PMC6001141 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-018-0172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women may be exposed to nicotine if they smoke or use tobacco products, nicotine replacement therapy, or via e-cigarettes. Prenatal nicotine exposure has been shown to have deleterious effects on the nervous system in mammals including changes in brain size and in the dopaminergic system. The genetic and molecular mechanisms for these changes are not well understood. A Drosophila melanogaster model for these effects of nicotine exposure could contribute to faster identification of genes and molecular pathways underlying these effects. The purpose of this study was to determine if developmental nicotine exposure affects the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, focusing on changes to brain size and the dopaminergic system at two developmental stages. RESULTS We reared flies on control or nicotine food from egg to 3rd instar larvae or from egg to adult and determined effectiveness of the nicotine treatment. We used immunohistochemistry to visualize the whole brain and dopaminergic neurons, using tyrosine hydroxylase as the marker. We measured brain area, tyrosine hydroxylase fluorescence, and counted the number of dopaminergic neurons in brain clusters. We detected an increase in larval brain hemisphere area, a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase fluorescence in adult central brains, and a decrease in the number of neurons in the PPM3 adult dopaminergic cluster. We tested involvement of Dα7, one of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits, and found it was involved in eclosion, as previously described, but not involved in brain size. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that developmental nicotine exposure in Drosophila melanogaster affects brain size and the dopaminergic system. Prenatal nicotine exposure in mammals has also been shown to have effects on brain size and in the dopaminergic system. This study further establishes Drosophila melanogaster as model organism to study the effects of developmental nicotine exposure. The genetic and molecular tools available for Drosophila research will allow elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the effects of nicotine exposure during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Morris
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ariel Shaw
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, USA
| | | | | | - Eve Lowenstein
- Biology Department, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, USA
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Cooper S, Orton S, Leonardi-Bee J, Brotherton E, Vanderbloemen L, Bowker K, Naughton F, Ussher M, Pickett KE, Sutton S, Coleman T. Smoking and quit attempts during pregnancy and postpartum: a longitudinal UK cohort. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e018746. [PMID: 29146659 PMCID: PMC5695489 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pregnancy motivates women to try stopping smoking, but little is known about timing of their quit attempts and how quitting intentions change during pregnancy and postpartum. Using longitudinal data, this study aimed to document women's smoking and quitting behaviour throughout pregnancy and after delivery. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort survey with questionnaires at baseline (8-26 weeks' gestation), late pregnancy (34-36 weeks) and 3 months after delivery. SETTING Two maternity hospitals in one National Health Service hospital trust, Nottingham, England. PARTICIPANTS 850 pregnant women, aged 16 years or over, who were current smokers or had smoked in the 3 months before pregnancy, were recruited between August 2011 and August 2012. OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported smoking behaviour, quit attempts and quitting intentions. RESULTS Smoking rates, adjusting for non-response at follow-up, were 57.4% (95% CI 54.1 to 60.7) at baseline, 59.1% (95% CI 54.9 to 63.4) in late pregnancy and 67.1% (95% CI 62.7 to 71.5) 3 months postpartum. At baseline, 272 of 488 current smokers had tried to quit since becoming pregnant (55.7%, 95% CI 51.3 to 60.1); 51.3% (95% CI 44.7 to 58.0) tried quitting between baseline and late pregnancy and 27.4% (95% CI 21.7 to 33.2) after childbirth. The percentage who intended to quit within the next month fell as pregnancy progressed, from 40.4% (95% CI 36.1 to 44.8) at baseline to 29.7% (95% CI 23.8 to 35.6) in late pregnancy and 14.2% (95% CI 10.0 to 18.3) postpartum. Postpartum relapse was lower among women who quit in the 3 months before pregnancy (17.8%, 95% CI 6.1 to 29.4) than those who stopped between baseline and late pregnancy (42.9%, 95% CI 24.6 to 61.3). CONCLUSIONS Many pregnant smokers make quit attempts throughout pregnancy and postpartum, but intention to quit decreases over time; there is no evidence that smoking rates fall during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Cooper
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sophie Orton
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jo Leonardi-Bee
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emma Brotherton
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Laura Vanderbloemen
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katharine Bowker
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Felix Naughton
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Michael Ussher
- Population Health Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Kate E Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Stephen Sutton
- Behavioural Science Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Coleman
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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Camellia sinensis Prevents Perinatal Nicotine-Induced Neurobehavioral Alterations, Tissue Injury, and Oxidative Stress in Male and Female Mice Newborns. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5985219. [PMID: 28588748 PMCID: PMC5447281 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5985219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine exposure during pregnancy induces oxidative stress and leads to behavioral alterations in early childhood and young adulthood. The current study aimed to investigate the possible protective effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) against perinatal nicotine-induced behavioral alterations and oxidative stress in mice newborns. Pregnant mice received 50 mg/kg C. sinensis on gestational day 1 (PD1) to postnatal day 15 (D15) and were subcutaneously injected with 0.25 mg/kg nicotine from PD12 to D15. Nicotine-exposed newborns showed significant delay in eye opening and hair appearance and declined body weight at birth and at D21. Nicotine induced neuromotor alterations in both male and female newborns evidenced by the suppressed righting, rotating, and cliff avoidance reflexes. Nicotine-exposed newborns exhibited declined memory, learning, and equilibrium capabilities, as well as marked anxiety behavior. C. sinensis significantly improved the physical development, neuromotor maturation, and behavioral performance in nicotine-exposed male and female newborns. In addition, C. sinensis prevented nicotine-induced tissue injury and lipid peroxidation and enhanced antioxidant defenses in the cerebellum and medulla oblongata of male and female newborns. In conclusion, this study shows that C. sinensis confers protective effects against perinatal nicotine-induced neurobehavioral alterations, tissue injury, and oxidative stress in mice newborns.
