1
|
Creswell KG, Brown KW, Pedersen SL. The impact of alcohol consumption on implicit racial bias. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2024; 38:688-695. [PMID: 38127522 PMCID: PMC11190038 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Researchers and theorists studying intergroup relations have been interested in the impact of alcohol on interracial responding. Theories predict that alcohol will exacerbate expressions of racial bias by increasing reliance on stereotypes and/or by decreasing controlled processing and self-monitoring. Prior studies testing these theories have often examined alcohol's effects on implicit (i.e., indirect) measures of racial bias with inconsistent results. However, previous research in this area has suffered from several methodological limitations, including small sample sizes and doses of alcohol that may have been too low to induce substantial intoxication. METHOD Here, in more than triple the number of alcohol participants than the largest prior study, we tested whether an intoxicating dose of alcohol (target breath alcohol concentration of .08%) exacerbated implicit racial bias. Young adults who identified as races other than Black or African American (N = 207) were randomly assigned to consume an alcoholic or placebo beverage and completed the race-based Implicit Association Test (race IAT) testing implicit preference for White (vs. Black) individuals [or, conversely, bias against Black (vs. White) individuals]. RESULTS All participants demonstrated an implicit racial bias (i.e., linking traditionally Black names with negative/unpleasant words), with no difference in this implicit racial bias across beverage conditions. Specifically, there were no differences between alcohol participants' race IAT D scores (M = 0.55, SD = 0.39), and placebo participants' race IAT D scores (M = 0.59, SD = 0.35), b = 0.05, 95%CI [-0.07, 0.18], p = .422. CONCLUSIONS These findings challenge theories and prior studies suggesting that alcohol increases implicit racial bias. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
2
|
Rada C, Lungu M. The Involvement of Age, Gender, and Personality Variables in Alcohol Consumption during the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Romanian University Students. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:519. [PMID: 37366771 DOI: 10.3390/bs13060519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the age, gender, and personality variables involved in alcohol consumption (AC) at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania among 210 bachelor's and master's students aged between 19 and 25 years. The results of the Freiburg Personality Inventory-Revised and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test were examined using a logistic model and cluster analysis. The prevalence of problematic AC was relatively low (10.5%). The risk of males being part of the problematic AC cluster was 5.223 times higher than that of females (p < 0.001). Increasing age was associated with a decrease in the risk of belonging to the problematic cluster by a factor of 0.733 (p = 0.001). Increasing scores on the Frankness and Somatic Complaints personality scales were associated with a decreased risk of belonging to the problematic cluster of AC, with factors of 0.738 (95% CI, 0.643 to 0.848), Wald χ2(1) = 18.424, and p < 0.001 and 0.901 (95% CI, 0.813 to 0.999), Wald χ2(1) = 3.925, and p = 0.048, respectively. More action to prevent AC is needed in men, especially in those at the beginning of their university studies. It is necessary to intervene to decrease the interest in making a good impression (low scores on the Frankness Scale) so as to increase healthy autonomy using critical thinking and find a balance between the internal and external loci of control. Students from faculties with profiles that deal with health and its promotion are less vulnerable to problematic alcohol consumption, even if they have a withdrawn, pessimistic personality (low scores on Somatic Complaints).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Rada
- Biomedical Department, "Francisc I. Rainer" Institute of Anthropology, Romanian Academy, 050711 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Lungu
- Argeș County Centre for Educational Resources and Assistance, 110058 Pitești, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Petzel ZW, Noel JG, Casad BJ. Discrimination Without Intoxication: The Role of Controlled Processes in the Promotion of Racial Bias After Viewing Alcohol-Related Cues. SOCIAL COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2022.40.5.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viewing alcohol-related cues (e.g., advertisements) is known to promote expressions of racial bias and aggression through the temporary promotion of reflexive or impulsive responding. However, this increased automaticity may be inhibited by thoughtful control of behavior. We examined the role of controlled processes in the suppression of racial bias following alcohol cue exposure across two experiments. Experiment 1 (N = 125) indicated reduced control of behavior promoted greater expressions of racial bias after viewing alcohol-related cues. Experiment 2 (N = 71) replicated these effects, suggesting individuals with lower neural indices of control, indexed by reduced amplitudes of the error-related negativity (ERN), similarly express greater racial bias after viewing alcohol-related cues. These findings replicate previous work suggesting alcohol-related cues promote impulsivity and application of negative racial stereotypes. Yet, whether this automaticity manifests into behavioral expressions of racial bias depends on the availability to engage self-control to inhibit these socially undesirable responses.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dousset C, Schroder E, Ingels A, Kajosch H, Hanak C, Veeser J, Amiot M, Kornreich C, Campanella S. Intact Error-Related Negativity at the Start of a Three-Week Detoxification Program Reflects a Short-Term Protective Factor Against Relapse in Alcoholic Patients: Some Preliminary Evidence from a Follow-up Event-Related Potentials Study. Clin EEG Neurosci 2022; 53:316-325. [PMID: 35125020 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221076579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Dousset
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Belgium
| | - Elisa Schroder
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Belgium
| | - Anaïs Ingels
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Belgium
| | - Hendrik Kajosch
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Belgium
| | - Catherine Hanak
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Belgium
| | - Johannes Veeser
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Belgium
| | - Maud Amiot
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Belgium
| | - Salvatore Campanella
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, CHU Brugmann-Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marinkovic K, Rosen BQ. Theta oscillatory dynamics of inhibitory control, error processing, and post-error adjustments: Neural underpinnings and alcohol-induced dysregulation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1220-1232. [PMID: 35567304 PMCID: PMC9543652 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol intoxication impairs inhibitory control, resulting in disinhibited, impulsive behavior. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays an essential role in a range of executive functions and is sensitive to the effects of alcohol, which contributes to the top-down cognitive dysregulation. This study used a multimodal approach to examine the acute effects of alcohol on the neural underpinnings of inhibitory control, inhibition failures, and neurobehavioral optimization as reflected in trial-to-trial dynamics of post-error adjustments. METHODS Adult social drinkers served as their own controls by participating in the Go/NoGo task during acute alcohol and placebo conditions in a multi-session, counterbalanced design. Distributed source modeling of the magnetoencephalographic signal was combined with structural magnetic resonance imaging to characterize the spatio-temporal dynamics of inhibitory control in the time-frequency domain. RESULTS Successful response inhibition (NoGo) elicited right-lateralized event-related theta power (4 to 7 Hz). Errors elicited a short-latency increase in theta power in the dorsal (dACC), followed by activity in the rostral (rACC), which may underlie an affective "oh, no!" orienting response to errors. Error-related theta in the dACC was associated with subsequent activity of the motor areas on the first post-error trial, suggesting the occurrence of post-error output adjustments. Importantly, a gradual increase of the dACC theta across post-error trials closely tracked improvements in accuracy under placebo, which may reflect cognitive control engagement to optimize response accuracy. In contrast, alcohol increased NoGo commission errors, dysregulated theta during correct NoGo withholding, and abolished the post-error theta enhancement of cognitive control. CONCLUSIONS Confirming the sensitivity of frontal theta to inhibitory control and error monitoring, the results support functional and temporal dissociation along the dorso-rostral axis of the ACC and the deleterious effects of alcohol on the frontal circuitry subserving top-down regulation. Over time, alcohol-induced disinhibition may give rise to compulsive drinking and contribute to alcohol misuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Marinkovic
- Psychology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.,Radiology Department, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Burke Q Rosen
- Psychology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nagar M, Weller A, Rabinovitz S. The dosing procedure that "makes the poison": Comparing the effects of single versus cumulative alcohol administration methods on emotion recognition. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:1411-1419. [PMID: 34311606 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211032466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most people often consume alcohol cumulatively and gradually. Yet almost scientific knowledge about alcohol's acute effects on cognition, behavior, and affect stems from laboratory studies that employ a single beverage administration procedure. OBJECTIVE This study tests the hypothesis that alcohol's acute effects depend on both methods of administration and alcohol blood level. We introduce a new laboratory procedure for studying cumulative alcohol drinking and examine alcohol's effects on emotion recognition as a function of both alcohol administration method and alcohol blood level. METHODS Participants were recruited for one of two studies. One study employed a between-subject design using a single alcoholic dose. Participants were randomly assigned to drink either placebo (0.00%), low (0.03%), moderate (0.06%), or high (0.09%) alcohol levels. The second study employed a within-subject design using a cumulative alcoholic administration method, in which each participant drank four drinks (placebo, followed by three alcoholic drinks). Both groups reached similar breath alcohol concentrations. In both studies, participants attended a single study session, in which emotion recognition was examined following alcohol administration. RESULTS Single alcoholic beverage administration method caused greater impairment in emotion recognition ability, specifically for anger, happiness, and fear, as compared with cumulative administration method, even though breath alcohol levels were similar in both conditions. CONCLUSIONS This paper presents questions concerning the internal validity of previous laboratory studies that use a single beverage administration procedure. Insights into the effects of alcohol on behavior, as well as regarding our knowledge about models of addiction are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Nagar
