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Aurlien DB, Taubøll E. Antiseizure medication and SUDEP - a need for unifying methodology in research. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1385468. [PMID: 38694773 PMCID: PMC11061368 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1385468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) increases with the frequency of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Carbamazepine (CBZ) and lamotrigine (LTG) have been suggested to increase the risk. However, the prevailing viewpoint is that the choice of antiseizure medication (ASM) does not influence the occurrence. We have explored the approach to addressing this question in relevant studies to evaluate the validity of the conclusions reached. A systematic search was performed in PubMed to identify all controlled studies on SUDEP risk in individuals on CBZ or LTG. Studies were categorized according to whether idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) or females were considered separately, and whether data were adjusted for seizure frequency. Eight studies on CBZ and six studies on LTG were identified. For CBZ, one study showed a significantly increased risk of SUDEP without adjustment for seizure frequency. Another study found significantly increased risk after statistical adjustment for seizure frequency and one study found increased risk with high blood levels. Five other studies found no increase in risk. For LTG, one study showed a significantly increased risk in patients with IGE as opposed to focal epilepsy, and another study showed a significantly increased risk in females. None of the subsequent studies on LTG and none of the studies on CBZ considered females with IGE separately. Taken together the available studies suggest that LTG, and possibly CBZ, may increase occurrence of SUDEP when used in females with IGE. Additional studies with sub-group analysis of females with IGE are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Bruheim Aurlien
- Neuroscience Research Group and Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Erik Taubøll
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Remme CA. SCN5A channelopathy: arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, epilepsy and beyond. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220164. [PMID: 37122208 PMCID: PMC10150216 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Influx of sodium ions through voltage-gated sodium channels in cardiomyocytes is essential for proper electrical conduction within the heart. Both acquired conditions associated with sodium channel dysfunction (myocardial ischaemia, heart failure) as well as inherited disorders secondary to mutations in the gene SCN5A encoding for the cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 are associated with life-threatening arrhythmias. Research in the last decade has uncovered the complex nature of Nav1.5 distribution, function, in particular within distinct subcellular subdomains of cardiomyocytes. Nav1.5-based channels furthermore display previously unrecognized non-electrogenic actions and may impact on cardiac structural integrity, leading to cardiomyopathy. Moreover, SCN5A and Nav1.5 are expressed in cell types other than cardiomyocytes as well as various extracardiac tissues, where their functional role in, e.g. epilepsy, gastrointestinal motility, cancer and the innate immune response is increasingly investigated and recognized. This review provides an overview of these novel insights and how they deepen our mechanistic knowledge on SCN5A channelopathies and Nav1.5 (dys)function. This article is part of the theme issue 'The heartbeat: its molecular basis and physiological mechanisms'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Ann Remme
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Heart Failure & Arrhythmias, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Yu C, Deng XJ, Xu D. Gene mutations in comorbidity of epilepsy and arrhythmia. J Neurol 2023; 270:1229-1248. [PMID: 36376730 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most severe outcome of refractory epilepsy. Arrhythmia is one of the heterogeneous factors in the pathophysiological mechanism of SUDEP with a high incidence in patients with refractory epilepsy, increasing the risk of premature death. The gene co-expressed in the brain and heart is supposed to be the genetic basis between epilepsy and arrhythmia, among which the gene encoding ion channel contributes to the prevalence of "cardiocerebral channelopathy" theory. Nevertheless, this theory could only explain the molecular mechanism of comorbid arrhythmia in part of patients with epilepsy (PWE). Therefore, we summarized the mutant genes that can induce comorbidity of epilepsy and arrhythmia and the possible corresponding treatments. These variants involved the genes encoding sodium, potassium, calcium and HCN channels, as well as some non-ion channel coding genes such as CHD4, PKP2, FHF1, GNB5, and mitochondrial genes. The relationship between genotype and clinical phenotype was not simple linear. Indeed, genes co-expressed in the brain and heart could independently induce epilepsy and/or arrhythmia. Mutant genes in brain could affect cardiac rhythm through central or peripheral regulation, while in the heart it could also affect cerebral electrical activity by changing the hemodynamics or internal environment. Analysis of mutations in comorbidity of epilepsy and arrhythmia could refine and expand the theory of "cardiocerebral channelopathy" and provide new insights for risk stratification of premature death and corresponding precision therapy in PWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xue-Jun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China
| | - Da Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.
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4
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Trivisano M, Muccioli L, Ferretti A, Lee HF, Chi CS, Bisulli F. Risk of SUDEP during infancy. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 131:107896. [PMID: 33741238 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in children is influenced by different factors such as etiology, seizure type and frequency, treatment, and environment. A greater severity of epilepsy, in terms of seizure frequency, seizures type, especially with nocturnal generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS), and resistance to anti-seizure medication are predisposing factors to SUDEP. Potential mechanisms of SUDEP might involve respiratory, cardiovascular, and central autonomic dysfunctions, either combined or in isolation. Patients with epilepsy carrying mutations in cardiac channelopathy genes might be disposed to seizure-induced arrhythmias. Other than in channelopathies, SUDEP has been reported in further patients with genetic epilepsies due to mutations of genes such as DEPDC5, TBC1D24, FHF1, or 5q14.3 deletion. Age-related electro-clinical differences in GTCS may therefore be relevant in explaining differences in SUDEP between adults and children. Typical GTCS represent a rare seizure type in infants and toddlers, they are characterized by a shorter tonic phase and, in direct proportion, by shorter postictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES). The presence of night-time supervision has been found to reduce SUDEP risk, likely reducing SUDEP incidence in children. Reconsideration of safety protocols in epilepsy monitoring units with the aim of reducing the risk of SUDEP, and the use of devices for seizure detection, might contribute to reduce the risk of death in patients affected by epilepsy. This article is part of the Special Issue "Severe Infantile Epilepsies".
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Trivisano
- Rare and Epilepsies Unit, Department of Neurological Science, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, Rome, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Muccioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ferretti
- Rare and Epilepsies Unit, Department of Neurological Science, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, Rome, Italy
| | - Hsiu-Fen Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shiang Chi
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Mazzola L, Rheims S. Ictal and Interictal Cardiac Manifestations in Epilepsy. A Review of Their Relation With an Altered Central Control of Autonomic Functions and With the Risk of SUDEP. Front Neurol 2021; 12:642645. [PMID: 33776894 PMCID: PMC7994524 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.642645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a complex interrelation between epilepsy and cardiac pathology, with both acute and long-term effects of seizures on the regulation of the cardiac rhythm and on the heart functioning. A specific issue is the potential relation between these cardiac manifestations and the risk of Sudden and Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP), with unclear respective role of centrally-control ictal changes, long-term epilepsy-related dysregulation of the neurovegetative control and direct effects on the heart function. In the present review, we detailed available data about ictal cardiac changes, along with interictal cardiac manifestations associated with long-term functional and structural alterations of the heart. Pathophysiological mechanisms of these cardiac changes are discussed, with a specific focus on central mechanisms and the investigation of a possible deregulation of the central control of autonomic functions in addition to the role of catecholamine and hypoxemia on heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Mazzola
- Neurology Department, University Hospital, Saint-Étienne, France.,Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U 1028, CNRS UMR, Lyon, France.,Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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Carreras D, Martinez-Moreno R, Pinsach-Abuin M, Santafe MM, Gomà P, Brugada R, Scornik FS, Pérez GJ, Pagans S. Epigenetic Changes Governing Scn5a Expression in Denervated Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052755. [PMID: 33803193 PMCID: PMC7963191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SCN5A gene encodes the α-subunit of the voltage-gated cardiac sodium channel (NaV1.5), a key player in cardiac action potential depolarization. Genetic variants in protein-coding regions of the human SCN5A have been largely associated with inherited cardiac arrhythmias. Increasing evidence also suggests that aberrant expression of the SCN5A gene could increase susceptibility to arrhythmogenic diseases, but the mechanisms governing SCN5A expression are not yet well understood. To gain insights into the molecular basis of SCN5A gene regulation, we used rat gastrocnemius muscle four days following denervation, a process well known to stimulate Scn5a expression. Our results show that denervation of rat skeletal muscle induces the expression of the adult cardiac Scn5a isoform. RNA-seq experiments reveal that denervation leads to significant changes in the transcriptome, with Scn5a amongst the fifty top upregulated genes. Consistent with this increase in expression, ChIP-qPCR assays show enrichment of H3K27ac and H3K4me3 and binding of the transcription factor Gata4 near the Scn5a promoter region. Also, Gata4 mRNA levels are significantly induced upon denervation. Genome-wide analysis of H3K27ac by ChIP-seq suggest that a super enhancer recently described to regulate Scn5a in cardiac tissue is activated in response to denervation. Altogether, our experiments reveal that similar mechanisms regulate the expression of Scn5a in denervated muscle and cardiac tissue, suggesting a conserved pathway for SCN5A expression among striated muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Carreras
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-M.); (M.P.-A.); (P.G.); (R.B.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Rebecca Martinez-Moreno
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-M.); (M.P.-A.); (P.G.); (R.B.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Mel·lina Pinsach-Abuin
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-M.); (M.P.-A.); (P.G.); (R.B.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Manel M. Santafe
- Unit of Histology and Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Rovira i Virgili University, 43003 Reus, Spain;
| | - Pol Gomà
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-M.); (M.P.-A.); (P.G.); (R.B.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-M.); (M.P.-A.); (P.G.); (R.B.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 21005 Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Josep Trueta, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Fabiana S. Scornik
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-M.); (M.P.-A.); (P.G.); (R.B.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 21005 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.S.S.); (G.J.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Guillermo J. Pérez
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-M.); (M.P.-A.); (P.G.); (R.B.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 21005 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.S.S.); (G.J.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Pagans
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain; (D.C.); (R.M.-M.); (M.P.-A.); (P.G.); (R.B.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 21005 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.S.S.); (G.J.P.); (S.P.)
