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Llewelyn H, Kiddie J. Can a facial action coding system (CatFACS) be used to determine the welfare state of cats with cerebellar hypoplasia? Vet Rec 2021; 190:e1079. [PMID: 34723388 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impaired motor skills of cats living with cerebellar hypoplasia (CH) suggests they would be unable to practice normal behaviour, one of the five welfare needs. This study aimed to explore the use of facial action coding system (CatFACS) as a welfare assessment tool for cats with CH. METHODS Facial expressions (action units [AUs]) were defined as neutral/positive or negative by recording healthy cats (n = 89) during presumed aversive or relaxed scenarios. CH cats (n = 33) were then filmed and their facial expressions compared to those of the presumed positively- and negatively-valenced healthy cats. RESULTS Sixteen negative AUs were defined. CH cats performed more of these than healthy cats (p = 0.023) in the relaxed scenario. There was no difference in AU expression between three levels of CH severity (mild, moderate or severe) (p = 0.461). CONCLUSION Cats perform distinct AUs when experiencing negatively-valenced arousal, the presence or absence of these AUs could be used to infer the welfare of healthy and CH cats. As there was no difference in AU expression between the three levels of CH severity, the behavioural restrictions CH imposes on cats does not necessarily indicate lower welfare and the reasons why CH cats perform more negatively associated AUs warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Llewelyn
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jenna Kiddie
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Science, Natural Resources and Outdoor Studies, University of Cumbria, Carlisle, UK
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2
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Simultaneous detection of feline parvovirus and feline bocavirus using SYBR Green I-based duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:400. [PMID: 34377624 PMCID: PMC8343365 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since both feline parvovirus (FPV) and feline bocavirus (FBoV) can cause diarrhea in cats, it is difficult to distinguish them clinically. This study aimed to develop a SYBR Green I-based duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for distinguishing FPV and FBoV-1 on the basis of the melting temperature of the PCR product. A total of 132 fecal samples from different domestic and feral cats were collected, and the results of SYBR Green I-based duplex real-time PCR assay were compared with those of the traditional PCR assay for a comprehensive evaluation. The melting temperatures were found to be 86 °C and 77.5 °C for FBoV-1 and FPV, respectively, and no specific melting peaks for other non-targeted feline viruses were observed. The data obtained from this assay had a good linear relationship; the detection limits of FPV and FBoV-1 were 2.907 × 101 copies/μL and 3.836 × 101 copies/μL, respectively. In addition, the experiment exhibited high reproducibility. The positive detection rates of the SYBR Green I-based duplex real-time PCR assay for FPV and FBoV-1 were 16.67% (22/132) and 6.82% (9/132), respectively, and the positive detection rate for co-infection with FPV and FBoV-1 was 3.03% (4/132). This result was much more sensitive than that of the traditional PCR method. Thus, the developed SYBR Green I-based assay is a sensitive, rapid, specific, and reliable method for the clinical diagnosis of FPV and FBoV-1 and can provide technical support for the simultaneous detection of co-infection with these viruses in the future.