- School of Criminology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Criminology Department, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Aron Weller
- Psychology Department and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Sharon Rabinovitz
- School of Criminology and The Unit for Excellence in Research and Study of Addiction, The Center for Rehabilitation Research, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Grützmann R, Kathmann N, Heinzel S. Cognitive control is quickly adapted to actual task requirements despite misleading context cues-Evidence from the N2, CRN, and ERN. Psychophysiology 2021; 59:e13961. [PMID: 34713905 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control is flexibly adapted to task requirements in healthy individuals. Medio-frontal negativities in the event-related potential of the electroencephalogram can serve as indicators of cognitive control. With increasing conflict frequency, stimulus-locked control, as indexed by the N2, is increased and response-locked control, as indexed by the correct-related negativity, is reduced. On the behavioral level, this shift is associated with improved conflict resolution as evident in reduced response times and error rates in incompatible trials and a reduced response time congruency effect. Cognitive control adaptation might be implemented through experience-based task sets specifying advantageous processing strategies. Here, we investigated whether the cognitive control task set will be sustained when coupled with a contextual cue, even when the initial task requirements are no longer present. A flanker task with two conflict frequency conditions (25% incompatible and 75% incompatible trials) was presented. In the training phase, the conflict frequency conditions were paired with a distinct context cue (i.e., background color). In the test phase, the previously associated cues were again presented, but conflict frequency was identical in both conditions (50% incompatible trials). Although typical cognitive control adaptation was observed in the training phase on the behavioral and event-related potentials level, this pattern was not sustained in the test phase. Thus, the present study provides further evidence that cognitive control is flexibly adapted to task requirements even in the presence of misleading cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Grützmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Kathmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Heinzel
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Morningstar MD, Barnett WH, Goodlett CR, Kuznetsov A, Lapish CC. Understanding ethanol's acute effects on medial prefrontal cortex neural activity using state-space approaches. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108780. [PMID: 34480911 PMCID: PMC8488975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute ethanol (EtOH) intoxication results in several maladaptive behaviors that may be attributable, in part, to the effects of EtOH on neural activity in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The acute effects of EtOH on mPFC function have been largely described as inhibitory. However, translating these observations on function into a mechanism capable of delineating acute EtOH's effects on behavior has proven difficult. This review highlights the role of acute EtOH on electrophysiological measurements of mPFC function and proposes that interpreting these changes through the lens of dynamical systems theory is critical to understand the mechanisms that mediate the effects of EtOH intoxication on behavior. Specifically, the present review posits that the effects of EtOH on mPFC N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are critical for the expression of impaired behavior following EtOH consumption. This hypothesis is based on the observation that recurrent activity in cortical networks is supported by NMDA receptors, and, when disrupted, may lead to impairments in cognitive function. To evaluate this hypothesis, we discuss the representation of mPFC neural activity in low-dimensional, dynamic state spaces. This approach has proven useful for identifying the underlying computations necessary for the production of behavior. Ultimately, we hypothesize that EtOH-related alterations to NMDA receptor function produces alterations that can be effectively conceptualized as impairments in attractor dynamics and provides insight into how acute EtOH disrupts forms of cognition that rely on mPFC function. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Neurocircuitry Modulating Drug and Alcohol Abuse'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - William H Barnett
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, USA
| | - Charles R Goodlett
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Stark Neurosciences, USA
| | - Alexey Kuznetsov
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Mathematics, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Stark Neurosciences, USA
| | - Christopher C Lapish
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Stark Neurosciences, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Riedel P, Wolff M, Spreer M, Petzold J, Plawecki MH, Goschke T, Zimmermann US, Smolka MN. Acute alcohol does not impair attentional inhibition as measured with Stroop interference scores but impairs Stroop performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:1593-1607. [PMID: 33660080 PMCID: PMC8139883 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inhibition is a core executive function and refers to the ability to deliberately suppress attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions and instead act in a specific manner. While acute alcohol exposure has been shown to impair response inhibition in the stop-signal and Go/NoGo tasks, reported alcohol effects on attentional inhibition in the Stroop task are inconsistent. Notably, studies have operationalized attentional inhibition variably and there has been intra- and inter-individual variability in alcohol exposure. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the acute effects of alcohol on attentional inhibition, considering previous limitations. METHODS In a single-blind, cross-over design, 40 non-dependent participants with a medium-to-high risk drinking behavior performed a Counting Stroop task (CST) under a baseline and an arterial blood alcohol concentration (aBAC) clamp at 80 mg%. Attentional inhibition was assessed as the alteration of reaction times (RT), error rates (ER), and inverse efficiency scores (IES) between incongruent and congruent trials (interference score). Stroop performance was also assessed regardless of trial-type. RESULTS Compared to saline, acute alcohol exposure via an aBAC clamp did not affect CST interference scores but increased RTs and IES in both incongruent and congruent trials. CONCLUSIONS Attentional inhibition (Stroop interference score) was not impaired by clamped moderate alcohol exposure. Acute alcohol impaired Stroop performance evidenced by a general increase in response times. Our findings suggest that response and attentional inhibition do not share the same neurocognitive mechanisms and are affected differently by alcohol. Results could also be explained by automated behaviors known to be relatively unaffected by acute alcohol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Riedel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Straße 35, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - M Wolff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of General Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Spreer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Petzold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Straße 35, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - M H Plawecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 West 16th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - T Goschke
- Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Straße 35, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Department of General Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - U S Zimmermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Addiction Medicine and Psychotherapy, kbo-Isar-Amper-Klinikum München-Ost, Vockestraße 72, 85540, Haar, Germany
| | - M N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Würzburger Straße 35, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fairbairn CE, Kang D, Federmeier KD. Alcohol and Neural Dynamics: A Meta-analysis of Acute Alcohol Effects on Event-Related Brain Potentials. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:990-1000. [PMID: 33579536 PMCID: PMC8106628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An understanding of alcohol's acute neural effects could augment our knowledge of mechanisms underlying alcohol-related cognitive/motor impairment and inform interventions for addiction. Focusing on studies employing event-related brain potential methods, which offer a direct measurement of neural activity in functionally well-characterized brain networks, we present the first meta-analysis to explore acute effects of alcohol on the human brain. METHODS Databases were searched for randomized laboratory alcohol-administration trials assessing brain activity using event-related potentials. Hedges' g coefficients were pooled using 3-level random-effects meta-regression. RESULTS Sixty independent randomized controlled trials met inclusion (total N = 2149). Alcohol's effects varied significantly across neural systems, with alcohol leading to reductions in event-related potential components linked with attention (P3b), g = -0.40, 95% CI (-0.50, -0.29), automatic auditory processing (mismatch negativity), g = -0.44, 95% CI (-0.66, -0.22), and performance monitoring (error-related negativity), g = -0.56, 95% CI (-0.79, -0.33). These effects were moderated by alcohol dose, emerging as significant at doses as low as 0.026% blood alcohol concentration and increasing to moderate/large at 0.12%. In contrast, irrespective of dose, relatively small or nonsignificant alcohol effects emerged in other processing domains, including those linked to executive control (N2b responses) and stimulus classification (N2c responses). CONCLUSIONS Contrary to traditional conceptualizations of alcohol as a "dirty drug" with broad central nervous system depressant effects, results instead support accounts positing targeted alcohol effects in specific processing domains. By identifying alcohol effects on brain systems involved in performance monitoring and attention, results move toward the identification of mechanisms underlying alcohol-related impairment as well as factors reinforcing addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharine E. Fairbairn
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois—Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Dahyeon Kang
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois—Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Kara D. Federmeier
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Almeida-Antunes N, Crego A, Carbia C, Sousa SS, Rodrigues R, Sampaio A, López-Caneda E. Electroencephalographic signatures of the binge drinking pattern during adolescence and young adulthood: A PRISMA-driven systematic review. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 29:102537. [PMID: 33418172 PMCID: PMC7803655 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Controls and binge drinkers (BDs) do not differ in their behavioral performance. BDs show increased neural activity during attention, working memory and inhibition. Augmented P3 amplitude in BDs was the most solid electrophysiological finding. Evidence does not support specific gender vulnerabilities to the effects of BD. Memory, emotional processing and decision-making processes need further exploration.
