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Graupensperger S, Calhoun BH, Fairlie AM, Walukevich-Dienst K, Patrick ME, Lee CM. Simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis and attenuated age-related declines in alcohol and cannabis use disorder symptoms across young adulthood. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2024; 12:100252. [PMID: 39040477 PMCID: PMC11262175 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2024.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Most young adults naturally mature out of high-risk substance use patterns, but it is important to identify factors that may impede normative declines. Use of alcohol and cannabis simultaneously (i.e., simultaneous alcohol and marijuana/cannabis [SAM]) is cross-sectionally associated with alcohol and cannabis concerns, and SAM use increases acute risks at the daily level. However, less is known about long-term risks of SAM use and, specifically, how SAM use relates to maturing out of alcohol and cannabis use. Using four consecutive years of survey data from young adults who reported SAM use (N=409; 1636 responses; aged 18-25 at baseline), we first estimated age-related changes in symptoms of alcohol and cannabis use disorder (AUD/CUD) using multilevel growth modeling. Findings supported a maturing out process, as both AUD and CUD symptom severity significantly declined across young adulthood, on average (4 % and 5 % per year respectively, with significant acceleration). Cross-level interactions tested whether participants' mean SAM use frequency across all four timepoints moderated age-related trajectories in AUD/CUD symptom severity. Significant interactions indicated that, relative to less-frequent SAM use, participants with more frequent SAM use showed less steep declines in AUD (1 % decrease per year vs. 6 % per year) and CUD symptoms (0 % decrease per year vs. 7 % per year); thus, SAM frequency was associated with slower/delayed maturing out of hazardous alcohol and cannabis use. Findings highlight that SAM use may be a correlate or risk-factor for prolonged high-risk substance use during young adulthood that relates to deviations from maturing out processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Graupensperger
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brian H. Calhoun
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Carnide N, Chrystoja BR, Lee H, Furlan AD, Smith PM. Cannabis use motives and associations with personal and work characteristics among Canadian workers: a cross-sectional study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2024; 19:25. [PMID: 38872177 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-024-00424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on cannabis use motives has focused on youth. Little is known about motives among working adults, including how work may play a role. This study aimed to describe cannabis use motives and their connection to work, and identify the personal and work correlates of work-related motives among a sample of workers. METHODS A national, cross-sectional sample of Canadian workers were queried about their cannabis use. Workers reporting past-year cannabis use (n = 589) were asked their motives for using cannabis and whether each motive was related to work or helped them manage at work (i.e., work-related). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the associations of personal and work characteristics with work-related cannabis use motives (no work-related motives, < 50% of motives work-related, ≥ 50% of motives work-related). RESULTS Use for relaxation (59.3%), enjoyment (47.2%), social reasons (35.3%), coping (35.1%), medical reasons (30.9%), and sleep (29.9%) were the most common motives. Almost 40% of respondents reported one or more of their cannabis use motives were work-related, with coping (19.9%) and relaxation (16.3%) most commonly reported as work-related. Younger age, poorer general health, greater job stress, having a supervisory role, and hazardous work were associated with increased odds of reporting at least some cannabis use motives to be work-related, while work schedule and greater frequency of alcohol use were associated with reduced odds of motives being primarily work-related. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use motives among workers are diverse and frequently associated with work. Greater attention to the role of work in motivating cannabis use is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Carnide
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Avenue, Suite 1800, Toronto, ON, M5G 1S5, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Bethany R Chrystoja
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Hyunmi Lee
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Avenue, Suite 1800, Toronto, ON, M5G 1S5, Canada
| | - Andrea D Furlan
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Avenue, Suite 1800, Toronto, ON, M5G 1S5, Canada
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, 550 University Avenue, room 7- 141, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, C. David Naylor Building, 6 Queen's Park Crescent West, 3rd floor, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Peter M Smith
- Institute for Work & Health, 400 University Avenue, Suite 1800, Toronto, ON, M5G 1S5, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, 6th floor, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
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Keyes KM, Rutherford C, Patrick ME, Platt JM, Kloska DD, Jager J. Reasons for alcohol use from 1976 to 2020 in the United States among individuals aged 18 to 30: Historical changes and mediation of cohort effects in binge drinking. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:1107-1121. [PMID: 38795320 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is declining among US adolescents/early young adults and increasing among other adults, with increases in adult binge drinking more concentrated in females than males. Reasons for drinking are historically patterned by age and sex, and if historically variant, could suggest that changes over time could in part explain age- and sex-differential cohort effects. METHODS We analyzed longitudinal Monitoring the Future data for individuals born from 1958 to 1990. These individuals were aged 29/30 from 1987 to 2020, and first surveyed at age 18 from 1976 to 2008 (N = 14,190). Five reasons for drinking were analyzed (social, enhancement, avoid problems, relax, boredom). Drinking for social reasons and to relax were most prevalent. Total effects of birth cohort predicting past-2-week binge drinking were estimated with polynomial regression models by age; indirect effects through mediators were estimated. RESULTS Drinking reasons exhibited dynamic time trends across birth cohort and sex. Notable increases were observed in social reasons: among women aged 29/30, social reasons increased from 53% to 87% from 1987 to 2020. Social reasons to drink had prominent positive indirect effects at adult ages (age 23/24 and above among men; age 19 and above among women), indicating that binge drinking would have increased less were it not for the increase in social reasons for drinking. Social reasons also mediated adult male/female differences, indicating that part of the reason sex differences are diminishing is the more rapid increases in social reasons for drinking among women. Indirect effects were also observed for drinking to relax and for boredom, and limited indirect effects were observed for enhancement and to avoid problems. CONCLUSION Changing endorsement of drinking reasons, especially social reasons, among US adult drinkers mediate cohort effects in binge drinking in the US adult population and explain in part why binge drinking is converging by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caroline Rutherford
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan M Platt
- University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Deborah D Kloska
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Justin Jager
- School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Drake CS, Sloan K, Anderson M, Clements-Nolle KD, Pearson JL. "I Like the Vibes it Gives": Adolescent Perspectives on Cannabis Billboards and Print Advertising in Nevada. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2024; 54:238-252. [PMID: 38699081 PMCID: PMC11065432 DOI: 10.1177/00220426231159017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
An influx of laws permitting recreational cannabis sales in the US has allowed for increased advertising. The purpose of this study was to describe how adolescents perceive outdoor and print cannabis advertising and to identify aspects of advertising that are appealing or eye-catching, focusing on five themes: price promotion, sex appeal, wellness, party, and text-only. We recruited adolescents ages 11-17 to participate in seven focus groups (44 participants) from 2019 to 2020. Participants viewed cannabis advertisements and responses were summarized using deductive thematic analysis. The party-themed advertisements were the most salient to participants, who desired to emulate the behaviors shown. Participants favored ads featuring young people and containing multiple colors. Participants disliked advertisements perceived to portray misleading or contradictory messages, such as the promotion of physical activity or use of sex appeal, and ads perceived to lack authenticity. Identification of youth appealing features can help inform cannabis advertising regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara S Drake
- Division of Health Behavior, Policy, and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Kim Sloan
- Division of Health Behavior, Policy, and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Meghan Anderson
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno
| | - Kristen D Clements-Nolle
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- Division of Health Behavior, Policy, and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
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Olderbak S, Möckl J, Manthey J, Lee S, Rehm J, Hoch E, Kraus L. Trends and projection in the proportion of (heavy) cannabis use in Germany from 1995 to 2021. Addiction 2024; 119:311-321. [PMID: 37816631 DOI: 10.1111/add.16356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To measure the current trends of cannabis use in Germany, measure trends in the proportion of heavy cannabis users and estimate future cannabis use rates. DESIGN Repeated waves of the Epidemiological Survey on Substance Abuse, a cross-sectional survey conducted between 1995 and 2021 with a two-stage participant selection strategy where respondents completed a survey on substance use delivered through the post, over the telephone or on-line. SETTING Germany. PARTICIPANTS/CASES German-speaking participants aged between 18 and 59 years living in Germany who self-reported on their cannabis use in the past 12 months (n = 78 678). With the application of a weighting scheme, the data are nationally representative. MEASUREMENTS Questions on the frequency of cannabis use in the past 12 months and self-reported changes in frequency of use due to the COVID-19 pandemic. FINDINGS The prevalence of past 12-month cannabis users increased from 4.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.7, 5.1] in 1995 to 10.0% (95% CI = 8.9, 11.3) in 2021. Modeling these trends revealed a significant increase that accelerated over the past decade. The proportion of heavy cannabis users [cannabis use (almost) daily or at least 200 times per year] among past-year users has remained steady from 1995 (11.4%, 95% CI = 7.7, 16.5) to 2018 (9.5%, 95% CI = 7.6, 11.9), but significantly increased to 15.7% (95% CI = 13.1, 18.8) in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Extrapolating from these models, the prevalence of 12-month cannabis users in 2024 is expected to range between 10.4 and 15.0%, while the proportion of heavy cannabis users is unclear. CONCLUSIONS Trends from 1995 to 2021 suggest that the prevalence of past 12-month cannabis users in Germany will continue to increase, with expected rates between 10.4 and 15.0% for the German-speaking adult population, and that at least one in 10 cannabis users will continue to use cannabis heavily (almost daily or 200 + times in the past year).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Möckl
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Manthey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sara Lee
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Program on Substance Abuse and WHO CC, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Hoch
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Kraus
- IFT Institut für Therapieforschung, Munich, Germany
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Patrick ME, Peterson SJ, Terry-McElrath YM, Rogan SEB, Solberg MA. Trends in coping reasons for marijuana use among U.S. adolescents from 2016 to 2022. Addict Behav 2024; 148:107845. [PMID: 37696065 PMCID: PMC10870514 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines historical trends in coping reasons for marijuana use among adolescents (1976-2022) and explores sociodemographic variations in recent years (2016-2022). METHOD Data from U.S. national samples of 12th grade adolescents in the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study were used to examine long-term trends (1976-2022, N = 43,237) and recent differences by sociodemographic characteristics (2016-2022, N = 3,816). Measures included marijuana use, coping reasons for use, and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS The most prevalent coping reason across time was "relax," endorsed by 52.9% of past 12-month users. Coping reasons mostly exhibited significant increases over time. Sociodemographic factors were associated with coping reasons. Females had higher odds of using marijuana to escape problems and get through the day (vs. males). Black respondents were more likely to use marijuana to get through the day, and Hispanic respondents were more likely to use to relax (vs. White respondents). Those with lower (vs. higher) parental education were more likely to use due to anger/frustration and to escape problems. Adolescents who used marijuana frequently (vs. less often) had higher odds of endorsing all coping reasons. There was no robust evidence of interactions between sociodemographic characteristics and year. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a consistent increase in coping reasons for adolescent marijuana use over time, with variations based on sociodemographic characteristics. The findings highlight the importance of understanding subpopulations of adolescents who have higher risk of coping-related marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA.