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3
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Wünschmann A, Lopez-Astacio R, Armien AG, Parrish CR. Cerebellar hypoplasia and dysplasia in a juvenile raccoon with parvoviral infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:463-466. [PMID: 32404029 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720912229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A juvenile raccoon (Procyon lotor) was submitted dead to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for rabies testing without history. The animal had marked hypoplasia of the cerebellum. Histology demonstrated that most folia lacked granule cells and had randomly misplaced Purkinje cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of parvoviral antigen in a few neurons and cell processes. PCR targeting feline and canine parvovirus yielded a positive signal. Sequencing analyses from a fragment of the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) gene and a portion of the viral capsid protein 2 (VP2) gene confirmed the presence of DNA of a recent canine parvovirus variant (CPV-2a-like virus) in the cerebellum. Our study provides evidence that (canine) parvovirus may be associated with cerebellar hypoplasia and dysplasia in raccoons, similar to the disease that occurs naturally and has been reproduced experimentally by feline parvoviral infection of pregnant cats, with subsequent intrauterine or neonatal infections of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wünschmann
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (Wünschmann, Armien).,Baker Institute of Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Lopez-Astacio, Parrish)
| | - Robert Lopez-Astacio
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (Wünschmann, Armien).,Baker Institute of Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Lopez-Astacio, Parrish)
| | - Anibal G Armien
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (Wünschmann, Armien).,Baker Institute of Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Lopez-Astacio, Parrish)
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN (Wünschmann, Armien).,Baker Institute of Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Lopez-Astacio, Parrish)
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4
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Di Martino B, Di Profio F, Melegari I, Marsilio F. Feline Virome-A Review of Novel Enteric Viruses Detected in Cats. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100908. [PMID: 31575055 PMCID: PMC6832874 DOI: 10.3390/v11100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the diagnostic and metagenomic investigations of the feline enteric environment have allowed the identification of several novel viruses that have been associated with gastroenteritis in cats. In the last few years, noroviruses, kobuviruses, and novel parvoviruses have been repetitively detected in diarrheic cats as alone or in mixed infections with other pathogens, raising a number of questions, with particular regards to their pathogenic attitude and clinical impact. In the present article, the current available literature on novel potential feline enteric viruses is reviewed, providing a meaningful update on the etiology, epidemiologic, pathogenetic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of the infections caused by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Martino
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Irene Melegari
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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5
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Pardo AP, Gómez MA, González CM. Cerebellar cortical degeneration associated with feline leukemia virus infection and cerebellar lymphoma in a young cat. Open Vet J 2019; 9:246-252. [PMID: 31998618 PMCID: PMC6794398 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cerebellar cortical degeneration (CCD) is the premature death of cerebellar neurons of heterogeneous etiology that is uncommonly observed as a neurological complication of certain neoplasia. Case Description: Here, we report an 8-month-old male domestic cat with altered consciousness, symmetric ataxia, hypermetric gait, vertical positional nystagmus, mydriasis, strabismus, intention tremor of the head, and increased patellar reflexes. Neuroanatomical diagnosis suggested a multifocal brain dysfunction (cerebellar and cerebral). The cat tested seropositive for feline leukemia virus. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis indicated mononuclear and neutrophilic pleocytosis. Contrast computed tomography imaging revealed multiple hypodense heterogeneous areas in both cerebral hemispheres, mild ventriculomegaly at the level of the caudal fossa, and a circular sharply marginated, homogeneously hyperdense mass occupying the right cerebellar hemisphere. Postmortem study indicated a 1.1 × 1.3 × 1.2 cm mass in the right cerebellar hemisphere close to the vermis. Histopathological analysis showed diffuse and severe Purkinje cell loss with a decrease in granular cell density and moderate gliosis compatible with CCD. Further, numerous neoplastic lymphoid cells were observed in the infiltrated mass, consistent with a diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry showed CD20 expression, indicative of a B-cell immunophenotype. In humans, CCD is reported as a rare paraneoplastic syndrome in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. CNS lymphoma and/or Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) infection were both considered as a possible cause of CCD in this case. Conclusion: This is the first described case of possible paraneoplastic cerebellar cortical degeneration associated with CNS lymphoma and/or FeLV infection in a domestic cat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo A Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos M González