Research on neurophysiological impairments associated with binge drinking (BD), an excessive but episodic alcohol use pattern, has significantly increased over the last decade. This work is the first to systematically review –following PRISMA guidelines- the empirical evidence regarding the effects of BD on neural activity –assessed by electroencephalography- of adolescents and young adults. A systematic review was conducted in 34 studies (N = 1723). Results indicated that binge drinkers (BDs) showed similar behavioral performance as non/low drinkers. The most solid electrophysiological finding was an augmented P3 amplitude during attention, working memory and inhibition tasks. This increased neural activity suggests the recruitment of additional resources to perform the task at adequate/successful levels, which supports the neurocompensation hypothesis. Similar to alcoholics, BDs also displayed increased reactivity to alcohol-related cues, augmented resting-state electrophysiological signal and reduced activity during error detection –which gives support to the continuum hypothesis. Evidence does not seem to support greater vulnerability to BD in females. Replication and longitudinal studies are required to account for mixed results and to elucidate the extent/direction of the neural impairments associated with BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Almeida-Antunes
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Alberto Crego
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Carina Carbia
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sónia S Sousa
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Rui Rodrigues
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal
| | - Eduardo López-Caneda
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Research Center in Psychology (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Acute effects of alcohol on error-elicited negative affect during a cognitive control task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3383-3397. [PMID: 32944790 PMCID: PMC7572864 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcohol intoxication can dampen negative affective reactions to stressors. Recently, it has been proposed that these acute anxiolytic effects of alcohol may extend to dampening of negative affective reactions to error commission during cognitive control tasks. Nonetheless, empirical verification of this claim is lacking. OBJECTIVES Test the acute effect of alcohol on negative affective reactions to errors during an effort-demanding cognitive control task. METHODS Healthy, young adult social drinkers (N = 96 [49 women], 21-36 years old) were randomly assigned to consume alcohol (0.80 g/kg; n = 33 [15 female]), active placebo (0.04 g/kg; n = 33 [18 women]), or a non-alcoholic control beverage (n = 30 [16 women]) before completing the Eriksen flanker task. Corrugator supercilii (Corr) activation, a psychophysiological index of negative affect, was tracked across the task. Two neurophysiological reactions to errors, the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe), were also measured. RESULTS Erroneous actions increased Corr activation in the control and (to a lesser extent) placebo groups, but not in the alcohol group. Error-induced Corr activation was coupled to ERN and Pe in the control, but not in the alcohol and placebo groups. Error-induced Corr activation was not coupled to post-error performance adjustments in any group. CONCLUSIONS The ability of alcohol to dampen error-related negative affect was verified. It was also shown that placebo alone can disrupt coupling of affective and (neuro)cognitive reactions to errors. Although its behavioral relevance remains to be demonstrated, more attention should be paid to the role of affect in action monitoring and cognitive control processes.
Collapse
|
13
|
Suor JH, Granros M, Kujawa A, Fitzgerald KD, Monk CS, Phan KL, Burkhouse KL. The moderating role of externalizing problems on the association between anxiety and the error-related negativity in youth. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:782-792. [PMID: 32743851 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The error-related negativity (ERN) is an event-related potential that reflects error monitoring. Enhanced ERN indicates sensitivity to performance errors and is a correlate of anxiety disorders. In contrast, youth with externalizing problems exhibit a reduced ERN, suggesting decreased error monitoring. Anxiety and externalizing problems commonly co-occur in youth, but no studies have tested how comorbidity might modulate the ERN. In a sample of youth (N = 46, ages 7-19) with and without anxiety disorders, this preliminary study examined the interactive effect of anxiety and externalizing problems on ERN. Results suggest that externalizing problems moderate the relation between anxiety symptoms and ERN in youth. Anxious youth with less externalizing problems exhibited enhanced ERN response to errors. Conversely, anxious youth with greater externalizing problems demonstrated diminished ERN in response to errors. The regions of significance and proportion affected tests indicated that the moderating the effect of externalizing problems was only significant for youth with anxiety disorders. Findings suggest that enhanced neural error sensitivity could be a specific neurophysiological marker for anxiety disorders, whereas anxious individuals with comorbid externalizing problems demonstrate reduced error monitoring, similar to those with primary externalizing pathology. Results underscore the utility of examining neural correlates of pediatric anxiety comorbidity subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Suor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria Granros
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychology & Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kate D Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katie L Burkhouse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) are direct measures of brain activity that can be leveraged for clinically meaningful research. They can relate robustly both to continuous measures of individual difference and to categorical diagnoses in ways that clarify similarities and distinctions between apparently related disorders and traits. ERPs can be linked to genetic risk, can act as moderators of developmental trajectories and responses to stress, and can be leveraged to identify those at greater risk for psychopathology, especially when used in combination with other neural and self-report measures. ERPs can inform models of the development of, and risk for, psychopathology. Finally, ERPs can be used as targets for existing and novel interventions and prevention efforts. We provide concrete examples for each of these possibilities by focusing on programmatic research on the error-related negativity and anxiety, and thus show that ERPs are poised to make greater contributions toward the identification, prediction, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hajcak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA; .,Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Julia Klawohn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA; .,Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| | - Alexandria Meyer
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nahum-Shani I, Smith SN, Spring BJ, Collins LM, Witkiewitz K, Tewari A, Murphy SA. Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions (JITAIs) in Mobile Health: Key Components and Design Principles for Ongoing Health Behavior Support. Ann Behav Med 2019; 52:446-462. [PMID: 27663578 PMCID: PMC5364076 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-016-9830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 874] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI) is an intervention design aiming to provide the right type/amount of support, at the right time, by adapting to an individual's changing internal and contextual state. The availability of increasingly powerful mobile and sensing technologies underpins the use of JITAIs to support health behavior, as in such a setting an individual's state can change rapidly, unexpectedly, and in his/her natural environment. Purpose Despite the increasing use and appeal of JITAIs, a major gap exists between the growing technological capabilities for delivering JITAIs and research on the development and evaluation of these interventions. Many JITAIs have been developed with minimal use of empirical evidence, theory, or accepted treatment guidelines. Here, we take an essential first step towards bridging this gap. Methods Building on health behavior theories and the extant literature on JITAIs, we clarify the scientific motivation for JITAIs, define their fundamental components, and highlight design principles related to these components. Examples of JITAIs from various domains of health behavior research are used for illustration. Conclusions As we enter a new era of technological capacity for delivering JITAIs, it is critical that researchers develop sophisticated and nuanced health behavior theories capable of guiding the construction of such interventions. Particular attention has to be given to better understanding the implications of providing timely and ecologically sound support for intervention adherence and retention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Nahum-Shani
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shawna N Smith
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bonnie J Spring
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Linda M Collins
- TheMethodology Center andDepartment ofHuman Development & Family Studies, Penn State, State College, PA, USA
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ambuj Tewari
- Department of Statistics and Department of EECS, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susan A Murphy
- Department of Statistics, and Institute for Social Research,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The impact of recent and concurrent affective context on cognitive control: An ERP study of performance monitoring. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 143:44-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