| | - Sarah J Peterson
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA.
| | - Yvonne M Terry-McElrath
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA.
| | - Shanna Elaine B Rogan
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA.
| | - Marvin A Solberg
- Wayne State University College of Nursing, 5557 Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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7
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Yan K, Feng Y, Liu Z, Shi W, Jiang Y, Liu J. Impulsivity Drives Adolescents to Smoke and Drink: Gender Differences in the Mediating Effects of Resilience and Depression. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231216894. [PMID: 37982432 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231216894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
High and rising rates of smoking and drinking among Chinese adolescents are contributing to increasingly serious physical and mental health issues. While impulsivity has been demonstrated to be significantly related to adolescent cigarette and alcohol use, little is known about the mechanisms behind this association. The current study focused on resilience and depressive symptoms as potential mediators of this link, exploring the indirect pathways connecting impulsivity to teenage tobacco and alcohol use. Possible gender differences in this indirect pathway were also explored. Participants were secondary school students from southern China (N = 3466; 49.2% were female; Mage = 14.18; SDage = 1.57). Results revealed that adolescents who were more impulsive used cigarettes and alcohol more frequently, and that this effect was partially mediated by lower resilience and more depressive symptoms. It is noteworthy that there were gender differences in this mediating effect, with the effect of impulsivity on cigarette use for girls being mediated by resilience and depressive symptoms, whereas this statistically significant association was not identified for boys. These findings show how adolescents' impulsivity drives them to smoke and drink, and also emphasize gender as a crucial consideration for intervening with adolescents' drinking and smoking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yan
- School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yonghui Feng
- School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyao Liu
- School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yubin Jiang
- School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Wang X, Peng P, Liu Y, Yang WF, Chen S, Wang Y, Yang Q, Li M, Wang Y, Hao Y, He L, Wang Q, Zhang J, Ma Y, He H, Zhou Y, Long J, Qi C, Tang YY, Liao Y, Tang J, Wu Q, Liu T. Gender differences in alcohol abuse/dependence among medical undergraduates during the post-COVID‑19 pandemic period (October 20, 2020-April 5, 2021) in China. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:753. [PMID: 37845643 PMCID: PMC10577989 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the prevalence and the gender-specific risk factors of alcohol abuse/dependence among medical undergraduates during the post-COVID‑19 pandemic period in China. METHOD The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) was used to identify respondents with alcohol abuse/dependence. A questionnaire on basic demographics and mental distresses (learning burnout, depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, excessive daytime sleepiness, and history of mental disorders) was used. The logistic regression model was used to explore the associations between the above characteristics and alcohol abuse/dependence. RESULTS A total of 3,412 medical undergraduates were included in the analysis. Males showed a higher prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence than females (16.6% vs 7.4%, p < 0.001). Alcohol abuse/dependence was associated with learning burnout (OR: 2.168, p < 0.001) and having a partner (OR: 1.788 p = 0.001) among female medical undergraduates. Among male medical undergraduates, excessive daytime sleepiness (OR: 1.788 p = 0.001) and older age (OR: 1.788, p = 0.001) were independently associated with alcohol abuse/dependence. CONCLUSION Alcohol abuse/dependence was common among medical undergraduates during the post-COVID‑19 pandemic period. Substantial gender differences in the prevalence and risk factors of alcohol abuse/dependence were found among medical undergraduates in this study, which highlighted the need for timely gender-specific screening and interventions. However, the cross-sectional design adopted in this study has limited the examination of causality, thus further longitudinal studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Pu Peng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yueheng Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Winson Fuzun Yang
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Shubao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Manyun Li
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- School of Physical Education and Health, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, China
| | - Yuzhu Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuejiao Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Haoyu He
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Hunan Brain Hospital (Hunan Second People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Qi
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Yuan Tang
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Yanhui Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Qiuxia Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Tieqiao Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Capaldi DM, Tiberio SS, Kerr DCR, Owen LD. The Co-Occurrence of Conduct Problems and Depressive Symptoms From Childhood to Adulthood for Men: Stability Over Time and Prediction to Substance Use. Subst Abuse 2023; 17:11782218231204776. [PMID: 37854876 PMCID: PMC10580731 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231204776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The dual pathway hypothesis of risk for substance use was tested by examining risk from symptoms of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in adolescence (from ages 10-11 to 17-18 years) to substance use-including tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and other illicit drugs-in both early adulthood (approximately from ages 20 to 29 years) and middle adulthood (approximately from ages 29 to 38 years). Hypotheses were tested on a sample of boys who were at risk for conduct problems by virtue of the neighborhoods where they lived in childhood (the Oregon Youth Study; N = 206 at Wave 1). Dual-trajectory modeling (Latent Class Analysis) resulted in a 3-group solution of high, moderate, and low co-occurring symptoms. The latent class of boys with co-occurring symptoms in adolescence showed higher levels of substance use in adulthood; namely, higher levels of cannabis and illicit substance use during early adulthood compared to either of the moderate or low symptom classes, and higher use of cannabis in midadulthood than the low symptom class. Those with co-occurring symptoms also showed, overall, higher vulnerability to use of tobacco in these 2 periods, but not to higher use of alcohol. Regression analyses indicated that the higher substance use of the co-occur group of men was related to their adolescent conduct problems, but was not related to their adolescent depressive symptoms; however, these associations were nonsignificant when adolescent use of the respective substances were included in the models. Thus, the dual-trajectory hypothesis was not supported. However, the findings indicated that, as assessed in the present study, the psychopathology symptoms of boys with conduct problems in adolescence who show risk for later substance use may be complex, involving depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lee D Owen
- Oregon Social Learning Center, Eugene, OR, USA
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10
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Hultgren BA, Guttmannova K, Lee CM, Acuna D, Cooper RL, Kilmer JR, Cadigan JM, Calhoun BH, Larimer ME. Daily level predictors of impaired driving behaviors in young adults: Protocol design for utilizing daily assessments. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275190. [PMID: 36166452 PMCID: PMC9514639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Motor vehicle crashes remain a leading cause of death among young adults (ages 18–25) in the United States. Many drivers implicated in these crashes are under the influence of alcohol, cannabis, or the simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis. Extremely limited research has assessed impaired driving behaviors and their predictors at the daily level. Perceived norms and motives to use substances have empirical support suggesting they may impact impaired driving-related behavior. Novel approaches to assess these associations at the daily level are needed and may inform future intervention and prevention programs. Objective The goal of the current study is to utilize electronic daily assessments to assess driving under the influence of alcohol, cannabis, or simultaneous use and riding with a driver impaired by these substances to assess variability and predictors of these impaired driving-related behaviors at the daily level. This present manuscript details a protocol, measures, and a plan of analyses to assess how within-person differences in perceived norms and motives to use are associated with the likelihood of engaging in impaired driving-related behaviors. Methods Participants include young adults in Washington State who report simultaneous use in the past month and either driving under the influence of alcohol, cannabis, or simultaneous use, or riding with a driver under the influence of both substances in the past 6 months. Individuals who verify their identity and meet eligibility requirements will complete a baseline assessment after which they will be scheduled for training on the daily assessment procedure via Zoom. Next, they will be invited to complete daily surveys on Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday every other week for 6 months and a 6-month follow up assessment. Analyses will utilize multilevel models with days nested within individuals. Results The study is currently recruiting participants. A total of 192 participants have been recruited and 100 have completed the study protocol. Data collection is expected to be completed in Fall 2022. Conclusions This study utilizes a novel design to assess impaired driving and predictors at the daily level among young adults at high risk of impaired driving-related behaviors. Findings will provide unique data that will shape the knowledge base in the field of social science and public health substance use research and that may be helpful for future prevention and intervention efforts on impaired driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney A. Hultgren
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katarina Guttmannova
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniela Acuna
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Cooper
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Kilmer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Cadigan
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian H. Calhoun
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Larimer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Terry-McElrath YM, O’Malley PM, Pang YC, Patrick ME. Characteristics and reasons for use associated with solitary alcohol and marijuana use among U.S. 12th Grade Students, 2015-2021. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 235:109448. [PMID: 35421689 PMCID: PMC9275659 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known regarding what sociodemographic characteristics and reasons for use are associated with adolescent solitary alcohol and marijuana use. METHODS Data from 7845 12th grade students participating in the nationally-representative Monitoring the Future study from 2015 to 2021 were used to examine cross-sectional associations between sociodemographics, heavy drinking/marijuana use, reasons for use, and past 12-month solitary alcohol or marijuana use among past 12-month users. Historical trends and possible differences related to the COVID-19 pandemic also were examined. RESULTS Solitary use prevalence increased from 2015 to 2021 with no evidence of significant COVID-19 deviations. In 2021, solitary alcohol use was reported by 32.1% (SE 3.01) and solitary marijuana use by 55.8% (4.72) of those reporting past 12-month use. Common and substance-specific sociodemographic risk factors were observed. Binge drinking was associated with solitary alcohol use; frequent marijuana use was associated with solitary marijuana use. Reasons for use related to coping with negative affect were associated with solitary use. Compulsive use reasons were more strongly associated with solitary alcohol than marijuana use. Drinking to have a good time with friends was negatively associated with solitary alcohol use but this association was not seen for solitary marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of adolescents who use alcohol or marijuana when they were alone has increased among those who report using each substance. Associations between solitary use and (a) higher levels of consumption and (b) coping with negative affect highlight the importance of solitary use as a risk indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M. Terry-McElrath
