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Kornienko O, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Hernández MM, Ha T. Friendship Network and School Socialization Correlates of Adolescent Ethnic-Racial Identity Development. J Youth Adolesc 2024:10.1007/s10964-024-02052-0. [PMID: 39023840 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-02052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Ethnic-racial identity (ERI) development is consequential for youth adjustment and includes exploration, resolution, and affect about the meaning of one's ethnic-racial group membership. Little is known about how identity-relevant experiences, such as ethnic-racial socialization and discrimination in peer relationships and school contexts, catalyze adolescent ERI development. The present study examines how identity-relevant experiences in friend and school contexts (i.e., proportion of same-ethnoracial friends, cultural socialization among friends, friends' ERI dimensions, friends' experiences of ethnoracial discrimination, and school promotion of cultural competence and critical consciousness) are associated with ERI development. A multivariate path model with a sample from four southwestern U.S. schools (N = 717; 50.5% girls; Mage = 13.76; 32% Latinx, 31.5% Multiethnic, 25.7% White, 11% other) was used to test these associations. Findings showed that friend and school predictors of ERI did not differ between early and middle adolescents, but significant differences and similarities emerged in some of these associations between ethnoracially minoritized and White youth. Specifically, friend cultural socialization was positively associated with ERI exploration for ethnoracially minoritized youth only, whereas school critical consciousness socialization was positively linked with ERI exploration only for White youth. Friend cultural socialization and friend network's levels of ERI resolution were positively associated with ERI resolution across both ethnoracial groups. These friend and school socialization associations were documented above and beyond significant contributions of personal ethnoracial discrimination to ERI exploration and negative affect for both ethnoracially minoritized and White youth. These findings expand our understanding of how friend and school socialization mechanisms are associated with adolescent ERI development, which is vital to advancing developmental theory and fostering developmental competences for youth to navigate their multicultural yet socially stratified and inequitable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kornienko
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | | | | | - Thao Ha
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Ortiz M, Lozada FT, Moreno O, Williams CD, Tynes BM. Profiles of Latinx cultural orientation among adolescents: Associations with internalizing symptoms and moderation by ethnic-racial discrimination. J Adolesc 2024; 96:1022-1033. [PMID: 38528323 PMCID: PMC11223978 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objectives of the current study were the following: (1) to explore multidimensional profiles of Latinx cultural orientation using Spanish language use, familismo, and ethnic-racial identity (ERI) affirmation among Latinx adolescents, (2) to test how Latinx cultural orientation profiles were associated with adolescents' internalizing symptoms (i.e., depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms), and (3) to test whether associations between profiles and internalizing symptoms were moderated by adolescents' ethnic-racial discrimination experiences. METHODS The study was conducted among a sample of 204 Latinx adolescents (52.4% female; Mage = 14.35, SDage = 1.75). RESULTS Latent profile analysis indicated four profiles of Latinx cultural orientation: higher affirmation and lower Spanish (HALS), higher Spanish (HS), lower familismo and affirmation (LFA), and higher familismo/lower Spanish and affirmation (HFLSA). Latinx adolescents who reported lower levels on more than one Latinx cultural orientation dimension (e.g. LFA or HFSLA) also reported worse health when compared to adolescents who reported higher levels of more than one Latinx cultural orientation dimension (e.g., HSA). The associations between Latinx cultural orientation profiles and internalizing symptoms were not moderated by adolescents' ethnic-racial discrimination. CONCLUSION Findings provide researchers and practitioners with an understanding of the various ways in which Latinx adolescents remain connected to their Latinx culture and implications for their outcomes.
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Tootell N, McGaw J, Patten UH, Vance A. 'Doing culture' in contemporary south-eastern Australia: how Indigenous people are creating and maintaining strong cultural identities for improved health and wellbeing. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1707. [PMID: 38926813 PMCID: PMC11210033 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indigenous people in Australia experience far poorer health than non-Indigenous Australians. A growing body of research suggests that Indigenous people who are strong in their cultural identity experience better health than those who are not. Yet little is known about how Indigenous people create and maintain strong cultural identities in the contemporary context. This paper explores how Indigenous people in south-eastern Australia create and maintain strong cultural identities to support their health and wellbeing. METHODS Data were collected from 44 Indigenous people living in the south-eastern Australian state of Victoria via yarning. Yarning is a cultural mode of conversation that privileges Indigenous ways of knowing, doing and being. Yarning participants were selected for their prominence within Victorian Indigenous health services and/or their prominence within the Victorian Indigenous community services sector more broadly. Due to the restrictions of COVID-19, yarns were conducted individually online via Zoom. Data were analysed employing constructivist grounded theory, which was the overarching qualitative research methodology. RESULTS All yarning participants considered maintaining a strong cultural identity as vital to maintaining their health and wellbeing. They did this via four main ways: knowing one's Mob and knowing one's Country; connecting with one's own Mob and with one's own Country; connecting with Community and Country more broadly; and connecting with the more creative and/or expressive elements of Culture. Importantly, these practices are listed in order of priority. Indigenous people who either do not know their Mob or Country, or for whom the connections with their own Mob and their own Country are weak, may therefore be most vulnerable. This includes Stolen Generations survivors, their descendants, and others impacted by historical and contemporary child removal practices. CONCLUSIONS The yarns reveal some of the myriad practical ways that Indigenous people maintain a strong cultural identity in contemporary south-eastern Australia. While programs designed to foster connections to Community, Country and/or Culture may benefit all Indigenous participants, those most disconnected from their Ancestral roots may benefit most. Further research is required to determine how best to support Indigenous Victorians whose connections to their own Mob and their own Country are unable to be (re)built.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet McGaw
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Ceccon C, Moscardino U, Altoè G, Lionetti F, Umaña-Taylor AJ. Longitudinal Profiles of Cultural Identity Processes and Associations with Psychosocial Outcomes Among Adolescents Participating in the Identity Project in Italy. J Youth Adolesc 2024:10.1007/s10964-024-02022-6. [PMID: 38811478 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-02022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Cultural identity formation is a complex developmental task that influences adolescents' adjustment. However, less is known about individual variations in trajectories of cultural identity processes and how they relate to youth psychosocial outcomes. Using a person-centered approach, this study investigated patterns of change over a year in cultural identity exploration and resolution, respectively, among ethnically diverse adolescents in Italy. The sample included 173 high school students (Mage = 15 yrs, SD = 0.62, range = 14-17; 58.4% female; 26% immigrant background) who had participated in the Identity Project, a school-based intervention targeting ethnic-racial identity development. Longitudinal latent profile analysis revealed only one profile of change for exploration, whereas four unique profiles for resolution emerged ("stable low," "stable average," "increase low-to-average," "increase high-to-higher"). Overall, youth in the resolution-increase profiles reported the best outcomes. The findings highlight the heterogeneity of adolescents' resolution trajectories and the benefits of an increased sense of clarity concerning one's cultural identity for positive psychosocial functioning.