Abstract. In increasingly diverse societies, discrimination against social groups and their members continues to be a public and political concern. Research has addressed three basic cognitive processes that precede discrimination: categorization, stereotype/prejudice activation, and stereotype/prejudice application, suggesting that these processes occur in an automatic fashion. However, there are multiple components of automaticity, including unawareness, efficiency, unintentionality, and uncontrollability. Most of the previous research implies that these components of automaticity converge with respect to cognitive antecedents of discrimination. Here, we review evidence on the distinct components of automaticity in order to assess whether (a) categorization, (b) stereotype/prejudice activation, and (c) stereotype/prejudice application occur (1) without awareness, (2) efficiently, and (3) goal-independently. We highlight evidence indicating convergence or divergence of the automaticity components during each of the processing stages. This analysis provides readers with an up-to-date review that helps to evaluate whether a multi-component approach to automaticity is of additional benefit in aggregating knowledge about the cognitive antecedents of discrimination. We discuss open issues and avenues for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Roth
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Deutsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gorka SM, Lieberman L, Kreutzer KA, Carrillo V, Weinberg A, Shankman SA. Error-related neural activity and alcohol use disorder: Differences from risk to remission. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:271-278. [PMID: 30684526 PMCID: PMC7952020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) display abnormal neural error-processing, measured via the error-related negativity (ERN). The nature of the error-related abnormalities in AUD is unclear, however, as prior research has yielded discrepant findings. In addition, no study to date has attempted to characterize the dispositional nature of the ERN in AUD and directly test to what extent ERN amplitude reflects a risk factor, disease marker, and/or scar of AUD psychopathology. The current study compared ERN amplitude across 244 adult volunteers in the following five groups: 1) current AUD (n = 39), 2) AUD in remission (n = 60), 3) at-risk for AUD (n = 43), 4) psychiatric controls with comparable rates of internalizing psychopathology as the AUD groups (n = 53), and 5) healthy controls with no lifetime history of psychopathology (n = 49). Risk for AUD was defined as a positive, first-degree family history. All participants completed a well-validated flanker task, designed to robustly elicit the ERN, during continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) data collection. Results indicated that individuals with current AUD displayed smaller ERNs compared with individuals at-risk for AUD, with AUD in remission, psychiatric controls, and healthy controls. There were no differences amongst any of the other groups. This suggests that a blunted ERN may be concomitant with current AUD psychopathology and relatedly, a novel neurobiological AUD treatment target and/or objective marker of AUD disease status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Gorka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics (CARE), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Lynne Lieberman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kayla A. Kreutzer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vivian Carrillo
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anna Weinberg
- Psychology Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stewart A. Shankman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hur J, Stockbridge MD, Fox AS, Shackman AJ. Dispositional negativity, cognition, and anxiety disorders: An integrative translational neuroscience framework. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 247:375-436. [PMID: 31196442 PMCID: PMC6578598 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When extreme, anxiety can become debilitating. Anxiety disorders, which often first emerge early in development, are common and challenging to treat, yet the underlying mechanisms have only recently begun to come into focus. Here, we review new insights into the nature and biological bases of dispositional negativity, a fundamental dimension of childhood temperament and adult personality and a prominent risk factor for the development of pediatric and adult anxiety disorders. Converging lines of epidemiological, neurobiological, and mechanistic evidence suggest that dispositional negativity increases the likelihood of psychopathology via specific neurocognitive mechanisms, including attentional biases to threat and deficits in executive control. Collectively, these observations provide an integrative translational framework for understanding the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in adults and youth and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juyoen Hur
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
| | | | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alexander J Shackman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim EH, Kim MS. An Event-related Potential Study of Error-monitoring Deficits in Female College Students Who Participate in Binge Drinking. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:80-92. [PMID: 30690943 PMCID: PMC6361042 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.1.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study investigated error-monitoring deficits in female college students with binge drinking (BD) using event-related potentials (ERPs) and the modified Flanker task. Methods Participants were categorized into BD (n=25) and non-BD (n=25) groups based on the scores of the Korean-version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-K) and the Alcohol Use Questionnaire (AUQ). The modified Flanker task, consisting of congruent (target and flanker stimuli are the same) and incongruent (target and flanker stimuli are different) conditions, was used to evaluate error-monitoring abilities. Results The BD group exhibited significantly shorter response times and more error rates on the Flanker task, as well as reduced error-related negativity (ERN) amplitudes compared with the non-BD group. Additionally, ERN amplitudes measured at FCz and Cz were significantly correlated with scores on the AUDIT-K and AUQ in the whole participants. The BD and non-BD groups did not show any significant differences in error positivity amplitudes. Conclusion The present results indicate that college students with BD have deficits in error-monitoring, and that reduced ERN amplitudes may serve as a biological marker or risk factor of alcohol use disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hui Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Sun Kim
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Senderecka M, Kossowska M, Sekerdej M, Szewczyk J. Religious fundamentalism is associated with hyperactive performance monitoring: ERP evidence from correct and erroneous responses. Biol Psychol 2018; 140:96-107. [PMID: 30552949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to examine whether action monitoring is associated with religious fundamentalism. Participants performed a stop-signal task that required response inhibition to a simple auditory tone. The level of their religious fundamentalism was measured on a scale. Analysis with mixed-effects linear models revealed significantly larger error-related negativity, correct-related negativity, and post-error positivity components in individuals scoring higher on religious fundamentalism, pointing to their increased engagement in response monitoring. However, it was not accompanied by improved behavioral performance. The electrophysiological results of our study suggest that individuals high in religious fundamentalism engage more in monitoring for conflict between outcomes of their actions and standards of correct behavior. Our findings also point to a possible association between a fundamentalist mindset and higher levels of negative affect, uncertainty, anxiety, and distress, as measured by response-related brain activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Senderecka
- Institute of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Grodzka 52, 31-044 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kossowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Sekerdej
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Szewczyk
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Levsen MP, Bartholow BD. Neural and behavioral effects of regulating emotional responses to errors during an implicit racial bias task. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:1283-1297. [PMID: 30225599 PMCID: PMC6257995 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Affect regulation plays a key role in several theories of racial bias reduction. Here, we tested whether engaging in emotion regulation strategies while performing an implicit racial bias task (Weapons Identification Task; WIT) would alter neural and behavioral manifestations of bias. Participants either suppressed or reappraised in a positive light the distress associated with making errors during the WIT, while an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. We hypothesized that engaging in emotion regulation strategies would reduce the distress associated with making errors indicative of bias, resulting in smaller error-related negativity (ERN) amplitude during errors and increased expression of racial bias. Results of within-subjects comparisons (Experiment 1) generally supported these predictions. However, when emotion regulation strategies were manipulated between subjects (Experiment 2) there was no effect of suppression or reappraisal on bias expression. Across both experiments, engaging in emotion regulation led to larger ERNs for errors occurring on Black- relative to White-primed trials. In addition, a number of significant order effects were observed, indicating important differences in the effects of engaging in emotion regulation strategies when those strategies are attempted in participants' first versus second block of trials. No such order effects were evident when a second trial block was completed with no emotion regulation instructions. Findings are discussed in terms of the need for greater specificity in experimental tests of emotion regulation on error processing and cognitive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith P Levsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Elkins-Brown N, Saunders B, Inzlicht M. The misattribution of emotions and the error-related negativity: A registered report. Cortex 2018; 109:124-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
24
|