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Massey SH, Hatcher AE, Clark CAC, Burns JL, Pine DS, Skol AD, Mroczek DK, Espy KA, Goldman D, Cook E, Wakschlag LS. Does MAOA increase susceptibility to prenatal stress in young children? Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 61:82-91. [PMID: 28163169 PMCID: PMC5453809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated a gene-by-prenatal-environment interaction whereby the monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) modified the impact of prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) on adolescent disruptive behavior (DB), with the MAOA risk genotype varying by sex. We extend this work by examining whether this mechanism is evident with another common adversity, prenatal stress exposure (PSE), and whether sex differences are present earlier in development in closer proximity to exposure. METHODS Participants were 281 mothers and their 285 children derived from a prenatal cohort with in-depth prospective measures of PSE and PTE. We assessed DB at age 5 via dimensional developmentally-sensitive measurement. Analyses were stratified by sex based on prior evidence for sex differences. RESULTS Concurrent stress exposure predicted DB in children (β=0.310, p=0.001), while main effects of prenatal exposures were seen only in boys. We found a three-way interaction of MAOA×PSE×sex on DB (β=0.813, p=0.022). Boys with MAOA-H had more DB as a function of PSE, controlling for PTE (β=0.774, p=0.015), and as a function of PTE, controlling for PSE (β=0.362, p=0.037). Boys with MAOA-L did not show this susceptibility. MAOA did not interact with PSE (β=-0.133, p=0.561) nor PTE (β=-0.144; p=0.505) in predicting DB in girls. Examination of gene-environment correlation (rGE) showed a correlation between paternal MAOA-L and daughters' concurrent stress exposure (r=-0.240, p=0.013). DISCUSSION Findings underscore complex mechanisms linking genetic susceptibility and early adverse exposures. Replication in larger cohorts followed from the pregnancy through adolescence is suggested to elucidate mechanisms that appear to have varying developmental expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suena H Massey
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N Saint Clair, 19(th) Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N Saint Clair, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Amalia E Hatcher
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
| | - Caron A C Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E University Blvd., P.O.Box 210068, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - James L Burns
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N Saint Clair, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, NIMH Intramural Research Program, 15K North Drive, MSC-2670, Bethesda, MD 20892-2670, USA.
| | - Andrew D Skol
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Daniel K Mroczek
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N Saint Clair, 19(th) Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Swift Hall 102, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL60208, USA.
| | - Kimberly A Espy
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E University Blvd., P.O.Box 210068, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Office for Research & Economic Development, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3S-32:MSC 9412, Bethesda, MD 20892-9412, USA.
| | - Edwin Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N Saint Clair, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, 633 N Saint Clair, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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England LJ, Aagaard K, Bloch M, Conway K, Cosgrove K, Grana R, Gould TJ, Hatsukami D, Jensen F, Kandel D, Lanphear B, Leslie F, Pauly JR, Neiderhiser J, Rubinstein M, Slotkin TA, Spindel E, Stroud L, Wakschlag L. Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:176-189. [PMID: 27890689 PMCID: PMC5965681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While the health risks associated with adult cigarette smoking have been well described, effects of nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability are often overlooked. Using MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches, books, reports and expert opinion, a transdisciplinary group of scientists reviewed human and animal research on the health effects of exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and adolescence. A synthesis of this research supports that nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure, including reduced pulmonary function, auditory processing defects, impaired infant cardiorespiratory function, and may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in later life. Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety. Finally, recent animal studies suggest that nicotine has a priming effect that increases addiction liability for other drugs. The evidence that nicotine adversely affects fetal and adolescent development is sufficient to warrant public health measures to protect pregnant women, children, and adolescents from nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J England
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kjersti Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michele Bloch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel Grana
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | | | - Frances Jensen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Denise Kandel
- Department of Psychiatry and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Frances Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James R Pauly
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jenae Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mark Rubinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eliot Spindel
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Laura Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lauren Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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25
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Stroud LR, Papandonatos GD, Salisbury AL, Phipps MG, Huestis MA, Niaura R, Padbury JF, Marsit CJ, Lester BM. Epigenetic Regulation of Placental NR3C1: Mechanism Underlying Prenatal Programming of Infant Neurobehavior by Maternal Smoking? Child Dev 2016; 87:49-60. [PMID: 26822442 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of the placental glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) was investigated as a mechanism underlying links between maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) and infant neurobehavior in 45 mother-infant pairs (49% MSDP-exposed; 52% minorities; ages 18-35). The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Network Neurobehavioral Scale was administered 7 times over the 1st postnatal month; methylation of placental NR3C1 was assessed via bisulfite pyrosequencing. Increased placental NR3C1 methylation was associated with increased infant attention and self-regulation, and decreased lethargy and need for examiner soothing over the 1st postnatal month. A causal steps approach revealed that NR3C1 methylation and MSDP were independently associated with lethargic behavior. Although preliminary, results highlight the importance of epigenetic mechanisms in elucidating pathways to neurobehavioral alterations from MSDP.