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De Leon AN, Dvorak RD, Perrotte JK, Klaver SJ, Peterson R, Magri TD, Burr EK, Leary AV, Aguilar B. The role of sociocultural factors on alcohol self-efficacy and protective drinking behaviors among Hispanic/Latinx young adults. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2024; 29:553-577. [PMID: 38714915 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2024.2345916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hispanic/Latinx drinkers have been found to experience more adverse alcohol-related consequences than any other racial/ethnic group. Due to this, researchers have looked at the connection between drinking and cultural factors, alongside discrimination, to further analyze what sociocultural factors lead to negative outcomes when drinking. DESIGN Researchers used a sample of Hispanic/Latinx young adult drinkers (n = 710) with an average age of 22.43 (SD = 6.69), recruited through social media and assessed on several factors, including protective behavioral strategies (PBS), alcohol use severity, bicultural self-efficacy, discrimination, acculturation, and enculturation. RESULTS Utilizing an observed variable path analysis, results showed perceived discrimination to have a significant effect on all variables in the model (bicultural self-efficacy, acculturation, enculturation, PBS self-efficacy, PBS use, and alcohol use severity). Acculturation was positively associated with PBS self-efficacy, while enculturation was positively associated with PBS use. PBS self-efficacy was positively correlated with PBS use and negatively associated with alcohol use severity. There was a significant total indirect effect from perceived discrimination to alcohol use severity through various paths (i.e. PBS self-efficacy, acculturation, and bicultural self-efficacy), with the strongest path to occur through PBS self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Findings showcase the risk and protective effects of various sociocultural factors on drinking behaviors among young adults. PBS self-efficacy was found to have robust protective effects against alcohol use severity. Future research should continue to investigate these sociocultural and behavioral factors in order to develop efforts to mitigate hazardous alcohol use among Hispanic/Latinx young adult drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardhys N De Leon
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Robert D Dvorak
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Samantha J Klaver
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Roselyn Peterson
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Tatiana D Magri
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Emily K Burr
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Angelina V Leary
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bradley Aguilar
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Brance K, Chatzimpyros V, Bentall RP. Social identity, mental health and the experience of migration. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38588004 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that social identities, which provide purpose and a sense of belonging, enhance resilience against psychological strain and safeguard well-being. This applies to first-generation migrant populations facing adverse experiences, including prejudice and disconnection from previous identities during host country integration, negatively impacting their well-being. The importance of social identity also extends to first-generation migrant descendants, confronting dual-identity challenges and experiencing exclusion and discrimination despite being native born. Building on the social identity approach to mental health, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted to investigate how migrants construct their social identities, their perspective on the challenges and changes they experience in relation to group memberships and ultimately, the influence this has on their psychological well-being. Findings emphasize the significance of social identity continuity and gain pathways in first-generation migrants' successful adjustment and psychological well-being. For second-generation migrants, dual-identity development is especially difficult during adolescence due to social exclusion and discrimination in schools. Even in early adulthood, pressure to maintain heritage identity can lead to negative mental health outcomes over time. The current study contributes to and strengthens the social identity approach to migrant mental health and has wider implications for psychological interventions and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Brance
- South East European Research Centre (SEERC), Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Social and Policy Sciences, The University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Vasileios Chatzimpyros
- Department of Psychology, CITY College, University of York Europe Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Richard P Bentall
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Desmarais A, Christophe NK, Robins RW. Mexican-Origin Children's Trajectories of Ethnic-Racial Pride from Childhood through Emerging Adulthood: Associations with Mothers and Fathers' Trajectories. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:685-700. [PMID: 38015356 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Ethnic-racial pride (positive feelings about one's ethnic-racial group) is critical to healthy identity development across the lifespan. Research on ethnic-racial pride development among Latinx populations has focused exclusively on youth, without regard to pride development amongst parents and relations between pride within family units. Using multivariate Latent Growth Curve Modelling among 674 Mexican-origin youth and their parents (673 mothers; 437 fathers), the trajectory of youth's pride from 5th grade through emerging adulthood (14 years/12 waves of data) as well as relations with parental pride trajectories were examined. Respondents' pride generally decreased from waves 1 to 7 (~age 11-17 in youth) and increased after wave 7. Youth's and mothers' trajectories were unrelated, but complex associations emerged between youth's and fathers' trajectories. This study supports the dynamic nature of ethnic-racial pride across distinct life stages and underscores the complex interplay of youth and parental pride trajectories, emphasizing the pivotal role parents may play in co-shaping identity development alongside their children.
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Byer-Tyre CA, Clifton RL, Faidley M, Schoeps K, Zapolski TCB. Exploring the promotive pathway between ethnic-racial identity, depression and anxiety symptoms, and substance use among African American emerging adults. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 30:156-165. [PMID: 36107644 PMCID: PMC10014494 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ethnic-racial identity (ERI) has been shown to have a promotive effect on substance use; however, the factors impacting this relationship have been explored less. The present study examined whether a promotive pathway exists between ERI, depression and anxiety symptoms, and problem substance use (i.e., alcohol and cannabis use) among a sample of African American emerging adults. METHOD Participants were 388 African American or Black emerging adults aged 18-24 (M = 20.6), mostly female (62%) attending a Midwestern university or residing in the neighboring community. Data on demographics, ERI based on a total score and affirmation and exploration subscales, depression and anxiety symptoms, and problem alcohol and cannabis use were collected. The PROCESS macro for simple mediation was conducted to examine the role of depression and anxiety symptoms in the relationship between ERI and problem alcohol and cannabis use. RESULTS A significant indirect effect was found for the pathway between ERI, depression and anxiety symptoms, and each substance use outcome. CONCLUSIONS Among African American emerging adults, ERI may reduce the risk for problem alcohol and cannabis use through reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms. Therefore, implementation of substance use interventions that strengthen ERI may be particularly beneficial to reduce risk, as well as promote psychological well-being among African American emerging adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richelle L Clifton
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis
| | - Micah Faidley
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis
| | - Konstanze Schoeps
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia
| | - Tamika C B Zapolski
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis
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Gutiérrez Á, Thomas Tobin C. A Latent Class Analysis of Personal Coping Resources and Depressive Symptoms Among Middle-Aged and Older Latinx Adults. J Aging Health 2023; 35:790-807. [PMID: 37247389 DOI: 10.1177/08982643231176910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To identify coping profiles and evaluate their implications for depressive symptoms among Latinx adults. Methods: Data come from a community-dwelling sample of Latinx adults ages 45+ in Florida (N = 461). Latent class analysis was used to identify profiles of personal coping resources based on patterns across spirituality (spiritual coping, divine fate), ethnic identity (centrality, connectedness), and personal control (mastery, self-esteem). Multivariable linear regression assessed differences in depressive symptoms across coping resource classes. Results: Four coping resource profiles were identified: (1) low resources overall, yet high spiritual coping; (2) high spirituality and personal control; (3) high spirituality and ethnic identity; and (4) high resources overall. Members of Class 4 had significantly fewer depressive symptoms than members of Class 1 and Class 3, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, p < .001. Discussion: Results elucidate nuances in personal coping resources among aging Latinx adults, identify under-resourced groups, and suggest that resource profiles characterized by few personal coping resources are linked with more depressive symptoms. Findings clarify the underpinnings of the latent coping construct and have implications for mental health promotion interventions among aging Latinx adults.
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Cano MÁ, Castro FG, Benner AD, Molina KM, Schwartz SJ, Higashi RT, Lee M, Vaughan EL, Bursac Z, Cepeda A, Valdez A, Rojas P, De La Rosa M, Alonso B, Zvolensky MJ, de Dios MA. Ethnic Discrimination and Self-rated Health among Hispanic Emerging Adults: Examining the Moderating Effects of Self-esteem and Resilience. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS : IJIR 2023; 96:101846. [PMID: 37425032 PMCID: PMC10327897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ethnic discrimination has been conceptualized as a sociocultural stressor that is associated with lower self-rated health. However, this association remains understudied among Hispanics and less is known about constructs that may mitigate the effects of ethnic discrimination on self-rated health. Accordingly, this study aimed to (a) examine the association between ethnic discrimination and self-rated health among Hispanic emerging adults (ages 18-25), and (b) examine the extent to which self-esteem and resilience may moderate this association. A convenience sample of 200 Hispanic emerging adults from Arizona (n=99) and Florida (n=101) was recruited to complete a cross-sectional survey. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and moderation analyses. Results indicate that higher ethnic discrimination was associated with lower self-rated health. Moderation analyses indicated that self-esteem functioned as a moderator that weakened the association between ethnic discrimination and self-rated health; however, resilience did not function similarly as a moderator. This study adds to the limited literature on ethnic discrimination and self-rated health among Hispanics and highlights that psychological factors, such as enhancing self-esteem, may help buffer the adverse effects of ethnic discrimination on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - MinJae Lee
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
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Oh H, Anglin DM. Discrimination, psychotic experiences, and racial identity among Black Americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life. Schizophr Res 2023; 253:14-21. [PMID: 34312039 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging body of evidence suggests racial and ethnic identity may buffer the effects of discrimination on psychotic experiences, though the buffering effects have not been consistent across studies. More research is needed to clarify the conditions under which aspects of racial identity modify the effects of various forms of discrimination on psychotic experiences among Black Americans. METHODS We analyzed data from the National Survey of American Life (2001-2003). Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the relations between various forms of discrimination and lifetime psychotic experiences, testing the interactive effects of two aspects of racial identity (racial group identification and racial private regard), adjusted for sociodemographic covariates. RESULTS The relation between everyday discrimination and psychotic experiences was stronger for African Americans who reported higher levels of racial group identification. Conversely, the relation between major discriminatory events and psychotic experiences was stronger for Caribbean Black Americans who reported lower levels of racial group identification. Higher racial private regard moderated the associations between everyday discrimination and psychotic experiences, and outgroup colorism and psychotic experiences among Caribbean Black Americans. CONCLUSION The role of racial identity is complex and appears to moderate the relation between some (but not all) forms of discrimination and lifetime psychotic experiences, depending on ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Oh
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak Peck School of Social Work, 1149 Hill St Suite #1422, Los Angeles, CA 90015, United States of America.