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Sun Y, Cheng Y, Lin P, Zhang H, Yi L, Tong M, Cao Z, Li S, Cheng S, Wang J. Simultaneous detection and differentiation of canine parvovirus and feline parvovirus by high resolution melting analysis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:141. [PMID: 31077252 PMCID: PMC6511188 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine parvovirus (CPV) and feline parvovirus (FPV) are causative agents of diarrhea in dogs and cats, which manifests as depression, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, leucopenia, and diarrhea in young animals. CPV and FPV can single or mixed infect cats and cause disease. To diagnose sick animals effectively, an effective virus diagnostic and genome typing method with high sensitivity and specificity is required. RESULTS In this study, a conserved segment containing one SNP A4408C of parvovirus was used for real-time PCR amplification. Subsequently, data were auto-analyzed and plotted using Applied Biosystems® High Resolution Melt Software v3.1. Results showed that CPV and FPV can be detected simultaneously in a single PCR reaction. No cross-reactions were observed with canine adenovirus, canine coronavirus, and canine distemper virus. The assay had a detection limit of 4.2 genome copies of CPV and FPV. A total of 80 clinical samples were subjected to this assay, as well as to conventional PCR-sequence assay and virus isolation. Results showed that the percentage of agreement of the assay and other methods are high. CONCLUSIONS In short, we have developed a diagnostic test for the accurate detection and differentiation of CPV and FPV in fecal samples, which is also cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Sun
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuening Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Hewei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yi
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Tong
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 4899, Juye Street, Jingyue District, Changchun, 130112, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Clegg S, Coyne K, Dawson S, Spibey N, Gaskell R, Radford A. Canine parvovirus in asymptomatic feline carriers. Vet Microbiol 2012; 157:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Csiza CK, Scott FW, De Lahunta A, Gillespie JH. Pathogenesis of feline panleukopenia virus in susceptible newborn kittens I. Clinical signs, hematology, serology, and virology. Infect Immun 2010; 3:833-7. [PMID: 16558063 PMCID: PMC416246 DOI: 10.1128/iai.3.6.833-837.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inoculation of susceptible newborn kittens with a large dose of panleukopenia virus caused subclinical infection in 19 of 23 cases. All infected kittens developed severe and prolonged leukopenia. Cell-free virus was present in the blood from 1 to 7 postinoculation days. The virus spread to all organs, regardless of the route of inoculation. The thymus, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and the cerebellum were the most severely infected organs. Kittens responded to virus infection by production of specific antibodies, first detectable in the circulatory system 6 to 8 days after infection. Antibody production preceded recovery from leukopenia by 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Csiza
- Departments of Microbiology and Anatomy, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
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9
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Grant JK, Yin NC, Zaytoun AM, Waseem H, Hobbs JA. Persistent adeno-associated virus 2 and parvovirus B19 sequences in post-mortem human cerebellum. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 8:490-8. [PMID: 19585179 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-009-0126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported in a large cohort (N = 104) of post-mortem tissues the detection of both the non-pathogenic adeno-associated virus (AAV2) in approximately 13% and the pathogenic human parvovirus B19 (B19) in approximately 42% of human brains, particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Multiple animal parvoviruses target the developing cerebellum (CBLM) resulting in hypoplasia and ataxia, but very little is known about the human parvoviruses and their ability to infect or cause disease in the CBLM. We have now confirmed in the above cohort the presence of AAV2 and B19 sequences in the CBLM. Our results show that approximately 27% and approximately 70% of human CBLM are positive by nested polymerase chain reaction for AAV2 and B19 sequences, respectively. We also document in a second cohort (N = 10) the presence of AAV2 (50%) and B19 (100%) sequences in the CBLM and correlate our results for B19 with studies from matched sera. Eighty percent (80%) of this cohort was positive for anti-B19 IgG, while none were IgM+, suggesting that most individuals had been previously infected with B19 but none acutely. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that both AAV2 and B19 sequences are present at relatively high frequencies in the CBLM and are likely due to persistent rather than acute infection. Further studies will lead to insights into AAV2- and/or B19-CBLM interactions including mechanisms of infection, persistence, and possibly neuropathology, including cerebellar hypoplasia and ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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10
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Iulini B, Cantile C, Mandara MT, Maurella C, Loria GR, Castagnaro M, Salvadori C, Porcario C, Corona C, Perazzini AZ, Maroni A, Caramelli M, Casalone C. Neuropathology of italian cats in feline spongiform encephalopathy surveillance. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:626-33. [PMID: 18725465 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-5-626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy associated with the consumption of feedstuffs contaminated with tissue from bovine spongiform encephalopathy-affected cattle and characterized by the accumulation in the central nervous system of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein (PrP(sc)). Clinically, it presents as a progressive fatal neurologic syndrome that is not easily distinguished from other feline neurologic conditions. Most cases of FSE have been reported in England, where it was first detected in 1990, but a few cases have been reported from other European countries. To identify possible cases of FSE in Italy, the Italian Ministry of Health funded a 2-year surveillance project during which the brains from 110 domestic cats with neurologic signs were evaluated histologically for spongiform encephalopathy and immunohistochemically to detect PrP(sc). Although no cases of FSE were found, the study proved useful in monitoring the Italian cat population for other neurologic diseases: neoplasia (21.8%), toxic-metabolic encephalopathy (18.2%), granulomatous encephalitis (15.5%), suppurative encephalitis (4.6%), trauma (3.6%), circulatory disorders (3.6%), degeneration (2.7%), nonsuppurative encephalitis (2.7%), and neuromuscular diseases (1.8%). No histologic lesions were found in 20% of the brains, and samples from 5.5% of the cats were rejected as unsuitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Iulini