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Abstract
This chapter describes what a channelopathy is and how mutations in the genes result in different types of clinical abnormalities. It provides a description of common types of cardiac channelopathies with examples of how there are some areas of overlap with sensory-neuromuscular channelopathies. We describe the cardiac channelopathies of Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome, Andersen-Tawil syndrome, Timothy syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Brugada syndrome, and sinoatrial node dysfunction and deafness. We also discuss sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and how it could relate to some cardiac channelopathies.
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8
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Abdelghani MS, Chapra A, Asaad N, Hayat SA. Epilepsy and Brugada Syndrome: Association or Uncommon Presentation? Heart Views 2020; 21:114-117. [PMID: 33014305 PMCID: PMC7507913 DOI: 10.4103/heartviews.heartviews_34_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare genetic disease, of which its clinical manifestations include, but not limited to, syncope or sudden cardiac death. A 30-year-old Bangladeshi male patient with a past medical history of epilepsy was admitted following successful resuscitation from an out of hospital cardiac arrest secondary to ventricular fibrillation. Electrocardiogram (ECG) upon admission was suggestive of BrS type I. His old medical record showed similar ECG 2 months earlier when he had presented with syncope and was diagnosed with seizure. The correlation between BrS and epilepsy has been reported in the literature, discussing whether seizure is an uncommon presentation of BrS or whether epilepsy and BrS share similar genetic mutations that have the potential to cause both arrhythmia and seizures in some patients. Patients who present with seizure and ECG suggestive of Brugada pattern should be evaluated to rule out associated or underlying cardiac arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ammar Chapra
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nidal Asaad
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sajad A Hayat
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Carbamazepine conquers spinal GAP43 deficiency and sciatic Nav1.5 upregulation in diabetic mice: novel mechanisms in alleviating allodynia and hyperalgesia. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:724-734. [PMID: 32676893 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This work tested the role of carbamazepine in alleviating alloxan-induced diabetic neuropathy and the enhancement of spinal plasticity. Mice were randomized into four groups: normal, control, carbamazepine (25-mg/kg) and carbamazepine (50-mg/kg). Nine weeks after induction of diabetes, symptoms of neuropathy were confirmed and carbamazepine (or vehicle) was given every other day for five weeks. After completing the treatment period, mice were sacrificed and the pathologic features in the spinal cord and the sciatic nerves were determined. The spinal cords were evaluated for synaptic plasticity (growth associated protein-43, GAP43), microglia cell expression (by CD11b) and astrocyte expression (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP). Further, sciatic nerve expression of Nav1.5 was measured. Results revealed that carbamazepine 50 mg/kg prolonged the withdrawal threshold of von-Frey filaments and increased the hot plate jumping time. Carbamazepine improved the histopathologic pictures of the sciatic nerves and spinal cords. Spinal cord of carbamazepine-treated groups had enhanced expression of GAP43 but lower content of CD11b and GFAP. Furthermore, specimens from the sciatic nerve indicated low expression of Nav1.5. In conclusion, this work provided evidence, for the first time, that the preventive effect of carbamazepine against diabetic neuropathy involves correction of spinal neuronal plasticity and glia cell expression.
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Noebels JL. Predicting the impact of sodium channel mutations in human brain disease. Epilepsia 2020; 60 Suppl 3:S8-S16. [PMID: 31904123 PMCID: PMC6953257 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alteration of the sodium channel provides a remarkable opportunity to understand how epilepsy and its comorbidities arise from a molecular disease of excitable membranes, and a chance to create a better future for children with epileptic encephalopathy. In a single cell, the channel reliably acts as a voltage-sensitive switch, enabling axon impulse firing, whereas at a network level, it becomes a variable rheostat for regulating dynamic patterns of neuronal oscillations, including those underlying cognitive development, seizures, and even premature lethality. Despite steady progress linking genetic variation of the channels with distinctive clinical syndromes, our understanding of the intervening biologic complexity underlying each of them is only just beginning. More research on the functional contribution of individual channel subunits to specific brain networks and cellular plasticity in the developing brain is needed before we can reliably advance from precision diagnosis to precision treatment of inherited sodium channel disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Noebels
- Blue Bird Circle Developmental Neurogenetics Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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11
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Chahal CAA, Salloum MN, Alahdab F, Gottwald JA, Tester DJ, Anwer LA, So EL, Murad MH, St Louis EK, Ackerman MJ, Somers VK. Systematic Review of the Genetics of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy: Potential Overlap With Sudden Cardiac Death and Arrhythmia-Related Genes. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e012264. [PMID: 31865891 PMCID: PMC6988156 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of epilepsy-related death. SUDEP shares many features with sudden cardiac death and sudden unexplained death in the young and may have a similar genetic contribution. We aim to systematically review the literature on the genetics of SUDEP. Methods and Results PubMed, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, Ovid Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus were searched through April 4, 2017. English language human studies analyzing SUDEP for known sudden death, ion channel and arrhythmia-related pathogenic variants, novel variant discovery, and copy number variant analyses were included. Aggregate descriptive statistics were generated; data were insufficient for meta-analysis. A total of 8 studies with 161 unique individuals were included; mean was age 29.0 (±SD 14.2) years; 61% males; ECG data were reported in 7.5% of cases; 50.7% were found prone and 58% of deaths were nocturnal. Cause included all types of epilepsy. Antemortem diagnosis of Dravet syndrome and autism (with duplication of chromosome 15) was associated with 11% and 9% of cases. The most frequently detected known pathogenic variants at postmortem were in Na+ and K+ ion channel subunits, as were novel potentially pathogenic variants (11%). Overall, the majority of variants were of unknown significance. Analysis of copy number variant was insignificant. Conclusions SUDEP case adjudication and evaluation remains limited largely because of crucial missing data such as ECGs. The most frequent pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants identified by molecular autopsy are in ion channel or arrhythmia-related genes, with an ≈11% discovery rate. Comprehensive postmortem examination should include examination of the heart and brain by specialized pathologists and blood storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Anwar A. Chahal
- Mayo Clinic College of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Mohammad N. Salloum
- Internal MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiQueens Hospital CenterNew YorkNY
| | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence‐Based Practice Research ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Division of Preventive, Occupational and Aerospace MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | | | - David J. Tester
- Mayo Clinic College of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics LaboratoryMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Lucman A. Anwer
- Mayo Clinic College of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- General SurgeryUIC/MGHChicagoIL
| | - Elson L. So
- Evidence‐Based Practice Research ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Mohammad Hassan Murad
- Evidence‐Based Practice Research ProgramMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Division of Preventive, Occupational and Aerospace MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Erik K. St Louis
- Mayo Clinic College of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Mayo Center for Sleep MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Michael J. Ackerman
- Mayo Clinic College of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics LaboratoryMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of PediatricsMayo ClinicRochesterMN
| | - Virend K. Somers
- Mayo Clinic College of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMN
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12
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Noebels JL. Brainstem spreading depolarization: rapid descent into the shadow of SUDEP. Brain 2019; 142:231-233. [PMID: 30698758 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Noebels
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, Molecular and Human Genetics, and NIH Center for SUDEP Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
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13
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[Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) : Epidemiology, cardiac and other risk factors]. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2019; 30:274-286. [PMID: 31489492 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-019-00643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is one of the most frequent epilepsy-related causes of death. The incidence of SUDEP is estimated to be approximately 1.2/1000 person-years (PY); however, it varies considerably depending on disease-specific and demographic factors. The estimated incidence of SUDEP in children seems to be significantly lower (0.22/1000 PY) than in adults but recent studies in children (>12 years) indicated a similar incidence to that of adults. Based on these estimations, approximately 700 SUDEP cases would be expected in Germany annually but no reliable data or epidemiological studies on SUDEP are available. Various risk factors and predictors for SUDEP have been investigated, e.g. age, seizure frequency, number of antiepileptic drugs, non-compliance and comorbidities, with sometimes contradictory results. This is understandable given that the exact mechanisms of SUDEP are unclear; however, it is very likely that the frequency of (nocturnal) generalized tonic-clonic seizures is the most important risk factor. Nocturnal monitoring of seizures (using devices) or the presence of another person at night may represent important factors to reduce the risk of SUDEP. Thus, seizure control and seizure monitoring are, according to current knowledge, the most important factors to avoid SUDEP. Some recent studies have contributed to a better understanding of possible pathomechanisms of SUDEP; however, further research is needed to identify predictive clinical factors and biomarkers and in particular to prevent SUDEP.
