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Eid K, Bjørk MH, Gilhus NE, Torkildsen Ø. Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis Development: A Review of Potential Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1520. [PMID: 38338799 PMCID: PMC10855716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, contribute to long-term systemic toxic stress and inflammation that may last well into adulthood. Such early-life stressors have been associated with increased susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) in observational studies and with the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in animal models. In this review, we summarize the evidence for an ACE-mediated increase in MS risk, as well as the potential mechanisms for this association. ACEs dysregulate neurodevelopment, stress responses, and immune reactivity; they also alter the interplay between the immune system and neural networks. All of this may be relevant for MS risk. We further discuss how ACEs induce epigenetic changes and how the toxic stress caused by ACEs may reactivate the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a key risk factor for MS. We conclude by suggesting new initiatives to obtain further insights into this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Eid
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 71, 5053 Bergen, Norway; (M.-H.B.); (N.E.G.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Marte-Helene Bjørk
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 71, 5053 Bergen, Norway; (M.-H.B.); (N.E.G.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- NorHead, Norwegian Center for Headache Research, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Nils Erik Gilhus
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 71, 5053 Bergen, Norway; (M.-H.B.); (N.E.G.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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2
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Christian LM, Wilson SJ, Madison AA, Prakash RS, Burd CE, Rosko AE, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Understanding the health effects of caregiving stress: New directions in molecular aging. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102096. [PMID: 37898293 PMCID: PMC10824392 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Dementia caregiving has been linked to multiple health risks, including infectious illness, depression, anxiety, immune dysregulation, weakened vaccine responses, slow wound healing, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, frailty, cognitive decline, and reduced structural and functional integrity of the brain. The sustained overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines is a key pathway behind many of these risks. However, contrasting findings suggest that some forms of caregiving may have beneficial effects, such as maintaining caregivers' health and providing a sense of meaning and purpose which, in turn, may contribute to lower rates of functional decline and mortality. The current review synthesizes these disparate literatures, identifies methodological sources of discrepancy, and integrates caregiver research with work on aging biomarkers to propose a research agenda that traces the mechanistic pathways of caregivers' health trajectories with a focus on the unique stressors facing spousal caregivers as compared to other informal caregivers. Combined with a focus on psychosocial moderators and mechanisms, studies using state-of-the-art molecular aging biomarkers such as telomere length, p16INK4a, and epigenetic age could help to reconcile mixed literature on caregiving's sequelae by determining whether and under what conditions caregiving-related experiences contribute to faster aging, in part through inflammatory biology. The biomarkers predict morbidity and mortality, and each contributes non-redundant information about age-related molecular changes -together painting a more complete picture of biological aging. Indeed, assessing changes in these biopsychosocial mechanisms over time would help to clarify the dynamic relationships between caregiving experiences, psychological states, immune function, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Christian
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Stephanie J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, University Park, TX, USA
| | - Annelise A Madison
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruchika S Prakash
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley E Rosko
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Janice K Kiecolt-Glaser
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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3
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Shahane AD, Godfrey DA, Denny BT. Predicting real-world emotion and health from spontaneously assessed linguistic distancing using novel scalable technology. Emotion 2023; 23:2002-2012. [PMID: 36808975 PMCID: PMC10439973 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who are better at regulating their emotions have been shown to have better physical and mental health outcomes. One promising emotion regulation strategy is psychological distancing, which involves appraising a stimulus with objectivity or spatial/temporal distance. Language-based psychological distancing (linguistic distancing [LD]) refers to the degree to which one implements psychological distancing naturally via language. A crucial, underexamined mechanism that may account for real-world emotion and health self-reports is spontaneous (i.e., implicit) LD. Using HealthSense, a novel, scalable, mobile health assessment application, we collected lexical transcriptions for personally specific negative and positive events as well as emotion and health-relevant data over 14 days (data collected in 2021) and examined how implicit LD during negative and positive events relates to well-being over time. Primary analyses revealed that higher LD during negative events was associated with lower levels of stress as well as greater emotional and physical well-being within persons. LD during positive events on 1 day predicted greater reports of happiness 2 days later within persons. LD during positive events was associated with fewer symptoms of depression and LD during negative events was associated with greater physical well-being among persons. Exploratory analyses revealed that average depression, rumination, and perceived stress across the 2 weeks were significantly negatively associated with LD during negative events between persons. The present results expand understanding of the relationship between LD and mental and physical health risks and motivate future research on low-burden, scalable interventions involving LD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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4
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Stoner MCD, Kelly NK, Gomez-Olive FX, Kahn K, Wagner D, Bhushan NL, Aiello AE, Pettifor AE. Relationships Between Stress-Responsive Biomarkers, ART Adherence, and Viral Suppression Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women Living With HIV in South Africa: An HPTN 068 Analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2023; 92:349-358. [PMID: 36729676 PMCID: PMC10006401 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) living with HIV who have higher stress levels may be at risk of stress-related biological alterations, which could influence HIV progression and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). SETTING We aimed to estimate associations among stress-responsive biomarkers, ART adherence, and viral suppression in AGYW living with HIV in South Africa. We also hypothesized that psychosocial stressors [eg, depression, food insecurity, low socioeconomic status (SES), and HSV-2] would be associated with higher biomarker levels. METHODS We used 2018/2019 data from the HIV Prevention Trials Network 068 cohort to assess associations between stress-responsive biomarkers and viral suppression (<1000 copies/mL) and ART adherence measured using dried blood spot cards. Stress-responsive biomarkers included C-reactive protein, herpes simplex virus type 1, and cytomegalovirus infection and reactivation. Associations were estimated using unadjusted log-binomial or ordinal logistic regression models. RESULTS In 166 AGYW living with HIV, there was no association between stress-responsive biomarkers and viral suppression or ART adherence. However, increased C-reactive protein levels were associated with higher HSV-2 infection [odds ratio (OR) 1.98; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11, 3.52], being a government grant recipient (OR 3.21; 95% CI: 1.30, 7.92), lower food insecurity (OR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.90), and increased body mass index (OR 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.14). CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of psychosocial stressors and persistent herpesviruses in AGYW living with HIV has the potential to lead to poorer health outcomes. More research is needed to untangle relationships between economic stability, chronic disease, and chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C D Stoner
- Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, Berkeley, CA
| | - Nicole K Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - F Xavier Gomez-Olive
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
- Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Danielle Wagner
- Women's Global Health Imperative, RTI International, Berkeley, CA
| | - Nivedita L Bhushan
- Center for Communication Science, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert N Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA
| | - Audrey E Pettifor
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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5
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Integrative Approaches to the Treatment of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235933. [PMID: 36497414 PMCID: PMC9740147 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of cancer patients use forms of complementary medicine or therapies. An integrative approach to cancer management combines conventional medicine with evidence-based complementary medicines/therapies and lifestyle interventions, for the treatment and prevention of disease and the optimisation of health. Its basis is a holistic one; to treat the whole person, not just the disease. It makes use of adjunct technologies which may assist the clinician in diagnosis of early carcinogenesis and monitoring of treatment effectiveness. Many factors contribute to the development of cancer including some which are largely modifiable by the patient and which oncologists may be in a position to advise on, such as stress, poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, poor sleep, and Vitamin D deficiency. An integrative approach to addressing these factors may contribute to better overall health of the patient and better outcomes. Evidence-based complementary medicine approaches include the use of supplements, herbal medicine, various practices that reduce stress, and physical therapies. Individualised to the patient, these can also help address the symptoms and signs associated with cancer and its orthodox treatment.