- CEA - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino (Italy)
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11
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Résibois A, Coppens A, Poncelet L. Naturally occurring parvovirus-associated feline hypogranular cerebellar hypoplasia-- A comparison to experimentally-induced lesions using immunohistology. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:831-41. [PMID: 18039896 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-6-831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three cases of feline cerebellar hypoplasia are presented. At the time of examination, the ages of the cats ranged from 2 months to 1 year. Necropsy revealed cerebellar and pons hypoplasia. Polymerase chain reaction for parvoviral deoxyribonucleic acid was positive in cerebellar tissue. Cell-specific immunolabeling was used to characterize the lesions, which were characterized into 2 types. In type 1 lesions, the cortex was nearly agranular, with an extremely thin molecular layer; the Purkinje cells were randomly placed and oriented, and their stunted main dendrite produced a thorn-covered atrophic dendritic tree; the basket cell axons ran randomly and had dysmorphic endings; and myelinated fibers were severely reduced in folia axes. In type 2 lesions, the cortex was hypogranular; the Purkinje cells were linearly organized, but their main dendrite extended too far in the molecular layer before giving up smooth, bent secondary dendrites; many basket cells were located along the cerebellar surface, and their axons ran at right angle to the surface; myelinated fibers were moderately reduced. Defects in climbing fiber synapse translocation and elimination were evident in both types of lesion. This immunohistologic study allowed a comparison between lesions in these spontaneous cerebellar hypoplasia cases with those documented when using silver impregnation studies after perinatal experimental cerebellar damage. Such a comparison is consistent with viral infection that occurs before birth in all 3 cases. Progress in parvovirus biology knowledge suggests that viral NS1 protein cytotoxicity might explain degenerative changes in the Purkinje cells that were present, in addition to the development defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Résibois
- Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Flegel T, Matiasek K, Henke D, Grevel V. Cerebellar cortical degeneration with selective granule cell loss in Bavarian mountain dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:462-5. [PMID: 17663663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three Bavarian mountain dogs aged between 18 and 20 months, not related to each other, were presented with chronic signs of cerebellar dysfunction. On sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging brain images, the tentative diagnosis of cerebellar hypoplasia was established based on an enlarged cerebrospinal fluid space around the cerebellum and an increased cerebrospinal fluid signal between the folia. Post-mortem examination was performed in one dog and did show an overall reduction of cerebellar size. On histopathologic examination, a selective loss of cerebellar granule cells with sparing of Purkinje cells was evident. Therefore, the Bavarian mountain dog is a breed where cerebellar cortical degeneration caused by the rather exceptional selective granule cell loss can be seen as cause of chronic, slowly progressive cerebellar dysfunction starting at an age of several months.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Flegel
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Hobbs JA. Detection of adeno-associated virus 2 and parvovirus B19 in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurovirol 2006; 12:190-9. [PMID: 16877300 DOI: 10.1080/13550280600827351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although animal parvoviruses have long been recognized as causes of brain pathology in multiple animal models, especially during early development, human parvoviruses are rarely thought of as neurotropic or causes of neuropathology in humans. However, several recent case reports have suggested possible associations of parvovirus B19 (B19) infection with various neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) is related to B19 but has thus far not been shown to be associated with any human disease but is of clinical interest because of the recent use of recombinant AAV vectors in human gene therapy, including gene delivery to the brain. To date, there have been no large-scale studies of the propensity of wild-type human parvoviruses to infect the brain. The Stanley Medical Research Institute Brain Collection offered a unique opportunity to study a large sample (n = 104) of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC) DNAs isolated from unaffected control, schizophrenic, and bipolar disorder brains for the presence of parvoviral sequences. This is the first investigator-blinded study to document the presence of parvoviral sequences in the DLPC by utilizing highly sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and DNA sequencing. Of the overall sample, 6.7% to 12.5% were positive for AAV2, and 14.4% to 42.3% were positive for B19 sequences, with no statistical differences among subgroups. This is the first report to demonstrate the presence of human parvoviruses in a large cohort of adult DLPC, which underscores the need to gain a better insight into the basic biology of parvovirus-brain interactions, including mechanisms of infection and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Hobbs