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA
| | - Patrick M. O’Malley
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA
| | - Yuk C. Pang
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA
| | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, PO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248 USA
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12
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Patrick ME, Terry-McElrath YM, Miech RA, Keyes KM, Jager J, Schulenberg JE. Alcohol use and the COVID-19 pandemic: Historical trends in drinking, contexts, and reasons for use among U.S. adults. Soc Sci Med 2022; 301:114887. [PMID: 35316700 PMCID: PMC8924032 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective The current study used U.S. national data to examine drinking trends prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, focusing on changes in U.S. young- and middle-adult alcohol prevalence, frequency, and drinking contexts and reasons, and whether they differed by age and college status. Methods Data from 2015 to 2020 from 16,987 young adults (ages 19–30) and 23,584 middle adults (ages 35–55) in the national Monitoring the Future study were used to model historical trends and potential 2020 shifts (data collection April 1 to November 30, 2020) in prevalence (30-day, daily, binge drinking) and frequency (30-day, binge drinking). For young adults, data on drinking contexts and negative affect reasons for drinking were examined. Moderation by age and college status was also tested. Results 2020 was associated with (1) downward deviation in 30-day (young and middle adults) and binge drinking (young adults) prevalence; (2) upward deviation in daily drinking prevalence (middle adults); (3) among drinkers, upward deviation in frequency of 30-day (young and middle adults) and binge drinking (young adults); and (4) changes in drinking contexts and reasons among drinkers. Among college students, in particular, 2020 was associated with a downward deviation from expected historical trends in drinking prevalence. Upward deviations in daily prevalence and both binge and 30-day drinking frequency were stronger at ages 25–30 (vs. 19–24) and 35–45 (vs. 50–55). Conclusions Among U.S. young and middle adults, deviations from expected historical trends in population alcohol use that occurred during the pandemic included decreases in alcohol use prevalence, increases in alcohol use frequency, and increases in the use of alcohol to relax/relieve tension and because of boredom. These shifts were likely due, in part, to drinking while alone and at home—which increased during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Patrick
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - Richard A Miech
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine M Keyes
- Columbia University, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Jager
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - John E Schulenberg
- University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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13
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Perez LG, Tucker JS, Pedersen ER, Troxel WM, Rodriguez A, Firth CL, Seelam R, Shih RA, D'Amico EJ. Neighborhood social environment change in late adolescence predicts substance use in emerging adulthood. Health Place 2022; 75:102807. [PMID: 35512503 PMCID: PMC10519144 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study examines associations of changes in perceived and objective (census-based) neighborhood social environment variables during adolescence with alcohol and marijuana outcomes in emerging adulthood using two waves of data (2013-14 and 2019-20) from a cohort in Southern California (n = 1249). Increasing perceived disorganization predicted greater alcohol consequences and socialization with peers using marijuana. Decreasing objective neighborhood SES predicted fewer alcohol consequences and greater socialization with peers drinking alcohol. Unexpectedly, both decreasing and increasing perceived social cohesion predicted fewer alcohol consequences. Increasing perceived social cohesion predicted lower solitary alcohol use. Findings identify potential environmental targets to prevent substance use during the transition to emerging adulthood, but more research is warranted to understand the complex findings for alcohol consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian G Perez
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90407, USA.
| | - Joan S Tucker
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90407, USA
| | - Eric R Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Wendy M Troxel
- RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | | - Caislin L Firth
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Department, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rachana Seelam
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90407, USA
| | - Regina A Shih
- RAND Corporation, 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
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14
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Hartmann SA, McLeish AC. Tolerance for specific negative affective states and coping-oriented cannabis use motives among college student cannabis users. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:911-917. [PMID: 32673174 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1781135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveThe current study examined the unique predictive ability of tolerance of specific negative affective states in relation to frequency of past-month cannabis use and coping-oriented cannabis use motives. Participants: 416 undergraduates who reported past 30 day cannabis use (65.1% female; Mage = 19.46, SD = 2.56). Methods: Participants completed self-report questionnaires for course credit. Results: After accounting for the effects of sex, negative affectivity, and tolerance of other specific negative affective states, lower levels of tolerance for sadness, but not any other negative affective states, significantly predicted more frequent cannabis use in the past 30 days (1.1% unique variance) and coping motives (1.1% unique variance). Conclusions: These findings suggest that cannabis users who have difficulty withstanding sad mood states use cannabis more frequently and are motivated to use cannabis to cope with this specific mood state and not necessarily negative affective states more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hartmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alison C McLeish
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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15
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Boyle HK, Merrill JE, Carey KB. Examining changes in drinking motives and their influence on drinking behaviors among heavy drinkers during their first year of college. Addict Behav 2022; 124:107099. [PMID: 34534840 PMCID: PMC8791556 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Drinking motives are robustly related to alcohol use behavior from adolescence through young adulthood. Yet, examination of changes in motives during the first year of college, a transitional time associated with both onset of and increases in heavy drinking has been understudied. We examined (a) whether drinking motives change, (b) time-varying effects of motives on alcohol use and consequences, and (c) change in the strength of the association between motives and use and motives and consequences over the first year of college. A sample of 121 heavy drinking first-year students (50% female, 58% Caucasian) completed three assessments (baseline, 3 months, 6 months). Endorsement of social motives declined from 0 to 3 months, while endorsement of coping, enhancement, and conformity motives declined from 3 to 6 months. Social motives were positively associated with alcohol use and consequences across assessments. When motive × time interactions were tested in separate models, the strength of effects of coping motives on drinks per week increased from 0 to 3 months. The strength of the effect of coping and conformity motives on consequences increased from 0 to 3 months and then decreased from 3 to 6 months. Identifying how drinking motives evolve and relate to trajectories of alcohol use may help to understand the development of risky drinking behavior and inform intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Boyle
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Kate B Carey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
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16
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King VL, Mrug S, Windle M. Predictors of motives for marijuana use in African American adolescents and emerging adults. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2022; 21:3-21. [PMID: 32281492 PMCID: PMC9351262 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1747038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
African American adolescents use marijuana at higher rates and may be more vulnerable to psychosocial risk factors for marijuana use, including depression, post-traumatic stress, and having substance-using peers, compared to Caucasian adolescents. Little is known about how these factors contribute to African American adolescents' motives for marijuana use. This study examined the roles of depressive and post-traumatic stress symptoms and substance-using peers on marijuana use motives among African American adolescents and emerging adults and whether these motives predicted marijuana use. Findings suggest that identifying motives for marijuana use may help improve approaches to reduce use among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinetra L King
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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17
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Linden-Carmichael AN, Allen HK, Lanza ST. The language of subjective alcohol effects: Do young adults vary in their feelings of intoxication? Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:670-678. [PMID: 32673050 PMCID: PMC8073287 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Among young adults, subjective feelings of alcohol's effects often guide risky decision making. The majority of studies measuring subjective effects have used singular indices ("How drunk do you feel?") which limits our understanding of young adults' full range of subjective states and their individual differences in subjective effects language. Toward a more in-depth understanding of the heterogeneity among alcohol users based on their subjective experiences of alcohol's effects, we identified latent classes of individuals based on their self-generated language describing feelings after drinking and compared these classes across demographic and drinking characteristics. Participants (N = 323, 54% women, 68% White, Ages 18-25 years) were recruited using Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Participants listed words they would use to describe how they feel after drinking low, moderate, and heavy amounts of alcohol. Four latent classes of young adults emerged: "happy drinkers" (31%) primarily reported feeling "happy" when drinking; "relaxed drinkers" (24%) reported feeling happy, relaxed, and buzzed; "buzzed drinkers" (18%) reported feeling buzzed and dizzy; and "multiexperience drinkers" (27%) reported feeling buzzed, tipsy, drunk, and wasted. Relaxed drinkers indicated heavier alcohol use and buzzed drinkers reported lower drinking frequency. Classes did not differ by demographic characteristics. Young adult alcohol users can be distinguished based on the language they use to describe their feelings of intoxication. To continue to advance our understanding of subjective effects, it is necessary to take into account the full range of language used and how this language differs by young adult drinking behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah K Allen
- College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Stephanie T Lanza
- The Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University
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18