Lundberg GJW, Neel R, Lassetter B, Todd AR. Racial bias in implicit danger associations generalizes to older male targets. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197398. [PMID: 29874255 PMCID: PMC5991338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Across two experiments, we examined whether implicit stereotypes linking younger (~28-year-old) Black versus White men with violence and criminality extend to older (~68-year-old) Black versus White men. In Experiment 1, participants completed a sequential priming task wherein they categorized objects as guns or tools after seeing briefly-presented facial images of men who varied in age (younger versus older) and race (Black versus White). In Experiment 2, we used different face primes of younger and older Black and White men, and participants categorized words as ‘threatening’ or ‘safe.’ Results consistently revealed robust racial biases in object and word identification: Dangerous objects and words were identified more easily (faster response times, lower error rates), and non-dangerous objects and words were identified less easily, after seeing Black face primes than after seeing White face primes. Process dissociation procedure analyses, which aim to isolate the unique contributions of automatic and controlled processes to task performance, further indicated that these effects were driven entirely by racial biases in automatic processing. In neither experiment did prime age moderate racial bias, suggesting that the implicit danger associations commonly evoked by younger Black versus White men appear to generalize to older Black versus White men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav J. W. Lundberg
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Neel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Bethany Lassetter
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Todd
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Considering the context: social factors in responses to drugs in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:935-945. [PMID: 29470605 PMCID: PMC5871591 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs are typically used in social settings. Here, we consider two factors that may contribute to this observation: (i) the presence of other people may enhance the positive mood effects of a drug, and conversely, (ii) drugs may enhance the value of social stimuli. METHODS We review evidence from controlled laboratory studies with human volunteers, which investigated either of these interactions between social factors and responses to drugs. We examine the bidirectional effects of social stimuli and single doses of alcohol, stimulants, opioids, and cannabis. RESULTS All four classes of drugs interact with social contexts, but the nature of these interactions varies across drugs, and depends on whether the context is positive or negative. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol and stimulant drugs enhance the attractiveness of social stimuli and the desire to socialize, and social contexts, in turn, enhance these drugs' effects. In contrast, opioids and cannabis have subtler effects on social interactions and their effects are less influenced by the presence of others. Overall, there is stronger evidence that drugs enhance positive social contexts than that they dampen the negativity of unpleasant social settings. Controlled research is needed to understand the interactions between drugs of abuse and social contexts, to model and understand the determinants of drug use outside the laboratory.
Collapse
|
26
|
Howse AD, Hassall CD, Williams CC, Hajcak G, Krigolson OE. Alcohol hangover impacts learning and reward processing within the medial-frontal cortex. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13081. [PMID: 29600513 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is common knowledge that alcohol intoxication impairs motor coordination, judgment, and decision making. Indeed, an abundance of literature links intoxication to impaired cognitive control that leads to accidents and injury. A broadening body of research, however, suggests that the impact of alcohol may continue beyond the point of intoxication and into the period of alcohol hangover. Here, we examined differences in the amplitude of reward positivity-a component of the human ERP associated with learning-between control and hangover participants. During performance of a learnable gambling task, we found a reduction in the reward positivity during alcohol hangover. Additionally, participants experiencing alcohol hangover demonstrated reduced performance in the experimental task in comparison to their nonhangover counterparts. Our results suggest that the neural systems that underlie performance monitoring and reward-based learning are impaired during alcohol hangover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Howse
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cameron D Hassall
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chad C Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Olave E Krigolson
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stepanova EV, Bartholow BD, Scott Saults J, Friedman RS, Chi J, Hollis AM. Effects of Exposure to Alcohol-Related Cues on Racial Prejudice. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Prior research ( Stepanova, Bartholow, Saults, & Friedman, 2012 ) indicates that exposure to alcohol-related cues increases expressions of racial biases. This study investigated whether such effects can be replicated with other tasks assessing racial bias and whether they stem from stereotyping or prejudice. In two experiments participants (N1 = 118; N2 = 152) were exposed to either alcohol-related or neutral advertisements, and then completed a race-priming lexical decision task (LDT, Wittenbrink, Judd, and Park, 1997) . Experiment 1 provided weak evidence that exposure to alcohol cues decreases positive attitudes toward Blacks, which was not confirmed in a high-powered replication (Experiment 2). Our findings suggest a short-lived nature (if any) of alcohol priming effects on racial bias when measured by the primed LDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Stepanova
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | | | - J. Scott Saults
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| | - Ronald S. Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinhao Chi
- Department of Psychology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Abigail M. Hollis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Taylor JB, Visser TAW, Fueggle SN, Bellgrove MA, Fox AM. The error-related negativity (ERN) is an electrophysiological marker of motor impulsiveness on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) during adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:77-86. [PMID: 29353681 PMCID: PMC6969191 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Previous studies have postulated that the error-related negativity (ERN) may reflect individual differences in impulsivity; however, none have used a longitudinal framework or evaluated impulsivity as a multidimensional construct. The current study evaluated whether ERN amplitude, measured in childhood and adolescence, is predictive of impulsiveness during adolescence. Methods Seventy-five children participated in this study, initially at ages 7–9 years and again at 12–18 years. The interval between testing sessions ranged from 5 to 9 years. The ERN was extracted in response to behavioural errors produced during a modified visual flanker task at both time points (i.e. childhood and adolescence). Participants also completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale − a measure that considers impulsiveness to comprise three core sub-traits − during adolescence. Results At adolescence, the ERN amplitude was significantly larger than during childhood. Additionally, ERN amplitude during adolescence significantly predicted motor impulsiveness at that time point, after controlling for age, gender, and the number of trials included in the ERN. In contrast, ERN amplitude during childhood did not uniquely predict impulsiveness during adolescence. Conclusions These findings provide preliminary evidence that ERN amplitude is an electrophysiological marker of self-reported motor impulsiveness (i.e. acting without thinking) during adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine B Taylor
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Mailbag M304, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Troy A W Visser
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Mailbag M304, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Simone N Fueggle
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Mailbag M304, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison M Fox
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Mailbag M304, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Stepanova EV, Bartholow BD, Saults JS, Friedman RS. Effects of exposure to alcohol-related cues on racial discrimination. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
30
|
Risen JL. Acquiescing to intuition: Believing what we know isn't so. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
31
|
Impact of anxiety symptoms and problematic alcohol use on error-related brain activity. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 118:32-39. [PMID: 28606471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are associated with enhanced defensive reactivity to errors, measured via the error-related negativity (ERN). There is some evidence to suggest that problematic alcohol use is also associated with an enhanced ERN; although prior studies have been almost exclusively in men and have yet to examine the potential interactive effects of anxiety and alcohol abuse symptoms. The aim of the current study was to address the gaps in this literature by examining the unique and interactive effects of anxiety symptoms and problematic alcohol use on the ERN in a sample of 79 heterogeneous internalizing disorder patients. All participants completed a flanker task designed to robustly elicit the ERN and questionnaires assessing current internalizing symptoms and problematic alcohol use. As expected, results revealed that greater anxiety symptoms, but not depressive symptoms, were associated with a more enhanced ERN. There was no main effect of problematic alcohol use but there was a significant anxiety by problematic alcohol use interaction. At high anxiety symptoms, greater problematic alcohol use was associated with a more enhanced ERN; at low anxiety symptoms, alcohol use was unrelated to the ERN. There was no depression by alcohol abuse interaction. The findings suggest that within anxious individuals, heightened reactivity to errors/threat may be related to risk for alcohol abuse. The findings also converge with a broader literature suggesting that heightened reactivity to threat may be a shared vulnerability factor for anxiety and alcohol abuse and a novel prevention and intervention target for anxiety-alcohol abuse comorbidity.