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26
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Burns L, Coleman-Cowger VH, Breen C. Managing Maternal Substance Use in the Perinatal Period: Current Concerns and Treatment Approaches in the United States and Australia. Subst Abuse 2016; 10:55-61. [PMID: 27980414 PMCID: PMC5147518 DOI: 10.4137/sart.s34558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Substance use in pregnancy can have adverse effects on mother and fetus alike. Australia and the US are countries with high levels of substance use and policies advising abstinence, although the Australian approach occurs within a broader framework of harm minimization. Less attention has been paid to treatment of the mothers' substance use and what is considered gold standard. This is despite evidence that prior substance use in pregnancy is the most important factor in predicting future substance use in pregnancy. This paper draws together information from both the peer-reviewed and gray literature to provide a contemporary overview of patterns and outcomes of the three main drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis, used in Australia and the US during pregnancy and discusses what are considered gold standard screening and treatment approaches for these substances. This paper does not set out to be a comprehensive review of the area but rather aims to provide a concise summary of current guidelines for policy makers and practitioners who provide treatment for women who use substances in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Burns
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Courtney Breen
- University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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Shisler S, Eiden RD, Molnar DS, Schuetze P, Coles CD, Huestis M, Colder CR. Effects of fetal tobacco exposure on focused attention in infancy. Infant Behav Dev 2016; 45:1-10. [PMID: 27543942 PMCID: PMC6191843 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association between fetal tobacco exposure (FTE) and focused attention at 9 months of child age, and the role of child sex and infant behavioral reactivity as potential moderators of this association. Data were obtained from 203 mothers and their infants (105 fetally exposed and 98 non-exposed) on infant focused attention and behavioral reactivity to a frustration task. FTE was ascertained via nicotine metabolites in infant meconium, reflecting primarily third trimester fetal exposure. Results demonstrated a main effect of FTE on focused attention, such that exposed infants exhibited lower levels of focused attention than non-exposed infants. Behavioral reactivity, but not infant sex, moderated the relationship between FTE and focused attention, such that exposed infants who were highly reactive to frustration had the lowest levels of focused attention. Results suggest that smoking interventions, even in the third trimester, may have a positive impact on attentional outcomes for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Shisler
- Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, United States.
| | - Rina D Eiden
- Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, United States.
| | - Danielle S Molnar
- Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, United States.
| | - Pamela Schuetze
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Buffalo State, 1300 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14222-1095, United States.
| | - Claire D Coles
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pediatrics, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Marilyn Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Biomedical Research Center, Suite 200 Room 05A-721, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | - Craig R Colder
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 227 Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States.