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14
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Prüss H, Gessner G, Heinemann SH, Rüschendorf F, Ruppert AK, Schulz H, Sander T, Rimpau W. Linkage Evidence for a Two-Locus Inheritance of LQT-Associated Seizures in a Multigenerational LQT Family With a Novel KCNQ1 Loss-of-Function Mutation. Front Neurol 2019; 10:648. [PMID: 31293497 PMCID: PMC6603176 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in several genes encoding ion channels can cause the long-QT (LQT) syndrome with cardiac arrhythmias, syncope and sudden death. Recently, mutations in some of these genes were also identified to cause epileptic seizures in these patients, and the sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP) was considered to be the pathologic overlap between the two clinical conditions. For LQT-associated KCNQ1 mutations, only few investigations reported the coincidence of cardiac dysfunction and epileptic seizures. Clinical, electrophysiological and genetic characterization of a large pedigree (n = 241 family members) with LQT syndrome caused by a 12-base-pair duplication in exon 8 of the KCNQ1 gene duplicating four amino acids in the carboxyterminal KCNQ1 domain (KCNQ1dup12; p.R360_Q361dupQKQR, NM_000218.2, hg19). Electrophysiological recordings revealed no substantial KCNQ1-like currents. The mutation did not exhibit a dominant negative effect on wild-type KCNQ1 channel function. Most likely, the mutant protein was not functionally expressed and thus not incorporated into a heteromeric channel tetramer. Many LQT family members suffered from syncopes or developed sudden death, often after physical activity. Of 26 family members with LQT, seizures were present in 14 (LQTplus seizure trait). Molecular genetic analyses confirmed a causative role of the novel KCNQ1dup12 mutation for the LQT trait and revealed a strong link also with the LQTplus seizure trait. Genome-wide parametric multipoint linkage analyses identified a second strong genetic modifier locus for the LQTplus seizure trait in the chromosomal region 10p14. The linkage results suggest a two-locus inheritance model for the LQTplus seizure trait in which both the KCNQ1dup12 mutation and the 10p14 risk haplotype are necessary for the occurrence of LQT-associated seizures. The data strongly support emerging concepts that KCNQ1 mutations may increase the risk of epilepsy, but additional genetic modifiers are necessary for the clinical manifestation of epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Bonn, Germany
| | - Guido Gessner
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena & Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan H Heinemann
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich Schiller University Jena & Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Herbert Schulz
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Sander
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Rimpau
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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González A, Aurlien D, Haugaa KH, Taubøll E. Epilepsy in patients with long QT syndrome type 1: A Norwegian family. EPILEPSY & BEHAVIOR CASE REPORTS 2018; 10:118-121. [PMID: 30406014 PMCID: PMC6215028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebcr.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The congenital long QT syndrome (cLQTS) is an inherited cardiac disorder and is associated with sudden cardiac death. We describe a Norwegian family with mutations within the KCNQ1 gene causing cLQTS type 1 (LQT1) and epilepsy. The index patient had Jervell and Lange-Nielsen-syndrome (JLNS) with deafness and recurrent episodes of cardiac arrhythmia. The mother and the brother have Romano-Ward syndrome (RWS) with recurrent arrhythmias. Whereas the father has focal epilepsy and genetically verified LQT1, the sister has both focal epilepsy and RWS. Our findings are consistent with the notion that mutations in the KCNQ1 gene can cause epilepsy. Mutations in the LQTS1 gene are associated with syncopes and sudden cardiac death. Our case report suggest that these mutations can also cause genuine epilepsy. Correct identification of this dual pathology may be of vital importance to patients. cLQTS should be considered a cardiocerebral channelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba González
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1072, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Aurlien
- Neuroscience Research Group and Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, PO Box 8100, 4068 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kristina H Haugaa
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1072, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Taubøll
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1072, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Moreau A, Chahine M. A New Cardiac Channelopathy: From Clinical Phenotypes to Molecular Mechanisms Associated With Na v1.5 Gating Pores. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:139. [PMID: 30356750 PMCID: PMC6189448 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage gated sodium channels (NaV) are broadly expressed in the human body. They are responsible for the initiation of action potentials in excitable cells. They also underlie several physiological processes such as cognitive, sensitive, motor, and cardiac functions. The NaV1.5 channel is the main NaV expressed in the heart. A dysfunction of this channel is usually associated with the development of pure electrical disorders such as long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, sinus node dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, and cardiac conduction disorders. However, mutations of Nav1.5 have recently been linked to the development of an atypical clinical entity combining complex arrhythmias and dilated cardiomyopathy. Although several Nav1.5 mutations have been linked to dilated cardiomyopathy phenotypes, their pathogenic mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The gating pore may constitute a common biophysical defect for all NaV1.5 mutations located in the channel's VSDs. The creation of such a gating pore may disrupt the ionic homeostasis of cardiomyocytes, affecting electrical signals, cell morphology, and cardiac myocyte function. The main objective of this article is to review the concept of gating pores and their role in structural heart diseases and to discuss potential pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Moreau
- PhyMedExp, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed Chahine
- CERVO Research Centre, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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17
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Nunes D, Kuner T. Axonal sodium channel NaV1.2 drives granule cell dendritic GABA release and rapid odor discrimination. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2003816. [PMID: 30125271 PMCID: PMC6117082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrodendritic synaptic interactions between olfactory bulb mitral and granule cells represent a key neuronal mechanism of odor discrimination. Dendritic release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from granule cells contributes to stimulus-dependent, rapid, and accurate odor discrimination, yet the physiological mechanisms governing this release and its behavioral relevance are unknown. Here, we show that granule cells express the voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit NaV1.2 in clusters distributed throughout the cell surface including dendritic spines. Deletion of NaV1.2 in granule cells abolished spiking and GABA release as well as inhibition of synaptically connected mitral cells (MCs). As a consequence, mice required more time to discriminate highly similar odorant mixtures, while odor discrimination learning remained unaffected. In conclusion, we show that expression of NaV1.2 in granule cells is crucial for physiological dendritic GABA release and rapid discrimination of similar odorants with high accuracy. Hence, our data indicate that neurotransmitter-releasing dendritic spines function just like axon terminals. In axonal nerve terminals, neurotransmitter release is triggered by a localized Ca2+ nanodomain generated by voltage-gated calcium channels in response to an action potential, which in turn is mediated by voltage-gated sodium channels. Dendritic neurotransmitter release has been thought to work differently, mainly depending on Ca2+ entering directly through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a subtype of ligand-gated ion channel. To further investigate how dendritic neurotransmitter is released, we studied granule cells in the olfactory bulb of mice, which establish inhibitory dendrodendritic synapses with mitral cells. We show that granule cells express voltage-gated sodium channels predominantly localized in dendrites and spines. Down-regulation of these channels precludes action potential firing in granule cells and strongly reduces mitral cell inhibition. Behaviorally, these mice require more time to discriminate highly similar odorants at maximal accuracy. Therefore, the inhibition of mitral cells relies on neurotransmitter released from the dendrites of granule cells by a mechanism that resembles axonal neurotransmitter release much more than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nunes
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
- Functional Neuroanatomy Department, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (DN); (TK)
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Functional Neuroanatomy Department, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (DN); (TK)
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18