Collapse
|
32
|
Rivers AM. The Weapons Identification Task: Recommendations for adequately powered research. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177857. [PMID: 28591143 PMCID: PMC5462366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article synthesizes the extant literature on the Weapons Identification Task (WIT), a sequential priming paradigm developed to investigate the impact of racial priming on identification of stereotype-congruent and stereotype-irrelevant objects. Given recent controversy over the replicability of and statistical power required to detect priming effects, the aim of this synthesis is to systematically assess the literature in order to develop recommendations for statistical power in future research with the WIT paradigm. To develop these recommendations, the present article first quantitatively ascertains the magnitude of publication bias in the extant literature. Next, expected effect sizes and power recommendations are generated from the extant literature. Finally, a close conceptual replication of the WIT paradigm is conducted to prospectively test these recommendations. Racial priming effects are detected in this prospective test providing increased confidence in the WIT priming effect and credibility to the proposed recommendations for power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Rivers
- University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hobson NM, Bonk D, Inzlicht M. Rituals decrease the neural response to performance failure. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3363. [PMID: 28584707 PMCID: PMC5452956 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituals are found in all types of performance domains, from high-stakes athletics and military to the daily morning preparations of the working family. Yet despite their ubiquity and widespread importance for humans, we know very little of ritual's causal basis and how (if at all) they facilitate goal-directed performance. Here, in a fully pre-registered pre/post experimental design, we examine a candidate proximal mechanism, the error-related negativity (ERN), in testing the prediction that ritual modulates neural performance-monitoring. Participants completed an arbitrary ritual-novel actions repeated at home over one week-followed by an executive function task in the lab during electroencephalographic (EEG) recording. Results revealed that relative to pre rounds, participants showed a reduced ERN in the post rounds, after completing the ritual in the lab. Despite a muted ERN, there was no evidence that the reduction in neural monitoring led to performance deficit (nor a performance improvement). Generally, the findings are consistent with the longstanding view that ritual buffers against uncertainty and anxiety. Our results indicate that ritual guides goal-directed performance by regulating the brain's response to personal failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Hobson
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin Bonk
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Management, Rotman School of Management, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Attentional resources modulate error processing-related brain electrical activity: Evidence from a dual-task design. Brain Res 2017; 1670:68-75. [PMID: 28578905 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention plays an important role in the processing of error, but only a few studies have explored the relationship between them. The current study used a dual-task paradigm, combining the classic flanker task with a working memory load task, to explore how changes in the amount of attentional resources modulate error negativity (Ne) and error positivity (Pe). The results showed that the reduction of attentional resources overall caused a decrease in Pe amplitude, especially in the late stage of Pe, which had a significant diminution in amplitude. However, changes in the amount of attentional resources did not cause significant changes in the Ne amplitude. These results suggest that the early stage of error processing in the Ne time window is less affected by attention, but the Pe stage is regulated by attentional resources, especially in the late Pe stage.
Collapse
|
35
|
More pain, more gain: Blocking the opioid system boosts adaptive cognitive control. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 80:99-103. [PMID: 28324705 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to adaptively increase cognitive control in response to cognitive challenges is crucial for goal-directed behavior. Recent findings suggest that aversive arousal triggers adaptive increases of control, but the neurochemical mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Given the known contributions of the opioid system to hedonic states, we investigated whether blocking this system increases adaptive control modulations. To do so, we conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled psychopharmacological study (n=52 females) involving a Stroop-like task. Specifically, we assessed the effect of naltrexone, an opioid blocker most selective to the mu-opioid system, on two measures of adaptive control that are thought to depend differentially on aversive arousal: post-error slowing and conflict adaptation. Consistent with our hypothesis, relative to placebo, naltrexone increased post-error slowing without influencing conflict adaptation. This finding not only supports the view that aversive arousal triggers adaptive control but also reveals a novel role for the opioid system in modulating such effects.
Collapse
|
36
|
Schuch S, Zweerings J, Hirsch P, Koch I. Conflict adaptation in positive and negative mood: Applying a success-failure manipulation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 176:11-22. [PMID: 28342397 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Conflict adaptation is a cognitive mechanism denoting increased cognitive control upon detection of conflict. This mechanism can be measured by the congruency sequence effect, indicating the reduction of congruency effects after incongruent trials (where response conflict occurs) relative to congruent trials (without response conflict). Several studies have reported increased conflict adaptation under negative, as compared to positive, mood. In these studies, sustained mood states were induced by film clips or music combined with imagination techniques; these kinds of mood manipulations are highly obvious, possibly distorting the actual mood states experienced by the participants. Here, we report two experiments where mood states were induced in a less obvious way, and with higher ecological validity. Participants received success or failure feedback on their performance in a bogus intelligence test, and this mood manipulation proved highly effective. We largely replicated previous findings of larger conflict adaptation under negative mood than under positive mood, both with a Flanker interference paradigm (Experiment 1) and a Stroop-like interference paradigm (Experiment 2). Results are discussed with respect to current theories on affective influences on cognitive control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schuch
- Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jana Zweerings
- Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Hirsch
- Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Iring Koch
- Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Saunders B, Lin H, Milyavskaya M, Inzlicht M. The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 119:31-40. [PMID: 28088350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The detection of conflict between incompatible impulses, thoughts, and actions is a ubiquitous source of motivation across theories of goal-directed action. In this overview, we explore the hypothesis that conflict is emotive, integrating perspectives from affective science and cognitive neuroscience. Initially, we review evidence suggesting that the mental and biological processes that monitor for information processing conflict-particularly those generated by the anterior midcingulate cortex-track the affective significance of conflict and use this signal to motivate increased control. In this sense, variation in control resembles a form of affect regulation in which control implementation counteracts the aversive experience of conflict. We also highlight emerging evidence proposing that states and dispositions associated with acceptance facilitate control by tuning individuals to the emotive nature of conflict, before proposing avenues for future research, including investigating the role of affect in reinforcement learning and decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blair Saunders
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Hause Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Rotman School of Management, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sayette MA. The effects of alcohol on emotion in social drinkers. Behav Res Ther 2017; 88:76-89. [PMID: 28110679 PMCID: PMC5724975 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding why people drink alcohol and in some cases develop drinking problems has long puzzled researchers, clinicians, and patients alike. In the mid-1940s and early 1950s, experimental research began to systematically investigate alcohol's hedonic properties. Presumably, alcohol consumption would prove reinforcing as a consequence of its capacity either to relieve stress or to brighten positive emotional experiences. This article reviews experimental research through the years examining the impact of alcohol on both the relief of negative affect and the enhancement of positive affect. It covers initial accounts that emphasized direct pharmacological effects of ethanol on the central nervous system. These early studies offered surprisingly tepid support for the premise that alcohol improved emotional states. Next, studies conducted in the 1970s are considered. Informed by social learning theory and employing advances derived from experimental psychology, this research sought to better understand the complex effects of alcohol on emotion. Coverage of this work is followed by discussion of current formulations, which integrate biological and behavioral approaches with the study of cognitive, affective, and social processes. These current perspectives provide insight into the particular conditions under which alcohol can boost emotional experiences. Finally, future research directions and clinical implications are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Sayette
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3137 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Trub L, Starks TJ. Texting Under the Influence: Emotional Regulation as a Moderator of the Association Between Binge Drinking and Drunk Texting. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2017; 20:3-9. [DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2016.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leora Trub
- Department of Psychology, Pace University, New York, New York
| | - Tyrel J. Starks
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York
- Health Psychology and Clinical Science Doctoral Program, Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York
- Center for HIV/AIDS Educational Studies and Training (CHEST), New York, New York
- Doctorate in Public Health Program, Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Noor M, Reed H, Doosje B. Prejudice in the pub: How alcohol and ideology loosen the tongue. The Journal of Social Psychology 2016; 157:673-679. [PMID: 27967827 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2016.1270890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study (N = 124) tested the main and interactive effects of alcohol consumption, egalitarianism, and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) in relation to prejudice suppression in the natural environment of a British Public House (pub). Employing a quasi-experimental between-subjects design, participants who had consumed alcohol were worse at suppressing their prejudice than participants with no alcohol consumption. Further, the more participants endorsed egalitarian values, the more they were able to suppress their prejudice. This tendency was resistant to the effects of alcohol. By contrast, the stronger participants held RWA beliefs, the less they were able to suppress their prejudice. In addition, this tendency was accentuated by alcohol consumption. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications.