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Yamanashi H, Akabame S, Miyata J, Honda Y, Nonaka F, Shimizu Y, Nakamichi S, Kawashiri SY, Tamai M, Arima K, Kawakami A, Aoyagi K, Maeda T. Association between Epstein-Barr virus serological reactivation and psychological distress: a cross-sectional study of Japanese community-dwelling older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8258-8269. [DOI: 10.18632/aging.204345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Yamanashi
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shogo Akabame
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jun Miyata
- Department of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Honda
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Nonaka
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimizu
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Seiko Nakamichi
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Kawashiri
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mami Tamai
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Arima
- Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Aoyagi
- Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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7
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Pino O, Cadena RT, Poli D. A Comprehensive Review on Multifaceted Mechanisms Involved in the Development of Breast Cancer Following Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12615. [PMID: 36231913 PMCID: PMC9565960 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE WORK Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) may give rise to harmful effects on health throughout life. Epigenetic changes explain how preexisting risk factors may contribute to produce altered biological responses and cancer risk. The main aim of the review is to summarize studies examining the means in which Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) can modulate individual vulnerability to breast cancer (BC) development through multifaceted mechanisms. METHODS Studies selection, data extraction, and assessments agreed to PRISMA criteria. We included original research with clinical samples following BC interventions, investigating potential mechanisms linking ACEs and BC in adults. RESULTS From the 3321 papers found, nine articles involving 2931 participants were selected. All studies included ACEs retrospective assessments and psychological measures, and seven of them considered biomarkers. Individuals exposed to greater ACEs were at increased BC risk compared with individuals with no ACEs. Associations were found between child abuse and/or neglect, depression, perceived stress, fatigue, and plasma levels of cytokines interleukin (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type II (sTNF-RII), interleukin IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and psycho-physiological adjustments that may lead to BC. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to multiple ACEs appears a risk factor for BC development in adulthood. Although the clinical relevance of findings such as this is ambiguous, the review added evidence for a link between the presence of childhood adversity and BC occurrence, pointing to psychological, hormonal, and immunological dysregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Pino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Diana Poli
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via Fontana Candida 1, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
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8
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Effect of Cytomegalovirus on the Immune System: Implications for Aging and Mental Health. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 61:181-214. [PMID: 35871707 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major modulator of the immune system leading to long-term changes in T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells among others. Perhaps because of this immunomodulatory capacity, HCMV infection has been linked with a host of deleterious effects including accelerated immune aging (premature mortality, increased expression of immunosenescence-linked markers, telomere shortening, speeding-up of epigenetic "clocks"), decreased vaccine immunogenicity, and greater vulnerability to infectious diseases (e.g., tuberculosis) or infectious disease-associated pathology (e.g., HIV). Perhaps not surprisingly given the long co-evolution between HCMV and humans, the virus has also been associated with beneficial effects, such as increased vaccine responsiveness, heterologous protection against infections, and protection against relapse in the context of leukemia. Here, we provide an overview of this literature. Ultimately, we focus on one other deleterious effect of HCMV, namely the emerging literature suggesting that HCMV plays a pathophysiological role in psychiatric illness, particularly depression and schizophrenia. We discuss this literature through the lens of psychological stress and inflammation, two well-established risk factors for psychiatric illness that are also known to predispose to reactivation of HCMV.
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9
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Tsai MS, Newman C, Macdonald DW, Buesching CD. Adverse weather during in utero development is linked to higher rates of later-life herpesvirus reactivation in adult European badgers, Meles meles. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211749. [PMID: 35582658 PMCID: PMC9091846 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal immune and/or metabolic conditions relating to stress or nutritional status can affect in utero development among offspring with subsequent implications for later-life responses to infections. We used free-ranging European badgers as a host-pathogen model to investigate how prenatal weather conditions affect later-life herpesvirus genital tract reactivation. We applied a sliding window analysis of weather conditions to 164 samples collected in 2018 from 95 individuals born between 2005-2016. We test if the monthly mean and variation in rainfall and temperature experienced by their mother during the 12 months of delayed implantation and gestation prior to parturition subsequently affected individual herpes reactivation rates among these offspring. We identified four influential prenatal seasonal weather windows that corresponded with previously identified critical climatic conditions affecting badger survival, fecundity and body condition. These all occurred during the pre-implantation rather than the post-implantation period. We conclude that environmental cues during the in utero period of delayed implantation may result in changes that affect an individual's developmental programming against infection or viral reactivation later in life. This illustrates how prenatal adversity caused by environmental factors, such as climate change, can impact wildlife health and population dynamics-an interaction largely overlooked in wildlife management and conservation programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-shan Tsai
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Chris Newman
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK
- Cook's Lake Farming Forestry and Wildlife Inc (Ecological Consultancy), Queens County, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Christina D. Buesching
- Cook's Lake Farming Forestry and Wildlife Inc (Ecological Consultancy), Queens County, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Levy S, Muench J. The epigenetic impact of adverse childhood experiences through the lens of personalized medicine. Epigenomics 2022; 14:425-429. [PMID: 35220755 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Levy