| | - Deidre M Anglin
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, North Academic Center, New York, NY 10031, United States of America; The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
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Brance K, Chatzimpyros V, Bentall RP. Increased social identification is linked with lower depressive and anxiety symptoms among ethnic minorities and migrants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 99:102216. [PMID: 36379127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that social identities, which provide purpose and a sense of belonging to the social world, promote resilience against psychological strain and protect well-being. This is especially important in ethnic minorities, who experience exclusion and discrimination from the majority group, and in migrant populations where adverse experiences, such as prejudice, disconnection from previous identities and issues of integration into the host country, negatively impact well-being. Drawing from the social identity theory, a meta-analysis was conducted examining the influence of group memberships and sense of belonging on ethnic minority and migrant mental health (depression and anxiety). The final search on three databases (i.e., PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science) was conducted on August 9th, 2022, identifying 3236 citations before removing any duplicates within and between databases. Across the 74 studies that met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, increased social identification (ethnic, national and other types of identification) was associated with low psychological symptoms. We found that social identification is protective against common psychological disorders but with small effect sizes for depression (r = - 0.09, CI = [- 0.12; - 0.06]) and anxiety (r = - 0.08, CI [- 0.12; - 0.03]). Results are discussed with regard to the role that social context plays on ethnic minority and migrant mental health and the importance of facilitating migrant integration with the host society after displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Brance
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, UK; South East European Research Center, SEERC, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Henríquez D, Urzúa A, López-López W. Social Support as a Mediator of the Relationship between Identity Fusion and Psychological Well-Being in South-South Migrant Populations. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2022; 24:1-23. [PMID: 36277258 PMCID: PMC9579654 DOI: 10.1007/s12134-022-00996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides evidence of how perceived social support is a mechanism by which identity fusion with the country of origin is associated with psychological well-being in a migrant population. The study design was cross-sectional. We use intentional sampling based on the accessibility of the participants and using the snowball strategy through an online survey. This study included 323 Venezuelan migrants, of whom 176 (54.5%) were women, all residents of the city of Santiago, Chile. The variables assessed were perceived social support, identity fusion, and psychological well-being. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the proposed mediation model. The estimation method used was robust weighted least squares estimation. The estimated models indicated that perceived social support has a mediating effect on the positive relationship between identity fusion and psychological well-being of Venezuelan migrants residing in Chile. According to these results, feeling a sense of fusion with the country of origin and the perception of having sources of care and protection are factors that may help to improve the psychological well-being of Venezuelan migrants living in Chile. Implications and limitations of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Henríquez
- Universidad Católica del Norte, Avda. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alfonso Urzúa
- Universidad Católica del Norte, Avda. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile
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Malcarne VL, Merz EL, Gonzalez P, Isasi CR, Navas-Nacher EL, Perreira KM, Castañeda SF, Penedo FJ, Gallo LC. The Scale of Ethnic Experience long and short forms in Spanish and English: Psychometric findings from the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 28:503-512. [PMID: 35025545 PMCID: PMC9869708 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the psychometric properties and cross-group equivalence of scores from Spanish and English long and short forms of the Scale of Ethnic Experience (SEE; Malcarne et al., 2006) in a multisite representative cohort from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study. METHOD Hispanic/Latino adults (N = 5,313) completed a battery of measures, including the original 32-item SEE, in their preferred language of Spanish or English. A 12-item version of the SEE, comprised of three items representing each of the four original subscales, was created and evaluated for invariance across language and self-identified heritage (Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, Dominican, and South American). Internal consistency reliability and convergent/discriminant validity of the subscales were also evaluated. RESULTS Results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) did not support the four-subscale structure of the original 32-item SEE (Ethnic Identity, Perceived Discrimination, Social Affiliation, and Mainstream Comfort). Multigroup CFA supported the structural invariance of the SEE-Short Form across language and heritage groups. Patterns for convergent and discriminant validity were generally within expected effect sizes and directions, and consistent across language and heritage. CONCLUSIONS Psychometric findings support the utility of the newly developed 12-item short form of the SEE for measuring multiple dimensions of ethnic experience in Hispanic/Latino adults in the United States. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin L. Merz
- Department of Psychology, California State University Dominguez Hills
| | | | - Carmen R. Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | | | - Krista M. Perreira
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Linda C. Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Bourke SC, Chapman J, Jones R, Brinckley MM, Thurber KA, Calabria B, Doery K, Olsen A, Lovett R. Developing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural indicators: an overview from Mayi Kuwayu, the National Study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing. Int J Equity Health 2022; 21:109. [PMID: 35978345 PMCID: PMC9386936 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-022-01710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, culture is foundational to health and wellbeing. However, its inherent conceptual complexity and diversity across and within different Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural groups means that it has rarely been explored in depth by epidemiological research. As a result, there are very few measures which adequately represent the heterogeneity and importance of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures for health and wellbeing. Tools grounded in the social determinants of health are mostly based on European academic opinion about what constitutes culture and wellbeing, and the views of Indigenous peoples are rarely included. Mayi Kuwayu, the National Study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing, developed a new survey tool based on health and wellbeing as perceived by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. This paper describes several of the key processes used to identify cultural domains and develop questionnaire items for the survey tool, reflecting the importance of culture to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. METHODS Focus groups were conducted at community organisations and conferences with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. These sessions were aimed at identifying key cultural domains to be addressed by the Mayi Kuwayu questionnaire and to field test drafts of the questionnaire, which were then modified according to focus group feedback and expert input. RESULTS Extensive community consultations allowed us to identify key cultural domains, generate questionnaire items, and test initial content validity. The six overarching cultural domains identified during the development of the Mayi Kuwayu questionnaire were: Connection to Country; Beliefs and knowledge; Language; Family, kinship, and community; Cultural expression and continuity; and Self-determination and leadership. CONCLUSIONS The processes used by Mayi Kuwayu have generated meaningful cultural items for use in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and wellbeing research. Further assessment of these processes, including a comparison with best practice guidelines and psychometric testing of the items and scales developed, will be conducted in a future program of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Bourke
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. .,School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Janet Chapman
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Roxanne Jones
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Makayla-May Brinckley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Katherine A Thurber
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Bianca Calabria
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Teal Psychology Space, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kate Doery
- Centre for Social Research and Methods, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Policy and Equity, Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Olsen
- Medical School, College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Raymond Lovett
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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16
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Le TP, Bradshaw BT, Wang MQ, Boekeloo BO. Discomfort in LGBT Community and Psychological Wellbeing for LGBT Asian Americans: The Moderating Role of Racial/Ethnic Identity Importance. ASIAN AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 13:149-157. [PMID: 35983434 PMCID: PMC9380649 DOI: 10.1037/aap0000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
While past research has examined the deleterious effects of racism on Asian Americans, fewer studies have investigated lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Asian Americans' unique experiences of oppression and unbelonging within the broader LGBT community. Guided by intersectionality and minority stress theoretical frameworks, the present study examined the effect of discomfort due to one's race/ethnicity within the LBGT community on psychological wellbeing in a national sample of 480 LGBT Asian Americans from the Social Justice Sexuality Project. The moderating role of how important one considered their race/ethnicity to their identity was also examined. Regression analyses revealed that greater discomfort due to one's race/ethnicity within the LGBT community was associated with reduced psychological wellbeing for LGBT Asian Americans who viewed their racial/ethnic identity as moderately or highly important, whereas this association was not significant for LGBT Asian Americans who considered their racial/ethnic identity as less important. These findings highlight the necessity of examining the role of racial/ethnic discomfort in relation to LGBT Asian Americans' psychological wellbeing, as well as the extent to which LGBT Asian Americans consider their race/ethnicity as important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Le
- Department of Psychology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Min Q. Wang
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Bradley O. Boekeloo
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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17
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Lardier DT, Opara I, Roach E. A latent profile analysis of psychological sense of community and ethnic identity among racial-ethnic minority young adults from the southwestern United States. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:857-875. [PMID: 34402065 PMCID: PMC8831427 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Among young adults fof color, both sense of community and ethnic identity, as developmental processes, have been associated with wellness, empowerment, and civic action. Additional research is needed that provides empirical support for the connection between psychological sense of community and ethnic identity on outcomes that relate to human development such as intrapersonal psychological empowerment, civic engagement, and depression symptoms. The current study of young adults of color (N = 243; 70% Hispanic/Chicano(a)/Spanish and 10% American Indian/Native American; 70% female) investigates heterogeneity according to dimensions of psychological sense of community and the ethnic identity construct. Latent profile analyses (LPA) were conducted. Using LPA, five profile groups emerged. Profile group differences were present on reported levels of intrapersonal psychological empowerment, civic engagement, and depression symptoms. Majority of sample participants were classified with moderate to high psychological sense of community and ethnic identity. Findings provide insights for efforts on developing community belongingness based on ethnic group identity and engaging young adults in civic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Lardier
- Correspondence David T. Lardier Jr., PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131.