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Wang J, Ou SW, Bai YF, Wang YJ, Xu ZQD, Luan GM. Downregulation of adult and neonatal Nav1.5 in the dorsal root ganglia and axon of peripheral sensory neurons of rats with spared nerve injury. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2225-2232. [PMID: 29393394 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that Nav1.5 splice variants, including Nav1.5a and Nav1.5c, were expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. However, since nine Nav1.5 isoforms have been identified, whether other Nav1.5 splice variants, especially the neonatal Nav1.5 splice variant, express in the DRG neurons is still unknown. In this study, we systematically investigated the expression of adult and neonatal Nav1.5 isoforms in the DRG neurons and axon of peripheral sensory neurons of rats with spared nerve injury (SNI) by RT-PCR, DNA sequencing, restriction enzyme digestion, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence methods. The results demonstrated that both adult and neonatal Nav1.5 isoforms were expressed in the DRG neurons, but their expression ratio was ~2.5:1. In SNI rat models, the expression of both adult and neonatal Nav1.5 decreased by approximately a half in both mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, the expression of protein kinase C (PKC)-γ, one of the negative modulators for sodium currents, increased by ~1-fold. Taken together, this study first confirmed the expression of both adult and neonatal Nav1.5 isoforms in the DRG neurons and axon of peripheral sensory neurons of rat, but their expression level decreased in pain models. The upregulation of PKC-γ may directly or indirectly downregulate the expression of Nav1.5 isoforms in SNI rat models, which may further involve in the pathological process of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Wu Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Fei Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Ming Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
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19
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Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels are expressed in virtually all electrically excitable tissues and are essential for muscle contraction and the conduction of impulses within the peripheral and central nervous systems. Genetic disorders that disrupt the function of these channels produce an array of Na+ channelopathies resulting in neuronal impairment, chronic pain, neuromuscular pathologies, and cardiac arrhythmias. Because of their importance to the conduction of electrical signals, Na+ channels are the target of a wide variety of local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic, anticonvulsant, and antidepressant drugs. The voltage-gated family of Na+ channels is composed of α-subunits that encode for the voltage sensor domains and the Na+-selective permeation pore. In vivo, Na+ channel α-subunits are associated with one or more accessory β-subunits (β1-β4) that regulate gating properties, trafficking, and cell-surface expression of the channels. The permeation pore of Na+ channels is divided in two parts: the outer mouth of the pore is the site of the ion selectivity filter, while the inner cytoplasmic pore serves as the channel activation gate. The cytoplasmic lining of the permeation pore is formed by the S6 segments that include highly conserved aromatic amino acids important for drug binding. These residues are believed to undergo voltage-dependent conformational changes that alter drug binding as the channels cycle through the closed, open, and inactivated states. The purpose of this chapter is to broadly review the mechanisms of Na+ channel gating and the models used to describe drug binding and Na+ channel inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E O'Leary
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - M Chahine
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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20
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Auerbach DS, Biton Y, Polonsky B, McNitt S, Gross RA, Dirksen RT, Moss AJ. Risk of cardiac events in Long QT syndrome patients when taking antiseizure medications. Transl Res 2018; 191:81-92.e7. [PMID: 29121487 PMCID: PMC5733703 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many antiseizure medications (ASMs) affect ion channel function. We investigated whether ASMs alter the risk of cardiac events in patients with corrected QT (QTc) prolongation. The study included people from the Rochester-based Long QT syndrome (LQTS) Registry with baseline QTc prolongation and history of ASM therapy (n = 296). Using multivariate Anderson-Gill models, we assessed the risk of recurrent cardiac events associated with ASM therapy. We stratified by LQTS genotype and predominant mechanism of ASM action (Na+ channel blocker and gamma-aminobutyric acid modifier.) There was an increased risk of cardiac events when participants with QTc prolongation were taking vs off ASMs (HR 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-2.00, P < 0.001). There was an increased risk of cardiac events when LQTS2 (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.03-2.15, P = 0.036) but not LQTS1 participants were taking ASMs (interaction, P = 0.016). Na+ channel blocker ASMs were associated with an increased risk of cardiac events in participants with QTc prolongation, specifically LQTS2, but decreased risk in LQTS1. The increased risk when taking all ASMs and Na+ channel blocker ASMs was attenuated by concurrent beta-adrenergic blocker therapy (interaction, P < 0.001). Gamma-aminobutyric acid modifier ASMs were associated with an increased risk of events in patients not concurrently treated with beta-adrenergic blockers. Female participants were at an increased risk of cardiac events while taking all ASMs and each class of ASMs. Despite no change in overall QTc duration, pharmacogenomic analyses set the stage for future prospective clinical and mechanistic studies to validate that ASMs with predominantly Na+ channel blocking actions are deleterious in LQTS2, but protective in LQTS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Auerbach
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY.
| | - Yitschak Biton
- Department of Medicine, Heart Research Follow up Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Bronislava Polonsky
- Department of Medicine, Heart Research Follow up Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Scott McNitt
- Department of Medicine, Heart Research Follow up Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Robert A Gross
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Arthur J Moss
- Department of Medicine, Heart Research Follow up Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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21
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Wang J, Ou SW, Zhang ZY, Qiu B, Wang YJ. Molecular expression of multiple Nav1.5 splice variants in the frontal lobe of the human brain. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:915-923. [PMID: 29207052 PMCID: PMC5752160 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels serve an essential role in the initiation and propagation of action potentials for central neurons. Previous studies have demonstrated that two novel variants of Nav1.5, designated Nav1.5e and Nav1.5f, were expressed in the human brain cortex. To date, nine distinct sodium channel isoforms of Nav1.5 have been identified. In the present study, the expression of Nav1.5 splice variants in the frontal lobe of the human brain cortex was systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that wild Nav1.5 and its splice variants, Nav1.5c and Nav1.5e, were expressed in the frontal lobe of the human brain cortex. Nav1.5a, Nav1.5b and Nav1.5d splice variants were not detected. However, the expression level of different Nav1.5 variants was revealed to vary. The expression ratio of wild Nav1.5 vs. Nav1.5c and Nav1.5e was approximately 5:1 and 1:5, respectively. Immunochemistry results revealed that Nav1.5 immunoreactivity was predominantly in neuronal cell bodies and processes, including axons and dendrites, whereas little immunoreactivity was detected in the glial components. These results revealed that a minimum of four Nav1.5 splice variants are expressed in the frontal lobe of the human brain cortex. This indicates that the previously reported tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current was a compound product of different Nav1.5 variants. The present study revealed that Nav1.5 channels have a more abundant expression in the human brain than previously considered. It also provided further insight into the complexity and functional significance of Nav1.5 channels in human brain neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Wu Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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22
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Wang J, Ou SW, Wang YJ. Distribution and function of voltage-gated sodium channels in the nervous system. Channels (Austin) 2017; 11:534-554. [PMID: 28922053 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2017.1380758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are the basic ion channels for neuronal excitability, which are crucial for the resting potential and the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons. To date, at least nine distinct sodium channel isoforms have been detected in the nervous system. Recent studies have identified that voltage-gated sodium channels not only play an essential role in the normal electrophysiological activities of neurons but also have a close relationship with neurological diseases. In this study, the latest research findings regarding the structure, type, distribution, and function of VGSCs in the nervous system and their relationship to neurological diseases, such as epilepsy, neuropathic pain, brain tumors, neural trauma, and multiple sclerosis, are reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Shao-Wu Ou
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jie Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
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23