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28
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Neal RE, Chen J, Webb C, Stocke K, Gambrell C, Greene RM, Pisano MM. Developmental cigarette smoke exposure II: Hepatic proteome profiles in 6 month old adult offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:414-424. [PMID: 27319396 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing a mouse model of 'active' developmental cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) [gestational day (GD) 1 through postnatal day (PD) 21] characterized by offspring low birth weight, the impact of developmental CSE on liver proteome profiles of adult offspring at 6 months of age was determined. Liver tissue was collected from Sham- and CSE-offspring for 2D-SDS-PAGE based proteome analysis with Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA). A similar study conducted at the cessation of exposure to cigarette smoke documented decreased gluconeogenesis coupled to oxidative stress in weanling offspring. In the current study, exposure throughout development to cigarette smoke resulted in impaired hepatic carbohydrate metabolism, decreased serum glucose levels, and increased gluconeogenic regulatory enzyme abundances during the fed-state coupled to decreased expression of SIRT1 as well as increased PEPCK and PGC1α expression. Together these findings indicate inappropriately timed gluconeogenesis that may reflect impaired insulin signaling in mature offspring exposed to 'active' developmental CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Neal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Cindy Webb
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kendall Stocke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Caitlin Gambrell
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Robert M Greene
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - M Michele Pisano
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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29
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Prenatal tobacco exposure and self-regulation in early childhood: Implications for developmental psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:397-409. [PMID: 25997761 PMCID: PMC10112534 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941500005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) has a well-documented association with disruptive behavior in childhood, but the neurocognitive effects of exposure that underlie this link are not sufficiently understood. The present study was designed to address this gap, through longitudinal follow-up in early childhood of a prospectively enrolled cohort with well-characterized prenatal exposure. Three-year-old children (n = 151) were assessed using a developmentally sensitive battery capturing both cognitive and motivational aspects of self-regulation. PTE was related to motivational self-regulation, where children had to delay approach to attractive rewards, but not cognitive self-regulation, where children had to hold information in mind and inhibit prepotent motor responses. Furthermore, PTE predicted motivational self-regulation more strongly in boys than in girls, and when propensity scores were covaried to control for confounding risk factors, the effect of PTE on motivational self-regulation was significant only in boys. These findings suggest that PTE's impact on neurodevelopment may be greater in boys than in girls, perhaps reflecting vulnerability in neural circuits that subserve reward sensitivity and emotion regulation, and may also help to explain why PTE is more consistently related to disruptive behavior disorders than attention problems.
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30
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Clark CAC, Espy KA, Wakschlag L. Developmental pathways from prenatal tobacco and stress exposure to behavioral disinhibition. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 53:64-74. [PMID: 26628107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) and prenatal stress exposure (PSE) both have been linked to externalizing behavior, although their effects generally have been considered in isolation. Here, we aimed to characterize the joint or interactive roles of PTE and PSE in early developmental pathways to behavioral disinhibition, a profile of cognitive and behavioral under-control that presages severe externalizing behavior. As part of a prospective, longitudinal study, 296 children were assessed at a mean age of 5 years. Exposures were assessed via repeated interviews across the prenatal period and bioassays of cotinine were obtained. Behavioral disinhibition was assessed using temperament measures in infancy, performance-based executive control tasks and measures of disruptive and inattentive behavior. PSE was associated with a higher probability of difficult temperament in infancy. Each exposure independently predicted poorer executive control at age 5 years. Difficult temperament and executive control difficulties in turn predicted elevated levels of disruptive behavior, although links from PTE and PSE to parent-reported attention problems were less robust. Children who experienced these prenatal exposures in conjunction with higher postnatal stress exposure showed the lowest executive control and highest levels of disruptive behavior. Findings highlight the compounding adverse impact of PTE and PSE on children's behavioral trajectories. Given their high concordance, prenatal health campaigns should target these exposures in tandem.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A C Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, United States
| | - K A Espy
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, United States; Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, United States
| | - L Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, United States
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31
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Estabrook R, Massey SH, Clark CAC, Burns JL, Mustanski BS, Cook EH, O'Brien TC, Makowski B, Espy KA, Wakschlag LS. Separating Family-Level and Direct Exposure Effects of Smoking During Pregnancy on Offspring Externalizing Symptoms: Bridging the Behavior Genetic and Behavior Teratologic Divide. Behav Genet 2015; 46:389-402. [PMID: 26581695 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) has been robustly associated with externalizing problems and their developmental precursors in offspring in studies using behavioral teratologic designs (Wakschlag et al., Am J Public Health 92(6):966-974, 2002; Espy et al., Dev Psychol 47(1):153-169, 2011). In contrast, the use of behavior genetic approaches has shown that the effects commonly attributed to MSDP can be explained by family-level variables (D'Onofrio et al., Dev Psychopathol 20(01):139-164, 2008). Reconciling these conflicting findings requires integration of these study designs. We utilize longitudinal data on a preschool proband and his/her sibling from the Midwest Infant Development Study-Preschool (MIDS-P) to test for teratologic and family level effects of MSDP. We find considerable variation in prenatal smoking patterns both within and across pregnancies within families, indicating that binary smoking measures are not sufficiently capturing exposure. Structural equation models indicate that both conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms showed unique effects of MSDP over and above family level effects. Blending high quality exposure measurement with a within-family design suggests that it is premature to foreclose the possibility of a teratologic effect of MSDP on externalizing problems. Implications and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryne Estabrook
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. St. Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Suena H Massey
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. St. Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Caron A C Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - James L Burns
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. St. Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Brian S Mustanski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. St. Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Beth Makowski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. St. Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kimberly A Espy
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Office for Research & Economic Development, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. St. Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Abstract
Despite the known dangers of pregnancy smoking, rates remain high, especially in the rural, Southern United States. Interventions are effective, but few have been developed and tested in regions with high rates of pregnancy smoking, a culture that normalizes smoking, and a hard-to-reach prenatal population. The goals were to describe a smoking cessation intervention, the Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers program, and examine the impact on quit rates compared to usual care. Additionally we sought to examine reduction in smoking levels and number of quit attempts related to the intervention and finally to examine the impact of the intervention on birth outcomes. Intervention and historical control group participants, all smokers at entry to prenatal care, were recruited from five medical practices providing prenatal care in rural, South-Central Appalachia. The intervention, an expanded 5A’s (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) model, was delivered by trained health educators. Over 28% of intervention group women quit smoking, compared to 9.8% in the control group. Two thirds of intervention group women significantly reduced smoking by delivery, with 40%+ attempting to quit at least once. Compared to controls, intervention group women saw significantly better birth outcomes, including newborns weighing 270g more and 50% less likely to have a neonatal intensive care unit admission. Among intervention group participants, those who quit smoking had significantly better birth outcomes than those who did not quit smoking. Findings point to the potential for appropriately tailored pregnancy smoking interventions to produce substantial improvements in birth outcomes within populations with health disparities.