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18
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Perceived Discrimination at School and Developmental Outcomes among Bai Adolescents: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem and Ethnic Identity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020657. [PMID: 35055479 PMCID: PMC8775612 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although discrimination is widely acknowledged to impair developmental outcomes among ethnic minority adolescents, literature differentiating discrimination based on personal characteristics and group membership is lacking, especially in Chinese contexts, and the mechanisms of those relationships remain unclear. In response, the study presented here examined whether self-esteem mediates the relationship between perceived academic discrimination and developmental outcomes among such ethnic minority adolescents, and whether ethnic identity mediates the relationship between perceived ethnic discrimination and developmental outcomes. Multistage cluster random sampling performed in Dali and Kunming, China, yielded a sample of 813 Bai adolescents whose data was analysed in structural equation modelling. The results indicate that perceived academic discrimination had a direct negative effect on adolescents' mental health, while perceived ethnic discrimination had direct negative effects on their behavioural adjustment and social competence. Perceived academic discrimination also indirectly affected adolescents' behavioural adjustment, mental health, and social competence via self-esteem, whereas perceived ethnic discrimination indirectly affected their behavioural adjustment and social competence via ethnic identity. These findings deepen current understandings of how perceived discrimination, self-esteem, and ethnic identity affect the developmental outcomes of ethnic minority adolescents and provide practical recommendations for policymakers and social workers to promote those outcomes in China.
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19
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Glover CS, Li H. PARENT SOCIALIZATION TO RACIAL COPING: IMPLICATIONS FOR BLACK EMERGING ADULTS’ GROWTH MINDSET AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2021.2014279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Elias MJ, DeLaney EN, Williams CD, Hawa S, Walker CJ, Lozada FT, Su J, Dick DM. Cultural Socialization and Ethnic-Racial Identity Mediated by Positive and Negative Conversations about Race: Exploring Differences among Asian American, African American, Latinx, Multiracial, and White Students. IDENTITY (MAHWAH, N.J.) 2022; 22:282-297. [PMID: 36467314 PMCID: PMC9718435 DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2021.1999815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined associations between cultural socialization and ethnic-racial identity via positive and negative conversations about one's ethnicity/race. Ethnic-racial differences between Asian American, African American, Latinx, Multiracial, and White students were explored. College students 18-22 (M age = 18.46) participating in a university-wide study provided self-reports of childhood cultural socialization, engagement in conversations about ethnicity/race during college, and ethnic-racial identity. Cultural socialization was associated with more positive conversations about race, and, in turn, greater ethnic-racial identity exploration, resolution, and affirmation among all students. Additionally, among Multiracial and African American students, cultural socialization was associated with greater negative conversations about race and, in turn, less ethnic-racial identity affirmation. Although cultural socialization was not associated with negative conversations about race for Asian American, Latinx, or White students, the relation between greater negative conversations about race and less ethnic-racial identity affirmation was significant. Negative conversations about race also informed greater ethnic-racial identity exploration among all students, but was not associated with ethnic-racial identity resolution. The current study highlights the nuanced ways that childhood cultural socialization and conversations about one's ethnicity/race influence college students' ethnic-racial identity, both similarly and differently among Asian American, African American, Latinx, Multiracial, and White students. Two items created for the current study were used to assess positive and negative conversations about one's ethnicity/race in the past month. Response options for the positive conversation item ("In the past month, I had conversations with someone about something positive about my ethnic-racial group.") and negative conversation item ("In the past month, I had conversations with someone about something negative about my ethnic-racial group.") were scored using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from (1) Not at all to (5) Extremely or almost always. Higher scores indicated more frequent positive conversations and more frequent negative conversations, respectively. Initial support for the validity of the two items for positive and negative conversations about race has been provided by research with emerging adults (Delaney et al., in press).
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21
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Henríquez D, Urzúa A, López-López W. Indicators of Identity and Psychological Well-Being in Immigrant Population. Front Psychol 2021; 12:707101. [PMID: 34744867 PMCID: PMC8565597 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple research has indicated that group identity processes are critical to understanding the dynamics of psychological well-being linked to migration. However, few studies have analyzed the relationship between identity from different theoretical perspectives, and the mental health of migrants in the Latin-American context. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between several identity indicators such as ethnic identity, collective self-esteem, identity fusion (with the country of origin and the host country) simultaneously, and different dimensions of psychological well-being of Colombian migrants living in Chile. The sample consisted of 887 Colombian migrants, of whom 435 (49%) were men and 452 (51%) were women. Participants were residents of the cities of Arica (n=204; 23%), Antofagasta (n=469; 52.9%), and Santiago (n=214; 24.1%) in Chile. The results revealed by structural equation modeling indicate that collective self-esteem and ethnic identity show positive relationships with almost all dimensions of psychological well-being, while identity fusion with Colombia only showed a positive relationship with the dimension positive relationships and identity fusion with Chile only showed a positive relationship with the dimension autonomy. Implications and limitations of these results are discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Henríquez
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alfonso Urzúa
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Wilson López-López
- Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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22
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Saint-Fleur AL, Anglin DM. Does Ethnic Identity Moderate the Relationship between Racial Discrimination and Cannabis Use among US- and non-US Born Black Emerging Adults? J Psychoactive Drugs 2021; 53:439-451. [PMID: 34747344 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2021.1990444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Race-based experiences of discrimination (EOD) have been documented as a risk factor for substance use among Black individuals, particularly during emerging adulthood, with ethnic identity serving as a protective influence. Our study extends epidemiologic research on EOD and cannabis use by examining this relation in U.S. and non-U.S. born Black emerging adults across immigrant generations (N = 466, 30% first-generation immigrants, 49% second-generation immigrants, and 21% non-immigrants). Results from self-reported data indicated EOD were associated with an increased likelihood of lifetime cannabis use, while ethnic identity was not significantly related to any odds of lifetime cannabis use. Odds of lifetime use was lower among first-generation immigrants compared to non-immigrants. Although the interaction between ethnic identity and EOD was not significantly associated with cannabis use, the results indicated that for second-generation immigrants, the probability of lifetime use decreased as ethnic identity increased. These findings underscore the importance of ethnic identity as a protective factor for cannabis use, especially among Black immigrants who have been racialized over generations in the United States, providing implications for future study and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Saint-Fleur
- The Sophie Davis Biomedical Education Program at the Cuny School of Medicine, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deidre M Anglin
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, Ny, USA.,Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, Ny, USA
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23
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Torres CV, Safdar S, Oliveira SES, Adaid-Castro BG, Faiad C, Rodrigues-Marçulo AO, Nofal B. Refugees in Brazil: An investigation of Syrian refugees' psychological experiences. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 57:466-474. [PMID: 34651305 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a strong body of literature on the psychosocial distress of refugees from Global South to Global North, there is limited literature on refugees who migrate from Global South (i.e., Syria) to Global South (i.e., Brazil). The present study aims to investigate Syrian refugees in Brazil. Participants were 202 Syrians. Most respondents were men (62.9%), with an average age of 35.9 years old (SD = 11.13). Results suggest an effect of positive ethnic identity in psychological and physical distress, who also perceive more discrimination than individuals who negatively identify with their ethnicity. Structural equation model suggests the fit of the proposed mediation model. Our findings add to the much-needed line of investigations examining Syrian refugees settling in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio V Torres
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes, University of Brasília, Institute of Psychology, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Saba Safdar
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cross-Cultural Research, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sérgio E S Oliveira
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Breno G Adaid-Castro
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes, University of Brasília, Institute of Psychology, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Faiad
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Bayram Nofal
- Graduate Program in Administration, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
