1
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Pinot M, Le Borgne R. Spatio-Temporal Regulation of Notch Activation in Asymmetrically Dividing Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Drosophila melanogaster Epithelium. Cells 2024; 13:1133. [PMID: 38994985 PMCID: PMC11240559 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Notch communication pathway, discovered in Drosophila over 100 years ago, regulates a wide range of intra-lineage decisions in metazoans. The division of the Drosophila mechanosensory organ precursor is the archetype of asymmetric cell division in which differential Notch activation takes place at cytokinesis. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which epithelial cell polarity, cell cycle and intracellular trafficking participate in controlling the directionality, subcellular localization and temporality of mechanosensitive Notch receptor activation in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roland Le Borgne
- Univ Rennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 6290, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), F-35000 Rennes, France
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2
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Loyer N, Hogg EKJ, Shaw HG, Pasztor A, Murray DH, Findlay GM, Januschke J. A CDK1 phosphorylation site on Drosophila PAR-3 regulates neuroblast polarisation and sensory organ formation. eLife 2024; 13:e97902. [PMID: 38869055 PMCID: PMC11216751 DOI: 10.7554/elife.97902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of distinct cell fates during development depends on asymmetric cell division of progenitor cells. In the central and peripheral nervous system of Drosophila, progenitor cells respectively called neuroblasts or sensory organ precursors use PAR polarity during mitosis to control cell fate determination in their daughter cells. How polarity and the cell cycle are coupled, and how the cell cycle machinery regulates PAR protein function and cell fate determination is poorly understood. Here, we generate an analog sensitive allele of CDK1 and reveal that its partial inhibition weakens but does not abolish apical polarity in embryonic and larval neuroblasts and leads to defects in polarisation of fate determinants. We describe a novel in vivo phosphorylation of Bazooka, the Drosophila homolog of PAR-3, on Serine180, a consensus CDK phosphorylation site. In some tissular contexts, phosphorylation of Serine180 occurs in asymmetrically dividing cells but not in their symmetrically dividing neighbours. In neuroblasts, Serine180 phosphomutants disrupt the timing of basal polarisation. Serine180 phosphomutants also affect the specification and binary cell fate determination of sensory organ precursors as well as Baz localisation during their asymmetric cell divisions. Finally, we show that CDK1 phosphorylates Serine-S180 and an equivalent Serine on human PAR-3 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Loyer
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth KJ Hogg
- MRC PPU, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Hayley G Shaw
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna Pasztor
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
- MRC PPU, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - David H Murray
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Greg M Findlay
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
- MRC PPU, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jens Januschke
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
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3
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Zhang L, Xue G, Zhou X, Huang J, Li Z. A mathematical framework for understanding the spontaneous emergence of complexity applicable to growing multicellular systems. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011882. [PMID: 38838038 PMCID: PMC11182560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In embryonic development and organogenesis, cells sharing identical genetic codes acquire diverse gene expression states in a highly reproducible spatial distribution, crucial for multicellular formation and quantifiable through positional information. To understand the spontaneous growth of complexity, we constructed a one-dimensional division-decision model, simulating the growth of cells with identical genetic networks from a single cell. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of cell division in providing positional cues, escorting the system toward states rich in information. Moreover, we pinpointed lateral inhibition as a critical mechanism translating spatial contacts into gene expression. Our model demonstrates that the spatial arrangement resulting from cell division, combined with cell lineages, imparts positional information, specifying multiple cell states with increased complexity-illustrated through examples in C.elegans. This study constitutes a foundational step in comprehending developmental intricacies, paving the way for future quantitative formulations to construct synthetic multicellular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Xue
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiandong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
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4
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Piscitello-Gómez R, Gruber FS, Krishna A, Duclut C, Modes CD, Popović M, Jülicher F, Dye NA, Eaton S. Core PCP mutations affect short-time mechanical properties but not tissue morphogenesis in the Drosophila pupal wing. eLife 2023; 12:e85581. [PMID: 38117039 PMCID: PMC10843330 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
How morphogenetic movements are robustly coordinated in space and time is a fundamental open question in biology. We study this question using the wing of Drosophila melanogaster, an epithelial tissue that undergoes large-scale tissue flows during pupal stages. Previously, we showed that pupal wing morphogenesis involves both cellular behaviors that allow relaxation of mechanical tissue stress, as well as cellular behaviors that appear to be actively patterned (Etournay et al., 2015). Here, we show that these active cellular behaviors are not guided by the core planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, a conserved signaling system that guides tissue development in many other contexts. We find no significant phenotype on the cellular dynamics underlying pupal morphogenesis in mutants of core PCP. Furthermore, using laser ablation experiments, coupled with a rheological model to describe the dynamics of the response to laser ablation, we conclude that while core PCP mutations affect the fast timescale response to laser ablation they do not significantly affect overall tissue mechanics. In conclusion, our work shows that cellular dynamics and tissue shape changes during Drosophila pupal wing morphogenesis do not require core PCP as an orientational guiding cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Piscitello-Gómez
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Franz S Gruber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- National Phenotypic Screening Centre, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Abhijeet Krishna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Charlie Duclut
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes ComplexesParisFrance
| | - Carl D Modes
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Marko Popović
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Natalie A Dye
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Mildred Scheel Nachwuchszentrum P2, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
- Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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5