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Jackson KM, Stevens AK, Sokolovsky AW, Hayes KL, White HR. Real-world simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use: An ecological study of situational motives and social and physical contexts. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2021; 35:698-711. [PMID: 34472880 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given the adverse outcomes associated with simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use, understanding factors that give rise to occasions of simultaneous use is critical. This study examines the relationships between situational motives and contexts and three situational outcomes: simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use (SAM) use versus cannabis-only use, number of cannabis uses, and subjective effects. METHOD Past-month SAM users (n = 341; 52% female; 75% White; 10% Latinx/Hispanic; age 18-24) from three U.S. college campuses completed 8 weeks of surveys up to five times a day. Three-level generalized linear mixed-effects models tested the effects of situational motives and social and physical contexts on occasion type (SAM vs. cannabis-only), cannabis use, and subjective effects. RESULTS Situational social and enhancement motives were related to greater odds of SAM relative to cannabis-only use; expansion motives were reported more often on cannabis-only occasions. Using with others and at friends' places, being with others consuming cannabis, and being with others who are intoxicated were more likely when combining alcohol with cannabis. Increased number of cannabis uses and subjective effects in a social context were evident only on cannabis-only occasions. Using alone and using at home were greater on cannabis-only occasions and were associated with lower cannabis use and subjective effects. CONCLUSIONS The combination of alcohol and cannabis use occurs during social situations and when motivated by positive reinforcement but number of cannabis uses is not increased when consuming cannabis with alcohol in social situations. Characterizing the complex interplay of situational factors that contribute to risky use will inform interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Trombetta A, Barbi E. Discussing drinking with paediatric patients with neurodegenerative conditions raises a wide range of dilemmas. Acta Paediatr 2021; 110:1720-1721. [PMID: 33315245 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Egidio Barbi
- University of Trieste Trieste Italy
- Pediatrics Institute for Maternal and Child Health ‘IRCCS Burlo Garofolo’ Trieste Italy
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20
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Patrick ME, Terry-McElrath YM. Drinking Motives and Drinking Consequences across Days: Differences and Similarities between Moderate, Binge, and High-Intensity Drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1078-1090. [PMID: 33797768 PMCID: PMC8131261 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study examined the extent to which within-person variation in drinking motives differentiates moderate, binge, and high-intensity drinking; and independent associations of motives and drinking intensity with alcohol use consequences in a sample of young adult drinkers from across the United States. METHODS Participants were past 30-day drinkers in the U.S. nationally representative Monitoring the Future 12th grade sample in 2018, who also reported alcohol use during a 14-day data collection burst 1 year later (N = 484 people, mean age 19.3 [SD 0.40], 43% female; N = 1042 drinking days) as part of the Young Adult Daily Life Study in 2019. Weighted multilevel modeling estimated within- and between-person associations of drinking motives, drinking intensity (i.e., moderate [women 1-3, men 1-4 drinks], binge [women 4-7, men 5-9 drinks], and high-intensity drinking [women 8+, men 10+ drinks]), and number of positive and negative alcohol consequences. RESULTS On days participants reported greater enhancement and social motives, they were more likely to engage in high-intensity (vs. binge) drinking and binge (vs. moderate) drinking and experience more positive alcohol consequences. On days participants reported greater enhancement and coping motives, they experienced more negative alcohol consequences. Binge (vs. moderate) drinking on a given day was associated with more positive and negative alcohol consequences; high-intensity (vs. binge) drinking on a given day was associated with more negative alcohol consequences that day. Moderation analyses indicated that social motives were associated with high-intensity (vs. binge) drinking only among college students. CONCLUSIONS Stronger drinking motives on a given day were associated with drinking intensity (enhancement and social motives) and negative consequences (enhancement and coping). High-intensity (vs. binge or moderate) drinking was associated with more negative consequences but not more positive consequences. These results underscore that high-intensity drinking and consequences vary across days and time-varying, occasion-specific risks such as current motivational context are appropriate targets for intervention.
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21
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Ramsden R, Hewitt D, Williams J, Emberton L, Bennett C. Tackling student drinking within the drinking subculture of a university sports competition: a culture change approach. HEALTH EDUCATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/he-01-2021-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThis paper explores the impact of a suite of alcohol culture change interventions implemented by Deakin University in Melbourne, Australia. The interventions were designed to change the alcohol culture at a bi-annual nation-wide university multi-sport competition known as Uni Nationals. This study aims to understand the critical success factors of the alcohol culture change initiatives that were developed by the university and implemented as part of a broader set of institutional practices.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research design utilised in-depth, semi-structured interviews with nine Uni Nationals student team leaders. In total, two group interviews and four individual interviews were conducted with student team leaders who participated in the Uni Nationals. The interview transcripts were coded and themed. The themes were further refined and interpreted into a narrative. A total of two transcripts were independently coded by the first two authors. Discordant coding was flagged and discussed until a consensus was achieved. The remaining interviews were coded by the first author and discussed with the second author to ensure consistency. A socio-ecological framework was used to understand perceived changes to alcohol culture.FindingsStudent leaders were aware of and felt supported by the university-wide approach to changing the culture of Uni Nationals. Overall, the qualitative study indicated that students were positive about the alcohol culture change interventions. The leadership training that engaged team leaders in interactive activities had the greatest impact. Student leaders found the targeted messages, mocktail events and Chef de Mission (CdM) less effective cultural change strategies. However, they helped to establish expectations of students in this setting where a heightened focus on sport was associated with higher alcohol consumption.Originality/valueWhile there has been growing academic interest in exploring “drinking cultures”, there has been relatively little focus on alcohol culture of university students at sporting events. The paper contributes to addressing this gap by shedding light on the impact of a group of interventions on the drinking culture of the Uni Nationals subculture.
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22
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Bray BC, Berglund PA, Evans-Polce RJ, Patrick ME. A Latent Transition Analysis of Self-Reported Reasons for Marijuana Use During Young Adulthood. Eval Health Prof 2021; 44:9-24. [PMID: 33375829 PMCID: PMC7923687 DOI: 10.1177/0163278720984514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Individuals' reasons for marijuana use have been linked to their risk for continued use and development of disordered use. Although individuals tend to have multiple reasons for use, co-occurrence of reasons is not always accounted for in analytic approaches. Latent transition analysis (LTA) is ideal for modeling transitions in co-occurring reasons. Using longitudinal panel data from Monitoring the Future, LTA was used to identify profiles of self-reported reasons for marijuana use among young adults, examine transitions between profiles, and determine whether cohort, gender, race/ethnicity, parent education, grade of first marijuana use, and 4-year college attendance predicted transitions between profiles. Data included senior year cohorts from 1976-2009 and were collected at ages 19/20, 21/22, and 23/24 (weighted n = 7,294; 55.9% female; 79.3% White). Five latent classes were identified: Non-Users and individuals with Experimental, Typical, Get High + Relax, and Escape + Coping Reasons. Transitions among Non-Users, Experimental Reasons, and Typical Reasons were common; generally, those with earlier cohort membership, early initiation, college non-attending parents, and college attendance were more likely to make transitions to higher-risk classes. As the legalization of recreational marijuana use continues to expand, change over time in reasons for use should be considered carefully as interventions are developed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany C. Bray
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
- The Methodology Center, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Rebecca J. Evans-Polce
- Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Zhu JW, Gonsalves CL, Issenman RM, Kam AJ. Diagnosis and Acute Management of Adolescent Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: A Systematic Review. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:246-254. [PMID: 33036874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to synthesize qualitative and quantitative data on the diagnosis and effective management of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) in the adolescent population. METHODS Using keywords, 1,334 studies published between December 1954 and December 2019 were extracted from MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase via OVID, CINAHL via EBSCO, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Studies were evaluated by two independent reviewers using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS The search yielded 148 studies for full-text review, of which 21 were included in this systematic review. A total of 10 articles were related to the diagnosis of CHS, while 11 articles discussed the treatment and management of adolescent cases of CHS. CONCLUSIONS CHS in the adolescent population fulfills the major and minor diagnostic criteria of CHS in the adult population; however, in adolescent patients, CHS may present more frequently in females, with the earliest reported case presenting at age 15 years. There appears to be a substantial proportion (21%) of adolescent patients diagnosed with CHS that have a history of anxiety and depression; however, higher quality studies to assess the prevalence are warranted. Although haloperidol and topical capsaicin cream may provide symptom relief in isolated cases, complete cessation of cannabis use is currently the only known effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei Zhu
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clarelle L Gonsalves
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert M Issenman
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - April J Kam
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Comparing cannabis use motive item performance between American Indian and White youth. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 213:108086. [PMID: 32505863 PMCID: PMC7371535 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is limited research on the motives for engaging in cannabis use for American Indian (AI) youth. The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in cannabis use motives between White and AI youth. METHOD This study used data from youth living on or near reservations who currently use cannabis and identify as White (n = 156) or AI (n = 922). Students completed a survey containing a measure of cannabis use motives that included coping, recreation, and expansion motives. Eight items, four coping and four recreational/expansion, were evaluated using Item Response Theory. Multi-group analyses were conducted to assess the differences in item functioning between White and AI youth. RESULTS Three of the four items in the four-item coping model and four items in the recreational/enhancement model exhibited meaningful differential item functioning (DIF). Results suggest that AI youth were more likely to endorse coping reasons for use while White youth were more likely to endorse recreational/expansion reasons for use. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence that AI and White youth meaningfully differ in their likelihood to endorse coping, recreational, and expansion reasons for cannabis use. These findings highlight the importance of attending to differences between AI and White youth substance use motives, especially when developing culturally competent intervention and prevention strategies.