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.,Department of Medical Education, Providence Health and Services, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR 97213, USA
| | - John Muench
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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11
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Chen MA, LeRoy AS, Majd M, Chen JY, Brown RL, Christian LM, Fagundes CP. Immune and Epigenetic Pathways Linking Childhood Adversity and Health Across the Lifespan. Front Psychol 2021; 12:788351. [PMID: 34899540 PMCID: PMC8662704 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.788351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood adversity is associated with a host of mental and physical health problems across the lifespan. Individuals who have experienced childhood adversity (e.g., child abuse and neglect, family conflict, poor parent/child relationships, low socioeconomic status or extreme poverty) are at a greater risk for morbidity and premature mortality than those not exposed to childhood adversity. Several mechanisms likely contribute to the relationship between childhood adversity and health across the lifespan (e.g., health behaviors, cardiovascular reactivity). In this paper, we review a large body of research within the field of psychoneuroimmunology, demonstrating the relationship between early life stress and alterations of the immune system. We first review the literature demonstrating that childhood adversity is associated with immune dysregulation across different indices, including proinflammatory cytokine production (and its impact on telomere length), illness and infection susceptibility, latent herpesvirus reactivation, and immune response to a tumor. We then summarize the growing literature on how childhood adversity may alter epigenetic processes. Finally, we propose future directions related to this work that have basic and applied implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Chen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Angie S LeRoy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marzieh Majd
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan Y Chen
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ryan L Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lisa M Christian
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health and the Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher P Fagundes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Derry HM, Johnston CD, Brennan-Ing M, Karpiak S, Burchett CO, Zhu YS, Siegler EL, Glesby MJ. Childhood sexual abuse history amplifies the link between disease burden and inflammation among older adults with HIV. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 17:100342. [PMID: 34589822 PMCID: PMC8474623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As they age, people living with HIV (PLWH) experience greater rates of inflammation-related health conditions compared to their HIV-negative peers. Because early life adversity can exaggerate proinflammatory effects of later physiological challenges, inflammation may be higher among PLWH with these combined risks, which could inform intervention approaches to mitigate multimorbidity. In this cross-sectional analysis, we investigated individual and combined effects of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) history and physiological burden (Veterans Aging Cohort Study Index scores) on serum cytokine and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels among PLWH. Participants (n = 131; age 54 and older) were patients at an outpatient HIV clinic who completed a psychosocial survey and biomedical research visit as part of a larger study. 93% were virally suppressed, and 40% reported experiencing sexual abuse in childhood. Composite cytokine levels (summarizing IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ), CRP, and disease burden did not differ significantly between those who had a history of CSA and those who did not. Participants with greater disease burden had higher composite cytokine levels (r = 0.29, p = 0.001). The disease burden by CSA interaction effect was a significant predictor of composite cytokine levels (but not CRP), and remained significant after controlling for age, sex, race, BMI, anti-inflammatory medication use, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use, depressive symptoms, and smoking status (F(1, 114) = 5.68, p = 0.02). In follow-up simple slopes analysis, greater disease burden was associated with higher cytokine levels among those with CSA history (b = 0.03, SE = 0.008, p<0.001), but not among those without CSA history. Further, in the context of greater disease burden, individuals with a CSA history tended to have higher cytokine levels than those without a CSA history (b = 0.38, SE = 0.21, p = 0.07). These data suggest that the physiological sequelae of childhood trauma may persist into older age among those with HIV. Specifically, links between physiological burden and inflammation were stronger among survivors of CSA in this study. The combined presence of CSA history and higher disease burden may signal a greater need for and potential benefit from interventions to reduce inflammation, an area for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Derry
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carrie D. Johnston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Brennan-Ing
- Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Karpiak
- ACRIA Center on HIV & Aging at GMHC, New York, NY, USA
- New York University, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chelsie O. Burchett
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yuan-Shan Zhu
- Department of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eugenia L. Siegler
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marshall J. Glesby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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13
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A hidden menace? Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with reduced cortical gray matter volume in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4234-4244. [PMID: 33223520 PMCID: PMC8140068 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with neuropathology in patients with impaired immunity and/or inflammatory diseases. However, the association between gray matter volume (GMV) and HCMV has never been examined in major depressive disorder (MDD) despite the presence of inflammation and impaired viral immunity in a subset of patients. We tested this relationship in two independent samples consisting of 179 individuals with MDD and 41 healthy controls (HC) (sample 1) and 124 MDD participants and 148 HCs (sample 2). HCMV positive (HCMV+) and HCMV negative (HCMV-) groups within each sample were balanced on up to 11 different clinical/demographic variables using inverse probability of treatment weighting. GMV of 87 regions was measured with FreeSurfer. There was a main effect of HCMV serostatus but not diagnosis that replicated across samples. Relative to HCMV- subjects, HCMV+ subjects in sample 1 showed a significant reduction of volume in six regions (puncorrected < 0.05). The reductions in GMV of the right supramarginal gyrus (standardized beta coefficient (SBC) = -0.26) and left fusiform gyrus (SBC = -0.25) in sample 1 were replicated in sample 2: right supramarginal gyrus (puncorrected < 0.05, SBC = -0.32), left fusiform gyrus (PFDR < 0.01, SBC = -0.51). Posthoc tests revealed that the effect of HCMV was driven by differences between the HCMV+ and HCMV- MDD subgroups. HCMV IgG level, a surrogate marker of viral activity, was correlated with GMV in the left fusiform gyrus (r = -0.19, Puncorrected = 0.049) and right supramarginal gyrus (r = -0.19, puncorrected = 0.043) in the HCMV+ group of sample 1. Conceivably, HCMV infection may be a treatable source of neuropathology in vulnerable MDD patients.