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Erlich A, Étienne J, Fouchard J, Wyatt T. How dynamic prestress governs the shape of living systems, from the subcellular to tissue scale. Interface Focus 2022; 12:20220038. [PMID: 36330322 PMCID: PMC9560792 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2022.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues change shape both to carry out their function and during pathology. In most cases, these deformations are driven from within the systems themselves. This is permitted by a range of molecular actors, such as active crosslinkers and ion pumps, whose activity is biologically controlled in space and time. The resulting stresses are propagated within complex and dynamical architectures like networks or cell aggregates. From a mechanical point of view, these effects can be seen as the generation of prestress or prestrain, resulting from either a contractile or growth activity. In this review, we present this concept of prestress and the theoretical tools available to conceptualize the statics and dynamics of living systems. We then describe a range of phenomena where prestress controls shape changes in biopolymer networks (especially the actomyosin cytoskeleton and fibrous tissues) and cellularized tissues. Despite the diversity of scale and organization, we demonstrate that these phenomena stem from a limited number of spatial distributions of prestress, which can be categorized as heterogeneous, anisotropic or differential. We suggest that in addition to growth and contraction, a third type of prestress-topological prestress-can result from active processes altering the microstructure of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn Étienne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPHY, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jonathan Fouchard
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, CNRS (UMR 7622), INSERM (URL 1156), 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tom Wyatt
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Ayukawa T, Akiyama M, Hozumi Y, Ishimoto K, Sasaki J, Senoo H, Sasaki T, Yamazaki M. Tissue flow regulates planar cell polarity independently of the Frizzled core pathway. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111388. [PMID: 36130497 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) regulates the orientation of external structures. A core group of proteins that includes Frizzled forms the heart of the PCP regulatory system. Other PCP mechanisms that are independent of the core group likely exist, but their underlying mechanisms are elusive. Here, we show that tissue flow is a mechanism governing core group-independent PCP on the Drosophila notum. Loss of core group function only slightly affects bristle orientation in the adult central notum. This near-normal PCP results from tissue flow-mediated rescue of random bristle orientation during the pupal stage. Manipulation studies suggest that tissue flow can orient bristles in the opposite direction to the flow. This process is independent of the core group and implies that the apical extracellular matrix functions like a "comb" to align bristles. Our results reveal the significance of cooperation between tissue dynamics and extracellular substances in PCP establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Ayukawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masakazu Akiyama
- Meiji Institute for Advanced Study of Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan; Faculty of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Hozumi
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Kenta Ishimoto
- Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Junko Sasaki
- Department of Biochemical Pathophysiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Haruki Senoo
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Department of Biochemical Pathophysiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamazaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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7
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Camuglia J, Chanet S, Martin AC. Morphogenetic forces planar polarize LGN/Pins in the embryonic head during Drosophila gastrulation. eLife 2022; 11:78779. [PMID: 35796436 PMCID: PMC9262390 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spindle orientation is often achieved by a complex of Partner of Inscuteable (Pins)/LGN, Mushroom Body Defect (Mud)/Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus (NuMa), Gαi, and Dynein, which interacts with astral microtubules to rotate the spindle. Cortical Pins/LGN recruitment serves as a critical step in this process. Here, we identify Pins-mediated planar cell polarized divisions in several of the mitotic domains of the early Drosophila embryo. We found that neither planar cell polarity pathways nor planar polarized myosin localization determined division orientation; instead, our findings strongly suggest that Pins planar polarity and force generated from mesoderm invagination are important. Disrupting Pins polarity via overexpression of a myristoylated version of Pins caused randomized division angles. We found that disrupting forces through chemical inhibitors, depletion of an adherens junction protein, or blocking mesoderm invagination disrupted Pins planar polarity and spindle orientation. Furthermore, directional ablations that separated mesoderm from mitotic domains disrupted spindle orientation, suggesting that forces transmitted from mesoderm to mitotic domains can polarize Pins and orient division during gastrulation. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo example where mechanical force has been shown to polarize Pins to mediate division orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Camuglia
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Soline Chanet
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Adam C Martin
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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8
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Darnat P, Burg A, Sallé J, Lacoste J, Louvet-Vallée S, Gho M, Audibert A. Cortical Cyclin A controls spindle orientation during asymmetric cell divisions in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2723. [PMID: 35581185 PMCID: PMC9114397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination between cell proliferation and cell polarity is crucial to orient the asymmetric cell divisions to generate cell diversity in epithelia. In many instances, the Frizzled/Dishevelled planar cell polarity pathway is involved in mitotic spindle orientation, but how this is spatially and temporally coordinated with cell cycle progression has remained elusive. Using Drosophila sensory organ precursor cells as a model system, we show that Cyclin A, the main Cyclin driving the transition to M-phase of the cell cycle, is recruited to the apical-posterior cortex in prophase by the Frizzled/Dishevelled complex. This cortically localized Cyclin A then regulates the orientation of the division by recruiting Mud, a homologue of NuMA, the well-known spindle-associated protein. The observed non-canonical subcellular localization of Cyclin A reveals this mitotic factor as a direct link between cell proliferation, cell polarity and spindle orientation. The Frizzled/Dishevelled planar cell polarity pathway is involved in mitotic spindle orientation, but how this is coordinated with the cell cycle is unclear. Here, the authors show with Drosophila sensory organ precursor cells that Cyclin A is recruited in prophase by Frizzled/Dishevelled, regulating division orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Darnat
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Angélique Burg
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Sallé
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot/CNRS, Cellular Spatial Organization Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Lacoste
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Louvet-Vallée
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Michel Gho
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Agnès Audibert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD-IBPS), Cell cycle and cell determination Team, F-75005, Paris, France.