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Allen HK, Barrall AL, Beck KH, Vincent KB, Arria AM. Situational context and motives of alcohol use among graduate student drinkers. Addict Behav 2020; 104:106267. [PMID: 31931405 PMCID: PMC7024021 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research has examined alcohol use context and motives among undergraduates, but less is known about where, when, and why graduate students drink. The current study aimed to describe the motives and situational context of graduate student alcohol use, identify demographic and program characteristics associated with alcohol use motives and context, and assess how alcohol use motives and context are associated with alcohol use behavior. A sample of master's and doctoral-level students who drank during the past month (n = 2091; 63% female) completed an online survey. An exploratory factor analysis yielded two situational context factors: drinking in social situations (e.g., with friends, at a bar) and non-social situations (e.g., alone, at home). Graduate students most frequently endorsed social and enhancement drinking motives. Results of multivariate linear regression models showed that age, sex, race/ethnicity, and international student, marital, parental, and employment status were all associated with motives and context. Drinking for enhancement and drinking to cope were the motives most strongly associated with increased alcohol quantity and frequency, respectively. Drinking in social contexts was positively associated with alcohol quantity and frequency, and drinking in non-social contexts was positively associated with alcohol use frequency but inversely related to alcohol quantity. Graduate students who drink for enhancement reasons and in social situations might be at increased risk for higher quantity alcohol use, or graduate students who drink for coping reasons and in non-social situations might be at increased risk for more frequent alcohol use. Future longitudinal research is needed to explore whether drinking in certain contexts and with certain motivations is predictive of alcohol problems during and after graduate school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Allen
- Methodology Center, Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, 404 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Angelica L Barrall
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Dr, #1234, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Kenneth H Beck
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Dr, #1234, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Kathryn B Vincent
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Dr, #1234, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Amelia M Arria
- Center on Young Adult Health and Development, Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Dr, #1234, College Park, MD 20742, United States
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Patrick ME, Fairlie AM, Cadigan JM, Abdallah DA, Larimer ME, Lee CM. Daily Motives for Alcohol and Marijuana Use as Predictors of Simultaneous Use Among Young Adults. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2020. [PMID: 31495383 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2019.80.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on substance use motives typically examines each substance separately. However, simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use-that is, using alcohol and marijuana at the same time so that their effects overlap-is common among young adults. This study examines day-to-day fluctuations in motives for using alcohol and/ or marijuana among young adult substance users as predictors of alcohol, marijuana, and SAM use across days. METHOD Data were from a community sample of young adults who reported SAM use in the past month (analytic sample: N = 399, mean [SD] age = 21.63 [2.17]; 50.9% women). Participants reported alcohol, marijuana, and SAM use, and also motives "for alcohol and/or marijuana use" for 14 consecutive days. RESULTS Multilevel models showed that elevated enhancement motives were associated with heavy episodic drinking, drinking more, and more hours high from marijuana. Elevated social motives were associated with heavy episodic drinking and drinking more, and also with fewer hours high. Elevated conformity motives were associated with drinking more. SAM use was more likely: on alcohol days and on marijuana days with elevated enhancement and conformity motives, on alcohol days with elevated coping motives, and on marijuana days with elevated social motives. CONCLUSIONS SAM use on a given day was primarily associated with enhancement and conformity motives. Social motives were more strongly linked to alcohol use, and to some extent coping motives were linked to marijuana use in this young adult sample. Further examination of situation-specific motives and contexts of use is needed to inform development of real-time interventions for SAM use and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Patrick
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Institute for Translational Research in Children's Mental Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anne M Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer M Cadigan
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Devon A Abdallah
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Relations of Stress and Drinking Motives to Young Adult Alcohol Misuse: Variations by Gender. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 49:907-920. [PMID: 31721009 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Theory and empirical findings have linked stress exposure to young adult alcohol misuse, but the processes underlying this association have not been fully investigated. This study examined gender differences in the indirect pathways linking stress in developmentally relevant domains to alcohol misuse in young adults, focusing on drinking motives as a possible mediator of the association. The longitudinal associations between adolescent heavy drinking and young adult stress were also explored. Participants were rural young adults who had been surveyed previously in adolescence (N = 442; 55.7% female; 96% White; Mage = 23.29, SD = 1.07). Chronic stress and drinking motives were concurrently associated with young adult alcohol misuse. For men, occupational stress was indirectly related to alcohol misuse through both social and coping motives for drinking, whereas for women relationship stress was indirectly related to alcohol misuse through social motives only. When investigating the longitudinal effects of adolescent drunkenness, more frequent drunkenness in adolescence was related to more adult occupational stress for men but to neither kind of stress for women. These findings indicate that stress in specific life domains is related to young adult alcohol misuse through drinking motives, that the link between stress and alcohol misuse may be bidirectional for men, and that different stressors and drinking motives are salient for young adult men and women.
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28
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Alcohol Use and Emerging Adult Development: a Latent Profile Analysis of Community Drinkers. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-0039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Patrick ME, Fairlie AM, Cadigan JM, Abdallah DA, Larimer ME, Lee CM. Daily Motives for Alcohol and Marijuana Use as Predictors of Simultaneous Use Among Young Adults. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019; 80:454-461. [PMID: 31495383 PMCID: PMC6739644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research on substance use motives typically examines each substance separately. However, simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use-that is, using alcohol and marijuana at the same time so that their effects overlap-is common among young adults. This study examines day-to-day fluctuations in motives for using alcohol and/ or marijuana among young adult substance users as predictors of alcohol, marijuana, and SAM use across days. METHOD Data were from a community sample of young adults who reported SAM use in the past month (analytic sample: N = 399, mean [SD] age = 21.63 [2.17]; 50.9% women). Participants reported alcohol, marijuana, and SAM use, and also motives "for alcohol and/or marijuana use" for 14 consecutive days. RESULTS Multilevel models showed that elevated enhancement motives were associated with heavy episodic drinking, drinking more, and more hours high from marijuana. Elevated social motives were associated with heavy episodic drinking and drinking more, and also with fewer hours high. Elevated conformity motives were associated with drinking more. SAM use was more likely: on alcohol days and on marijuana days with elevated enhancement and conformity motives, on alcohol days with elevated coping motives, and on marijuana days with elevated social motives. CONCLUSIONS SAM use on a given day was primarily associated with enhancement and conformity motives. Social motives were more strongly linked to alcohol use, and to some extent coping motives were linked to marijuana use in this young adult sample. Further examination of situation-specific motives and contexts of use is needed to inform development of real-time interventions for SAM use and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Patrick
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Translational Research in Children’s Mental Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer M. Cadigan
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Devon A. Abdallah
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary E. Larimer
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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30
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Liu Y, Elliott AL, Striley CW, Gurka KK, Cottler LB. Motives for prescription stimulant use by patterns of non-medical use. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2019; 24:455-460. [PMID: 31814798 DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2019.1604838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Understanding motivations behind non-medical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) is important to prevent such use. Methods Adult participants from St. Louis, MO, who endorsed NMUPS on 5 or more days in the past 12 months (n=60) were asked about their motivations for use. Associations between motives for use and patterns of non-medical use in the past 12 months were assessed using multivariable logistic regression, controlling for demographic factors and non-medical use of other prescription drugs. Results On average, 5.5 different motives for stimulant use were endorsed. Compared to those who only used someone else's stimulants, adults who only used stimulants other than prescribed were less likely to endorse use "to get high" (aOR=0.48, 95%CI 0.26-0.90) and more likely to endorse use "to function" (aOR=1.97, 95%CI 1.04-3.75); adults who were engaged in both patterns of NMUPS were more likely to endorse use "to function" (aOR=4.12, 95%CI 1.56-10.88) and "to modify the effects of other drugs" (aOR=2.29, 95%CI 1.13-4.61). Conclusion Although using stimulants for performance enhancement is common, most people who used diverted stimulants reported using stimulants to get high. Prevention and harm reduction strategies should consider these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Amy L Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Catherine W Striley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Kelly K Gurka
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida
| | - Linda B Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions & College of Medicine, University of Florida
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Linden-Carmichael AN, Dziak JJ, Lanza ST. Dynamic Features of Problematic Drinking: Alcohol Use Disorder Latent Classes Across Ages 18-64. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:97-103. [PMID: 30351364 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are linked with numerous severe detrimental outcomes. Evidence suggests that there is a typology of individuals with an AUD based on the symptoms they report. Scant research has identified how these groups may vary in prevalence by age, which could highlight aspects of problematic drinking behavior that are particularly salient at different ages. Our study aimed to (a) identify latent classes of drinkers with AUD that differ based on symptoms of AUD and (b) examine prevalences of latent classes by age. Short summary Our findings advocate for personalized treatment approaches for AUD and highlight the need for carefully considering the role of age in prevention and intervention efforts. Methods We used data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III). Current drinkers aged 18-64 who met criteria for a past-year AUD were included (n = 5402). Results Latent class analysis (LCA) based on 11 AUD criteria revealed 5 classes: 'Alcohol-Induced Injury' (25%), 'Highly Problematic, Low Perceived Life Interference' (21%), 'Adverse Effects Only' (34%), 'Difficulty Cutting Back' (13%) and 'Highly Problematic' (7%). Using time-varying effect modeling (TVEM), each class was found to vary in prevalence across age. The Adverse Effects Only and Highly Problematic, Low Perceived Life Interference classes were particularly prevalent among younger adults, and the Difficulty Cutting Back and Alcohol-Induced Injury classes were more prevalent as age increased. Conclusions Findings suggest that experience of AUD is not only heterogeneous in nature but also that the prevalence of these subgroups vary across age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Linden-Carmichael
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and the Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 314 Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA, USA
| | - John J Dziak
- The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 408 Health and Human Development Building, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie T Lanza
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and the Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 314 Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA, USA
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Weinberger AH, Pacek LR, Sheffer CE, Budney AJ, Lee J, Goodwin RD. Serious psychological distress and daily cannabis use, 2008 to 2016: Potential implications for mental health? Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 197:134-140. [PMID: 30825793 PMCID: PMC6440801 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daily cannabis use is increasing in the United States (US). Yet, it is not known whether daily cannabis use is disproportionately common, or whether it has increased differentially over time, by mental health status. This study estimated the prevalence of daily cannabis use among adults in the US with and without past-month serious psychological distress (SPD; measured by the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6)) in 2016 and estimated trends in daily cannabis use by past-30-day SPD status from 2008 to 2016. METHODS Data were drawn from adults age 18 and older in the 2008-2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (combined total analytic sample n = 356,413). Linear time trends of daily cannabis use, stratified by SPD status, were assessed using logistic regression models with continuous year as the predictor. RESULTS In 2016, past-month daily cannabis use was significantly more common among those with past-month SPD (8.07%), compared to those without past-month SPD (2.66%). Daily cannabis use increased significantly from 2008 to 2016 among those both with and without SPD although use among those with SPD was persistently higher than use among those without SPD over the time period studied. CONCLUSIONS Daily cannabis use is significantly more common among persons with serious psychological distress and is increasing in this group, as well as among those without. Given this increase and the high prevalence of cannabis use among those with SPD, it may be important to consider potential consequences of this increased use for those with mental health vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Weinberger
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Christine E Sheffer
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Alan J Budney
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Lebanon, NH, USA.