- Department of Psychiatry and the Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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14
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Résibois A, Poncelet L. Purkinje cell neuroaxonal dystrophy similar to nervous mutant mice phenotype in two sibling kittens. Acta Neuropathol 2004; 107:553-8. [PMID: 15042386 PMCID: PMC7086572 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-004-0846-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Three 4-month-old kittens from the same litter were presented, two of which were exhibiting cerebellar signs. Euthanasia was requested. No cerebellum atrophy was disclosed on necropsy. General cerebellar anatomy was normal, including the thickness of the cortical layers, myelination, and neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei. In the ataxic cat vermis, Purkinje cells were lacking along broad parasagittal bands symmetrically disposed relative to the midline. Many Purkinje cells were also lacking in the hemispheres. The nodulus and the flocculus were normal. Surviving Purkinje cells had frequent main dendrite swellings visible with anti-calbindin and anti-microtubule associated protein. In affected regions, calbindin and phosphorylated neurofilaments immunesera stained numerous axonal torpedoes located in the granular layer and the folial white matter. They were also present in processes of the deep cerebellar nuclei and lateral vestibular nucleus. Loss of synaptic endings onto the neurons of these nuclei was evident. Hypertrophied Purkinje cell recurrent axons and enhanced retrograde synaptic endings were present in the granular layer. Bergmann glia was strongly labeled by anti-GFAP, but no abnormal supplementary fibers were seen. None of these alterations were present in the normal sister. However, abnormal vacuolation of the Purkinje cell main dendrites was evident in all three cats, but not in six unrelated control cats that were 3-6 months old. The inferior olive and pontine nuclei were also normal. The two ataxic cats had a primary Purkinje cell degeneration that shared many common features with the abnormal Purkinje cells of the nervous mutant mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Résibois
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique et de la Nutrition CP 611, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Résibois A, Poncelet L. Olivopontocerebellar atrophy in two adult cats, sporadic cases or new genetic entity. Vet Pathol 2004; 41:20-9. [PMID: 14715964 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-1-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two otherwise healthy adult cats were presented with progressive cerebellar signs of different severity. Owners requested euthanasia. Necropsy disclosed whole cerebellum and pontine atrophy, with a severity paralleling the neurologic dysfunction. We used cell type-specific immunolabelings to characterize the lesions. The severity of the cerebellar cortex atrophy followed a general gradient from the midvermis toward the hemispheres and a local gradient from the depth of the folia toward their tip. Along these gradients, Purkinje cells were the first to disappear, followed by basket, Golgi, and stellate cells, and eventually by granule cells. Bergmann glia cells and unipolar brush cells were preserved. Pontine nuclei and the olivary complex were also severely depopulated. Neurons in the cerebellar nuclei, vestibular nuclei, and other cerebellar system-associated structures were preserved, as well as substantia nigra. Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) in a domestic animal species was rarely reported. Some features allow tentative linking to either familial or sporadic OPCA of humans. However, the ordered disappearance of all cortical neuronal types has never been described before. Either this entity is cat specific or it might pinpoint the need for increased knowledge about differential gene expression depending on genetic background, i.e., among different species. It also would open prospects about gene product interactions within neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Résibois
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique et de la Nutrition, CP 611, Faculté de Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Schatzberg SJ, Haley NJ, Barr SC, Parrish C, Steingold S, Summers BA, deLahunta A, Kornegay JN, Sharp NJH. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of parvoviral DNA from the brains of dogs and cats with cerebellar hypoplasia. J Vet Intern Med 2003; 17:538-44. [PMID: 12892305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar hypoplasia in cats is caused most commonly by an in utero or perinatal infection with feline panleukopenia virus (parvovirus). Cerebellar hypoplasia has been reported infrequently in dogs, but no viral etiology has been identified to date. DNA was extracted from archival, paraffin-embedded, cerebellar tissue from 8 cats and from 2 canine littermates with cerebellar hypoplasia, 2 canine littermates with cerebellar cortical abiotrophy, 6 dogs with congenital cerebellar vermal defects, 1 dog with congenital hydranencephaly, and 15 dogs and cats with various encephalitdes. The DNA extracted from each cerebellum was subject to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification by 3 primer pairs specific for parvovirus DNA. Sequence analysis of PCR products from each of the 8 cats and 2 dogs with cerebellar hypoplasia confirmed their identity with parvoviral DNA. The 6 dogs with cerebellar vermal defects, 2 dogs with cortical abiotrophy, 1 dog with congenital hydranencephaly, and all control samples were PCR negative for parvovirus. Parvoviral structural proteins were not identified by immunohistochemistry in either dog with cerebellar hypoplasia. This study shows that parvoviral DNA can be amplified from feline and canine archival brain tissue and that cerebellar hypoplasia in dogs might be associated with in utero parvovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Schatzberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA.