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Wang J, Ou SW, Bai YF, Wang YJ, Xu ZQD, Luan GM. Multiple Nav1.5 isoforms are functionally expressed in the brain and present distinct expression patterns compared with cardiac Nav1.5. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:719-729. [PMID: 28560448 PMCID: PMC5482195 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that there are various voltage gated sodium channel (Nav) 1.5 splice variants expressed in brain tissue. A total of nine Nav1.5 isoforms have been identified, however, the potential presence of further Nav1.5 variants expressed in brain neurons remains to be elucidated. The present study systematically investigated the expression of various Nav1.5 splice variants and their associated electrophysiological properties in the rat brain tissue, via biochemical analyses and whole-cell patch clamp recording. The results demonstrated that adult Nav1.5 was expressed in the rat, in addition to the neonatal Nav1.5, Nav1.5a and Nav1.5f isoforms. Further studies indicated that the expression level ratio of neonatal Nav1.5 compared with adult Nav1.5 decreased from 1:1 to 1:3 with age development from postnatal (P) day 0 to 90. This differed from the ratios observed in the developing rat hearts, in which the expression level ratio decreased from 1:4 to 1:19 from P0 to 90. The immunohistochemistry results revealed that Nav1.5 immunoreactivity was predominantly observed in neuronal cell bodies and processes, whereas decreased immunoreactivity was detected in the glial components. Electrophysiological analysis of Nav1.5 in the rat brain slices revealed that an Na current was detected in the presence of 300 nM tetrodotoxin (TTX), however this was inhibited by ~1 µM TTX. The TTX-resistant Na current was activated at −40 mV and reached the maximum amplitude at 0 mV. The results of the present study demonstrated that neonatal and adult Nav1.5 were expressed in the rat brain and electrophysiological analysis further confirmed the functional expression of Nav1.5 in brain neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Wu Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Fei Bai
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Ming Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
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24
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Huang H, Pugsley MK, Fermini B, Curtis MJ, Koerner J, Accardi M, Authier S. Cardiac voltage-gated ion channels in safety pharmacology: Review of the landscape leading to the CiPA initiative. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 87:11-23. [PMID: 28408211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Voltage gated ion channels are central in defining the fundamental properties of the ventricular cardiac action potential (AP), and are also involved in the development of drug-induced arrhythmias. Many drugs can inhibit cardiac ion currents, including the Na+ current (INa), L-type Ca2+ current (Ica-L), and K+ currents (Ito, IK1, IKs, and IKr), and thereby affect AP properties in a manner that can trigger or sustain cardiac arrhythmias. Since publication of ICH E14 and S7B over a decade ago, there has been a focus on drug effects on QT prolongation clinically, and on the rapidly activating delayed rectifier current (IKr), nonclinically, for evaluation of proarrhythmic risk. This focus on QT interval prolongation and a single ionic current likely impacted negatively some drugs that lack proarrhythmic liability in humans. To rectify this issue, the Comprehensive in vitro proarrhythmia assay (CiPA) initiative has been proposed to integrate drug effects on multiple cardiac ionic currents with in silico modelling of human ventricular action potentials, and in vitro data obtained from human stem cell-derived ventricular cardiomyocytes to estimate proarrhythmic risk of new drugs with improved accuracy. In this review, we present the physiological functions and the molecular basis of major cardiac ion channels that contribute to the ventricle AP, and discuss the CiPA paradigm in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- CiToxLAB North America, 445, Armand-Frappier Boul, Laval H7V 4B3, QC, Canada
| | - Michael K Pugsley
- Department of Toxicology, Purdue Pharma L.P., Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | | | - Michael J Curtis
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE17EH, UK
| | - John Koerner
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Michael Accardi
- CiToxLAB North America, 445, Armand-Frappier Boul, Laval H7V 4B3, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Authier
- CiToxLAB North America, 445, Armand-Frappier Boul, Laval H7V 4B3, QC, Canada.
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25
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Matsui M, Inoue K, Fujimura H, Sakoda S. [A case of Brugada syndrome which developed status epilepticus]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2016; 56:857-861. [PMID: 27890882 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A 35-year-old man showed a convulsive attack with consciousness loss and was suspected of having Brugada syndrome 6 months prior to admission to our hospital. At the initial examination, the patient showed conjugate deviation, followed by left limb convulsions and consciousness loss. He regained consciousness after 1 minute, though cardiac arrest from ventricular fibrillation was noted during an electroencephalography (EEG) examination. Sinus rhythm recovered with defibrillation, though the convulsions persisted and a Status Epilepticus developed. The patient was diagnosed with Brugada syndrome and received implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). After ICD, he has suffered no further convulsive attacks. Brugada syndrome is an inheritable cardiac disease causing sudden death by ventricular fibrillation. It is important to consider both epilepsy and arrhythmia in diagnosis of the seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Matsui
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Toneyama National Hospital
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The heart of epilepsy: Current views and future concepts. Seizure 2016; 44:176-183. [PMID: 27843098 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) comorbidities are common in people with epilepsy. Several mechanisms explain why these conditions tend to co-exist including causal associations, shared risk factors and those resulting from epilepsy or its treatment. Various arrhythmias occurring during and after seizures have been described. Ictal asystole is the most common cause. The converse phenomenon, arrhythmias causing seizures, appears extremely rare and has only been reported in children following cardioinihibitory syncope. Arrhythmias in epilepsy may not only result from seizure activity but also from a shared genetic susceptibility. Various cardiac and epilepsy genes could be implicated but firm evidence is still lacking. Several antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) triggering conduction abnormalities can also explain the co-existence of arrhythmias in epilepsy. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that people with epilepsy have a higher prevalence of structural cardiac disease and a poorer CV risk profile than those without epilepsy. Shared CV risk factors, genetics and etiological factors can account for a significant part of the relationship between epilepsy and structural cardiac disease. Seizure activity may cause transient myocardial ischaemia and the Takotsubo syndrome. Additionally, certain AEDs may themselves negatively affect CV risk profile in epilepsy. Here we discuss the fascinating borderland of epilepsy and cardiovascular conditions. The review focuses on epidemiology, clinical presentations and possible mechanisms for shared pathophysiology. It concludes with a discussion of future developments and a call for validated screening instruments and guidelines aiding the early identification and treatment of CV comorbidity in epilepsy.
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Taggart P, Critchley H, van Duijvendoden S, Lambiase PD. Significance of neuro-cardiac control mechanisms governed by higher regions of the brain. Auton Neurosci 2016; 199:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Auerbach DS, McNitt S, Gross RA, Zareba W, Dirksen RT, Moss AJ. Genetic biomarkers for the risk of seizures in long QT syndrome. Neurology 2016; 87:1660-1668. [PMID: 27466471 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The coprevalence, severity, and biomarkers for seizures and arrhythmias in long QT syndrome (LQTS) remain incompletely understood. METHODS Using the Rochester-based LQTS Registry, this study included large cohorts of LQTS1-3 participants (LQTS+, n = 965) and those without a LQTS mutation (LQTS-, n = 936). RESULTS Compared to LQTS- participants, there was a higher prevalence of LQTS1, LQTS2, and LQTS+ participants classified as having seizures (p < 0.001, i.e., history of seizures/epilepsy or antiseizure medication). LQTS+ participants with longer corrected QT interval (QTc) durations were more likely to have seizures. LQTS2 mutations in the KCNH2 pore domain were positive predictors for both arrhythmias and seizures. In contrast, mutations in the cyclic nucleotide binding domain (cNBD) of KCNH2 conferred a negative risk of seizures, but not arrhythmias. LQTS2, KCNH2-pore, KCNH2-cNBD, QTc duration, and sex were independent predictors of seizures. LQTS+ participants with seizures had significantly longer QTc durations, and a history of seizures was the strongest independent predictor of arrhythmias (hazard ratio 4.09, 95% confidence interval 2.63-6.36, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights potential biomarkers for neurocardiac electrical abnormalities in LQTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Auerbach
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.S.A.), Department of Medicine, Heart Research Follow-up Program (S.M., W.Z., A.J.M.), and Departments of Neurology (R.A.G.) and Pharmacology & Physiology (R.A.G., R.T.D.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY.