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33
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Ross EJ, Graham DL, Money KM, Stanwood GD. Developmental consequences of fetal exposure to drugs: what we know and what we still must learn. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:61-87. [PMID: 24938210 PMCID: PMC4262892 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most drugs of abuse easily cross the placenta and can affect fetal brain development. In utero exposures to drugs thus can have long-lasting implications for brain structure and function. These effects on the developing nervous system, before homeostatic regulatory mechanisms are properly calibrated, often differ from their effects on mature systems. In this review, we describe current knowledge on how alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, Ecstasy, and opiates (among other drugs) produce alterations in neurodevelopmental trajectory. We focus both on animal models and available clinical and imaging data from cross-sectional and longitudinal human studies. Early studies of fetal exposures focused on classic teratological methods that are insufficient for revealing more subtle effects that are nevertheless very behaviorally relevant. Modern mechanistic approaches have informed us greatly as to how to potentially ameliorate the induced deficits in brain formation and function, but conclude that better delineation of sensitive periods, dose-response relationships, and long-term longitudinal studies assessing future risk of offspring to exhibit learning disabilities, mental health disorders, and limited neural adaptations are crucial to limit the societal impact of these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Ross
- Chemical & Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Devon L Graham
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelli M Money
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Wiebe SA, Fang H, Johnson C, James KE, Espy KA. Determining the impact of prenatal tobacco exposure on self-regulation at 6 months. Dev Psychol 2014; 50:1746-56. [PMID: 24512173 PMCID: PMC4050340 DOI: 10.1037/a0035904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Our goal in the present study was to examine the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on infant self-regulation, exploring birth weight as a mediator and sex as a moderator of risk. A prospective sample of 218 infants was assessed at 6 months of age. Infants completed a battery of tasks assessing working memory/inhibition, attention, and emotional reactivity and regulation. Propensity scores were used to statistically control for confounding risk factors associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy. After prenatal and postnatal confounds were controlled, prenatal tobacco exposure was related to reactivity to frustration and control of attention during stimulus encoding. Birth weight did not mediate the effect of prenatal exposure but was independently related to reactivity and working memory/inhibition. The effect of tobacco exposure was not moderated by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua Fang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Craig Johnson
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
| | - Karen E James
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
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35
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Liska SR. In utero exposure to Black Bull chewing tobacco and neonatal nicotine withdrawal: a review of the literature. Neonatal Netw 2014; 33:5-10. [PMID: 24413030 DOI: 10.1891/0730-0832.33.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among the indigenous people of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta area of Alaska, a homemade moist chewing tobacco known as Black Bull or "iq'mik" is widely used. Intake of various tobacco products is reported to be more than 80 percent in pregnant women throughout this area, with up to 60 percent of the pregnant women admitting to regular use of Black Bull. High levels of nicotine, cotinine, heavy metals, and other chemicals are known to pass to the fetus. Neonatal exposure to maternal tobacco use has been studied for the past three decades and has been shown to cause neonatal passive addiction and subsequent withdrawal symptoms. The intensified exposure and withdrawal experienced by infants passively subjected to Black Bull warrant further study.