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Ikeda Y, Nakamura K, Miyazawa T, Takahashi E, Mochizuki M. Feline host range of canine parvovirus: recent emergence of new antigenic types in cats. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8:341-6. [PMID: 11971764 PMCID: PMC2730235 DOI: 10.3201/eid0804.010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) in the late 1970s, CPV-2 has evolved consecutively new antigenic types, CPV-2a and 2b. Although CPV-2 did not have a feline host range, CPV-2a and 2b appear to have gained the ability to replicate in cats. Recent investigations demonstrate the prevalence of CPV-2a and 2b infection in a wide range of cat populations. We illustrate the pathogenic potential of CPV in cats and assess the risk caused by CPV variants.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Animals, Wild/virology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigenic Variation
- Antigens, Viral/classification
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cat Diseases/epidemiology
- Cat Diseases/transmission
- Cat Diseases/virology
- Cats/virology
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging
- Disease Reservoirs/veterinary
- Evolution, Molecular
- Feline Panleukopenia Virus/physiology
- Parvoviridae Infections/epidemiology
- Parvoviridae Infections/transmission
- Parvoviridae Infections/veterinary
- Parvoviridae Infections/virology
- Parvovirus, Canine/classification
- Parvovirus, Canine/genetics
- Parvovirus, Canine/immunology
- Parvovirus, Canine/isolation & purification
- Phylogeny
- Terminology as Topic
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Barone G, Foureman P, deLahunta A. Adult-onset cerebellar cortical abiotrophy and retinal degeneration in a domestic shorthair cat. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2002; 38:51-4. [PMID: 11804315 DOI: 10.5326/0380051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 4-year-old, neutered male domestic shorthair cat presented for evaluation of ataxia and visual deficits. Neurological examination revealed severe cerebellar ataxia with symmetrical hypermetria and spasticity, a coarse whole-body tremor, positional vertical nystagmus, and frequent loss of balance. A menace response was absent bilaterally, and the pupils were widely dilated in room light. A funduscopic examination revealed markedly attenuated to absent retinal vessels and pronounced tapetal hyperreflectivity, findings consistent with end-stage retinal degeneration. Blood work evaluation included retroviral testing, a complete blood count, serum biochemistry analysis, taurine levels, and toxoplasma immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M titers. All were within reference ranges. The patient was euthanized, and a necropsy was performed. Microscopically, lesions of the nervous system were confined to the cerebellum and were consistent with cerebellar cortical abiotrophy. Selective photoreceptor degeneration was seen on histopathological examination of the retina with a reduction in the number of rods and cones. The combination of clinical findings and histopathological lesions seen here has not been previously reported in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Barone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Ramírez JC, Fairén A, Almendral JM. Parvovirus minute virus of mice strain i multiplication and pathogenesis in the newborn mouse brain are restricted to proliferative areas and to migratory cerebellar young neurons. J Virol 1996; 70:8109-16. [PMID: 8892936 PMCID: PMC190885 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.11.8109-8116.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborn BALB/c mice intranasally inoculated at birth with a lethal dose of the immunosuppressive strain of the parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVMi) developed motor disabilities and intention tremors with a high incidence by the day 6 postinfection (dpi). These neurological syndromes paralleled the synthesis of virus intermediate DNA replicative forms and yield of infectious particles in the brain, with kinetics that peaked by this time. The preferred virus replicative sites in the brain were established early in the infection (2 dpi) and at the onset of clinical symptoms (6 dpi) and were compared with major regions of cellular proliferative activity found after intraperitoneal injection of bromodeoxyuridine 24 h before encephalons were subjected to immunohistochemistry detection. At 2 dpi, viral capsid antigen was located in the laterodorsal thalamic and the pontine nuclei but not in the extensive proliferative regions of the mouse brain at this postnatal day. At 6 dpi, however, the neurotropism of the MVMi was highlighted by its ability to target the subventricular zone of the ventricles, the subependymal zone of the olfactory bulb, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, which are the three main germinal