| | - Scott McNitt
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.S.A.), Department of Medicine, Heart Research Follow-up Program (S.M., W.Z., A.J.M.), and Departments of Neurology (R.A.G.) and Pharmacology & Physiology (R.A.G., R.T.D.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Robert A Gross
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.S.A.), Department of Medicine, Heart Research Follow-up Program (S.M., W.Z., A.J.M.), and Departments of Neurology (R.A.G.) and Pharmacology & Physiology (R.A.G., R.T.D.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Wojciech Zareba
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.S.A.), Department of Medicine, Heart Research Follow-up Program (S.M., W.Z., A.J.M.), and Departments of Neurology (R.A.G.) and Pharmacology & Physiology (R.A.G., R.T.D.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.S.A.), Department of Medicine, Heart Research Follow-up Program (S.M., W.Z., A.J.M.), and Departments of Neurology (R.A.G.) and Pharmacology & Physiology (R.A.G., R.T.D.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Arthur J Moss
- From the Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.S.A.), Department of Medicine, Heart Research Follow-up Program (S.M., W.Z., A.J.M.), and Departments of Neurology (R.A.G.) and Pharmacology & Physiology (R.A.G., R.T.D.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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Sabu J, Regeti K, Mallappallil M, Kassotis J, Islam H, Zafar S, Khan R, Ibrahim H, Kanta R, Sen S, Yousif A, Nai Q. Convulsive Syncope Induced by Ventricular Arrhythmia Masquerading as Epileptic Seizures: Case Report and Literature Review. J Clin Med Res 2016; 8:610-5. [PMID: 27429683 PMCID: PMC4931808 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2583w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important but difficult to distinguish convulsive syncope from epileptic seizure in many patients. We report a case of a man who presented to emergency department after several witnessed seizure-like episodes. He had a previous medical history of systolic heart failure and automated implantable converter defibrillator (AICD) in situ. The differential diagnoses raised were epileptic seizures and convulsive syncope secondary to cardiac arrhythmia. Subsequent AICD interrogation revealed ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation (v-tach/fib). Since convulsive syncope and epileptic seizure share many similar clinical features, early diagnosis is critical for choosing the appropriate management and preventing sudden cardiac death in patients with presumed epileptic seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sabu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Kalyani Regeti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Raritan Bay Medical Center, Perth Amboy, NJ 08861, USA
| | - Mary Mallappallil
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - John Kassotis
- Clinical cardiac electrophysiology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Hamidul Islam
- Sayreville War Memorial High School, Parlin, NJ 08859, USA
| | - Shoaib Zafar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Raritan Bay Medical Center, Perth Amboy, NJ 08861, USA
| | - Rafay Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Raritan Bay Medical Center, Perth Amboy, NJ 08861, USA
| | - Hiyam Ibrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Raritan Bay Medical Center, Perth Amboy, NJ 08861, USA
| | - Romana Kanta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Raritan Bay Medical Center, Perth Amboy, NJ 08861, USA
| | - Shuvendu Sen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Raritan Bay Medical Center, Perth Amboy, NJ 08861, USA
| | - Abdalla Yousif
- Department of Internal Medicine, Raritan Bay Medical Center, Perth Amboy, NJ 08861, USA
| | - Qiang Nai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Raritan Bay Medical Center, Perth Amboy, NJ 08861, USA
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Goldman AM, Behr ER, Semsarian C, Bagnall RD, Sisodiya S, Cooper PN. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy genetics: Molecular diagnostics and prevention. Epilepsia 2016; 57 Suppl 1:17-25. [PMID: 26749013 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies clearly document the public health burden of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Clinical and experimental studies have uncovered dynamic cardiorespiratory dysfunction, both interictally and at the time of sudden death due to epilepsy. Genetic analyses in humans and in model systems have facilitated our current molecular understanding of SUDEP. Many discoveries have been informed by progress in the field of sudden cardiac death and sudden infant death syndrome. It is becoming apparent that SUDEP genomic complexity parallels that of sudden cardiac death, and that there is a pauci1ty of analytically useful postmortem material. Because many challenges remain, future progress in SUDEP research, molecular diagnostics, and prevention rests in international, collaborative, and transdisciplinary dialogue in human and experimental translational research of sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alica M Goldman
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Elijah R Behr
- Cardiac Research Centre, ICCS, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard D Bagnall
- Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sanjay Sisodiya
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul N Cooper
- Department of Neurology, Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford, United Kingdom.,University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Common somatic conditions are bound to occur by chance in individuals with neurological disorders as prevalent as epilepsy, but when biological links underlying the comorbidity can be uncovered, the relationship may provide clues into the origin and mechanisms of both. The expanding list of monogenic epilepsies and their associated clinical features offer a remarkable opportunity to mine the epilepsy genome for coordinate neurodevelopmental phenotypes and examine their pathogenic mechanisms. Defined single-gene-linked epilepsy syndromes identified to date include all of the most frequently cited comorbidities, such as cognitive disorders, autism, migraine, mood disorders, late-onset dementia, and even premature lethality. Gene-linked comorbidities may be aggravated by, or independent of, seizure history. Mutations in these genes establish clear biological links between abnormal neuronal synchronization and a variety of neurobehavioral disorders, and critically substantiate the definition of epilepsy as a complex spectrum disorder. Mapping the neural circuitry of epilepsy comorbidities and understanding their single-gene risk should substantially clarify this challenging aspect of clinical epilepsy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Noebels
- Developmental Neurogenetics Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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32
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Verstraelen TE, Ter Bekke RMA, Volders PGA, Masclee AAM, Kruimel JW. The role of the SCN5A-encoded channelopathy in irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:906-13. [PMID: 25898860 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal functional and motility disorders, like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), have a high prevalence in the Western population and cause significant morbidity and loss of quality of life leading to considerable costs for health care. A decade ago, it has been demonstrated that interstitial cells of Cajal and intestinal smooth muscle cells, cells important for gastrointestinal motility, express the sodium channel alpha subunit Nav 1.5. In the heart, aberrant variants in this sodium channel, encoded by SCN5A, are linked to inherited arrhythmia syndromes, like the long-QT syndrome type 3 and Brugada syndrome. Mounting data show a possible contribution of SCN5A mutants to gastrointestinal functional and motility disorders. Two percent of IBS patients harbor SCN5A mutations with electrophysiological evidence of loss- and gain-of-function. In addition, gastrointestinal symptoms are more prevalent in cardiac SCN5A-mutation positive patients. PURPOSE This review firstly describes the Nav 1.5 channel and its physiological role in ventricular cardiomyocytes and gastrointestinal cells, then we focus on the involvement of mutant Nav 1.5 in gastrointestinal functional and motility disorders. Future research might uncover novel mutation-specific treatment strategies for SCN5A-encoded gastrointestinal channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Verstraelen
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R M A Ter Bekke
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P G A Volders
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A A M Masclee
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J W Kruimel
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human and experimental research has identified cardioautonomic and respiratory dysfunction as a frequent accompaniment in human and animal model events of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). This review aims to provide an overview of the scientific evidence behind the currently accepted risk factors and working hypotheses regarding SUDEP pathophysiology. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiological analysis of public health burden of SUDEP has shown that it rates second only to stroke in the years of potential life lost. Clinical and experimental studies uncovered the dynamic cardiorespiratory dysfunction interictally and imminently to SUDEP, and model systems have facilitated discoveries in SUDEP mechanistic understanding and application of pilot therapeutic interventions. Pilot molecular profiling of human SUDEP has uncovered complex genomic structure in the candidate gene network. SUMMARY Extensive clinical and experimental work has established a rationale for the conceptual thinking about SUDEP mechanisms. The application of the global molecular profiling will be invaluable in unraveling the individually unique genomic complexities and interactions that underlie the physiological signature of each patient. At the same time, sophisticated model systems will be critical in the iterative translation of human genetics, physiology, pharmacological interventions, and in testing preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alica M Goldman
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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34
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Noebels J. Pathway-driven discovery of epilepsy genes. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:344-50. [PMID: 25710836 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy genes deliver critical insights into the molecular control of brain synchronization and are revolutionizing our understanding and treatment of the disease. The epilepsy-associated genome is rapidly expanding, and two powerful complementary approaches, isolation of de novo exome variants in patients and targeted mutagenesis in model systems, account for the steep increase. In sheer number, the tally of genes linked to seizures will likely match that of cancer and exceed it in biological diversity. The proteins act within most intracellular compartments and span the molecular determinants of firing and wiring in the developing brain. Every facet of neurotransmission, from dendritic spine to exocytotic machinery, is in play, and defects of synaptic inhibition are over-represented. The contributions of somatic mutations and noncoding microRNAs are also being explored. The functional spectrum of established epilepsy genes and the arrival of rapid, precise technologies for genome editing now provide a robust scaffold to prioritize hypothesis-driven discovery and further populate this genetic proto-map. Although each gene identified offers translational potential to stratify patient care, the complexity of individual variation and covert actions of genetic modifiers may confound single-gene solutions for the clinical disorder. In vivo genetic deconstruction of epileptic networks, ex vivo validation of variant profiles in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, in silico variant modeling and modifier gene discovery, now in their earliest stages, will help clarify individual patterns. Because seizures stand at the crossroads of all neuronal synchronization disorders in the developing and aging brain, the neurobiological analysis of epilepsy-associated genes provides an extraordinary gateway to new insights into higher cortical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Noebels