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9
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Abstract
The Drosophila wing imaginal disc is a tissue of undifferentiated cells that are precursors of the wing and most of the notum of the adult fly. The wing disc first forms during embryogenesis from a cluster of ∼30 cells located in the second thoracic segment, which invaginate to form a sac-like structure. They undergo extensive proliferation during larval stages to form a mature larval wing disc of ∼35,000 cells. During this time, distinct cell fates are assigned to different regions, and the wing disc develops a complex morphology. Finally, during pupal stages the wing disc undergoes morphogenetic processes and then differentiates to form the adult wing and notum. While the bulk of the wing disc comprises epithelial cells, it also includes neurons and glia, and is associated with tracheal cells and muscle precursor cells. The relative simplicity and accessibility of the wing disc, combined with the wealth of genetic tools available in Drosophila, have combined to make it a premier system for identifying genes and deciphering systems that play crucial roles in animal development. Studies in wing imaginal discs have made key contributions to many areas of biology, including tissue patterning, signal transduction, growth control, regeneration, planar cell polarity, morphogenesis, and tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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10
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In search of conserved principles of planar cell polarization. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 72:69-81. [PMID: 34871922 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The making of an embryo and its internal organs entails the spatial coordination of cellular activities. This manifests during tissue morphogenesis as cells change shape, rearrange and divide along preferential axis and during cell differentiation. Cells live in a polarized field and respond to it by polarizing their cellular activities in the plane of the tissue by a phenomenon called planar cell polarization. This phenomenon is ubiquitous in animals and depends on a few conserved planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways. All PCP pathways share two essential characteristics: the existence of local interactions between protein complexes present at the cell surface leading to their asymmetric distribution within cells; a supracellular graded cue that aligns these cellular asymmetries at the tissue level. Here, we discuss the potential common principles of planar cell polarization by comparing the local and global mechanisms employed by the different PCP pathways identified so far. The focus of the review is on the logic of the system rather than the molecules per se.
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11
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Duclut C, Paijmans J, Inamdar MM, Modes CD, Jülicher F. Nonlinear rheology of cellular networks. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203746. [PMID: 34592496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis depends crucially on the complex rheological properties of cell tissues and on their ability to maintain mechanical integrity while rearranging at long times. In this paper, we study the rheology of polygonal cellular networks described by a vertex model in the presence of fluctuations. We use a triangulation method to decompose shear into cell shape changes and cell rearrangements. Considering the steady-state stress under constant shear, we observe nonlinear shear-thinning behavior at all magnitudes of the fluctuations, and an even stronger nonlinear regime at lower values of the fluctuations. We successfully capture this nonlinear rheology by a mean-field model that describes the tissue in terms of cell elongation and cell rearrangements. We furthermore introduce anisotropic active stresses in the vertex model and analyze their effect on rheology. We include this anisotropy in the mean-field model and show that it recapitulates the behavior observed in the simulations. Our work clarifies how tissue rheology is related to stochastic cell rearrangements and provides a simple biophysical model to describe biological tissues. Further, it highlights the importance of nonlinearities when discussing tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Duclut
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joris Paijmans
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Carl D Modes
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden 01307, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.
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12
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Cho B, Song S, Axelrod JD. Prickle isoforms determine handedness of helical morphogenesis. eLife 2020; 9:51456. [PMID: 31934858 PMCID: PMC7004564 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular asymmetry directed by the planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway orients numerous morphogenetic events in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Here, we describe a morphogenetic movement in which the intertwined socket and shaft cells of the Drosophila anterior wing margin mechanosensory bristles undergo PCP-directed apical rotation, inducing twisting that results in a helical structure of defined chirality. We show that the Frizzled/Vang PCP signaling module coordinates polarity among and between bristles and surrounding cells to direct this rotation. Furthermore, we show that dynamic interplay between two isoforms of the Prickle protein determines right- or left-handed bristle morphogenesis. We provide evidence that, Frizzled/Vang signaling couples to the Fat/Dachsous PCP directional signal in opposite directions depending on whether Pkpk or Pksple predominates. Dynamic interplay between Pk isoforms is likely to be an important determinant of PCP outcomes in diverse contexts. Similar mechanisms may orient other lateralizing morphogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomsoo Cho
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Song Song
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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13
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Domingos PM, Jenny A, Combie KF, Del Alamo D, Mlodzik M, Steller H, Mollereau B. Regulation of Numb during planar cell polarity establishment in the Drosophila eye. Mech Dev 2019; 160:103583. [PMID: 31678471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2019.103583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of planar cell polarity (PCP) in the Drosophila eye requires correct specification of the R3/R4 pair of photoreceptor cells, determined by a Frizzled mediated signaling event that specifies R3 and induces Delta to activate Notch signaling in the neighboring cell, specifying it as R4. Here, we investigated the role of the Notch signaling negative regulator Numb in the specification of R3/R4 fates and PCP establishment in the Drosophila eye. We observed that Numb is transiently upregulated in R3 at the time of R3/R4 specification. This regulation of Numb levels in developing photoreceptors occurs at the post-transcriptional level and is dependent on Dishevelled, an effector of Frizzled signaling, and Lethal Giant Larva. We detected PCP defects in cells homozygous for numb15, but these defects were due to a loss of function mutation in fat (fatQ805⁎) being present in the numb15 chromosome. However, mosaic overexpression of Numb in R4 precursors (only) caused PCP defects and numb loss-of-function alleles had a modifying effect on the defects found in a hypomorphic dishevelled mutation. Our results suggest that Numb levels are upregulated to reinforce the bias of Notch signaling activation in the R3/R4 pair, two post-mitotic cells that are not specified by asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Domingos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal; Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, Box 252, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Chanin Building, Room 503, Bronx NY10461, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Keon F Combie
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, Box 252, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Del Alamo
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; European Molecular Biology Organization, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hermann Steller
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, Box 252, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bertrand Mollereau
- Strang Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Research, The Rockefeller University, Box 252, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Université de Lyon, ENSL, UCBL, CNRS, LBMC, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon, France.