centers of the cerebrum in mouse postbirth neurogenesis. Unexpectedly, in the cerebellum, the MVMi capsid antigen was confined exclusively to cells that have undergone mitosis and have migrated to the internal granular layer (IGL) and not to the proliferative external granular layer (EGL), which was stained with antiproliferative cell nuclear antigen antibody and is the main target in other parvovirus infections. This result implies temporal or differentiation coupling between MVMi cycle and neuroblast morphogenesis, since proliferative granules of the EGL should primarily be infected but must migrate in a virus carrier state into the IGL in order to express the capsid proteins. During migration, many cells undergo destruction, accounting for the marked hypocellularity specifically found in the IGL and the irregular alignment of Purkinje cell bodies, both consistent histopathological hallmarks of animals developing cerebellar symptoms. We conclude that MVMi impairs postmitotic neuronal migration occurring in the first postnatal week, when, through the natural respiratory route of infection, the virus titer peaks in the encephalon. The results illustrate the intimate connection between MVMi neuropathogenesis and mouse brain morphogenetic stage, underscoring the potential of parvoviruses as markers of host developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Ramírez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Spain
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Rodríguez F, Espinosa de los Monteros A, Morales M, Herráez P, Jaber JR, Fernández A. Neuroaxonal dystrophy in two siamese kitten littermates. Vet Rec 1996; 138:548-9. [PMID: 8782363 DOI: 10.1136/vr.138.22.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Rodríguez
- Department of Histology and Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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21
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Taniyama H, Takayanagi S, Izumisawa Y, Kotani T, Kaji Y, Okada H, Matsukawa K. Cerebellar cortical atrophy in a kitten. Vet Pathol 1994; 31:710-3. [PMID: 7863589 DOI: 10.1177/030098589403100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Taniyama
- Department of Pathology, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Abstract
This chapter discusses the emergence of canine parvovirus (CPV), the evidence concerning the previous emergence of mink enteritis virus (MEV) as the cause of a new disease in minks in the 1940s, and the mechanisms that determine the host ranges and other specific properties of the viruses of cats, minks, and dogs. The viruses are classified as the feline parvovirus subgroup of the genus Parvovirus, within the family Parvoviridae. Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), MEV, and CPV are classified as “host range variants.” In addition to the viruses of cats, minks, and dogs, similar viruses naturally infect many species within the families Felidae, Canidae, Procyonidae, Mustelidae, and possibly the Viverridae. The differences in virulence for minks observed after inoculation of MEV or FPV suggests that there are subtle differences between FPV and MEV that have yet to be defined. Genetic mapping studies indicate that only three or four sequence differences between the FPV and CPV-2 isolates within the VP-1 lVP-2 gene determine all of the specific properties of CPV that have been defined: the pH dependence of hemagglutination, the CPV-specific epitope, and the host range for canine cells and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Parrish
- James A. Baker Institute, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
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Bittle JL, Muir S. Vaccines produced by conventional means to control major infectious diseases of man and animals. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE 1989; 33:1-63. [PMID: 2648772 PMCID: PMC7150235 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the development of some of vaccines and their use in controlling such major diseases as diphtheria, rinderpest, Newcastle disease, smallpox, pertussis, yellow fever, rabies, etc. Park–Williams Number 8 (PW8) strain is used to make diphtherial toxoid for vaccines. As a source of toxin, it is rendered nontoxic by incubation with formalin under alkaline conditions. The product's retention of antigenicity, enabling it to induce antitoxin antibodies, makes it an excellent pediatric vaccine. Vaccine against Rinderpest Virus was developed by Koch in 1897 by administering bile from infected cattle. Animals that survived were permanently immune. Formalin- and chloroform-inactivated vaccines were developed using tissues from the infected animals. For the control of Newcastle disease, a number of attenuated live-virus vaccines have been developed which are widely used to control the disease. The Bl strain, the LaSota strain, and the F strain are used to immunize birds of all ages by different routes, including by addition to drinking water and by spraying. Protection against rabies correlates with SN antibody, which can be assessed by a number of tests. Pasteur's classical vaccine, developed from infected spinal cord tissue dried at room temperature for 3–14 days, was given in a series of 21–28 inoculations beginning with material dried the longest and progressing through material dried for only 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bittle