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Theall KP, McKasson S, Mabile E, Dunaway LF, Drury SS. Early hits and long-term consequences: tracking the lasting impact of prenatal smoke exposure on telomere length in children. Am J Public Health 2013; 103 Suppl 1:S133-5. [PMID: 23927510 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.301208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We examined the association between telomere length and prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) in 104 children aged 4 to 14 years. Salivary telomere length (STL) was determined from salivary DNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Of the children, 18% had maternal reported PTE. Mean STL was significantly lower among children with PTE (6.4 vs 7.5, P < .05). Findings extend the literature demonstrating the negative long-term effects of PTE to include a cellular marker of aging linked to multiple negative health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine P Theall
- Katherine P. Theall, Sarah McKasson, Emily Mabile, and Lauren F. Dunaway are with the Tulane Mary Amelia Women's Center, New Orleans, LA. Katherine P. Theall and Lauren F. Dunaway are also with the Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine. Stacy S. Drury is with the Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine
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Kyriakopoulos P, Oskoui M, Dagenais L, Shevell MI. Does antenatal tobacco or alcohol exposure influence a child's cerebral palsy? A population-based study. Pediatr Neurol 2012; 47:349-54. [PMID: 23044017 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antenatal tobacco and alcohol exposure are established risk factors for premature birth and an independent risk factor for cerebral palsy. Both exert adverse effects on fetal development. In children with cerebral palsy, whether antenatal exposure to tobacco or alcohol is associated with a difference in clinical profile remains unknown. The Quebec Cerebral Palsy Registry was used to compare neurologic subtypes, gross motor functional impairment, and comorbidities in children with cerebral palsy who were or were not prenatally exposed to alcohol or tobacco. Information on in utero exposure was available in 249 children with cerebral palsy born from 1999-2002, of whom 77 were exposed to alcohol and 62 to tobacco in utero. No association was evident between exposure to tobacco or alcohol during pregnancy and neurologic subtype, Gross Motor Function Classification System score, mean number of comorbidities experienced, or each of eight comorbidities explored. Adjusting for prematurity or low birth weight exerted no effect on these results. In utero exposure to tobacco or alcohol does not assist in predicting clinical profiles of cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kyriakopoulos
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Montreal Children's Hospital-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Counotte DS, Smit AB, Spijker S. The Yin and Yang of Nicotine: Harmful during Development, Beneficial in Adult Patient Populations. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:180. [PMID: 23060798 PMCID: PMC3465852 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine has remarkably diverse effects on the brain. Being the main active compound in tobacco, nicotine can aversively affect brain development. However, it has the ability to act positively by restoring attentional capabilities in smokers. Here, we focus on nicotine exposure during the prenatal and adolescent developmental periods and specifically, we will review the long-lasting effects of nicotine on attention, both in humans and animal models. We discuss the reciprocal relation of the beneficial effects of nicotine, improving attention in smokers and in patients with neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, vs. nicotine-related attention deficits already caused during adolescence. Given the need for research on the mechanisms of nicotine's cognitive actions, we discuss some of the recent work performed in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S. Counotte
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of MarylandBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - August B. Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU UniversityAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU UniversityAmsterdam, Netherlands
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Ellingson JM, Rickert ME, Lichtenstein P, Långström N, D’Onofrio BM. Disentangling the relationships between maternal smoking during pregnancy and co-occurring risk factors. Psychol Med 2012; 42:1547-1557. [PMID: 22115276 PMCID: PMC3657742 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711002534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) has been studied extensively as a risk factor for adverse offspring outcomes and is known to co-occur with other familial risk factors. Accounting for general familial risk factors has attenuated associations between SDP and adverse offspring outcomes, and identifying these confounds will be crucial to elucidating the relationship between SDP and its psychological correlates. METHOD The current study aimed to disentangle the relationship between maternal SDP and co-occurring risk factors (maternal criminal activity, drug problems, teen pregnancy, educational attainment, and cohabitation at childbirth) using a population-based sample of full- (n=206 313) and half-sister pairs (n=19 363) from Sweden. Logistic regression models estimated the strength of association between SDP and co-occurring risk factors. Bivariate behavioral genetic models estimated the degree to which associations between SDP and co-occurring risk factors are attributable to genetic and environmental factors. RESULTS Maternal SDP was associated with an increase in all co-occurring risk factors. Of the variance associated with SDP, 45% was attributed to genetic factors and 53% was attributed to unshared environmental factors. In bivariate models, genetic factors accounted for 21% (non-drug-, non-violence-related crimes) to 35% (drug-related crimes) of the covariance between SDP and co-occurring risk factors. Unshared environmental factors accounted for the remaining covariance. CONCLUSIONS The genetic factors that influence a woman's criminal behavior, substance abuse and her offspring's rearing environment all influence SDP. Therefore, the intergenerational transmission of genes conferring risk for antisocial behavior and substance misuse may influence the associations between maternal SDP and adverse offspring outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod M. Ellingson
- Indiana University-Bloomington Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
- University of Missouri-Columbia Department of Psychological Sciences
| | - Martin E. Rickert
- Indiana University-Bloomington Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Karolinska Institutet Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Niklas Långström
- Karolinska Institutet Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Brian M. D’Onofrio
- Indiana University-Bloomington Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19:233-47. [PMID: 22531108 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283542fb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fraser SL, Muckle G, Abdous BB, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW. Effects of binge drinking on infant growth and development in an Inuit sample. Alcohol 2012; 46:277-83. [PMID: 22444956 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to an average of 0.5 oz absolute alcohol per day (the equivalent of 7 standard drinks per week) during pregnancy has been found to be associated with numerous adverse effects on pre- and postnatal development. In the animal model, concentrated alcohol exposure has been found to lead to more adverse effects than exposure to the same total quantity of alcohol ingested in smaller doses over a longer period of time. The primary aim of this study is to determine whether, in a population where binge drinking is common but total alcohol consumption across pregnancy is low, prenatal exposure to alcohol is associated with effects on prenatal growth, visual acuity and cognitive development during infancy. The second aim is to determine which of several indicators of alcohol consumption best predicts pre- and postnatal outcomes. Data were collected from 216 Inuit women and their infants living in Nunavik, the northern region of Québec. Maternal interviews were conducted during mid-pregnancy and at 1 and 6 months postpartum. Birth weight, length, and head circumference were assessed at delivery. Visual acuity and cognitive development were assessed at 6 months of age. In this population in which infrequent heavy episodic drinking is common, even occasional binge exposure was associated with reduced prenatal growth and poorer visual acuity at 6 months of age. A simple dichotomous measure of binge drinking during pregnancy provided the best predictor of fetal growth and 6-month acuity. The population studied here is unusual in terms of its pattern of binge alcohol consumption. To our knowledge, this is the first study to observe effects of binge drinking during pregnancy on infant growth and development in a sample where the average daily alcohol intake is low (<0.5 ounces).