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14
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Schnittman SR, Hunt PW. Clinical consequences of asymptomatic cytomegalovirus in treated human immunodeficency virus infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2021; 16:168-176. [PMID: 33833209 PMCID: PMC8238090 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART)-mediated viral suppression, people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PWH) have increased morbidity and mortality. Immune activation and inflammation persist on ART and predict these complications. Over 90% of PWH have cytomegalovirus (CMV) co-infection, and CMV is considered a plausible contributor to this persistent immune activation. RECENT FINDINGS A detailed understanding of the link between CMV and multimorbidity is needed, particularly as research moves toward identifying potential targeted therapeutics to attenuate inflammation-mediated morbidity and mortality in treated HIV. We review the literature on the association between CMV and immune activation as well as multiple end-organ complications including cardiovascular disease, venous thromboembolic disease, metabolic complications, gastrointestinal dysfunction, central nervous system involvement, birth sex-related differences, and the relation to the HIV reservoir. We conclude with a discussion of ongoing therapeutic efforts to target CMV. SUMMARY As CMV is a plausible driver of multiple comorbidities through persistent immune activation in treated HIV, future research is needed and planned to address its causal role as well as to test novel therapeutics in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Schnittman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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15
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Osborn M, Widom CS. Do documented records and retrospective reports of childhood maltreatment similarly predict chronic inflammation? Psychol Med 2020; 50:2406-2415. [PMID: 31544727 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood adversities have been associated with chronic inflammation and risk for cardiovascular disease. With some exceptions, existing knowledge of this relationship is based on retrospective self-reports, potentially subject to recall bias or memory problems. We seek to determine whether childhood maltreatment is associated with higher C-reactive protein (CRP) later in life and whether individuals with official and retrospective self-reports of maltreatment and men and women show similar increases in risk. METHODS Data are from in-person interviews in 2009-2010 with 443 offspring (mean age = 23.4) of parents in a longitudinal study of the consequences of childhood maltreatment. Official reports of maltreatment were abstracted from 2011-2013 Child Protective Services records. Eleven measures were used to assess self-reported maltreatment retrospectively. Seventeen percent of offspring had official reports, whereas self-reported prevalence rates ranged from 5.4% to 64.8%. CRP was assessed through blood spot samples. Regression models were used to estimate the effect of maltreatment on inflammation, adjusting for age, sex, race, parent occupational status, current depression, smoking, and heavy drinking. RESULTS Individuals with official reports of child maltreatment and, specifically, physical abuse, had significantly higher levels of CRP than non-maltreated individuals. Maltreated females showed elevated CRP, independent of control variables, whereas no significant association was observed in males. Retrospective self-report measures of child maltreatment did not predict elevated CRP. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with documented histories of childhood maltreatment are at increased risk for chronic inflammation and may benefit from targeted interventions. The results strengthen inferences about the effects of childhood maltreatment on inflammation in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Osborn
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York City, New York, USA
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Cathy Spatz Widom
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York City, New York, USA
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York City, New York, USA
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16
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LeRoy AS, Petit WE, Brown RL, Murdock KW, Garcini LM, Stowe RP, Fagundes CP. Relationship satisfaction determines the association between Epstein-Barr virus latency and somatic symptoms after the loss of a spouse. PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2020; 27:652-673. [PMID: 36685314 PMCID: PMC9854169 DOI: 10.1111/pere.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The loss of a spouse is associated with a host of negative health outcomes. While bereaved individuals commonly report somatic symptoms, no investigations exist of the association between reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and somatic symptoms among this population. Further, how an individual perceives the quality of their lost relationship in retrospect may impact loss outcomes. Among 99 bereaved spouses, elevated EBV antibody titers were associated with somatic symptoms for those who retrospectively reported high or mean levels of relationship satisfaction (RS), but not among those less satisfied. Further, higher RS was associated with greater grief symptoms. This study identifies higher retrospective RS as a possible risk factor for negative physical and mental health outcomes during bereavement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie S. LeRoy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Ryan L. Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Kyle W. Murdock
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
| | - Luz M. Garcini
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Chris P. Fagundes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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17
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Childhood maltreatment and monocyte gene expression among women with breast cancer. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:396-402. [PMID: 32247915 PMCID: PMC8667713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood adversity is reliably associated with immune alterations in adulthood, including increases in inflammatory processes. However, relatively few studies have investigated these associations in clinical populations such as cancer patients who are at risk for negative immune-related health outcomes. The current study tested the hypothesis that childhood maltreatment would be associated with alterations in immune-related gene expression in monocytes from women with breast cancer. METHODS Women (n = 86) were recruited after diagnosis with early-stage breast cancer but before onset of adjuvant therapy with radiation, chemotherapy, and/or endocrine therapy. Participants completed questionnaires to assess childhood maltreatment (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTQ) and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CES-D) and provided blood samples for immune assessment. CD14+ monocytes were isolated for RNA extraction and gene expression analyses. RESULTS Based on responses to the CTQ, 28% of participants were classified as experiencing physical and/or emotional abuse or neglect and 7% as experiencing sexual abuse. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of isolated monocytes identified 202 gene transcripts that differed in average expression level by > 25% over the range of maltreatment exposure. Bioinformatics analyses of those gene transcripts identified a significantly greater prevalence of NF-κB-binding motifs within the promoters of up-regulated vs. down-regulated genes (p = .028) in women exposed to childhood maltreatment, indicating greater inflammatory signaling. Parallel analyses of Type I interferon signaling also indicated greater prevalence of Interferon Response Factor (IRF)-related binding sites in women with a childhood maltreatment history (p = .020). Results remained significant in analyses controlling for current depression; however, NF-κB and IRF-related gene expression was higher in women with both maltreatment exposure and current depression. CONCLUSIONS In women recently diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer, childhood maltreatment was associated with increases in the classical NF-kB-related pro-inflammatory signaling pathway and with increases in the Type I interferon system. These results suggest a broad pattern of chronic immunologic activation in breast cancer patients with a history of childhood maltreatment, particularly those who are currently experiencing clinically significant depressive symptoms. These findings have implications for the long-term health and well-being of maltreatment exposed breast cancer patients.
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18
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Diagnosis-independent loss of T-cell costimulatory molecules in individuals with cytomegalovirus infection. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:795-803. [PMID: 32209361 PMCID: PMC7594105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with physiological changes commonly observed with increasing age, such as inflammation and impaired immune function. Age-related impaired adaptive immunity is characterized by the loss of naive T-cells and the reciprocal accumulation of memory T-cells together with the loss of T-cell co-stimulatory molecules. Additionally, the presence and activity of cytomegalovirus (CMV) alters the architecture of the T-cell compartment in a manner consistent with premature aging. Because CMV is also thought to reactivate with psychological stress, this study tested whether MDD influences age-related phenotypes of T-cell populations in the context of CMV infection in young and middle-aged adults. Morning blood samples from volunteers with a DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD (n = 98, mean age(SD) = 36(10) years, 74.5% female, 57.1% CMV+) and comparison controls (n = 98, mean age(SD) = 34(10) years, 68.4% female, 51.0% CMV+) were evaluated for CMV IgG antibody status and the distribution of late differentiated (CD27-CD28-) cells within CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets, i.e. naive (CCR7+CD45RA+), effector memory (EM, CCR7-CD45RA-), central memory (CM, CCR7+CD45RA-) and effector memory cells re-expressing CD45RA (EMRA, CCR7-CD45RA+). Mixed linear regression models controlling for age, sex, ethnicity and flow cytometry batch showed that CMV seropositivity was associated with a reduction in naive T-cells, expansion of EMRA T-cells, and a greater percent distribution of CD27-CD28- cells within CD4+ and CD8+ memory T-cell subsets (p's < 0.004), but there was no significant effect of MDD, nor any significant interaction between CMV and diagnosis. Unexpectedly, depressed men were less likely to be CMV+ and depressed women were more likely to be CMV+ than sex-matched controls suggesting a possible interaction between sex and MDD on CMV susceptibility, but this three-way interaction did not significantly affect the T-cell subtypes. Our findings suggest that depression in young and middle-aged adults does not prematurely advance aging of the T-cell compartment independently of CMV, but there may be significant sex-specific effects on adaptive immunity that warrant further investigation.