Collapse
|
41
|
Mindful awareness of feelings increases neural performance monitoring. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:93-105. [PMID: 26350627 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-015-0375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mindfulness has been associated with enhanced performance monitoring; however, little is known about the processes driving this apparent neurocognitive benefit. Here, we tested whether focusing present-moment awareness toward the nonjudgmental experience of emotion facilitates rapid neural responses to negative performance outcomes (i.e., mistakes). In particular, we compared whether directing present-moment awareness toward emotions or thoughts would enhance the neurophysiological correlates of performance monitoring: the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe). Participants were randomly assigned to either a thought-focused or an emotion-focused group, and first they completed a preinduction go/no-go task. Subsequently, the groups followed inductions that promoted mindful attention toward either thoughts or emotions, before completing a final postinduction go/no-go session. The results indicated that emotion-focused participants demonstrated higher neural sensitivity to errors in the time course of the ERN, whereas focusing on thoughts had no effect on performance monitoring. In contrast, neither induction procedure altered the amplitude of the later Pe component. Although our manipulations also induced changes in behavior, the ERN effects remained significant after controlling for performance. Thus, our results suggest that mindfulness meditation boosts early neural performance monitoring (ERN amplitude), specifically through meditation's influence on affective processing.
Collapse
|
42
|
Gorka SM, MacNamara A, Aase DM, Proescher E, Greenstein JE, Walters R, Passi H, Babione JM, Levy DM, Kennedy AE, DiGangi JA, Rabinak CA, Schroth C, Afshar K, Fitzgerald J, Hajcak G, Phan KL. Impact of alcohol use disorder comorbidity on defensive reactivity to errors in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2016; 30:733-742. [PMID: 27786513 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence suggest that individuals with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) may be characterized by heightened defensive reactivity, which serves to maintain drinking behaviors and anxiety/hyperarousal symptoms. However, it is important to note that very few studies have directly tested whether individuals with PTSD and AUD exhibit greater defensive reactivity compared with individuals with PTSD without AUD. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to test this emerging hypothesis by examining individual differences in error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related component that is larger among anxious individuals and is thought to reflect defensive reactivity to errors. Participants were 66 military veterans who completed a well-validated flanker task known to robustly elicit the ERN. Veterans were comprised of 3 groups: controls (i.e., no PTSD or AUD), PTSD-AUD (i.e., current PTSD but no AUD), and PTSD + AUD (i.e., current comorbid PTSD and AUD). Results indicated that individuals with PTSD and controls generally did not differ in ERN amplitude. However, among individuals with PTSD, those with comorbid AUD had significantly larger ERNs than those without AUD. These findings suggest that PTSD + AUD is a neurobiologically unique subtype of PTSD, and the comorbidity of AUD may enhance defensive reactivity to errors in individuals with PTSD. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darrin M Aase
- Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown Veterans Administration Medical Center
| | - Eric Proescher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Justin E Greenstein
- Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown Veterans Administration Medical Center
| | - Robert Walters
- Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown Veterans Administration Medical Center
| | - Holly Passi
- Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown Veterans Administration Medical Center
| | - Joseph M Babione
- Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown Veterans Administration Medical Center
| | - David M Levy
- Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown Veterans Administration Medical Center
| | - Amy E Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | | | | | | | - Kaveh Afshar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | | | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University
| | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cano Rodilla C, Beauducel A, Leue A. Error-Related Negativity and the Misattribution of State-Anxiety Following Errors: On the Reproducibility of Inzlicht and Al-Khindi (). Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:475. [PMID: 27708571 PMCID: PMC5030274 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In their innovative study, Inzlicht and Al-Khindi (2012) demonstrated that participants who were allowed to misattribute their arousal and negative affect induced by errors to a placebo beverage had a reduced error-related negativity (ERN/Ne) compared to controls not being allowed to misattribute their arousal following errors. These results contribute to the ongoing debate that affect and motivation are interwoven with the cognitive processing of errors. Evidence that the misattribution of negative affect modulates the ERN/Ne is essential for understanding the mechanisms behind ERN/Ne. Therefore, and because of the growing debate on reproducibility of empirical findings, we aimed at replicating the misattribution effects on the ERN/Ne in a go/nogo task. Students were randomly assigned to a misattribution group (n = 48) or a control group (n = 51). Participants of the misattribution group consumed a beverage said to have side effects that would increase their physiological arousal, so that they could misattribute the negative affect induced by errors to the beverage. Participants of the control group correctly believed that the beverage had no side effects. As Inzlicht and Al-Khindi (2012), we did not observe performance differences between both groups. However, ERN/Ne differences between misattribution and control group could not be replicated, although the statistical power of the replication study was high. Evidence regarding the replication of performance and the non-replication of ERN/Ne findings was confirmed by Bayesian statistics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anja Leue
- Institute of Psychology, University of Kiel Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Pessoa (2013) makes an impressive case that emotion, motivation, and cognition are neurally intertwined. Our commentary broadens the discussion to the functional, "mind" level. We argue that philosophical and computational considerations justify some modern "separatist" views. We highlight several psychological phenomena that illustrate independence, including affective and motivational reactions to rudimentary inputs, and the guiding role of such reactions in cognition.
Collapse
|
45
|
Schofield TP, Unkelbach C, Denson TF. Alcohol consumption increases bias to shoot at Middle Eastern but not White targets. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430215603461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol has been implicated in intergroup aggression and hostility. The effect of consuming alcohol relative to a placebo on hostile cognitive biases toward a social category typically stereotyped as threatening and hostile (i.e., Middle Eastern men) was tested. Undergraduates ( N = 81) consumed either an intoxicating dose of alcohol (BrAC = .05% by vol.) or placebo. Then, they played a shooter game in which they were asked to shoot at targets holding guns, but not at targets holding harmless objects. Half of the targets were White and half were Middle Eastern. As predicted, alcohol consumption, relative to a placebo, increased participants’ bias to shoot Middle Eastern targets, but did not affect the shooter bias against White targets. Findings suggest that alcohol may heighten aggressive biases toward outgroups stereotyped as threatening and hostile.