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Fang H, Dukic V, Pickett KE, Wakschlag L, Espy KA. Detecting graded exposure effects: a report on an East Boston pregnancy cohort. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:1115-20. [PMID: 22266824 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of tobacco exposure are typically examined by comparing groups based on a cut-score of self-reported number of cigarettes or bioassays collected in cross-sectional studies. This study introduces a new fuzzy clustering method that facilitates detection of subtle exposure effects by objectively deriving subgroups from modeling multidimensional exposure measures. We test the new method on a known exposure effect (fetal growth) and report on the graded exposure effect detected in a pregnancy cohort. METHODS A total of 978 pregnant women were enrolled from 1986 to 1992 in the Maternal Infant Smoking Study of East Boston (MISSEB). Four kinds of exposure data were used to generate exposure groups: self-reported smoking, cotinine levels, nicotine levels, and nicotine dependence scores. Subgroups were identified via a comprehensive validation procedure. The results from MISSEB (number of exposure clusters, exposure effects on birth weight, body length, and head circumference) were compared with those obtained in a separate cohort. RESULTS Using our new method in MISSEB, the same number of clusters was generated as previously, and graded exposure effects were again detected. Neonates with heavier exposure weighed less at birth relative to nonexposed neonates, with no difference between lighter-exposed and nonexposed neonates. CONCLUSIONS The same graded prenatal exposure effect emerges for known exposure-related outcomes across 2 different studies, about 2 decades apart. Our new method characterizes the degree of prenatal exposure, with the potential to help detect subtler effects on developmental outcomes, such as deficits in growth or development, neonatal temperament and behavior, and psychological functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, ACCES Bldg., 7th Floor, Office: AC7-043, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Räikkönen K, Seckl JR, Pesonen AK, Simons A, Van den Bergh BRH. Stress, glucocorticoids and liquorice in human pregnancy: programmers of the offspring brain. Stress 2011; 14:590-603. [PMID: 21875300 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2011.602147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A suboptimal prenatal environment may induce permanent changes in cells, organs and physiology that alter social, emotional and cognitive functioning, and increase the risk of cardiometabolic and mental disorders in subsequent life ("developmental programming"). Although animal studies have provided a wealth of data on programming and its mechanisms, including on the role of stress and its glucocorticoid mediators, empirical evidence of these mechanisms in humans is still scanty. We review the existing human evidence on the effects of prenatal maternal stress, anxiety and depression, glucocorticoids and intake of liquorice (which inhibits the placental barrier to maternal glucocorticoids) on offspring developmental outcomes including, for instance, alterations in psychophysiological and neurocognitive functioning and mental health. This work lays the foundations for biomarker discovery and affords opportunities for prevention and interventions to ameliorate adverse outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Hsieh CJ, Jeng SF, Wu KY, Su YN, Liao HF, Hsieh WS, Chen PC. GSTM1 modifies the effect of maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on neonatal primitive reflexes. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:1114-22. [PMID: 21849416 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine whether infant metabolic gene polymorphisms modify the effect of maternal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on neonatal neurobehavior. METHODS We conducted a birth cohort study of 87 nonsmoking women who delivered single births of normal birth weight. We enrolled the women before delivery, interviewed them using a structured questionnaire, and collected umbilical cord blood. Umbilical cord cotinine, a blood indicator of prenatal ETS exposure, was analyzed. The Neonatal Neurobehavioral Examination-Chinese Version (NNE-C) was administrated within 5 days after delivery to examine neonatal neurobehavior. Four infant metabolic genes, CYP1A1 MspI, CYP1A1 Ile462Val, GSTT1, and GSTM1, were identified. RESULTS Maternal ETS exposure during pregnancy was not related to neonatal neurobehavior when infant genetic polymorphisms were not considered. However, maternal ETS exposure did cause adverse effects in neonates with the absent type of GSTM1. Adverse effects were seen on the total NNE-C (β = -2.55; p = .02) and on primitive reflexes (β = -1.70; p = .004), especially in grasp reflexes (β = -.36; p = .011) and tonic neck reflexes (β = -.36; p = .049). In addition, there was a significant interaction between maternal ETS exposure and infant GSTM1 genotype on neonate grasp reflexes (p for interaction = .019). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that weaker responses in neonatal primitive reflexes in infants with the absent type GSTM1 were related to maternal ETS exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Hsieh
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