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19
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Yazawa A, Inoue Y, Cai G, Tu R, Huang M, He F, Chen J, Yamamoto T, Watanabe C. Association between early parental deprivation and cellular immune function among adults in rural Fujian, China. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:1094-1099. [PMID: 31206186 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of childhood parental deprivation in the association between quality of life (QOL) and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody titer, a marker of cellular immune functioning, using data from 734 adults living in seven communities in rural Fujian, China. Parental deprivation was defined if either of their parents had died, divorced, or left them for migratory work for more than 1 year before they turned (a) 16 years of age (childhood and adolescence), or (b) 3 years of age (early childhood). A mixed-effects regression analysis with a random effects model revealed that parental deprivation during early childhood was positively associated with the EBV antibody titer (coefficient = 0.33, p = 0.007), whereas parental deprivation during the first 16 years was not. Further analysis incorporating an interaction term between QOL and parental deprivation revealed a significant interaction between QOL and parental deprivation during early childhood; a significant association between QOL and the EBV antibody titer was found only among those who reported parental deprivation during early childhood. This study suggests that parental deprivation during the period of immune system development may be linked with physiological responses to stressors later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Yazawa
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yosuke Inoue
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guoxi Cai
- Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Environment and Public Health, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Raoping Tu
- Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Meng Huang
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Taro Yamamoto
- Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Chiho Watanabe
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
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20
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Ports KA, Holman DM, Guinn AS, Pampati S, Dyer KE, Merrick MT, Lunsford NB, Metzler M. Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Presence of Cancer Risk Factors in Adulthood: A Scoping Review of the Literature From 2005 to 2015. J Pediatr Nurs 2019; 44:81-96. [PMID: 30683285 PMCID: PMC6355255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) is associated with a host of harmful outcomes, including increased risk for cancer. A scoping review was conducted to gain a better understanding of how ACEs have been studied in association with risk factors for cancer. This review includes 155 quantitative, peer-reviewed articles published between 2005 and 2015 that examined associations between ACEs and modifiable cancer risk factors, including alcohol, environmental carcinogens, chronic inflammation, sex hormones, immunosuppression, infectious agents, obesity, radiation, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and tobacco, among U.S. adults. This review highlights the growing body of research connecting ACEs to cancer risk factors, particularly alcohol, obesity, and tobacco. Fewer studies investigated the links between ACEs and chronic inflammation or infectious agents. No included publications investigated associations between ACEs and environmental carcinogens, hormones, immunosuppression, radiation, or ultraviolet radiation. Mitigating the impact of ACEs may provide innovative ways to effect comprehensive, upstream cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Ports
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Dawn M Holman
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Angie S Guinn
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Sanjana Pampati
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Karen E Dyer
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Melissa T Merrick
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Natasha Buchanan Lunsford
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Marilyn Metzler
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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21
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Elwenspoek MMC, Sias K, Hengesch X, Schaan VK, Leenen FAD, Adams P, Mériaux SB, Schmitz S, Bonnemberger F, Ewen A, Schächinger H, Vögele C, Muller CP, Turner JD. T Cell Immunosenescence after Early Life Adversity: Association with Cytomegalovirus Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1263. [PMID: 29089944 PMCID: PMC5651086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) increases the risk for multiple age-related diseases, such as diabetes type 2 and cardiovascular disease. As prevalence is high, ELA poses a major and global public health problem. Immunosenescence, or aging of the immune system, has been proposed to underlie the association between ELA and long-term health consequences. However, it is unclear what drives ELA-associated immunosenescence and which cells are primarily affected. We investigated different biomarkers of immunosenescence in a healthy subset of the EpiPath cohort. Participants were either parent-reared (Ctrl, n = 59) or had experienced separation from their parents in early childhood and were subsequently adopted (ELA, n = 18). No difference was observed in telomere length or in methylation levels of age-related CpGs in whole blood, containing a heterogeneous mixture of immune cells. However, when specifically investigating T cells, we found a higher expression of senescence markers (CD57) in ELA. In addition, senescent T cells (CD57+) in ELA had an increased cytolytic potential compared to senescent cells in controls. With a mediation analysis we demonstrated that cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, which is an important driving force of immunosenescence, largely accounted for elevated CD57 expression observed in ELA. Leukocyte telomere length may obscure cell-specific immunosenescence; here, we demonstrated that the use of cell surface markers of senescence can be more informative. Our data suggest that ELA may increase the risk of CMV infection in early childhood, thereby mediating the effect of ELA on T cell-specific immunosenescence. Thus, future studies should include CMV as a confounder or selectively investigate CMV seronegative cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M C Elwenspoek
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.,Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Krystel Sias
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Xenia Hengesch
- Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Violetta K Schaan
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Research Unit INSIDE, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Fleur A D Leenen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.,Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Philipp Adams
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Sophie B Mériaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Stephanie Schmitz
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Fanny Bonnemberger
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Anouk Ewen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Hartmut Schächinger
- Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Claus Vögele
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Research Unit INSIDE, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Claude P Muller
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.,Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Jonathan D Turner
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
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22
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Belsky DW, Snyder-Mackler N. Invited Commentary: Integrating Genomics and Social Epidemiology-Analysis of Late-Life Low Socioeconomic Status and the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:510-513. [PMID: 28911013 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Socially disadvantaged children face increased morbidity and mortality as they age. Understanding mechanisms through which social disadvantage becomes biologically embedded and devising measurements that can track this embedding are critical priorities for research to address social gradients in health. The analysis by Levine et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(5):503-509) of genome-wide gene expression in a subsample of US Health and Retirement Study participants suggests important new directions for the field. Specifically, findings suggest promise in integrating gene expression data into population studies and provide further evidence for the conserved transcriptional response to adversity as a marker of biological embedding of social disadvantage. The study also highlights methodological issues related to the analysis of gene expression data and social gradients in health and a need to examine the conserved transcriptional response to adversity alongside other proposed measurements of biological embedding. Looking to the future, advances in genome science are opening new opportunities for sociogenomic epidemiology.
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23
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Bandinelli LP, Levandowski ML, Grassi-Oliveira R. The childhood maltreatment influences on breast cancer patients: A second wave hit model hypothesis for distinct biological and behavioral response. Med Hypotheses 2017; 108:86-93. [PMID: 29055407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress and cancer are two complex situations involving different biological and psychological mechanisms. Their relationship have long been studied, and there is evidence of the impact stress has on both, development and disease progression. Furthermore, early stress has been studied as an important factor associated to this relationship, since its impacts on the immune, endocrine and cognitive development throughout life is already known. Therefore, understanding early stress as a first wave of stress in life is necessary in order to explore a possible second wave hit model. From this perspective, we believe that breast cancer can be understood as a second wave of stress during development and that, in addition to the first wave, can cause important impacts on the response to cancer treatment, such as increased chances of disease progression and distinct behavioral responses. In this article we propose a second wave hit hypothesis applied to breast cancer and its implications on the immune, endocrine and cognitive systems, through mechanisms that involve the HPA axis and subsequent activations of stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Poitevin Bandinelli
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil
| | - Mateus Luz Levandowski
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), RS, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (PUCRS), RS, Brazil.