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24
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Sheehan DM, Cano MÁ, Trepka MJ. Measuring Race Among Latinos to Address Racism, Discrimination, and HIV Health Inequities: Comparing Self-Reported Race and Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2021; 32:522-525. [PMID: 33859078 PMCID: PMC8422302 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Limited research suggests there are significant disparities in HIV outcomes between Black and White Latinos. However, race among Latinos is largely absent from the scientific literature, and relevant measures of race for Latino populations have not been widely incorporated into ongoing research. Using a sample (N = 24) of young (18–34 years old) Latino men who have sex with men living with HIV, we compared self-reported Fitzpatrick skin phototype and self-reported race. Self-identified White Latinos reported skin phototypes 1 “light, pale white” through 4 “olive, moderate brown.” Multiracial Latinos reported skin phototypes 2 “white, fair” through 5 “brown, dark brown.” One-third of participants did not identify with commonly used racial categories, White or Black. Results suggest a widespread of skin phototypes among Latinos self-identifying as White and Multiracial, which may impact the identification of HIV racial disparities, as well as racism, discrimination, and health inequities HIV research among Latino sexual and gender minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Sheehan
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA, a Faculty Affiliate, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA), Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA, and a Faculty Affiliate, Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI), Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Miguel Ángel Cano
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA, and a Faculty Affiliate, Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse (CRUSADA), Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mary Jo Trepka
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA, and a Faculty Affiliate, Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI), Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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25
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Slobodin O, Icekson T, Herman L, Vaknin O. Perceived Discrimination and Motivation to Pursue Higher Education in Ethiopian-Origin Students: The Moderating Role of Ethnic Identity. Front Psychol 2021; 12:647180. [PMID: 34168587 PMCID: PMC8217432 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has increasingly recognized the adverse effects of perceived discrimination on the academic outcomes of children and adolescents from ethnic and racial minority backgrounds. However, little is known about the association between perceived discrimination and the motivation of ethnic minority students to pursue higher education. Guided by an academic resilience framework, the current study examined the relationship between perceived discrimination and two types of motivation to pursue higher education (personal/career-driven and expectation-driven) among Ethiopian undergraduate students in Israel. In addition, we examined the role of ethnic identity as a potential moderator of this relationship. Participants were 183 undergraduate students of Ethiopian origin (77% females) who studied in 18 different higher-education institutes. Participants completed self-report questionnaires concerning their experiences of perceived discrimination, affiliation with their Ethiopian identity, and their reasons for pursuing higher education. Results showed that frequent discrimination experiences were positively related to a stronger ethnic identity and to higher levels of personal/career motivation to pursue higher education. Ethnic identity moderated the relationship between perceived discrimination and personal/career motivation so that the association was significant under low and moderate levels of ethnic identity but not under high levels. Our findings suggest that the awareness of discrimination may motivate students to pursue higher education and succeed in academia. However, the motivating force of perceived discrimination diminishes under high levels of ethnic identification. Further investigation is needed to explore how discrimination and ethnic identity work together to impact academic motivation in different developmental stages and socio-cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Slobodin
- Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tamar Icekson
- Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Management, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,School of Behavioral Sciences, Peres Academic Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lee Herman
- Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ofri Vaknin
- Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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26
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Indigenous ethnic identity, in-group warmth, and psychological wellbeing: A longitudinal study of Māori. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLongitudinal studies into the relationship between affect (positive or negative feelings) towards one’s own ethnic group and wellbeing are rare, particularly for Indigenous peoples. In this paper, we test the longitudinal effects of in-group warmth (a measure of ethnic identity affect) and ethnic identity centrality on three wellbeing measures for New Zealand Māori: life satisfaction (LS), self-esteem (SE), and personal wellbeing (PW). Longitudinal panel data collected from Māori (N = 3803) aged 18 or over throughout seven annual assessments (2009–2015) in the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study were analyzed using latent trajectory models with structured residuals to examine cross-lagged within-person effects. Higher in-group warmth towards Māori predicted increases in all three wellbeing measures, even more strongly than ethnic identity centrality. Bi-directionally, PW and SE predicted increased in-group warmth, and SE predicted ethnic identification. Further, in sample-level (between-person) trends, LS and PW rose, but ethnic identity centrality interestingly declined over time. This is the first large-scale longitudinal study showing a strong relationship between positive affect towards one’s Indigenous ethnic group and wellbeing. Efforts at cultural recovery and restoration have been a deliberate protective response to colonization, but among Māori, enculturation and access to traditional cultural knowledge varies widely. The data reported here underline the role of ethnic identity affect as an important dimension of wellbeing and call for continued research into the role of this dimension of ethnic identity for Indigenous peoples.
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Cavdar D, McKeown S, Rose J. Mental health outcomes of ethnic identity and acculturation among British‐born children of immigrants from Turkey. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2021; 2021:141-161. [DOI: 10.1002/cad.20402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Cavdar
- General Directorate of Special Education and Guidance Services, Ministry of Education Ankara Turkey
| | | | - Jo Rose
- School of Education University of Bristol Bristol UK
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28
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Reyes L, Treitler P, Peterson NA. Testing Relationships Between Racial-Ethnic Identity, Racial-Ethnic Discrimination, and Substance Misuse Among Black and Latinx Older Adults in a Nationally Representative Sample. Res Aging 2021; 44:96-106. [PMID: 33472550 DOI: 10.1177/0164027520986952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Older adults (aged 55+) comprise a rapidly growing population both in number and racial-ethnic diversity. In recent years, substance misuse prevalence among older adults has increased and is expected to continue rising, highlighting the need to understand risk and protective factors in this population. Using nationally representative data, this study examines the association of racial-ethnic identity and racial-ethnic discrimination with alcohol and illicit drug use among Black and Latinx older adults, and whether racial-ethnic identity moderates the relationship between discrimination and substance misuse. Findings show that among Latinx older adults discrimination is associated with increased substance misuse, and higher ethnic identity is associated with decreased illicit drug use. Higher racial-ethnic identity buffers the effects of discrimination on illicit drug use for Latinx, but not for Black respondents. Findings of this study highlight the complex associations between racial-ethnic identity, discrimination, and substance misuse, varying across racial-ethnic group, age, context, and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Reyes
- School of Social Work, 242612Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA
| | - Peter Treitler
- School of Social Work, 242612Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA
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29
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Goodwill JR, Taylor RJ, Watkins DC. Everyday Discrimination, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicide Ideation Among African American Men. Arch Suicide Res 2021; 25:74-93. [PMID: 31597538 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2019.1660287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Suicide has remained a leading cause of death among African American males, yet empirical investigations that focus on the experiences of this group are limited. Therefore, we aim to interrogate the impact of everyday discrimination as a risk factor for depressive symptoms and suicide ideation among African American men. Data were drawn from the African American male subsample of the National Survey of American Life (n = 1,271). Path analysis and tests for indirect effects were used to examine relationships between everyday discrimination, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation. Three sources of everyday discrimination were examined (any everyday discrimination, race-based everyday discrimination, and other everyday discrimination). Study findings revealed that race-based everyday discrimination was the only type of discrimination that was significantly associated with both increased rates of depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. Further, the indirect effect from race-based everyday discrimination to suicide ideation via depressive symptoms was also statistically significant. Thus, the impact of daily encounters with discrimination extends beyond depressive symptoms and is related to higher rates of suicide ideation. Moreover, experiences with discrimination do not have to be overt to be harmful toward African American men's mental health. Culturally relevant suicide prevention interventions are needed to account for the role of discrimination in the lives of African American men.