| | - Joun Lee
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Renee D Goodwin
- Institute for Implementation Science and Population Health, CUNY School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Alcohol Interaction with Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Opioids, Nicotine, Cannabis, and γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7010016. [PMID: 30866524 PMCID: PMC6466217 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of people around the world drink alcoholic beverages to cope with the stress of modern lifestyle. Although moderate alcohol drinking may have some relaxing and euphoric effects, uncontrolled drinking exacerbates the problems associated with alcohol abuse that are exploding in quantity and intensity in the United States and around the world. Recently, mixing of alcohol with other drugs of abuse (such as opioids, cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, cannabis, and γ-hydroxybutyric acid) and medications has become an emerging trend, exacerbating the public health concerns. Mixing of alcohol with other drugs may additively or synergistically augment the seriousness of the adverse effects such as the withdrawal symptoms, cardiovascular disorders, liver damage, reproductive abnormalities, and behavioral abnormalities. Despite the seriousness of the situation, possible mechanisms underlying the interactions is not yet understood. This has been one of the key hindrances in developing effective treatments. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review the consequences of alcohol's interaction with other drugs and decipher the underlying mechanisms.
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Taylor AW, Bewick BM, Ling Q, Kirzhanova V, Alterwain P, Dal Grande E, Tucker G, Makanjuola AB. Assessing Heavy Episodic Drinking: A Random Survey of 18 to 34-Year-Olds in Four Cities in Four Different Continents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050706. [PMID: 30818783 PMCID: PMC6427135 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Heavy episodic drinking (HED) can have health and social consequences. This study assesses the associations between HED and demographic, socioeconomic, motivation and effects indicators for people aged 18–34 years old living in four cities in different regions of the world. Method: Multistage random sampling was consistent across the four cities (Ilorin (Nigeria), Wuhan (China), Montevideo (Uruguay) and Moscow (Russia)). The questionnaire was forward/back translated and face-to-face interviewing was undertaken. A total of 6235 interviews were undertaken in 2014. Separate univariable and multivariable modelling was undertaken to determine the best predictors of HED. Results: HED prevalence was 9.0%. The best predictors differed for each city. The higher probability of HED in the final models included beliefs that they have reached adulthood, feeling relaxed as an effect of drinking alcohol, and forgetting problems as an effect of drinking alcohol. Lower probability of HED was associated with not being interested in alcohol as a reason for limiting alcohol, and the belief that drinking alcohol is too expensive or a waste of money. Conclusion: Although some indicators were common across the four cities, the variables included in the final models predominantly differed from city to city. The need for country-specific prevention and early intervention programs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne W Taylor
- Population Research & Outcome Studies, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | | | - Qian Ling
- Chinese Center for Health Education, Beijing 100011, China.
| | - Valentina Kirzhanova
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 101000, Russia.
| | | | - Eleonora Dal Grande
- Population Research & Outcome Studies, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Graeme Tucker
- Population Research & Outcome Studies, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Alfred B Makanjuola
- Department of Behavioural Sciences, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin 240242, Nigeria.
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Patrick ME, Rhew IC, Lewis MA, Abdallah DA, Larimer ME, Schulenberg JE, Lee CM. Alcohol motivations and behaviors during months young adults experience social role transitions: Microtransitions in early adulthood. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2019; 32:895-903. [PMID: 30556714 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The study examines how young adult transitions into and out of social roles (i.e., starting or ending a job, a romantic relationship, school) are associated with drinking motives (coping, enhancement, social, and conformity) and alcohol use in a given month. A community sample of young adult drinkers (N = 767; 56.3% female; 59.3% White; Ages 18-23) completed 24 consecutive months of online surveys (N = 15,333 months of data) about the previous month's experiences, social role transitions, and alcohol use. During the 2-year data collection window, participants reported starting/ending a job (10.0%/8.2%), a relationship (2.7%/4.3%), and school (9.2%/17.4%). Between persons, those who more often started jobs were more likely to drink and those who more often ended jobs had higher enhancement motives; those who more often ended relationships were more likely to drink, have a greater number of drinks when drinking, and have higher coping and enhancement motives; and those who more often started relationships had higher conformity motives. Within persons, during months when a relationship ended, participants reported stronger coping motives, and during months when a relationship started, they reported stronger social motives for drinking. During months when a relationship started or ended, participants also reported consuming a greater number of drinks when drinking. There were no differences based on starting or ending school. Young adult social role transitions are associated with concurrent changes in both alcohol use and motives for drinking. Understanding these contextual changes and their concomitant risks is key to providing salient interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Translational Research in Children's Mental Health
| | - Isaac C Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Melissa A Lewis
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center
| | - Devon A Abdallah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - John E Schulenberg
- Institute for Social Research and Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
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Patrick ME, Evans-Polce RJ, Kloska DD, Maggs JL. Reasons High School Students Use Marijuana: Prevalence and Correlations With Use Across Four Decades. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019; 80:15-25. [PMID: 30807270 PMCID: PMC6396516 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2019.80.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Changes in the legality and prevalence of marijuana raise questions about whether adolescents' reasons for using marijuana and associations between reasons for use and recent marijuana use have changed historically. METHOD Using nationally representative data from Monitoring the Future for 1976-2016 (N = 39,964; 47.6% female), we examined changes in self-reported reasons for marijuana use and in the associations between reasons for use and past-30-day marijuana use among 12th graders who used marijuana in the past 12 months. RESULTS Time-varying effect modeling showed variation in reasons for use among adolescent past-year marijuana users from 1976 to 2016. Social/recreational reasons for marijuana use (i.e., Boredom, Feel Good/Get High, Experiment, Fit In) generally declined in prevalence; the exception was Good Time, which remained quite stable. Prevalence of coping with negative affect reasons (i.e., Anger/Frustration, Escape Problems, Relax, Get Through Day) approximately doubled across 40 years. Over time, social/recreational reasons were consistently associated with greater odds (i.e., Boredom, Feel Good/Get High, Good Time) or lower odds (i.e., Experiment, Fit In) of recent marijuana use. Coping with negative affect reasons, drug effect reasons, and compulsive use were consistently associated with greater odds of recent use. CONCLUSIONS The most common reasons for marijuana use among high school students have shifted markedly in 40 years, with particular increases for coping-related reasons. However, reasons for use remain significant, stable predictors of use. This suggests a move toward riskier (coping-related) use but supports the continued salience of motivation-based approaches for prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Translational Research in Children’s Mental Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Deborah D. Kloska
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jennifer L. Maggs
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Trends in cannabis use over time among Canadian youth: 2004-2014. Prev Med 2019; 118:30-37. [PMID: 30316874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance among Canadian youth. The current study examined national trends in cannabis use among Canadian youth from 2004/05 to 2014/15 using nationally representative data from the Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CSTADS). Data were collected from students in Grades 7 to 12 as part of the Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (formerly the Youth Smoking Survey) using a repeat-cross sectional survey across 6 biennial survey waves between 2004 and 2014 (N = 243,057). Regression models examined factors associated with cannabis use in the past 12 months, perceived ease of access, and a multilinear regression examined age of initiation across survey cycles. The findings indicate that use of cannabis in the past 12-months significantly decreased among Canadian youth. Past-year use peaked in 2008/09 at 27.3%; compared to 16.5%, in 2014/15. Mean age of initiation did not vary over time, while youth in recent cycles reported that cannabis was more difficult to access: in 2006/07, 77.1% reported that it would be easy to access cannabis compared to 49.0% in 2014/15. Overall, cannabis use among Canadian youth appears to have peaked around 2008/09, with substantial declines over the past decade. It will be critically important to examine any changes in patterns of use following legalization of non-medical cannabis in Canada.