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24
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The effects of early life adversity on the immune system. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 82:140-154. [PMID: 28549270 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with a higher risk for diseases in adulthood. Although the pathophysiological effects of ELA are varied, there may be a unifying role for the immune system in all of the long-term pathologies such as chronic inflammatory disorders (autoimmune diseases, allergy, and asthma). Recently, significant efforts have been made to elucidate the long-term effects ELA has on immune function, as well as the mechanisms underlying these immune changes. In this review, we focus on data from human studies investigating immune parameters in relation to post-natal adverse experiences. We describe the current understanding of the 'ELA immune phenotype', characterized by inflammation, impairment of the cellular immune system, and immunosenescence. However, at present, data addressing specific immune functions are limited and there is a need for high-quality, well powered, longitudinal studies to unravel cause from effect. Besides the immune system, also the stress system and health behaviors are altered in ELA. We discuss probable underlying mechanisms based on epigenetic programming that could explain the ELA immune phenotype and whether this is a direct effect of immune programming or an indirect consequence of changes in behavior or stress reactivity. Understanding the underlying mechanisms will help define effective strategies to prevent or counteract negative ELA-associated outcomes.
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25
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Krause N, Ironson G. God-mediated control beliefs and the Epstein-Barr virus: Is more God-mediated control always better? JOURNAL OF RELIGION, SPIRITUALITY & AGING 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15528030.2017.1335632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neal Krause
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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26
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Jonker I, Rosmalen JGM, Schoevers RA. Childhood life events, immune activation and the development of mood and anxiety disorders: the TRAILS study. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1112. [PMID: 28463238 PMCID: PMC5534944 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The experience of childhood life events is associated with higher vulnerability to develop psychiatric disorders. One of the pathways suggested to lead to this vulnerability is activation of the immune system. The aim of this study is to find out whether the association between childhood life events and the development of mood and anxiety disorders is predicted by the activation of the immune system. This study was performed in TRAILS, a large prospective population cohort, from which a subgroup was selected (N=1084, 54.3% female, mean age 19.0 (s.d., 0.6)). Childhood life events before age 16 were assessed using questionnaires at age 12, 14, 16 and 19. Immune activation was assessed at age 16 by elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and by levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies against the herpes viruses herpes simplex virus 1, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. At age 19, the presence of mood and anxiety disorders was determined using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0. Regression analyses were used to study the association between life events, the inflammatory markers and mental health. We found that childhood life events score was associated with risk of mood disorders (B=0.269, P<0.001) and anxiety disorders (B=0.129, P<0.001). Childhood life events score was marginally associated with elevated hsCRP (B=0.076, P=0.006), but not with the antibody levels. This was especially due to separation trauma (P=0.015) and sexual abuse (P=0.019). Associations lost significance after correcting for lifestyle factors such as body mass index and substance abuse (P=0.042). None of the inflammatory markers were associated with development of anxiety disorders or mood disorders. In conclusion, the life event scores predicted the development of anxiety disorders and mood disorders at age 19. Life event scores were associated with elevated hsCRP, which was partly explained by lifestyle factors. Elevated hsCRP was not associated with the development of psychiatric disorders at age 19.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jonker
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Hanzeplein 1, Postbus 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - J G M Rosmalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R A Schoevers
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Weber D, O'Brien K. Cancer and Cancer-Related Fatigue and the Interrelationships With Depression, Stress, and Inflammation. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2016; 22:502-512. [PMID: 30208733 PMCID: PMC5871160 DOI: 10.1177/2156587216676122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common symptom experienced in cancer patients. Depression, anxiety, and stress are associated with cancer. Depression and anxiety are also associated with CRF. At the cellular level, much is known about the impact of stress on the body generally, and its potential role in cancer. Stress, anxiety, and depression have been found to depress the immune system. Depression and stress have also been found to create inflammatory changes in the body and there is emerging evidence that inflammation is involved in cancer pathogenesis and in CRF. This article examines the relationships between stress, anxiety, depression, and cancer; relationships between anxiety and depression and CRF; and what happens at the cellular level, including impact on the immune system and emerging evidence of the role of inflammation in CRF. It also reports on research in relation to some Chinese herbal medicines that may be used to treat CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weber
- 1 Charles Sturt University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,2 Tianjin University, Nankai, Tianjin, China.,3 National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie O'Brien
- 3 National Institute of Integrative Medicine, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.,4 Torrens University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,5 Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,6 National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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28
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Meier HCS, Haan MN, Mendes de Leon CF, Simanek AM, Dowd JB, Aiello AE. Early life socioeconomic position and immune response to persistent infections among elderly Latinos. Soc Sci Med 2016; 166:77-85. [PMID: 27543684 PMCID: PMC5573138 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infections, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), are common in the U.S. but their prevalence varies by socioeconomic status. It is unclear if early or later life socioeconomic position (SEP) is a more salient driver of disparities in immune control of these infections. Using data from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging, we examined whether early or later life SEP was the strongest predictor of immune control later in life by contrasting two life course models, the critical period model and the chain of risk model. Early life SEP was measured as a latent variable, derived from parental education and occupation, and food availability. Indicators for SEP in later life included education level and occupation. Individuals were categorized by immune response to each pathogen (seronegative, low, medium and high) with increasing immune response representing poorer immune control. Cumulative immune response was estimated using a latent profile analysis with higher total immune response representing poorer immune control. Structural equation models were used to examine direct, indirect and total effects of early life SEP on each infection and cumulative immune response, controlling for age and gender. The direct effect of early life SEP on immune response was not statistically significant for the infections or cumulative immune response. Higher early life SEP was associated with lower immune response for T. gondii, H. pylori and cumulative immune response through pathways mediated by later life SEP. For CMV, higher early life SEP was both directly associated and partially mediated by later life SEP. No association was found between SEP and HSV-1. Findings from this study support a chain of risk model, whereby early life SEP acts through later life SEP to affect immune response to persistent infections in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C S Meier
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12233, MD A3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Mary N Haan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 550 15th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
| | - Carlos F Mendes de Leon
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Amanda M Simanek
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, United States.
| | - Jennifer B Dowd
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY School of Public Health, Hunter College, City University of New York, 2180 Third Ave., New York, NY 10035, United States.