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Reisfield GM, Graham NA, Gold MS. Re: "estimates of nondisclosure of cigarette smoking among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age in the United States". Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173:1095-6. [PMID: 21460381 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Fang H, Johnson C, Stopp C, Espy KA. A new look at quantifying tobacco exposure during pregnancy using fuzzy clustering. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 33:155-65. [PMID: 21256430 PMCID: PMC3052936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal tobacco exposure is a risk factor for the development of externalizing behaviors and is associated with several adverse health outcomes. Because pregnancy smoking is a complex behavior with both daily fluctuations and changes over the course of pregnancy, quantifying tobacco exposure is a significant challenge. To better measure the degree of tobacco exposure, costly biological specimens and repeated self-report measures of smoking typically are collected throughout pregnancy. With such designs, there are multiple, and substantially correlated, indices that can be integrated via new statistical methods to identify patterns of prenatal exposure. METHOD A multiple-imputation-based fuzzy clustering technique was designed to characterize topography of prenatal exposure. This method leveraged all repeatedly measured maternal smoking variables in our sample data, including (a) cigarette brand; (b) Fagerstrom nicotine dependence item scores; (c) self-reported smoking; and (d) cotinine level in maternal urine and infant meconium samples. Identified exposure groups then were confirmed using a suite of clustering validation indices based on multiple imputed datasets. The classifications were validated against irritable reactivity in the first month of life and birth weight of 361 neonates (Male(_n)=185; Female(_n)=176; Gestational Age_(Mean)=39weeks). RESULTS This proposed approach identified three exposure groups, non-exposed, lighter-tobacco-exposed, and heavier-tobacco-exposed based on high-dimensional attributes. Unlike cut-off score derived groups, these groupings reflect complex smoking behavior and individual variation of nicotine metabolism across pregnancy. The identified groups predicted differences in birth weight and in the pattern of change in neonatal irritable reactivity, as well as resulted in increased predictive power. Multiple-imputation-based fuzzy clustering appears to be a useful method to categorize patterns of exposure and their impact on outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fang
- Department of Psychology & Office of Research University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, 68588-0433
| | - Craig Johnson
- Department of Psychology & Office of Research University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, 68588-0433
| | - Christian Stopp
- Department of Psychology & Office of Research University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, 68588-0433
| | - Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Department of Psychology & Office of Research University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, 68588-0433
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Fang H, Johnson C, Chevalier N, Stopp C, Wiebe S, Wakschlag LS, Espy KA. Using propensity score modeling to minimize the influence of confounding risks related to prenatal tobacco exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:1211-9. [PMID: 21030468 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite efforts to control for confounding variables using stringent sampling plans, selection bias typically exists in observational studies, resulting in unbalanced comparison groups. Ignoring selection bias can result in unreliable or misleading estimates of the causal effect. METHODS Generalized boosted models were used to estimate propensity scores from 42 confounding variables for a sample of 361 neonates. Using emergent neonatal attention and orientation skills as an example developmental outcome, we examined the impact of tobacco exposure with and without accounting for selection bias. Weight at birth, an outcome related to tobacco exposure, also was used to examine the functionality of the propensity score approach. RESULTS Without inclusion of propensity scores, tobacco-exposed neonates did not differ from their nonexposed peers in attention skills over the first month or in weight at birth. When the propensity score was included as a covariate, exposed infants had marginally lower attention and a slower linear change rate at 4 weeks, with greater quadratic deceleration over the first month. Similarly, exposure-related differences in birth weight emerged when propensity scores were included as a covariate. CONCLUSIONS The propensity score method captured the selection bias intrinsic to this observational study of prenatal tobacco exposure. Selection bias obscured the deleterious impact of tobacco exposure on the development of neonatal attention. The illustrated analytic strategy offers an example to better characterize the impact of prenatal tobacco exposure on important developmental outcomes by directly modeling and statistically accounting for the selection bias from the sampling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fang
- Division of Biostatistics and Health Services Research, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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