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30
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Lincoln AK, Cardeli E, Sideridis G, Salhi C, Miller AB, Da Fonseca T, Issa O, Ellis BH. Discrimination, marginalization, belonging, and mental health among Somali immigrants in North America. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2020; 91:280-293. [PMID: 33289573 PMCID: PMC8606194 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the relationships among discrimination and mental health for Somali young adults, a group at risk for an unfavorable context of reception, and the way in which individual- and community-level factors explain these associations. The present study drew upon data collected during the first wave of the Somali Youth Longitudinal Study, a community-based participatory research project focused on understanding and supporting the healthy development of Somali young adults in four different regions in North America: Boston, MA, Minneapolis, MN, and Portland/Lewiston, ME in the United States and Toronto, Canada. Somali men and women aged 18-30 participated in quantitative interviews that included questions about their health, their neighborhoods, and their thoughts and feelings about their resettlement communities (N = 439). Results indicate that discrimination has a direct effect on worse mental health; this effect was mediated through both individual (marginalized acculturation style) and community-level (sense of belonging) factors. These findings suggest that factors associated with a receiving society's attitudes and behaviors, in addition to its structural supports and constraints, may be particularly important in understanding immigrant mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa K Lincoln
- Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University
| | - Emma Cardeli
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - George Sideridis
- Institutional Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Carmel Salhi
- Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University
| | | | | | - Osob Issa
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - B Heidi Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital
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Cooper DK, Bachem R, Meentken MG, Aceves L, Barrios AGP. Cumulative Lifetime Adversity and Depression among a National Sample of U.S. Latinx Immigrants: Within-group Differences in Risk and Protective Factors Using Data from the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 8:202-220. [PMID: 33095211 DOI: 10.1037/lat0000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Latinx immigrants are exposed to multiple stressors before, during, and after migration. However, most past research has assumed the effects of these stressors are uniform across Latinx groups despite considerable within-group variation. The purpose of this study was to (a) assess the moderating effects of several risk and protective factors on the association between cumulative lifetime adversity and depression among U.S. Latinx immigrants and (b) examine the extent to which risk and protective processes differed between Latinx subgroups. Method Data came from a cross-sectional secondary dataset, called the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study. The sample (N = 2893) was identified using stratified random probability sampling in four of the largest Latinx metropolitan areas: the Bronx, NY, San Diego, CA, Chicago, IL, and Miami, FL. We included four Latinx subgroups in our study: Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Mexicans, and Dominicans. Results Results from multi-group regression analyses suggested that social support moderated the association between cumulative lifetime adversity and depression. However, further subgroup analyses showed the moderation effect was only present for Cuban and Dominican immigrants. We also found that perceived discrimination moderated the association between lifetime adversity and depression for Cuban immigrants and ethnic identity moderated the relationship between lifetime adversity and depression for Dominican immigrants. Conclusions Our results provide preliminary evidence for the presence of within-group differences in responses to adverse events among Latinx immigrant groups. Results can be used to inform the development of mental health interventions tailored to the specific needs of various Latinx immigrant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahel Bachem
- I-Core Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University
| | - Maya G Meentken
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital
| | - Lorena Aceves
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, the Pennsylvania State University
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Walker CJ, Derlan Williams C, Cage J, DeLaney EN, Lozada FT, Dick DM. Associations between ethnic-racial identity and alcohol problems among diverse emerging adults. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2020; 21:638-661. [PMID: 32697621 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1793865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol use and problems during college is a major public health concern, and there are health disparities in patterns of drinking and alcohol-related illnesses based on ethnicity and race. Given the prevalence and disparities in excessive alcohol use and problems and associated negative impacts, it is important to examine potential protective factors such as dimensions of ethnic-racial identity (ERI). Thus, the current study examined how multiple dimensions of ERI were associated with alcohol use and alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms, and how these relations varied by individuals' ethnic-racial group among 1850 diverse emerging adults (M = 18.46, SD = .38). Findings indicated that there were significant differences by race/ethnicity. ERI affirmation was negatively associated with AUD symptoms for Asian individuals and African American individuals, while ERI exploration was positively associated with AUD symptoms among African American individuals. ERI resolution was negatively associated with alcohol use for Latinx individuals and positively associated with alcohol use for Multiracial individuals. Among White individuals, ERI exploration was negatively associated with alcohol use and ERI affirmation was negatively associated with AUD symptoms. Overall, the current study builds on our understanding of nuanced ways in which ethnic-racial identity impacts alcohol problems among emerging adults and highlights areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Walker
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Jamie Cage
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Eryn N DeLaney
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Fantasy T Lozada
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Nikulina V, Bautista A, Brown EJ. Negative Responses to Disclosure of Sexual Victimization and Victims' Symptoms of PTSD and Depression: The Protective Role of Ethnic Identity. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 34:4638-4660. [PMID: 27815326 DOI: 10.1177/0886260516676475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
College-aged women experience high rates of sexual victimization. Their postassault symptoms are associated with the types of responses they receive from the people to whom they disclose these experiences. Negative responses are pervasive and associated with poorer outcomes. The current study examined whether a strong sense of ethnic identity and comfort with the mainstream culture moderate the association between negative responses to the first disclosure of sexual victimization and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. A diverse sample (10% Black/African American, 51% White, 39% Other, and 66% Hispanic) of undergraduate women was recruited from two urban, Eastern United States universities for this online study. Participants reported histories of sexual victimization, demographics, responses to sexual assault disclosure (i.e., victim blame, treating the victim differently, taking control, distraction, and egocentric reactions), symptoms of PTSD and depression, and their ethnic identity and mainstream cultural comfort. Thirty-seven percent (n = 221) endorsed an experience of sexual victimization, and 165 disclosed it to someone. Hierarchical ordinary least squares regressions revealed that a stronger sense of ethnic identity was associated with fewer symptoms of PTSD for those women who experienced higher levels of control, distraction, and egocentric responses from the first disclosure recipient. A strong sense of affiliation with the mainstream culture did not protect survivors who reported receiving negative responses to disclosure against symptoms of PTSD or depression. Ethnic affiliation may protect women against PTSD when they receive high levels of negative messages about sexual victimization experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Nikulina
- Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Bautista
- Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
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Irie T, Yokomitsu K, Sakano Y. Relationship between cognitive behavioral variables and mental health status among university students: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223310. [PMID: 31560719 PMCID: PMC6764683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for improving mental health problems among university students. However, intervention components have different effects on mental health problems. This paper is a meta-analysis of the data concerning the relationship between cognitive behavioral variables and mental health status among university students. A total of five electronic databases were reviewed, and 876 articles met the initial selection criteria. Reviewers applied standardized coding schemes to extract the correlational relationship between cognitive behavioral variables and mental health status. A total of 55 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Correlations were found for three cognitive behavioral variables (attention, thought, and behavior) across nine mental health domains (negative affect, positive affect, happiness, social function, stress response, psychological symptom, quality of life, well-being, and general health). Across each cognitive behavioral process and all mental health domains, the estimated mean correlation was medium (r = .32 - .46), and varied by the domain of mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Irie
- School of Education and Culture, Hokusho University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Graduate School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kengo Yokomitsu
- College of Comprehensive Psychology, Ritsumeikan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Sakano
- School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
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Suh HN, Flores LY, Wang KT. Perceived Discrimination, Ethnic Identity, and Mental Distress Among Asian International Students in Korea. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022119874433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the associations between perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental distress among 118 Asian international college students in Korea. Perceived discrimination and ethnic identity were included as critical factors in international students’ adaptation to living in Korea, and their associations with self-report measures of depression and anxiety were explored using canonical correlation and latent profile analysis. Based on studies identifying two types of discrimination, we explored how each discrimination type relates to mental distress. Results indicated (a) students’ perceptions of personal rejection (i.e., demeaning and overt acts of discrimination) were significantly associated with depression and anxiety, and this association was stronger than that of perceived unfair treatment, and depression and anxiety (b) students’ exploration of ethnic identity had a positive relationship with anxiety. These results suggest the need to provide additional supports for international students engaged in the exploration process. The current results also suggest that Asian international students’ adaptation experiences in Korea may differ from those international students in other countries as reported in the literature. More attention and study with international students is needed to seek possible common parameters of adaptation in diverse cultural contexts of host countries.
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Bagci SC, Olgun S. A social identity needs perspective to Veg*nism: Associations between perceived discrimination and well-being among Veg*ns in Turkey. Appetite 2019; 143:104441. [PMID: 31493425 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the associations between perceived discrimination, social identity need satisfaction, and well-being among a sample of vegetarians and vegans (veg*ns) in Turkey. Drawing on the Rejection Identification Model, Motivated Identity Construction Theory, and the Social Cure approach, we tested whether perceived discrimination was related to the satisfaction of esteem, meaning, belonging, efficacy, distinctiveness, and continuity needs derived from veg*n group membership and whether the satisfaction of these needs, in turn, was associated with psychological well-being and self-esteem. A total of 350 veg*ns living in Turkey participated in an online study and completed measures of perceived discrimination based on veg*n group membership, veg*n identity need satisfaction, psychological well-being, and global level self-esteem. As expected, perceived discrimination was prevalent among Turkish veg*ns (more so among vegans) and was strongly associated with the greater satisfaction of all identity needs. In turn, the satisfaction of efficacy and continuity needs was related to greater well-being, showing an indirect association between perceived discrimination and well-being. Findings also showed that the satisfaction of the esteem need predicted (less strongly) lower levels of psychological well-being and self-esteem, indicating only some aspects of need satisfaction through veg*n identities to have positive implications for well-being. Findings are discussed in terms of the relevant socio-cultural environment, social identity theories, and stigmatization in the context of veg*n group membership.