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Dr. 2101B McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB 7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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29
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Murdock KW, Fagundes CP, Peek MK, Vohra V, Stowe RP. The effect of self-reported health on latent herpesvirus reactivation and inflammation in an ethnically diverse sample. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 72:113-8. [PMID: 27398881 PMCID: PMC5116910 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Self-rated health (SRH) is a reliable predictor of health outcomes including morbidity and mortality. Immune dysregulation is one hypothesized mechanism underlying the association between SRH and health outcomes. Indeed, poorer SRH is associated with greater inflammation. The association between SRH and reactivation of latent herpesviruses is unknown, representing an important gap in the literature given that reactivation of latent herpesviruses leads to enhanced inflammation. The present study addressed this important gap in the literature by examining associations between SRH, inflammation (i.e., peripheral cytokines in the blood), and reactivation of latent herpesviruses among a sample of 1208 individuals participating in the Texas City Stress and Health Study. Participants completed a self-report measure of SRH and a blood draw. Results indicated that higher SRH was associated with lower reactivation of latent herpesviruses and inflammation. Moreover, reactivation of latent herpesviruses partially mediated the association between SRH and inflammation. Accordingly, findings add to our growing understanding of the association between SRH and immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Murdock
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Christopher P. Fagundes
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
,Department of Symptoms Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1450, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
,Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza - BCM350, Houston, Texas 77030 , USA
| | - M. Kristen Peek
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vansh Vohra
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Raymond P. Stowe
- Microgen Laboratories, 903 Texas Avenue, La Marque, TX 77568, USA
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Faretta E, Civilotti C. EMDR Therapy in Psycho-Oncology: A Bridge Between Mind and Body. JOURNAL OF EMDR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1891/1933-3196.10.3.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Of the many life-threatening illnesses, cancer can be one of the most traumatic and distressful. It impacts the individual’s sense of identity and interferes with essential features intrinsic to the person’s uniqueness and self-awareness. It attacks patients’ physical integrity, bringing death into the foreground and can directly threaten their sense of belonging to micro and macro social systems. This article stresses the importance of understanding that psychological pain and physical suffering are closely interconnected and, within the context of psycho-oncology, proposes a clinical perspective based on the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) approach, in which the cancer event is nested in the history of life of the patient. EMDR is a therapeutic approach guided by the adaptive information processing (AIP) model. The AIP model postulates that psychopathology results when unprocessed experiences are stored in their own neural network, incapable of connecting with other more adaptive networks. In this perspective, the core of the clinical suffering is hypothesized as embedded in these dysfunctionally suspended memories. In line with recent scientific literature presented in this article, it appears that previous and cancer-related traumas maintain a vicious cycle between psychological and physical health, and the aim of EMDR therapy is to break this cycle. Recent scientific research has hypothesized that EMDR therapy is effective at both the psychological and physical levels. However, because of the consistent heterogeneity of the research design, the findings reported in this article highlight the need for further controlled research for more comprehensive examination.
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31
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Lu D, Sundström K, Sparén P, Fall K, Sjölander A, Dillner J, Helm NY, Adami HO, Valdimarsdóttir U, Fang F. Bereavement Is Associated with an Increased Risk of HPV Infection and Cervical Cancer: An Epidemiological Study in Sweden. Cancer Res 2015; 76:643-51. [PMID: 26634926 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Grief over the loss of a family member may cause physical and mental illness, but an association between bereavement and cancer risk has not been established. Based on the Swedish National Cervical Screening Register (1969-2011) including 14,011,269 smears from 2,466,107 women, we conducted two nested case-control studies to examine the associations of bereavement (i.e., loss of a family member due to death) with abnormal cytology (390,310 first abnormal and 1,951,319 normal smears) and in situ/invasive cervical cancer (75,128 case and 375,640 control women), both individually matched on year of birth and screening adherence. Among 1,696 of the control women, we further investigated bereavement in association with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, both HPV16 and other HPV types. Bereavement was consistently associated with a 4% to 9% increased risk for first abnormal cytology, in situ and invasive cervical cancer (all P < 0.02). The associations became stronger when multiple losses, loss of child, sibling or spouse, and loss due to unnatural cause were analyzed separately (P for trend or difference < 0.0001), and for women with high screening adherence (P for difference < 0.05). Among 1,696 women who had not developed cervical cancer, we further investigated the link between bereavement and HPV infection. Bereavement was associated with a 62% increased risk of HPV16 infection, high viral load, and recurrent infection, and was also more strongly associated with HPV infections designated as high-risk compared with low-risk determinants of cervical carcinogenesis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that bereavement is associated with an increased risk of developing cervical cancer. Further, they suggest that this association may be attributed to stress-induced oncogenic HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karin Sundström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pär Sparén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katja Fall
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arvid Sjölander
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Ylitalo Helm
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Unnur Valdimarsdóttir
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Center of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Exposure to neighborhood immigrant concentration from adolescence to young adulthood and immune function among Latino young adults. Health Place 2015; 32:59-64. [PMID: 25618565 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays a critical role in the prevention of infectious and chronic disease. We investigate associations between exposure to neighborhood immigrant concentration across the transition from adolescence to adulthood and immune function among Latino young adults, including moderation by nativity. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1994-2008) were analyzed. Immune function was measured via Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody levels (higher levels indicate impaired immune function) among EBV-positive Latino adults (N=1130). Results indicated the averaged individual exposure to immigrant concentration (mean % of foreign-born residents in the census tract across waves 1-4) was associated with immune function for foreign-born Latinos only (b=-0.37, P<0.05). For waves of exposure, only the cumulative measure of living in an immigrant enclave (census tracts with ≥40% foreign-born residents) across all waves was associated with immune function and only for foreign-born Latinos (b=-0.22, P<0.05). Research on the mechanisms through which neighborhood immigrant concentration confers salubrious physiological outcomes for foreign-born Latinos is needed.