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Terry-McElrath YM, Patrick ME. Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among Young Adult Drinkers: Age-Specific Changes in Prevalence from 1977 to 2016. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2224-2233. [PMID: 30277588 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall prevalence of U.S. young adult alcohol use has decreased, but little is known about historical change in related behaviors such as simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use that may increase alcohol-related risks and societal costs. The purpose of this paper was to examine historical change in SAM use prevalence among U.S. young adult alcohol users from 1977 to 2016, and consider the extent to which observed historical change in SAM use among alcohol users reflects co-occurring change in marijuana use during these years. METHODS Data on past 12-month alcohol, marijuana, and SAM use at up to 6 modal ages (19/20, 21/22, 23/24, 25/26, 27/28, and 29/30) were collected from 11,789 individuals (45.0% men) participating in the Monitoring the Future panel study. Annual prevalence estimates within modal age group were obtained; historical SAM use trends among alcohol and marijuana users were estimated. RESULTS From 2014 to 2016, SAM use was reported by approximately 30% of alcohol users aged 19/20 and 21/22, and 20 to 25% of alcohol users aged 23/24 through 29/30. Since the mid-1990s, age-specific historical trends in SAM use prevalence among alcohol users followed 1 of 4 patterns: significant increase followed by oscillating increases/decreases (at modal age 19/20), consistent and significant increases (at modal ages 21/22, 23/24, and 25/26), stability followed by increase (at modal ages 27/28), or stability (at modal ages 29/30). In contrast, SAM use trends among marijuana users primarily reflected stability, with some evidence of a decrease across time at modal ages 19/20 and 23/24. Historical change in SAM prevalence among alcohol users was strongly and positively correlated with changes in overall marijuana use prevalence. CONCLUSIONS A growing proportion of early and mid-young adult alcohol users reported SAM use, with the highest risk among those in the early years of young adulthood. Young adult SAM use may continue to increase in proportion to the degree that young adult marijuana use continues to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Evans-Polce RJ, Schuler MS, Schulenberg JE, Patrick ME. Gender- and age-varying associations of sensation seeking and substance use across young adulthood. Addict Behav 2018; 84:271-277. [PMID: 29775887 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sensation seeking is associated with elevated risk for substance use among adolescents and young adults. However, whether these associations vary across age for young men and women is not well characterized. METHODS Using data from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) panel study, we examine the age-varying associations of sensation seeking and three types of substance use behavior (binge drinking, cigarette use, and marijuana use) across ages 18 to 30 using time-varying effect modeling. Analyses include participants in the eleven most recent MTF cohorts (12th-graders in 1994-2004), who are eligible to respond through age 29/30 (N = 6338 people; 30,237 observations). RESULTS While sensation seeking levels and substance use are lower among women, the magnitude of the association of sensation seeking with binge drinking and with marijuana use among women exceeds that of men in the later 20s. Differential age trends were observed; among men, the associations generally decreased or remained constant with age. Yet among women, the associations decayed more slowly or even increased with age. Specifically, the association of sensation seeking with marijuana use among women increased during the late 20s, such that the association at age 30 exceeded that in the early 20s. CONCLUSIONS The significantly stronger associations of sensation seeking with binge drinking and marijuana use observed among women compared to men during the mid- to late-20s suggests divergent risk factors across genders for substance use during young adulthood, with sensation seeking remaining a strong risk factor for women but not men.
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Acion L, Kramer J, Liu X, Chan G, Langbehn D, Bucholz K, McCutcheon V, Hesselbrock V, Schuckit M, Dick D, Hesselbrock M, Kuperman S. Reliability and validity of an internalizing symptom scale based on the adolescent and adult Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2018; 45:151-160. [PMID: 29870277 PMCID: PMC6481182 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2018.1476520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) is an interview that assesses psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses, including substance use disorders and anxiety and mood (i.e., internalizing) disorders. Although the SSAGA is widely used, there exists no overall internalizing characteristics scale based on items drawn from SSAGA's mood and anxiety disorder sections. OBJECTIVES To design and assess a SSAGA-based measurement instrument capturing the overall internalizing dimension that underlies more specific internalizing conditions. METHODS We developed, assessed, and characterized a new scale for measuring internalizing problematic characteristics derived from the SSAGA interview. All samples were drawn from the Collaborative Studies on the Genetics of Alcoholism, a prospective multi-site genetic study of families at high risk for alcohol use disorders. All participants taking part in the study between September 2005 and September 2017 were eligible (n = 904, 52.2% female). RESULTS The scale had adequate internal consistency (ordinal α = 0.85, 95% CI = [0.81, 0.89]). Construct validity was supported by its association with other measures of internalizing characteristics (Internalizing Scale from Achenbach Self Reports; Neuroticism Scale from the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five-Factor Personality Inventory). Several indices of alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine misuse were also positively associated with Internalizing Scale scores. CONCLUSIONS The Internalizing Scale has very good psychometric properties and can be used in studies that incorporate the SSAGA interview to study the association between internalizing characteristics and problematic alcohol and other substance use. These associations can potentially be utilized to identify individuals at risk for substance problems and to design treatments targeting such individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Acion
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
- Iowa Consortium for Substance Abuse Research and Evaluation, Iowa City, Iowa
- Fundación Sadosky, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Grace Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Douglas Langbehn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kathleen Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Vivia McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Victor Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Marc Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Danielle Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Michie Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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Temmen CD, Crockett LJ. Adolescent predictors of social and coping drinking motives in early adulthood. J Adolesc 2018; 66:1-8. [PMID: 29704652 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although motivations to use alcohol have been shown to predict alcohol use and alcohol-related problems, little is known about how drinking motives develop. This study identified antecedents in adolescence of social and coping motives for drinking in early adulthood. Data came from a longitudinal study of youths in the eastern U.S. (N = 451) followed from secondary school into early adulthood (52.4% female; Mage = 23.01; SD = 1.03). In a structural equation analysis, frequency of drunkenness and peer alcohol use positively predicted young adult social motives, whereas only frequency of drunkenness predicted coping motives. These findings indicate that alcohol use behaviors and social relationships in adolescence may contribute to the development of adult drinking motives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie D Temmen
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA.
| | - Lisa J Crockett
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Psychology, 238 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA.
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42
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Evans-Polce RJ, Patrick ME, Lanza ST, Miech RA, O’Malley PM, Johnston LD. Reasons for Vaping Among U.S. 12th Graders. J Adolesc Health 2018; 62:457-462. [PMID: 29273302 PMCID: PMC5866738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaping has recently increased in popularity among adolescents. Little is known about heterogeneity of vapers, particularly in terms of why they vape. Identifying major subgroups of adolescent vapers by reasons for vaping is important to understand adolescent vaping behavior and to identify those most at risk for other substance use. METHODS Monitoring Future data from 2015 and 2016 were used in a latent class analysis to identify subgroups of 12th graders based on their endorsement of 10 potential reasons for vaping. Multinomial regression with a latent class outcome was used to predict class membership. RESULTS Three distinct classes of vapers were identified: adolescents who were (1) Vaping to Experiment (29.4%), (2) Vaping to Replace Cigarettes (7.3%), and (3) Vaping for Taste + Entertainment (63.4%). Vaping only flavors was associated with lower odds of membership and cigarette use was associated with higher odds of membership in the Vaping to Replace Cigarettes subgroup, and marijuana was associated with lower odds of membership in the Vaping to Experiment subgroup, compared with the Vaping for Taste + Entertainment subgroup. CONCLUSIONS This study identified multiple subgroups of vapers based on reasons for vaping. Whereas a small subgroup vaped for reasons related to cigarette use, most adolescent vapers reported vaping for reasons unrelated to cigarette use. There were considerable differences in primary reasons for vaping and risk for traditional cigarette and other substance use, suggesting different intervention strategies may be needed for different subgroups of vapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Evans-Polce
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104,Corresponding author: 426 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48106, Phone: (734) 647-9296,
| | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
| | - Stephanie T. Lanza
- The Methodology Center and Department of Biobehavioral Health, 433 Health and Human Development Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Richard A. Miech
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
| | - Patrick M. O’Malley
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
| | - Lloyd D. Johnston
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104
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Patrick ME, Evans-Polce R, Kloska DD, Maggs JL, Lanza ST. Age-Related Changes in Associations Between Reasons for Alcohol Use and High-Intensity Drinking Across Young Adulthood. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 78:558-570. [PMID: 28728638 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2017.78.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analyses focus on whether self-reported reasons for drinking alcohol change in their associations with high-intensity drinking across the transition to adulthood. METHOD Self-report data on high-intensity drinking (10+ drinks) collected from the national Monitoring the Future study in 2005 to 2014 from those ages 18-26 were used (N = 2,664 [60% women] for all drinkers and 1,377 for heavy episodic [5+] drinkers; up to 6,541 person-waves). Time-varying effect modeling examined changes in the direction and magnitude of associations between eight reasons for drinking and high-intensity alcohol use across continuous age. RESULTS Four reasons to drink showed quite stable associations with high-intensity drinking across age: drinking to get away from problems, to get high, to relax, and to sleep. Associations between two reasons and high-intensity drinking decreased with age: anger/frustration and to have a good time. The association between drinking because of boredom and high-intensity drinking increased with age. Drinking because it tastes good had a weak association with high-intensity drinking. Among heavy episodic drinkers, reasons for use also differentiated high-intensity drinking, with two exceptions: drinking to have a good time and to relax did not distinguish drinking 10+ drinks from drinking 5-9 drinks. CONCLUSIONS Reasons for drinking are differentially associated with high-intensity drinking, compared with any other drinking and compared with lower intensity heavy drinking, across age during the transition to adulthood. Intervention programs seeking to mitigate alcohol-related harms should focus on reasons for use when they are the most developmentally salient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Deborah D Kloska