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Khahra A, Thomas A, Caffrey S, Taylor E, Stull M, Beasley C, Hudson Banks K, Kohn-Wood L. Hope Springs: Moderating the Link Between Racial Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms for African American Emerging Adults. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798419868874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the moderating effect of coping mechanisms (distraction and rumination) and internal assets (hope) on the relationship between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms, a sample of 363 African American students (65.3% female; mean age = 20.25 years; SD = 2.39) from two large Midwestern universities were surveyed using self-report measures. Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to explore the relationships among the variables and depressive symptoms. Results indicated that discrimination (B = 0.10, p < .001) and ruminative coping (B = 1.05, p < .001) were positively related to depressive symptoms, while hope was negatively related to depression (B = −0.33, p < .001). Further, the relationship between discrimination and depressive symptoms was moderated by hope (B = 0.01, p = .02). The interaction between discrimination and depressive symptoms suggested that participants who reported low levels of hope also reported more depressive symptoms regardless of level of discrimination, compared with those who reported high hope. For these African American emerging adults, the results bring to light the potential of an internal asset that aids in reduction of depressive symptoms in response to constant, potential harm such as racial discrimination.
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Effects of Ethnic Identity on the Relationship Between Mental Health and Perceived Discrimination Among Ethnic Return Migrants: The Case of Korean Chinese Return-Migrated to South Korea. J Immigr Minor Health 2019; 21:522-532. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-018-0775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Psychotic experiences among ethnic majority and minority adolescents and the role of discrimination and ethnic identity. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2019; 54:343-353. [PMID: 30643926 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research shows that the prevalence of psychiatric problems is higher in ethnic minority youth compared to native youth. This school-based screening study of early adolescents' mental health in the Netherlands examined differences in prevalence of psychotic experiences in ethnic minority youth compared to their Dutch peers. Moreover, we investigated the association between psychotic experiences, ethnic identity, and perceived discrimination. METHODS A cohort of 1194 ethnic majority and minority adolescents (mean age 13.72, SD 0.63) filled-out questionnaires on psychotic experiences (including delusional and hallucinatory experiences), perceived group and personal discrimination, and ethnic identity. RESULTS Apart from lower levels of hallucinatory experiences in Turkish-Dutch adolescents, prevalence of psychotic experiences did not differ between ethnic minority and majority adolescents. Perceived personal discrimination was associated with the presence of psychotic experiences (including delusional and hallucinatory experiences) (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.22-4.34). This association was stronger for delusional experiences (OR 2.94, 95% CI 1.43-6.06) than for hallucinatory experiences (OR 1.65, 95% CI 0.73-3.72). No significant associations were found between perceived group discrimination and psychotic experiences. A weak ethnic identity was associated with higher risk for reporting psychotic experiences (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.14-3.66), particularly hallucinatory experiences (OR 3.15, 95% CI 1.54-6.44). When looking at specific ethnic identity categories, marginalization, compared to separation, was associated with a threefold risk for reporting psychotic experiences (OR 3.26, 95% CI 1.33-8.03). Both marginalisation (OR 3.17, 95% CI 1.04-9.63) and assimilation (OR 3.25, 95% CI 1.30-8.13) were associated with a higher risk for hallucinatory experiences. CONCLUSIONS These results underline the protective effect of ethnic identity against mental health problems. Future research should focus on interventions that focus on strengthen social identity.
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Loyd AB, Derlan CL, Smith EV, Norris SA, Richter LM, Roeser RW. Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of a Measure of Ethnic Identity Among Black South African Youth. IDENTITY (MAHWAH, N.J.) 2019; 19:44-61. [PMID: 31391792 PMCID: PMC6636894 DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2019.1566070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined the dimensionality and psychometric properties of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) among Black South African adolescents (ages = 13-14; 52% female) representing several ethnic groups (Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu) and evaluated the measure for differential item functioning primarily among four ethnic groups (Sotho, Tswana, Xhosa, and Zulu). Results indicated that a two-dimensional model best represented the data, reflecting ethnic search/clarity and ethnic affirmations. Subsequently, we evaluated the equivalence of the MEIM among the four South African ethnic groups and a sample of African American adolescents (Mage = 15.57 years; SD = 1.22; 51% female). Further analyses revealed that configural and metric models were excellent across the four South African ethnic groups and the African American group. However, scalar invariance (i.e., intercept) was not found; the item intercepts were different for the South African ethnic groups and African Americans. Findings are discussed with consideration for conducting research on ethnic identity among youth in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shane A. Norris
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
| | - Linda M. Richter
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
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Ethnic–racial identity content and the development of depressive symptoms among Latino adolescents. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1557-1569. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe current study examined the concurrent and prospective associations of ethnic–racial identity content (i.e., centrality, private regard, and public regard) and depressive symptomatology among Latino adolescents. Data were drawn from a longitudinal study of Latino adolescents (N= 148, 53.4% girls) who were 13–14 years old at Wave 1. Results indicated that higher ethnic–racial centrality at Waves 1 and 2 predicted fewer depressive symptoms at Waves 2 and 3, respectively. In addition, more positive private regard at Wave 1 predicted fewer depressive symptoms at Wave 2, and more positive public regard at Wave 2 predicted fewer symptoms at Wave 3. Thus, ethnic–racial identity content may serve as a cultural protective factor that is linked to diminished depressive symptomatology among Latino youth.
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Schwartz SJ, Meca A, Ángel Cano M, Lorenzo-Blanco EI, Unger JB. Identity Development in Immigrant Youth. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Rates of immigration are at an all-time high in many Western countries, and immigration can exert profound influences on identity development. These influences occur both at the individual level and at the group level, but these two sets of influences have rarely been considered simultaneously. Accordingly, this article adopts a multilevel approach to identity development among immigrant youth, with a focus on North American receiving contexts. We focus not only on individual ethnic, national, and personal identity development, but also on the societal-level intergroup processes (e.g., threats and stereotypes) that constrain the identity options available to immigrants. We highlight the prominence of biculturalism – endorsement of both heritage and destination-country identities – but also discuss ways in which biculturalism may be difficult to attain for some immigrants and immigrant groups. We also emphasize the interplay between individual immigrants’ identities and the mechanisms through which defensive policies enacted by “threatened” majority groups may harm identity development among immigrant youth. The article concludes with a listing of priorities for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J. Schwartz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alan Meca
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Miguel Ángel Cano
- Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elma I. Lorenzo-Blanco
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Institute for Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Stevens C, Liu CH, Chen JA. Racial/ethnic disparities in US college students' experience: Discrimination as an impediment to academic performance. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2018; 66:665-673. [PMID: 29565755 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1452745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND PARTICIPANTS Using data from 69,722 US undergraduates participating in the spring 2015 National College Health Assessment, we examine racial/ethnic differences in students' experience of discrimination. METHOD Logistic regression predicted the experience of discrimination and its reported negative effect on academics. Additional models examined the effect of attending a Minority Serving Institution (MSI). RESULTS Discrimination was experienced by 5-15% of students, with all racial/ethnic minority groups examined- including Black, Hispanic, Asian, AI/NA/NA, and Multiracial students- more likely to report discrimination relative to White students. Of students who experienced discrimination, 15-25% reported it had negatively impacted their academic performance, with Hispanic and Asian students more likely to report negative impacts relative to White students. Attending an MSI was associated with decreased experiences of discrimination. CONCLUSION Students from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds are disproportionately affected by discrimination, with negative impacts for academic performance that are particularly marked for Hispanic and Asian students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy H Liu
- b Beth Israel Deaconess Medical School, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Justin A Chen
- c Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
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Stevens GWJM, Thijs J. Perceived group discrimination and psychological well-being in ethnic minority adolescents. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonneke W. J. M. Stevens
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies; Utrecht University
| | - Jochem Thijs
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science; European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations, Utrecht University
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Yip T. Ethnic/Racial Identity-A Double-Edged Sword? Associations With Discrimination and Psychological Outcomes. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018; 27:170-175. [PMID: 30581253 PMCID: PMC6301037 DOI: 10.1177/0963721417739348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the prominence of ethnicity/race in the United States, many youths construct an ethnic/racial identity (ERI). However, ERI development occurs against a backdrop of prejudice, oppression, and discrimination. This synthetic review explores (a) how identity and discrimination are related and (b) their association with psychological health. There is a reciprocal developmental association between ERI and discrimination, in which each informs the other. Although discrimination is detrimental for mental health, its impact depends on identity. In some cases, ERI confers protection from discrimination, and in others, it poses additional vulnerabilities. A strong sense of commitment to one's identity confers protection against the negative effects of discrimination, while high levels of identity exploration are associated with increased vulnerability. However, the importance of ethnicity/race to one's identity both protects from and increases vulnerabilities to discrimination. Suggestions for future research to help to disambiguate these associations are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Yip