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14
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Axin Family of Scaffolding Proteins in Development: Lessons from C. elegans. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7040020. [PMID: 31618970 PMCID: PMC6956378 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffold proteins serve important roles in cellular signaling by integrating inputs from multiple signaling molecules to regulate downstream effectors that, in turn, carry out specific biological functions. One such protein, Axin, represents a major evolutionarily conserved scaffold protein in metazoans that participates in the WNT pathway and other pathways to regulate diverse cellular processes. This review summarizes the vast amount of literature on the regulation and functions of the Axin family of genes in eukaryotes, with a specific focus on Caenorhabditis elegans development. By combining early studies with recent findings, the review is aimed to serve as an updated reference for the roles of Axin in C. elegans and other model systems.
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15
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Winkley K, Ward S, Reeves W, Veeman M. Iterative and Complex Asymmetric Divisions Control Cell Volume Differences in Ciona Notochord Tapering. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3466-3477.e4. [PMID: 31607534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The notochord of the invertebrate chordate Ciona forms a tapered rod at tailbud stages consisting of only 40 cylindrical cells in a single-file column. This tapered shape involves differences in notochord cell volume along the anterior-posterior axis. Here, we quantify sibling cell volume asymmetry throughout the developing notochord and find that there are distinctive patterns of unequal cleavage in all 4 bilateral pairs of A-line primary notochord founder cells and also in the B-line-derived secondary notochord founder cells. A quantitative model confirms that the observed patterns of unequal cleavage are sufficient to explain all the anterior-posterior variation in notochord cell volume. Many examples are known of cells that divide asymmetrically to give daughter cells of different size and fate. Here, by contrast, a series of subtle but iterative and finely patterned asymmetric divisions controls the shape of an entire organ. Quantitative 3D analysis of cell shape and spindle positioning allows us to infer multiple cellular mechanisms driving these unequal cleavages, including polarized displacements of the mitotic spindle, contributions from the shape of the mother cell, and late changes occurring between anaphase and abscission that potentially involve differential cortical contractility. We infer differential use of these mechanisms between different notochord blastomeres and also between different rounds of cell division. These results demonstrate a new role for asymmetric division in directly shaping a developing organ and point toward complex underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konner Winkley
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Spencer Ward
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Wendy Reeves
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Michael Veeman
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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16
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Couturier L, Mazouni K, Bernard F, Besson C, Reynaud E, Schweisguth F. Regulation of cortical stability by RhoGEF3 in mitotic Sensory Organ Precursor cells in Drosophila. Biol Open 2017; 6:1851-1860. [PMID: 29101098 PMCID: PMC5769646 DOI: 10.1242/bio.026641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In epithelia, mitotic cells round up and push against their neighbors to divide. Mitotic rounding results from increased assembly of F-actin and cortical recruitment of Myosin II, leading to increased cortical stability. Whether this process is developmentally regulated is not well known. Here, we examined the regulation of cortical stability in Sensory Organ Precursor cells (SOPs) in the Drosophila pupal notum. SOPs differed in apical shape and actomyosin dynamics from their epidermal neighbors prior to division, and appeared to have a more rigid cortex at mitosis. We identified RhoGEF3 as an actin regulator expressed at higher levels in SOPs, and showed that RhoGEF3 had in vitro GTPase Exchange Factor (GEF) activity for Cdc42. Additionally, RhoGEF3 genetically interacted with both Cdc42 and Rac1 when overexpressed in the fly eye. Using a null RhoGEF3 mutation generated by CRISPR-mediated homologous recombination, we showed using live imaging that the RhoGEF3 gene, despite being dispensable for normal development, contributed to cortical stability in dividing SOPs. We therefore suggest that cortical stability is developmentally regulated in dividing SOPs of the fly notum. Summary: RhoGEF3 is a developmentally regulated Cdc42 GEF that contributes to cortical stability during asymmetric divisions of Sensory Organ Precursor cells in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Couturier
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Khalil Mazouni
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Fred Bernard
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Besson
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur UPMC, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Reynaud
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, F-75015 Paris, France .,CNRS, UMR3738, F-75015 Paris, France
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17
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Chanet S, Sharan R, Khan Z, Martin AC. Myosin 2-Induced Mitotic Rounding Enables Columnar Epithelial Cells to Interpret Cortical Spindle Positioning Cues. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3350-3358.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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18