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jennifer L Maggs
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephanie T Lanza
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Terry-McElrath YM, Stern SA, Patrick ME. Do alcohol use reasons and contexts differentiate adolescent high-intensity drinking? Data from U.S. high school seniors, 2005-2016. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 31:775-785. [PMID: 28933869 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine associations between (a) self-reported reasons for and contexts of alcohol use and (b) high-intensity drinking (i.e., having 10+ drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks) among national samples of U.S. 12th grade students. Data were obtained from 16,902 students who reported any past 12-month alcohol use from nationally representative annual 12th grade student samples from 2005-2016. When asked about drinking behavior during the past 2 weeks, 72% reported consuming less than 5 drinks at most during 1 drinking occasion; 14% reported 5-9 drinks, 7% reported 10-14 drinks, and 7% reported 15+ drinks. Adolescent drinkers in all categories (<5, 5-9, 10-14, and 15+ drinks) endorsed "to have a good time" as the most prevalent reason for alcohol use, and "at a party" as the most prevalent context of alcohol use. However, high-intensity drinking was particularly likely among adolescents drinking for coping, compulsive use, and drug effect reasons, as well as those who enjoyed the taste. Having 15+ drinks (vs. 10-14 drinks) was particularly associated with compulsive use and enjoying the taste. The relative risk of any high-intensity drinking, and of higher levels of high-intensity drinking involvement, increased with the total number of reasons and contexts endorsed. Alcohol appears to serve a larger number of functions for high-intensity drinking adolescents than non-high-intensity drinking youth. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Patrick ME, Bray BC, Berglund PA. Reasons for Marijuana Use Among Young Adults and Long-Term Associations With Marijuana Use and Problems. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 77:881-888. [PMID: 27797689 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines reasons for marijuana use among young adults age 19/20 in the United States and the extent to which patterns of reasons are associated with marijuana use and problems 15 years later. METHOD The national Monitoring the Future study provided data on marijuana users at age 19/20 who were also surveyed at age 35 (n = 2,288; 50% women; 83% White). Latent class analysis was used to identify distinct patterns of reasons for marijuana use, which were then used as predictors of later marijuana use and problems. RESULTS Five latent classes described the following patterns of reasons for marijuana use at age 19/20: Experimental, Get High + Relax, Typical, Typical + Escape, and Coping + Drug Use. Highest risk for later marijuana use and problems was found for people with Coping + Drug Use and Get High + Relax reasons in young adulthood; those with Experimental reasons were at lowest risk for later use or problems. CONCLUSIONS Coping and getting high emerged as strong predictors of later marijuana use and problems. Results support the predictive value of self-reported reasons for using marijuana among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bethany C Bray
- The Methodology Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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LeTendre ML, Reed MB. The Effect of Adverse Childhood Experience on Clinical Diagnosis of a Substance Use Disorder: Results of a Nationally Representative Study. Subst Use Misuse 2017; 52:689-697. [PMID: 28145794 PMCID: PMC5519323 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1253746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance abuse is one of the most common health outcomes associated with adverse childhood experience, and poses a significant public health threat. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to demonstrate a relationship between adverse childhood experience and a substance use disorder using nationally representative data as well as to test whether religion moderates this relationship. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 11,279). Three types of adverse childhood experiences were considered; physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Logistic regression was used to determine whether risk for developing an alcohol use, cannabis use, or other drug use disorder in adulthood increased as exposure to multiple types of adverse childhood experiences increased while controlling for prior substance use and other demographic variables that have shown associations with substance use. In addition, religiosity was investigated as a possible moderator of the relationship between adverse childhood experience and substance abuse. RESULTS The likelihood of developing a substance use disorder later in life increased as the score on the adverse childhood experience index increased. While religiosity did significantly reduce the likelihood of developing a substance use disorder, no moderating effects were observed. Conclusions/importance: This study underscores the long-term consequences of exposure to childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark B Reed
- a School of Social Work , San Diego State University , San Diego , California , USA
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Leadbeater BJ, Ames ME, Sukhawathanakul P, Fyfe M, Stanwick R, Brubacher JR. Frequent marijuana use and driving risk behaviours in Canadian youth. Paediatr Child Health 2017; 22:7-12. [PMID: 29483788 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A better understanding of the relations between patterns of marijuana use and driving risks in young adulthood is needed. Methods Secondary analyses of self-report data from the Victoria Healthy Youth Survey. Youth (baseline ages 12 to 18; N=662; 52% females) were interviewed biannually (on six occasions) from 2003 to 2013 and classified as abstainers (i.e., used no marijuana in past 12 months), occasional users (i.e., used at most once per week), and frequent users (i.e., used more than once a week). Results In the frequent user group, 80% of males and 75% of females reported 'being in a car driven by driver (including themselves) using marijuana or other drugs in the last 30 days', 64% of males and 33% of females reported that they were 'intoxicated' with marijuana while operating a vehicle and 50% of males and 42% of females reported being in a car driven by a driver using alcohol. In addition, 28% of occasional users and also a small proportion of abstainers reported 'being in a car driven by a driver using marijuana or other drugs in the last 30 days'. Interpretation The high frequency of driving risk behaviours, particularly for frequent users, suggest that plans for legalization of recreational use should anticipate the costs of preventive education efforts that present an accurate picture of potential risks for driving. Youth also need to understand risks for dependence, and screening for and treatment of marijuana use disorders is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan E Ames
- University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia
| | | | - Murray Fyfe
- Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, British Columbia
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Massengale KEC, Ma A, Rulison KL, Milroy JJ, Wyrick DL. Perceived norms and alcohol use among first-year college student-athletes' different types of friends. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2017; 65:32-40. [PMID: 27610821 PMCID: PMC5540135 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2016.1233557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe first-year college student-athletes' friendship contexts and test whether their perceptions of alcohol use and approval by different types of friends are associated with their own alcohol use. PARTICIPANTS First-year student-athletes (N = 2,622) from 47 colleges and universities participating in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sports during February-March 2013. METHODS Student-athletes completed online surveys during the baseline assessment of an alcohol and other drug prevention program evaluation. Analyses tested whether perceptions of friends' alcohol use (descriptive norms) and perceptions of friends' approval of alcohol use (injunctive norms) predicted their alcohol use. RESULTS Both use and approval perceptions by upperclassmen, same-team, and most influential friends significantly predicted alcohol use. By contrast, only perceived use by first-year, nonteam, and less influential friends significantly predicted alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Athletics departments' alcohol policies and prevention programming for first-year student-athletes should address the potential influence of different types of friends on alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley E. C. Massengale
- Department of Public Health Education at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Alice Ma
- Department of Public Health Education at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Kelly L. Rulison
- Department of Public Health Education at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Jeffrey J. Milroy
- Institute to Promote Athlete Health and Wellness at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - David L. Wyrick
- Department of Public Health Education at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
- Institute to Promote Athlete Health and Wellness at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
- Prevention Strategies, LLC, Browns Summit, NC
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Moving Beyond Drinking to Have a Good Time: a Person-Centered Approach to Identifying Reason Typologies in Legal-Aged College Student Drinkers. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2016; 17:679-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Moitra E, Anderson BJ, Stein MD. REDUCTIONS IN CANNABIS USE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MOOD IMPROVEMENT IN FEMALE EMERGING ADULTS. Depress Anxiety 2016; 33:332-8. [PMID: 26636547 DOI: 10.1002/da.22460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use and the development of depression symptoms have been linked in prospective research. However, no research has examined how depression symptoms might change relative to reductions in cannabis use. One group at risk for comorbid cannabis-use disorders and clinical depression is female emerging adults (those aged 18-25 years old) as cannabis use peaks during this period, depression is the most common psychiatric disorder among emerging adults, and females are at increased risk for depression relative to males. This study examined the longitudinal association between reductions in cannabis use and existing depression symptoms. METHODS Secondary analyses from a cannabis intervention trial for 332 female emerging adults were conducted. Changes in depression symptoms (categorized as minimal, mild, and moderate or more severe depression) were assessed in relation to changes in cannabis use at 3- and 6-months postbaseline assessment. RESULTS After controlling for alcohol use, the association between change in cannabis-use frequency and change in depression (measured by Beck Depression Inventory-II) was significantly stronger for those with mild depression (b = -0.26; 95% CI: -0.44, -0.08; P = .004), and for those with moderate or more severe depression (b = -0.50; 95% CI: -0.68, -0.33; P < .001) relative to those with minimal depression. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a relationship between reductions in cannabis use and reductions in depression symptoms among female emerging adults who report at least mild depression symptoms. This represents a clinically meaningful effect for clinicians treating patients with co-occurring cannabis use and depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Moitra
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Michael D Stein
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island.,Behavioral Medicine Division, Butler Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
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