- Developmental Neurogenetics Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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35
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Tian C, Wang K, Ke W, Guo H, Shu Y. Molecular identity of axonal sodium channels in human cortical pyramidal cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:297. [PMID: 25294986 PMCID: PMC4172021 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in rodents revealed that selective accumulation of Na+ channel subtypes at the axon initial segment (AIS) determines action potential (AP) initiation and backpropagation in cortical pyramidal cells (PCs); however, in human cortex, the molecular identity of Na+ channels distributed at PC axons, including the AIS and the nodes of Ranvier, remains unclear. We performed immunostaining experiments in human cortical tissues removed surgically to cure brain diseases. We found strong immunosignals of Na+ channels and two channel subtypes, NaV1.2 and NaV1.6, at the AIS of human cortical PCs. Although both channel subtypes were expressed along the entire AIS, the peak immunosignals of NaV1.2 and NaV1.6 were found at proximal and distal AIS regions, respectively. Surprisingly, in addition to the presence of NaV1.6 at the nodes of Ranvier, NaV1.2 was also found in a subpopulation of nodes in the adult human cortex, different from the absence of NaV1.2 in myelinated axons in rodents. NaV1.1 immunosignals were not detected at either the AIS or the nodes of Ranvier of PCs; however, they were expressed at interneuron axons with different distribution patterns. Further experiments revealed that parvalbumin-positive GABAergic axon cartridges selectively innervated distal AIS regions with relatively high immunosignals of NaV1.6 but not the proximal NaV1.2-enriched compartments, suggesting an important role of axo-axonic cells in regulating AP initiation in human PCs. Together, our results show that both NaV1.2 and NaV1.6 (but not NaV1.1) channel subtypes are expressed at the AIS and the nodes of Ranvier in adult human cortical PCs, suggesting that these channel subtypes control neuronal excitability and signal conduction in PC axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Tian
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiyan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and International Data Group/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China ; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Quyang Hospital, Tongji University Shanghai, China
| | - Yousheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and International Data Group/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China ; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
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36
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Genomic biomarkers of SUDEP in brain and heart. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 38:172-9. [PMID: 24139807 PMCID: PMC3989471 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of epilepsy-related mortality, but how to predict which patients are at risk and how to prevent it remain uncertain. The underlying pathomechanisms of SUDEP are still largely unknown, but the general consensus is that seizures somehow disrupt normal cardiac or respiratory physiology leading to death. However, the proportion of SUDEP cases exhibiting cardiac or respiratory dysfunction as a critical factor in the terminal cascade of events remains unresolved. Although many general risk factors for SUDEP have been identified, the development of reliable patient-specific biomarkers for SUDEP is needed to provide more accurate risk prediction and personalized patient management strategies. Studies in animal models and patient groups have revealed at least nine different brain-heart genes that may contribute to a genetic susceptibility for SUDEP, making them potentially useful as genomic biomarkers. This review summarizes data on the relationship between these neurocardiac genes and SUDEP, discussing their brain-heart expression patterns and genotype-phenotype correlations in mouse models and people with epilepsy. These neurocardiac genes represent good first candidates for evaluation as genomic biomarkers of SUDEP in future studies. The development of validated reliable genomic biomarkers for SUDEP has the potential to transform the clinical treatment of epilepsy by pinpointing patients at risk of SUDEP and allowing optimized, genotype-guided therapeutic and prevention strategies.
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37
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Bland BH, Vertes RP. Luis Vicente Colom. Hippocampus 2014; 24:903-4. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian H. Bland
- Department of Psychology; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Robert P. Vertes
- Department of Psychology; Hotchkiss Brain Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
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Identifying tinnitus-related genes based on a side-effect network analysis. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 3:e97. [PMID: 24477090 PMCID: PMC3910011 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2013.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tinnitus, phantom sound perception, is a worldwide highly prevalent disorder for which no clear underlying pathology has been established and for which no approved drug is on the market. Thus, there is an urgent need for new approaches to understand this condition. We used a network pharmacology side-effect analysis to search for genes that are involved in tinnitus generation. We analyzed a network of 1,313 drug–target pairs, based on 275 compounds that elicit tinnitus as side effect and their targets reported in databases, and used a quantitative score to identify emergent significant targets that were more common than expected at random. Cyclooxigenase 1 and 2 were significant, which validates our approach, since salicylate is a known tinnitus generator. More importantly, we predict previously unknown tinnitus-related targets. The present results have important implications toward understanding tinnitus pathophysiology and might pave the way toward the design of novel pharmacotherapies.
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Sandorfi G, Clemens B, Csanadi Z. Electrical storm in the brain and in the heart: epilepsy and Brugada syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88:1167-73. [PMID: 24079686 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe a patient with the coincidence of 2 ion channel disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance: Brugada syndrome, a potentially fatal cardiac condition, and cryptogenic focal epilepsy, likely due to a neurologic channelopathy. Although Brugada syndrome was discovered incidentally, most of the clinical features of epilepsy in this patient shared the risk factor characteristics of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy syndrome. This case provides additional information on the potential interaction between ion channel abnormalities in the heart and in the brain. Furthermore, it may suggest that patients with epilepsy at increased risk for sudden unexplained death in epilepsy syndrome should undergo a careful cardiac evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Sandorfi
- Department of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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40
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Role of “non-cardiac” voltage-gated sodium channels in cardiac cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:589-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Ren CT, Li DM, Ou SW, Wang YJ, Lin Y, Zong ZH, Kameyama M, Kameyama A. Cloning and expression of the two new variants of Nav1.5/SCN5A in rat brain. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365:139-48. [PMID: 22331407 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The α-subunit of tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) voltage-gated sodium channel (VSGC, Nav1.5/SCN5A) has been found from the rat heart and human neuroblastoma cell line NB-1, but its expression in rat brain has not been identified radically. In this study, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to clone the full sequence of Nav1.5 (designated as rN1) α-subunit in rat brain and compared the distribution in different lobe of brain in different developmental stages. The open reading frame of rN1 encodes 2,016 amino acid residues and sequence analysis indicated that rN1 is highly homologous with 96.53% amino acids identity to rat cardiac Nav1.5 (rH1) and 96.13% amino acids identity to human neuroblastoma Nav1.5 (hNbR1). It has all the structural features of a VSGC and the presence of a cysteine residue (C373) in the pore loop region of domain I suggests that this channel is resistant to TTX. A new exon (exon6A) that is distinct from rH1 was found in DI-S3-S4, meanwhile an isomer of alternative splicing that deleted 53 amino acids (exon18) was found for the first time in domain DII-III in rN1. (designated as rN1-2). Distribution results demonstrated that rN1 expressed discrepancy in different ages and lobe in brain. The expression level of rN1 was gradually more stable in adult than in neonatal; these results suggest that rN1 has a newly identified exon for alternative splicing that is differentfrom rat heart and is more widely expressed in rat brain than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Tao Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Municipal Hospital, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Marini C, Mantegazza M. Na+ channelopathies and epilepsy: recent advances and new perspectives. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:371-84. [PMID: 22111617 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of ion channel genes have a major role in the pathogenesis of several epilepsies, confirming that some epilepsies are disorders due to the impairment of ion channel function (channelopathies). Voltage-gated Na(+) channels (VGSCs) play an essential role in neuronal excitability; it is, therefore, not surprising that most mutations associated with epilepsy have been identified in genes coding for VGSCs subunits. Epilepsies linked to VGSCs mutations range in severity from mild disorders, such as benign neonatal-infantile familial seizures and febrile seizures, to severe and drug-resistant epileptic encephalopathies. SCN1A is the most clinically relevant of all of the known epilepsy genes, several hundred mutations have been identified in this gene. This review will summarize recent advances and new perspectives on Na(+) channels and epilepsy. A better understanding of the genetic basis and of how gene defects cause seizures is mandatory to direct future research for newer selective and more efficacious treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Marini
- Child Neurology Unit, Pediatric Hospital A. Meyer, University of Firenze, Viale Pieraccini, Florence, Italy.