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Intra-lineage Fate Decisions Involve Activation of Notch Receptors Basal to the Midbody in Drosophila Sensory Organ Precursor Cells. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2239-2247.e3. [PMID: 28736165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Notch receptors regulate cell fate decisions during embryogenesis and throughout adult life. In many cell lineages, binary fate decisions are mediated by directional Notch signaling between the two sister cells produced by cell division. How Notch signaling is restricted to sister cells after division to regulate intra-lineage decision is poorly understood. More generally, where ligand-dependent activation of Notch occurs at the cell surface is not known, as methods to detect receptor activation in vivo are lacking. In Drosophila pupae, Notch signals during cytokinesis to regulate the intra-lineage pIIa/pIIb decision in the sensory organ lineage. Here, we identify two pools of Notch along the pIIa-pIIb interface, apical and basal to the midbody. Analysis of the dynamics of Notch, Delta, and Neuralized distribution in living pupae suggests that ligand endocytosis and receptor activation occur basal to the midbody. Using selective photo-bleaching of GFP-tagged Notch and photo-tracking of photo-convertible Notch, we show that nuclear Notch is indeed produced by receptors located basal to the midbody. Thus, only a specific subset of receptors, located basal to the midbody, contributes to signaling in pIIa. This is the first in vivo characterization of the pool of Notch contributing to signaling. We propose a simple mechanism of cell fate decision based on intra-lineage signaling: ligands and receptors localize during cytokinesis to the new cell-cell interface, thereby ensuring signaling between sister cells, hence intra-lineage fate decision.
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19
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Banerjee JJ, Aerne BL, Holder MV, Hauri S, Gstaiger M, Tapon N. Meru couples planar cell polarity with apical-basal polarity during asymmetric cell division. eLife 2017; 6:e25014. [PMID: 28665270 PMCID: PMC5493435 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity is a shared feature of most cells. In epithelia, apical-basal polarity often coexists, and sometimes intersects with planar cell polarity (PCP), which orients cells in the epithelial plane. From a limited set of core building blocks (e.g. the Par complexes for apical-basal polarity and the Frizzled/Dishevelled complex for PCP), a diverse array of polarized cells and tissues are generated. This suggests the existence of little-studied tissue-specific factors that rewire the core polarity modules to the appropriate conformation. In Drosophila sensory organ precursors (SOPs), the core PCP components initiate the planar polarization of apical-basal determinants, ensuring asymmetric division into daughter cells of different fates. We show that Meru, a RASSF9/RASSF10 homologue, is expressed specifically in SOPs, recruited to the posterior cortex by Frizzled/Dishevelled, and in turn polarizes the apical-basal polarity factor Bazooka (Par3). Thus, Meru belongs to a class of proteins that act cell/tissue-specifically to remodel the core polarity machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Banerjee
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit L Aerne
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maxine V Holder
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hauri
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Competence Center Personalized Medicine UZH/ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Competence Center Personalized Medicine UZH/ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Oozeer F, Yates LL, Dean C, Formstone CJ. A role for core planar polarity proteins in cell contact-mediated orientation of planar cell division across the mammalian embryonic skin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1880. [PMID: 28500339 PMCID: PMC5431842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of how cell division orientation is determined is fundamentally important for understanding tissue and organ shape in both healthy or disease conditions. Here we provide evidence for cell contact-dependent orientation of planar cell division in the mammalian embryonic skin. We propose a model where the core planar polarity proteins Celsr1 and Frizzled-6 (Fz6) communicate the long axis orientation of interphase basal cells to neighbouring basal mitoses so that they align their horizontal division plane along the same axis. The underlying mechanism requires a direct, cell surface, planar polarised cue, which we posit depends upon variant post-translational forms of Celsr1 protein coupled to Fz6. Our hypothesis has parallels with contact-mediated division orientation in early C. elegans embryos suggesting functional conservation between the adhesion-GPCRs Celsr1 and Latrophilin-1. We propose that linking planar cell division plane with interphase neighbour long axis geometry reinforces axial bias in skin spreading around the mouse embryo body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Oozeer
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, New Hunts House, Kings College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Laura L Yates
- MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Charlotte Dean
- MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Caroline J Formstone
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, New Hunts House, Kings College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK. .,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
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21
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Bergstralh DT, Dawney NS, St Johnston D. Spindle orientation: a question of complex positioning. Development 2017; 144:1137-1145. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.140764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The direction in which a cell divides is determined by the orientation of its mitotic spindle at metaphase. Spindle orientation is therefore important for a wide range of developmental processes, ranging from germline stem cell division to epithelial tissue homeostasis and regeneration. In multiple cell types in multiple animals, spindle orientation is controlled by a conserved biological machine that mediates a pulling force on astral microtubules. Restricting the localization of this machine to only specific regions of the cortex can thus determine how the mitotic spindle is oriented. As we review here, recent findings based on studies in tunicate, worm, fly and vertebrate cells have revealed that the mechanisms for mediating this restriction are surprisingly diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan T. Bergstralh
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Nicole S. Dawney
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Daniel St Johnston
- The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
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22