- Johnson and Johnson Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California
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24
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Siegl GÃ, Tratschin JD. Parvoviruses: agents of distinct pathogenic and molecular potential. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Benoit P, Mariani J, Delhaye-Bouchaud N, Chappuis G. Evidence for a multiple innervation of cerebellar Purkinje cells by climbing fibers in adult ferrets infected at birth by a mink enteritis virus. Brain Res 1987; 431:51-7. [PMID: 3040186 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(87)90194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Newborn ferrets were inoculated with Mink Enteritis virus (parvovirus). They developed a cerebellar hypoplasia and presented severe ataxia. Electrophysiological study by intracellular recordings in the cerebellar cortex demonstrates that in these ferrets, like in other mammals, Purkinje cells deprived from granule cell input during development remain multiply innervated by climbing fibers in the adult.
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O'Shea JD, Studdert MJ. Growth of an autonomously replicating parvovirus (feline panleukopenia): kinetics and morphogenesis. Arch Virol 1978; 57:107-22. [PMID: 208485 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Parvovirus Reproduction. Reproduction 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2703-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Studdert MJ, Peterson JE. Some properties of feline panleukopenia virus. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1973; 42:346-54. [PMID: 4128925 DOI: 10.1007/bf01250715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Llinás R, Hillman DE, Precht W. Neuronal circuit reorganization in mammalian agranular cerebellar cortex. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1973; 4:69-94. [PMID: 4735759 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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30
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Duenwald J, Holland J, Gorham J, Ott R. Feline Panleukopenia: Experimental Cerebellar Hypoplasia Produced in Neonatal Ferrets with Live Virus Vaccine. Res Vet Sci 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)34175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Farrell R, Skinner S, Gorham J, Lauerman L. The Aerosol and Subcutaneous Administration of Attenuated Egg Adapted Distemper Vaccine to Ferret Kits from Distemper Immune Females. Res Vet Sci 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)34174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Storz J, Warren GS. Effect of antimetabolites and actinomycin D on the replication of HADEN, a bovine parvovirus. Brief report. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1970; 30:271-4. [PMID: 4248274 DOI: 10.1007/bf01250201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
A virus was isolated from a radioresistant feline fibrosarcoma. It induced multi-nucleated giant-cell formation and lysis in a cell line derived from a canine fibro-sarcoma, which was used to characterize the virus. End-point titrations in these cells required 28 days. The virus was sensitive to ether and heat and was destroyed at pH 3. Replication was not inhibited by 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Electron microscopy revealed assembly by a budding process from the plasma membrane of infected cells. The average diameter of the virion was 106 nm. Intracisternal particles with an average diameter of 45 nm were present within infected cells. In two instances secondary monolayers of feline renal cells underwent morphological transformation after inoculation of the virus. The two strains of transformed cells are now in continuous culture and do not yield infectious virus.
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Kilham L, Margolis G. Transplacental infection of rats and hamsters induced by oral and parenteral inoculations of H-l and rat viruses (RV). TERATOLOGY 1969; 2:111-23. [PMID: 5815332 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Margolis G, Kilham L, Ruffolo PR. Rat virus disease, an experimental model of neonatal hepatitis. Exp Mol Pathol 1968; 8:1-20. [PMID: 4966049 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(68)90002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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