Collapse
|
46
|
Spronk DB, Verkes RJ, Cools R, Franke B, Van Wel JHP, Ramaekers JG, De Bruijn ERA. Opposite effects of cannabis and cocaine on performance monitoring. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1127-39. [PMID: 27106715 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Drug use is often associated with risky and unsafe behavior. However, the acute effects of cocaine and cannabis on performance monitoring processes have not been systematically investigated. The aim of the current study was to investigate how administration of these drugs alters performance monitoring processes, as reflected in the error-related negativity (ERN), the error positivity (Pe) and post-error slowing. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized three-way crossover design was used. Sixty-one subjects completed a Flanker task while EEG measures were obtained. Subjects showed diminished ERN and Pe amplitudes after cannabis administration and increased ERN and Pe amplitudes after administration of cocaine. Neither drug affected post-error slowing. These results demonstrate diametrically opposing effects on the early and late phases of performance monitoring of the two most commonly used illicit drugs of abuse. Conversely, the behavioral adaptation phase of performance monitoring remained unaltered by the drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desirée B Spronk
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robbert J Verkes
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pompestichting for Forensic Psychiatry, 6532 CN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Criminal Law & Criminology, Radboud University, 6500 KK Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janelle H P Van Wel
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen R A De Bruijn
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Buckingham J, Moss A, Gyure K, Ralph N, Hindocha C, Lawn W, Curran HV, Freeman TP. A Moderate Dose of Alcohol Does Not Influence Experience of Social Ostracism in Hazardous Drinkers. Front Psychol 2016; 7:555. [PMID: 27148155 PMCID: PMC4837322 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Anecdotal and correlational evidence suggests a relationship between social ostracism and alcohol dependence. Furthermore, a recent fMRI investigation found differences in the neural correlates associated with ostracism in people with alcohol dependence compared to healthy controls. We predicted that acutely administered alcohol would reduce the negative effects of social ostracism. Alcohol (0.4 g/kg) or matched placebo was administered to a sample of 32 hazardous drinkers over two sessions in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. In each session, participants were exposed to an ostracism event via the computerized ball passing game, "Cyberball." In order to quantify the effects of ostracism, the fundamental needs questionnaire was completed twice on each testing session; immediately after (i) social inclusion and (ii) social exclusion. Ostracism caused robust changes to scores on the fundamental needs questionnaire, in line with previous literature. Alcohol administration did not influence the effects of simulated social ostracism, which was supported by a Bayesian analysis. Exploratory analyses revealed a negative relationship between age and ostracism induced fundamental needs threat across both sessions. In conclusion, a moderate dose of alcohol did not influence experience of simulated social ostracism in hazardous drinkers. Further research is needed to establish the effects of alcohol administration on social ostracism using different doses and populations of alcohol users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Buckingham
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK; Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Abigail Moss
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London London, UK
| | - Krisztina Gyure
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London London, UK
| | - Neil Ralph
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London London, UK
| | - Chandni Hindocha
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London London, UK
| | - Will Lawn
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London London, UK
| | - H Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London London, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bailey K, Amlung MT, Morris DH, Price MH, Von Gunten C, McCarthy DM, Bartholow BD. Separate and joint effects of alcohol and caffeine on conflict monitoring and adaptation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1245-55. [PMID: 26815360 PMCID: PMC4803583 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Caffeine is commonly believed to offset the acute effects of alcohol, but some evidence suggests that cognitive processes remain impaired when caffeine and alcohol are coadministered. OBJECTIVES No previous study has investigated the separate and joint effects of alcohol and caffeine on conflict monitoring and adaptation, processes thought to be critical for self-regulation. This was the purpose of the current study. METHODS Healthy, young adult social drinkers recruited from the community completed a flanker task after consuming one of four beverages in a 2 × 2 experimental design: Alcohol + caffeine, alcohol + placebo caffeine, placebo alcohol + caffeine, or placebo alcohol + placebo caffeine. Accuracy, response time, and the amplitude of the N2 component of the event-related potential (ERP), a neural index of conflict monitoring, were examined as a function of whether or not conflict was present (i.e., whether or not flankers were compatible with the target) on both the previous trial and the current trial. RESULTS Alcohol did not abolish conflict monitoring or adaptation. Caffeine eliminated conflict adaptation in sequential trials but also enhanced neural conflict monitoring. The combined effect of alcohol and caffeine was apparent only in how previous conflict affected the neural conflict monitoring response. CONCLUSIONS Together, the findings suggest that caffeine leads to exaggeration of attentional resource utilization, which could provide short-term benefits but lead to problems conserving resources for when they are most needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kira Bailey
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael T. Amlung
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David H. Morris
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mason H. Price
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Curtis Von Gunten
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Denis M. McCarthy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, St. Louis, MO and Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, St. Louis, MO and Columbia, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Walter NT, Bayen UJ. Selective effects of acute alcohol intake on the prospective and retrospective components of a prospective-memory task with emotional targets. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:325-39. [PMID: 26497692 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prospective memory involves remembering to do something in the future and has a prospective component (remembering that something must be done) and a retrospective component (remembering what must be done and when it must be done). Initial studies reported an impairment in prospective-memory performance due to acute alcohol consumption. Retrospective-memory studies demonstrated that alcohol effects vary depending on the emotionality of the information that needs to be learned. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to investigate possible differential effects of a mild acute alcohol dose (0.4 g/kg) on the prospective and retrospective components of prospective memory depending on cue valence. METHOD Seventy-five participants were allocated to an alcohol or placebo group and performed a prospective-memory task in which prospective-memory cue valence was manipulated (negative, neutral, positive). The multinomial model of event-based prospective memory (Smith and Bayen 2004) was used to measure alcohol and valence effects on the two prospective-memory components separately. RESULTS Overall, no main effect of alcohol or valence on prospective-memory performance occurred. However, model-based analyses demonstrated a significantly higher retrospective component for positive compared with negative cues in the placebo group. In the alcohol group, the prospective component was weaker for negative than for neutral cues and the retrospective component was stronger for positive than for neutral cues. Group comparisons showed that the alcohol group had a significantly lower prospective component for negative cues and a lower retrospective component for neutral cues. CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate selective alcohol effects on prospective-memory components depending on prospective-memory cue valence.
Collapse
|
50
|
ERPs dissociate proactive and reactive control: evidence from a task-switching paradigm with informative and uninformative cues. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 15:117-31. [PMID: 24925001 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
According to the dual mechanism of control (DMC) framework, cognitive control can be recruited proactively to prevent response conflict when advance preparation is feasible or is up-regulated to overcome response conflict after it is detected. This study aimed at empirically dissociating proactive and reactive control processes proposed by the DMC and identifying corresponding event-related potential (ERP) correlates. Behavioral and electrophysiological indices of cognitive control were measured during a task-switch paradigm with or without informative advance cues, in which proactive control was feasible or not. Proactive control was associated with a (right-) frontal sustained ERP modulation during the cue-target interval. In line with the successful recruitment of proactive control, informative, as compared with uninformative, cue conditions were associated with reduced behavioral and ERP correlates of conflict. ERP correlates of conflict were evident both during conflict detection upon target presentation (N(inc)) and during conflict resolution-in particular, following uninformative cues. Reactive control assumed to support conflict resolution was associated with a (left-) frontal transient preresponse ERP modulation for uninformative, but not informative, cue conditions. Together, these data suggest that complementary proactive and reactive control processes operate in concert to flexibly support goal-directed behavior in response to variable task-demands, by either preventing or resolving response conflicts, as they are detected or anticipated.
Collapse
|