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Carvajal-Gonzalez JM, Mulero-Navarro S, Mlodzik M. Centriole positioning in epithelial cells and its intimate relationship with planar cell polarity. Bioessays 2016; 38:1234-1245. [PMID: 27774671 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP)-signaling and associated tissue polarization are evolutionarily conserved. A well documented feature of PCP-signaling in vertebrates is its link to centriole/cilia positioning, although the relationship of PCP and ciliogenesis is still debated. A recent report in Drosophila established that Frizzled (Fz)-PCP core signaling has an instructive input to polarized centriole positioning in non-ciliated Drosophila wing epithelia as a PCP read-out. Here, we review the impact of this observation in the context of recent descriptions of the relationship(s) of core Fz-PCP signaling and cilia/centriole positioning in epithelial and non-epithelial cells. All existing data are consistent with a model where Fz-PCP signaling functions upstream of centriole/cilia positioning, independent of ciliogenesis. The combined data sets indicate that the Fz-Dsh PCP complex is instructive for centriole/ciliary positioning via an actin-based mechanism. Thereby, centriole/cilia/centrosome positioning can be considered an evolutionarily conserved readout and common downstream effect of PCP-signaling from flies to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Maria Carvajal-Gonzalez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sonia Mulero-Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Marek Mlodzik
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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23
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The PCP pathway regulates Baz planar distribution in epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33420. [PMID: 27624969 PMCID: PMC5022056 DOI: 10.1038/srep33420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The localisation of apico-basal polarity proteins along the Z-axis of epithelial cells is well understood while their distribution in the plane of the epithelium is poorly characterised. Here we provide a systematic description of the planar localisation of apico-basal polarity proteins in the Drosophila ommatidial epithelium. We show that the adherens junction proteins Shotgun and Armadillo, as well as the baso-lateral complexes, are bilateral, i.e. present on both sides of cell interfaces. In contrast, we report that other key adherens junction proteins, Bazooka and the myosin regulatory light chain (Spaghetti squash) are unilateral, i.e. present on one side of cell interfaces. Furthermore, we demonstrate that planar cell polarity (PCP) and not the apical determinants Crumbs and Par-6 control Bazooka unilaterality in cone cells. Altogether, our work unravels an unexpected organisation and combination of apico-basal, cytoskeletal and planar polarity proteins that is different on either side of cell-cell interfaces and unique for the different contacts of the same cell.
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24
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Zhu F, Liu W, Li T, Wan J, Tian J, Zhou Z, Li H, Liu Y, Hou FF, Nie J. Numb contributes to renal fibrosis by promoting tubular epithelial cell cycle arrest at G2/M. Oncotarget 2016; 7:25604-19. [PMID: 27016419 PMCID: PMC5041930 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numb is a multifunctional protein involved in diverse cellular processes. However, the function of Numb in kidney remains unclear. Here, we reported that Numb is expressed in renal tubules and glomeruli in normal adult kidney. Numb expression was upregulated in fibrotic kidneys induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in mice as well as in human fibrotic kidney tissues. Numb overexpression in cultured proximal tubular cells increased the G2/M cell population and upregulated the expression of TGF-β1 and CTGF. Whereas, proximal tubule Numb knockout (PEPCK-Numb-KO) mice showed reduced G2/M arrest, decreased expression of TGF-β1 and CTGF, and attenuated fibrotic lesions due to either UUO or unilateral ischemia reperfusion nephropathy. Inhibiting p53 activity by pifithrin-` dramatically mitigated Numb-induced G2/M arrest, indicating that Numb potentiates G2/M arrest via stabilizing p53 protein. Together, these data suggest that Numb is a potential target for anti-fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tang Li
- The VIP Medical Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhanmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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25
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Abstract
The ability to dictate cell fate decisions is critical during animal development. Moreover, faithful execution of this process ensures proper tissue homeostasis throughout adulthood, whereas defects in the molecular machinery involved may contribute to disease. Evolutionarily conserved protein complexes control cell fate decisions across diverse tissues. Maintaining proper daughter cell inheritance patterns of these determinants during mitosis is therefore a fundamental step of the cell fate decision-making process. In this review, we will discuss two key aspects of this fate determinant segregation activity, cortical cell polarity and mitotic spindle orientation, and how they operate together to produce oriented cell divisions that ultimately influence daughter cell fate. Our focus will be directed at the principal underlying molecular mechanisms and the specific cell fate decisions they have been shown to control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher A. Johnston
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-505-277-1567; Fax: +1-505-277-0304
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26
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Lu Q, Schafer DA, Adler PN. The Drosophila planar polarity gene multiple wing hairs directly regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Development 2015; 142:2478-86. [PMID: 26153232 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved frizzled/starry night (fz/stan) pathway regulates planar cell polarity (PCP) in vertebrates and invertebrates. This pathway has been extensively studied in the Drosophila wing, where it is manifested by an array of distally pointing cuticular hairs. Using in vivo imaging we found that, early in hair growth, cells have multiple actin bundles and hairs that subsequently fuse into a single growing hair. The downstream PCP gene multiple wing hairs (mwh) plays a key role in this process and acts to antagonize the actin cytoskeleton. In mwh mutants hair initiation is not limited to a small region at the distal edge of pupal wing cells as in wild type, resulting in multiple hairs with aberrant polarity. Extra actin bundles/hairs are formed and do not completely fuse, in contrast to wild type. As development proceeded additional hairs continued to form, further increasing hair number. We identified a fragment of Mwh with in vivo rescue activity and that bound and bundled F-actin filaments and inhibited actin polymerization in in vitro actin assays. The loss of these activities can explain the mwh mutant phenotype. Our data suggest a model whereby, prior to hair initiation, proximally localized Mwh inhibits actin polymerization resulting in polarized activation of the cytoskeleton and hair formation on the distal side of wing cells. During hair growth Mwh is found in growing hairs, where we suggest it functions to promote the fusion of actin bundles and inhibit the formation of additional actin bundles that could lead to extra hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuheng Lu