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University
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Anglin DM, Lui F, Espinosa A, Tikhonov A, Ellman L. Ethnic identity, racial discrimination and attenuated psychotic symptoms in an urban population of emerging adults. Early Interv Psychiatry 2018; 12:380-390. [PMID: 26818635 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Studies suggest strong ethnic identity generally protects against negative mental health outcomes associated with racial discrimination. In light of evidence suggesting racial discrimination may enhance psychosis risk in racial and ethnic minority (REM) populations, the present study explored the relationship between ethnic identity and attenuated positive psychotic symptoms (APPS) and whether ethnic identity moderates the association between racial discrimination and these symptoms. METHODS A sample of 644 non-help-seeking REM emerging adults was administered self-report inventories for psychosis risk, experiences of discrimination and ethnic identity. Latent class analysis was applied to determine the nature and number of ethnic identity types in this population. The direct association between ethnic identity and APPS and the interaction between ethnic identity and racial discrimination on APPS were determined in linear regression analyses. RESULTS Results indicated three ethnic identity classes (very low, moderate to high and very high). Ethnic identity was not directly related to APPS; however, it was related to APPS under racially discriminating conditions. Specifically, participants who experienced discrimination in the moderate to high or very high ethnic identity classes reported fewer symptoms than participants who experienced discrimination in the very low ethnic identity class. CONCLUSIONS Strong ethnic group affiliation and connection may serve a protective function for psychosis risk in racially discriminating environments and contexts among REM young adults. The possible social benefits of strong ethnic identification among REM youth who face racial discrimination should be explored further in clinical high-risk studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deidre M Anglin
- The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, New York, USA.,The Graduate Center of New York, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florence Lui
- The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, New York, USA.,The Graduate Center of New York, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Lauren Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gonzales-Backen MA, Meca A, Lorenzo-Blanco EI, Des Rosiers SE, Córdova D, Soto DW, Cano MÁ, Oshri A, Zamboanga BL, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Schwartz SJ, Szapocznik J, Unger JB. Examining the temporal order of ethnic identity and perceived discrimination among Hispanic immigrant adolescents. Dev Psychol 2018; 54:929-937. [PMID: 29265827 PMCID: PMC10854396 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ethnic identity formation is a central developmental task that can become challenging when adolescents face a salient stressor, such as ethnic discrimination. Although ethnic identity and experiences with ethnic discrimination are thought to be associated, the temporal order of these constructs is unclear. In the current study, we examined (a) the rejection-identification model and (b) the identification-attribution model in a longitudinal, cross-lagged model among 302 Hispanic immigrant adolescents (Mage = 14.51, SD = .88 at baseline; 46.7% female) living in Miami (n = 152) and Los Angeles (n = 150). Results support the identification-attribution model such that adolescents who reported higher levels of ethnic identity exploration reported higher levels of perceived discrimination 1 year later. Conversely, adolescents who reported higher levels of ethnic identity belonging reported less subsequent perceived discrimination. Findings suggest that ethnic identity formation may affect the recognition of ethnic discrimination among Hispanic immigrant adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Meca
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University
| | | | | | | | - Daniel W Soto
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | | | - Assaf Oshri
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia
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48
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Shepherd SM, Willis-Esqueda C, Paradies Y, Sivasubramaniam D, Sherwood J, Brockie T. Racial and cultural minority experiences and perceptions of health care provision in a mid-western region. Int J Equity Health 2018; 17:33. [PMID: 29548328 PMCID: PMC5857128 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-018-0744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disparities across a number of health indicators between the general population and particular racial and cultural minority groups including African Americans, Native Americans and Latino/a Americans have been well documented. Some evidence suggests that particular groups may receive poorer standards of care due to biased beliefs or attitudes held by health professionals. Less research has been conducted in specifically non-urban areas with smaller minority populations. Methods This study explored the self-reported health care experiences for 117 racial and cultural minority Americans residing in a Mid-Western jurisdiction. Prior health care experiences (including perceived discrimination), attitudes towards cultural competence and satisfaction with health care interactions were ascertained and compared across for four sub-groups (African-American, Native American, Latino/a American, Asian American). A series of multiple regression models then explored relationships between a concert of independent variables (cultural strength, prior experiences of discrimination, education level) and health care service preferences and outcomes. Results Overall, racial/cultural minority groups (African Americans, Native Americans, Latino/a Americans, and Asian Americans) reported general satisfaction with current healthcare providers, low levels of both health care provider racism and poor treatment, high levels of cultural strength and good access to health care services. Native American participants however, reported more frequent episodes of poor treatment compared to other groups. Incidentally, poor treatment predicted lower levels of treatment satisfaction and racist experiences predicted being afraid of attending conventional health care services. Cultural strength predicted a preference for consulting a health care professional from the same cultural background. Conclusions This study provided a rare insight into minority health care expectations and experiences in a region with comparatively lower proportions of racial and cultural minorities. Additionally, the study explored the impact of cultural strength on health care interactions and outcomes. While the bulk of the sample reported satisfaction with treatment, the notable minority of participants reporting poor treatment is still of some concern. Cultural strength did not appear to impact health care behaviours although it predicted a desire for cultural matching. Implications for culturally competent health care provision are discussed within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane M Shepherd
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University; Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Baltimore, USA.
| | | | - Yin Paradies
- Alfred Deakin Research Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Diane Sivasubramaniam
- School of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Juanita Sherwood
- National Centre for Cultural Competence, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Teresa Brockie
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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Giuliani C, Tagliabue S, Regalia C. Psychological Well-Being, Multiple Identities, and Discrimination Among First and Second Generation Immigrant Muslims. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 14:66-87. [PMID: 29899799 PMCID: PMC5973518 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Given the growing number of Muslim immigrants in Western countries, there is a need for research focusing on their psychological well-being and correlates. The present study investigated whether perceived discrimination is associated with depression and satisfaction with migration through the mediating role of several identity dimensions (ethnic, national, and religious) among 204 first and second generation adult Muslim immigrants living in Italy. They participated in structured interviews, and a multi-group path analysis model was conducted using Mplus. While the impact of perceived discrimination on psychological well-being was modest for first generation Muslims, in the case of second generation Muslims perceived discrimination was directly associated with lower psychological well-being (higher depression and lower satisfaction with the migration decision) and indirectly associated with satisfaction with migration through the mediation of national and religious identity. The higher the levels of discrimination that second generation Muslims perceived, the weaker their national (host country) identity and the greater their religious identification. In turn, national and religious identities were associated with respectively higher and lower levels of satisfaction regarding their migration decision. The findings showed clear differences between first and second generation immigrant groups, revealing that perceived discrimination represents an obstacle to integration processes more for second generation immigrants than for first generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giuliani
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
| | - Semira Tagliabue
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia, Italy
| | - Camillo Regalia
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
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50
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Espinosa A, Tikhonov A, Ellman LM, Kern DM, Lui F, Anglin D. Ethnic Identity and Perceived Stress Among Ethnically Diverse Immigrants. J Immigr Minor Health 2018; 20:155-163. [PMID: 27680747 PMCID: PMC5955603 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-016-0494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent empirical research suggests that having a strong ethnic identity may be associated with reduced perceived stress. However, the relationship between perceived stress and ethnic identity has not been tested in a large and ethnically diverse sample of immigrants. This study utilized a multi-group latent class analysis of ethnic identity on a sample of first and second generation immigrants (N = 1603), to determine ethnic identity classifications, and their relation to perceived stress. A 4-class ethnic identity structure best fit the data for this immigrant sample, and the proportion within each class varied by ethnicity, but not immigrant generation. High ethnic identity was found to be protective against perceived stress, and this finding was invariant across ethnicity. This study extends the findings of previous research on the protective effect of ethnic identity against perceived stress to immigrant populations of diverse ethnic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Espinosa
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, CUNY, 160 Convent Avenue, NAC 7/120, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
| | - Aleksandr Tikhonov
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, CUNY, 160 Convent Avenue, NAC 7/120, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Kern
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Florence Lui
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, CUNY, 160 Convent Avenue, NAC 7/120, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deidre Anglin
- Department of Psychology, The City College of New York, CUNY, 160 Convent Avenue, NAC 7/120, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
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