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Patino GA, Brackenbury WJ, Bao Y, Lopez-Santiago LF, O'Malley HA, Chen C, Calhoun JD, Lafrenière RG, Cossette P, Rouleau GA, Isom LL. Voltage-gated Na+ channel β1B: a secreted cell adhesion molecule involved in human epilepsy. J Neurosci 2011; 31:14577-91. [PMID: 21994374 PMCID: PMC3212034 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0361-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scn1b-null mice have a severe neurological and cardiac phenotype. Human mutations in SCN1B result in epilepsy and cardiac arrhythmia. SCN1B is expressed as two developmentally regulated splice variants, β1 and β1B, that are each expressed in brain and heart in rodents and humans. Here, we studied the structure and function of β1B and investigated a novel human SCN1B epilepsy-related mutation (p.G257R) unique to β1B. We show that wild-type β1B is not a transmembrane protein, but a soluble protein expressed predominantly during embryonic development that promotes neurite outgrowth. Association of β1B with voltage-gated Na+ channels Na(v)1.1 or Na(v)1.3 is not detectable by immunoprecipitation and β1B does not affect Na(v)1.3 cell surface expression as measured by [(3)H]saxitoxin binding. However, β1B coexpression results in subtle alteration of Na(v)1.3 currents in transfected cells, suggesting that β1B may modulate Na+ current in brain. Similar to the previously characterized p.R125C mutation, p.G257R results in intracellular retention of β1B, generating a functional null allele. In contrast, two other SCN1B mutations associated with epilepsy, p.C121W and p.R85H, are expressed at the cell surface. We propose that β1B p.G257R may contribute to epilepsy through a mechanism that includes intracellular retention resulting in aberrant neuronal pathfinding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yangyang Bao
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Neuroscience, and
| | | | | | - Chunling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Neuroscience, and
| | - Jeffrey D. Calhoun
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ron G. Lafrenière
- Centre of Excellence in Neuromics and
- Emerillon Therapeutics, Inc., Montréal, Québec H3A IL2, Canada, and
| | - Patrick Cossette
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2L 2W5, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal–Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Guy A. Rouleau
- Centre of Excellence in Neuromics and
- Emerillon Therapeutics, Inc., Montréal, Québec H3A IL2, Canada, and
| | - Lori L. Isom
- Department of Pharmacology and Program in Neuroscience, and
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Cruz JS, Silva DF, Ribeiro LA, Araújo IGA, Magalhães N, Medeiros A, Freitas C, Araujo IC, Oliveira FA. Resurgent Na+ current: a new avenue to neuronal excitability control. Life Sci 2011; 89:564-9. [PMID: 21683085 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Integrative and firing properties are important characteristics of neuronal circuits and these responses are determined in large part by the repertoire of ion channels they express, which can vary considerably between cell types. Recently, a new mode of operation of voltage dependent sodium channels has been described that generates a so-called resurgent Na+ current. Accumulating evidence suggests resurgent Na current participates in the generation of sub-threshold inward Na+ current causing membrane depolarization which provides the necessary drive to fire high-frequency action potentials. Recent studies indicate that resurgent Na+ current could be a more widespread feature than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jader S Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Schroeter A, Walzik S, Blechschmidt S, Haufe V, Benndorf K, Zimmer T. Structure and function of splice variants of the cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.5. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:16-24. [PMID: 20398673 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels mediate the rapid upstroke of the action potential in excitable tissues. The tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistant isoform Na(v)1.5, encoded by the SCN5A gene, is the predominant isoform in the heart. This channel plays a key role for excitability of atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes and for rapid impulse propagation through the specific conduction system. During recent years, strong evidence has been accumulated in support of the expression of several Na(v)1.5 splice variants in the heart, and in various other tissues and cell lines including brain, dorsal root ganglia, breast cancer cells and neuronal stem cell lines. This review summarizes our knowledge on the structure and putative function of nine Na(v)1.5 splice variants detected so far. Attention will be paid to the distinct biophysical properties of the four functional splice variants, to the pronounced tissue- and species-specific expression, and to the developmental regulation of Na(v)1.5 splicing. The implications of alternative splicing for SCN5A channelopathies, and for a better understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Schroeter
- Institute of Physiology II, University Clinic, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Kollegiengasse 9, 07743 Jena, Germany
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46
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Surges R, Taggart P, Sander JW, Walker MC. Too long or too short? New insights into abnormal cardiac repolarization in people with chronic epilepsy and its potential role in sudden unexpected death. Epilepsia 2010; 51:738-44. [PMID: 20384763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is probably caused by periictal cardiorespiratory alterations such as central apnea, bradyarrhythmia, and neurogenic pulmonary edema. These alterations may occur in people with epilepsy and vary in duration and severity. Seizure-related ventricular tachyarrhythmias have also been hypothesized to be involved in SUDEP, but compelling evidence of these, or of predisposition to these, is lacking. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias are facilitated by pathologic cardiac repolarization. Electrocardiography (ECG) indicators of pathologic cardiac repolarization, such as prolongation or shortening of QT intervals as well as increased QT dispersion, are established risk factors for life-threatening tachyarrhythmia and sudden cardiac death (SDC). Abnormalities in cardiac repolarization have recently been described in people with epilepsy. Importantly, periictal ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation have also been reported in the absence of any underlying cardiac disease. Therefore, pathologic cardiac repolarization could promote SCD in people with epilepsy and could be one plausible cause for SUDEP. Herein, we review abnormal cardiac repolarization in people with epilepsy, describe the putative contribution of antiepileptic drugs, and discuss the potential role of pathologic cardiac repolarization in SUDEP. Based on these, measures to reduce the risk of or prevent SUDEP may include antiarrhythmic medication and implantation of cardiac combined pacemaker-defibrillator devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Surges
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.
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47
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Heron SE, Hernandez M, Edwards C, Edkins E, Jansen FE, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF, Mulley JC. Neonatal seizures and long QT syndrome: a cardiocerebral channelopathy? Epilepsia 2009; 51:293-6. [PMID: 19863579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We identified a patient with electrophysiologically verified neonatal long QT syndrome (LQTS) and neonatal seizures in the presence of a controlled cardiac rhythm. To find a cause for this unusual combination of phenotypes, we tested the patient for mutations in seven ion channel genes associated with either LQTS or benign familial neonatal seizures (BFNS). Comparative genome hybridization (CGH) was done to exclude the possibility of a contiguous gene syndrome. No mutations were found in the genes (KCNQ2, KCNQ3) associated with BFNS, and CGH was negative. A previously described mutation and a known rare variant were found in the LQTS-associated genes SCN5A and KCNE2. Both are expressed in the brain, and although mutations have not been associated with epilepsy, we propose a pathophysiologic mechanism by which the combination of molecular changes may cause seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Heron
- SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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48
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Goldman AM, Glasscock E, Yoo J, Chen TT, Klassen TL, Noebels JL. Arrhythmia in heart and brain: KCNQ1 mutations link epilepsy and sudden unexplained death. Sci Transl Med 2009; 1:2ra6. [PMID: 20368164 PMCID: PMC2951754 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sudden unexplained death is a catastrophic complication of human idiopathic epilepsy, causing up to 18% of patient deaths. A molecular mechanism and an identified therapy have remained elusive. Here, we find that epilepsy occurs in mouse lines bearing dominant human LQT1 mutations for the most common form of cardiac long QT syndrome, which causes syncopy and sudden death. KCNQ1 encodes the cardiac KvLQT1 delayed rectifier channel, which has not been previously found in the brain. We have shown that, in these mice, this channel is found in forebrain neuronal networks and brainstem nuclei, regions in which a defect in the ability of neurons to repolarize after an action potential, as would be caused by this mutation, can produce seizures and dysregulate autonomic control of the heart. That long QT syndrome mutations in KCNQ1 cause epilepsy reveals the dual arrhythmogenic potential of an ion channelopathy coexpressed in heart and brain and motivates a search for genetic diagnostic strategies to improve risk prediction and prevention of early mortality in persons with seizure disorders of unknown origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Goldman
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wang J, Ou SW, Wang YJ, Kameyama M, Kameyama A, Zong ZH. Analysis of four novel variants of Nav1.5/SCN5A cloned from the brain. Neurosci Res 2009; 64:339-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Wang J, Ou SW, Wang YJ, Zong ZH, Lin L, Kameyama M, Kameyama A. New Variants of Nav1.5/SCN5A Encode Na+Channels in the Brain. J Neurogenet 2009; 22:57-75. [DOI: 10.1080/01677060701672077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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