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33
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Janicki-Deverts D, Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Marsland AL, Bosch JA. Childhood environments and cytomegalovirus serostatus and reactivation in adults. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:174-81. [PMID: 24675032 PMCID: PMC4102652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood adversity, defined in terms of material hardship or physical or emotional maltreatment has been associated with risk for infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) among children and adolescents, and with CMV reactivation in children and adults. The present study examined whether different dimensions of childhood experience-those pertaining to socioeconomic status (SES), physical environment, or family relationships-relate differentially to CMV serostatus and reactivation during adulthood. Participants were 140 healthy adults, aged 18-55years (41% female; 64% white). Childhood environments were assessed retrospectively and included family SES (parental housing tenure); childhood neighborhood environment (urban residence; physical conditions; safety; and social atmosphere); residential exposures (parental smoking and physical condition of home); and family relationships (parental divorce; warmth; harmony; dysfunction; parental bonding). Approximately 39% (n=53) of participants were CMV+. In individual analyses controlling for age, sex, race, body mass, current adult SES and smoking status, fewer years of parental home ownership, having a parent who smoked, and living in a poorly maintained or unsafe neighborhood each were associated with greater odds of infection with CMV. By comparison, in individual analyses limited to CMV+ participants, less family warmth, less harmony, greater dysfunction, and suboptimal parental bonding each were related to higher antibody levels, independent of the aforementioned covariates. Findings were not attributable to current adult perceptions of psychological stress or relative levels of emotional stability. These results suggest that different types of childhood adversity may be associated with differential effects on CMV infection and latency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - William J. Doyle
- Department of Otolaryngology/ENT, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Anna L. Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jos A. Bosch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine (MIPH), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Rector JL, Dowd JB, Loerbroks A, Burns VE, Moss PA, Jarczok MN, Stalder T, Hoffman K, Fischer JE, Bosch JA. Consistent associations between measures of psychological stress and CMV antibody levels in a large occupational sample. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 38:133-41. [PMID: 24472683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpes virus that has been implicated in biological aging and impaired health. Evidence, largely accrued from small-scale studies involving select populations, suggests that stress may promote non-clinical reactivation of this virus. However, absent is evidence from larger studies, which allow better statistical adjustment for confounding and mediating factors, in more representative samples. The present study involved a large occupational cohort (N=887, mean age=44, 88% male). Questionnaires assessed psychological (i.e., depression, anxiety, vital exhaustion, SF-12 mental health), demographic, socioeconomic (SES), and lifestyle variables. Plasma samples were analyzed for both the presence and level of CMV-specific IgG antibodies (CMV-IgG), used as markers for infection status and viral reactivation, respectively. Also assessed were potential biological mediators of stress-induced reactivation, such as inflammation (C-reactive protein) and HPA function (awakening and diurnal cortisol). Predictors of CMV infection and CMV-IgG among the infected individuals were analyzed using logistic and linear regression analyses, respectively. Confirming prior reports, lower SES (education and job status) was positively associated with infection status. Among those infected (N=329), higher CMV-IgG were associated with increased anxiety (β=.14, p<.05), depression (β=.11, p=.06), vital exhaustion (β=.14, p<.05), and decreased SF-12 mental health (β=-.14, p<.05), adjusting for a range of potential confounders. Exploratory analyses showed that these associations were generally stronger in low SES individuals. We found no evidence that elevated inflammation or HPA-function mediated any of the associations. In the largest study to date, we established associations between CMV-IgG levels and multiple indicators of psychological stress. These results demonstrate the robustness of prior findings, and extend these to a general working population. We propose that stress-induced CMV replication warrants further research as a psychobiological mechanism linking stress, aging and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrald L Rector
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine (MIPH), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jennifer B Dowd
- CUNY School of Public Health and CUNY Institute for Demographic Research (CIDR), One Bernard Baruch Way, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Adrian Loerbroks
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine (MIPH), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Victoria E Burns
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Moss
- Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B152TT, United Kingdom
| | - Marc N Jarczok
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine (MIPH), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Stalder
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristina Hoffman
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine (MIPH), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joachim E Fischer
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine (MIPH), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jos A Bosch
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine (MIPH), Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Weesperplein 4, 1018 XA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated inflammation predicts behavioral symptoms, disease progression, and mortality in patients with breast cancer and breast cancer survivors, although predictors of inflammation remain largely unknown. Adverse experiences in childhood have been associated with higher rates of psychological and physical illness, and elevated inflammatory activity in studies of healthy adults. However, little research has examined the association between childhood adversity and inflammation in the context of cancer, where inflammation is particularly relevant for health. METHODS The current study examined the association between three types of childhood adversity--abuse, neglect, and a chaotic home environment--and inflammatory markers (interleukin [IL]-6 and C-reactive protein), in breast cancer survivors who had completed primary cancer treatment 1 year earlier (n = 152). RESULTS The combined measure of childhood adversity was associated with elevations in plasma levels of IL-6 (B = 0.009, p = .027, η2 = 0.027, after controlling for age, body mass index, ethnicity, alcohol use, and cancer treatment (surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy). Examination of individual types of adversity demonstrated a positive association between abuse and IL-6 (B = 0.043, p = .030, η = 0.026), chaotic home environment and IL-6 (B = 0.031, p = .005, η = 0.043), and chaotic home environment and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type II (B = 0.012, p = .009, η2 = 0.037), after controlling for relevant confounds. CONCLUSION Childhood adversity was associated with elevated markers of inflammation in breast cancer survivors, with potential negative implications for health and well-being. In particular, chaotic home environment showed unique links with inflammatory outcomes.
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Abstract
Exposure to toxic stress accelerates the wear and tear on children's developing bodies and leaves a lasting mark on adult health. Prior research has focused mainly on children exposed to extreme forms of adversity, such as maltreatment and extreme neglect. However, repeated exposure to less severe, but often chronic stressors is likely to play as large, if not larger, of a role in forecasting children's future mental and physical health. New tools from neuroscience, biology, epigenetics, and the social sciences are helping to isolate when and how the foundations for adult health are shaped by childhood experiences. We are now in the position to understand how adversity, in both extreme and more mundane forms, contributes to the adult health burden and to identify features in children's families and environments that can be strengthened to buffer the effects of toxic stressors. We are also positioned to develop and implement innovative approaches to child policy and practice that are rooted in an understanding of how exposure to toxic stressors can become biologically embedded. The stage is set for the creation of new interventions--on both grand and micro scales--to reduce previously intractable health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice L. Odgers
- Sanford School of Public Policy and the Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708. Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Sara R. Jaffee
- Sanford School of Public Policy and the Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708. Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
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37
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Fagundes CP, Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Stressful early life experiences and immune dysregulation across the lifespan. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 27:8-12. [PMID: 22771426 PMCID: PMC3518756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that stressful early life events influence a variety of physical health problems later in life. Childhood adversity has been linked to elevated rates of morbidity and mortality from a number of chronic diseases. Immune dysregulation may be one potential pathway that explains this link. In this mini-review, we summarize human studies demonstrating that severe early life stressors have lasting immune consequences. We propose a model outlining potential biobehavioral pathways that explain how early life stressors leave people vulnerable to these maladaptive outcomes. Finally, we suggest ideas for future work to test different aspects of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Fagundes
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Ronald Glaser
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research and Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser
- The Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Psychiatry, The Ohio State University College of Medicine
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