- Departments of Biology and Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Dorothy A Schafer
- Departments of Biology and Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Paul N Adler
- Departments of Biology and Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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27
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Besson C, Bernard F, Corson F, Rouault H, Reynaud E, Keder A, Mazouni K, Schweisguth F. Planar Cell Polarity Breaks the Symmetry of PAR Protein Distribution prior to Mitosis in Drosophila Sensory Organ Precursor Cells. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1104-10. [PMID: 25843034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During development, cell-fate diversity can result from the unequal segregation of fate determinants at mitosis. Polarization of the mother cell is essential for asymmetric cell division (ACD). It often involves the formation of a cortical domain containing the PAR complex proteins Par3, Par6, and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC). In the fly notum, sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs) divide asymmetrically within the plane of the epithelium and along the body axis to generate two distinct cells. Fate asymmetry depends on the asymmetric localization of the PAR complex. In the absence of planar cell polarity (PCP), SOPs divide with a random planar orientation but still asymmetrically, showing that PCP is dispensable for PAR asymmetry at mitosis. To study when and how the PAR complex localizes asymmetrically, we have used a quantitative imaging approach to measure the planar polarization of the proteins Bazooka (Baz, fly Par3), Par6, and aPKC in living pupae. By using imaging of functional GFP-tagged proteins with image processing and computational modeling, we find that Baz, Par6, and aPKC become planar polarized prior to mitosis in a manner independent of the AuroraA kinase and that PCP is required for the planar polarization of Baz, Par6, and aPKC during interphase. This indicates that a "mitosis rescue" mechanism establishes asymmetry at mitosis in PCP mutants. This study therefore identifies PCP as the initial symmetry-breaking signal for the planar polarization of PAR proteins in asymmetrically dividing SOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Besson
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; UPMC, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fred Bernard
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Hervé Rouault
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Elodie Reynaud
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alyona Keder
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Khalil Mazouni
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Institut Pasteur, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS, URA2578, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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28
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Lu Q, Adler PN. The diaphanous gene of Drosophila interacts antagonistically with multiple wing hairs and plays a key role in wing hair morphogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115623. [PMID: 25730111 PMCID: PMC4346269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila wing is covered by an array of distally pointing hairs that has served as a key model system for studying planar cell polarity (PCP). The adult cuticular hairs are formed in the pupae from cell extensions that contain extensive actin filaments and microtubules. The importance of the actin cytoskeleton for hair growth and morphogenesis is clear from the wide range of phenotypes seen in mutations in well-known actin regulators. Formin proteins promote the formation of long actin filaments of the sort thought to be important for hair growth. We report here that the formin encoding diaphanous (dia) gene plays a key role in hair morphogenesis. Both loss of function mutations and the expression of a constitutively active Dia led to cells forming both morphologically abnormal hairs and multiple hairs. The conserved frizzled (fz)/starry night (stan) PCP pathway functions to restrict hair initiation and activation of the cytoskeleton to the distal most part of wing cells. It also ensures the formation of a single hair per cell. Our data suggest that the localized inhibition of Dia activity may be part of this mechanism. We found the expression of constitutively active Dia greatly expands the region for activation of the cytoskeleton and that dia functions antagonistically with multiple wing hairs (mwh), the most downstream member of the fz/stan pathway. Further we established that purified fragments of Dia and Mwh could be co-immunoprecipitated suggesting the genetic interaction could reflect a direct physical interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuheng Lu
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paul N. Adler
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Cell Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Schweisguth F. Asymmetric cell division in the Drosophila bristle lineage: from the polarization of sensory organ precursor cells to Notch-mediated binary fate decision. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:299-309. [PMID: 25619594 PMCID: PMC4671255 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a simple and evolutionary conserved process whereby a mother divides to generate two daughter cells with distinct developmental potentials. This process can generate cell fate diversity during development. Fate asymmetry may result from the unequal segregation of molecules and/or organelles between the two daughter cells. Here, I will review how fate asymmetry is regulated in the sensory bristle lineage in Drosophila and focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying ACD of the sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs). WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:299–309. doi: 10.1002/wdev.175 For further resources related to this article, please visit theWIREs website. Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Garcia JD, Dewey EB, Johnston CA. Dishevelled binds the Discs large 'Hook' domain to activate GukHolder-dependent spindle positioning in Drosophila. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114235. [PMID: 25461409 PMCID: PMC4252473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cortical cell polarity cues and the mitotic spindle ensures proper orientation of cell divisions within complex tissues. Defects in mitotic spindle positioning have been linked to various developmental disorders and have recently emerged as a potential contributor to tumorigenesis. Despite the importance of this process to human health, the molecular mechanisms that regulate spindle orientation are not fully understood. Moreover, it remains unclear how diverse cortical polarity complexes might cooperate to influence spindle positioning. We and others have demonstrated spindle orientation roles for Dishevelled (Dsh), a key regulator of planar cell polarity, and Discs large (Dlg), a conserved apico-basal cell polarity regulator, effects which were previously thought to operate within distinct molecular pathways. Here we identify a novel direct interaction between the Dsh-PDZ domain and the alternatively spliced “I3-insert” of the Dlg-Hook domain, thus establishing a potential convergent Dsh/Dlg pathway. Furthermore, we identify a Dlg sequence motif necessary for the Dsh interaction that shares homology to the site of Dsh binding in the Frizzled receptor. Expression of Dsh enhanced Dlg-mediated spindle positioning similar to deletion of the Hook domain. This Dsh-mediated activation was dependent on the Dlg-binding partner, GukHolder (GukH). These results suggest that Dsh binding may regulate core interdomain conformational dynamics previously described for Dlg. Together, our results identify Dlg as an effector of Dsh signaling and demonstrate a Dsh-mediated mechanism for the activation of Dlg/GukH-dependent spindle positioning. Cooperation between these two evolutionarily-conserved cell polarity pathways could have important implications to both the development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Evan B. Dewey
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Johnston
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Saxena A, Denholm B, Bunt S, Bischoff M, VijayRaghavan K, Skaer H. Epidermal growth factor signalling controls myosin II planar polarity to orchestrate convergent extension movements during Drosophila tubulogenesis. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1002013. [PMID: 25460353 PMCID: PMC4251826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A study in fruit flies shows that during the elongation of embryonic renal tubules, graded signalling provides axial information for polarized myosin pulses that shorten cells circumferentially, driving intercalation of the cells and elongation of the tubule. Most epithelial tubes arise as small buds and elongate by regulated morphogenetic processes including oriented cell division, cell rearrangements, and changes in cell shape. Through live analysis of Drosophila renal tubule morphogenesis we show that tissue elongation results from polarised cell intercalations around the tubule circumference, producing convergent-extension tissue movements. Using genetic techniques, we demonstrate that the vector of cell movement is regulated by localised epidermal growth factor (EGF) signalling from the distally placed tip cell lineage, which sets up a distal-to-proximal gradient of pathway activation to planar polarise cells, without the involvement for PCP gene activity. Time-lapse imaging at subcellular resolution shows that the acquisition of planar polarity leads to asymmetric pulsatile Myosin II accumulation in the basal, proximal cortex of tubule cells, resulting in repeated, transient shortening of their circumferential length. This repeated bias in the polarity of cell contraction allows cells to move relative to each other, leading to a reduction in cell number around the lumen and an increase in tubule length. Physiological analysis demonstrates that animals whose tubules fail to elongate exhibit abnormal excretory function, defective osmoregulation, and lethality. Many of the tissues in our bodies are built up around complex arrays of elongated cellular tubes, which permit the entry, exit, and transport of essential molecules such as oxygen, glucose, and water. These tubes often arise as short buds, which elongate dramatically as the organ grows. We sought to understand the mechanisms that govern such transformations of shape using the fly renal tubule as a model. We find that elongation of this tissue is predominantly driven by cell rearrangement. Cells move around the circumference of the tubule, intercalating with each other so that the cell number around the lumen reduces, while increasing along the length of the tube. Our next question was how cells sense the direction in which they should move. We show that cells orient their position in the tissue by reading a signal sent out by a specific pair of cells at the tip of each tube. Cells use this directional information to make polarised movements through the asymmetric activity of the cell's contractile machinery. We find that the activity of myosin—the motor protein that regulates contraction—is pulsatile and polarised within the cell. This activity shortens the cells' circumferential lengths, so that cells move past each other around the tube circumference, thereby intercalating and producing tube elongation. We go on to show that excretory physiology is severely impaired when elongation fails, underlining the importance of sculpting organs with appropriate dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Saxena
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Denholm
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Bunt
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Bischoff
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; School of Biology, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helen Skaer
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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32
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Couturier L, Trylinski M, Mazouni K, Darnet L, Schweisguth F. A fluorescent tagging approach in Drosophila reveals late endosomal trafficking of Notch and Sanpodo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 207:351-63. [PMID: 25365996 PMCID: PMC4226730 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201407071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Signaling and endocytosis are highly integrated processes that regulate cell fate. In the Drosophila melanogaster sensory bristle lineages, Numb inhibits the recycling of Notch and its trafficking partner Sanpodo (Spdo) to regulate cell fate after asymmetric cell division. In this paper, we have used a dual GFP/Cherry tagging approach to study the distribution and endosomal sorting of Notch and Spdo in living pupae. The specific properties of GFP, i.e., quenching at low pH, and Cherry, i.e., slow maturation time, revealed distinct pools of Notch and Spdo: cargoes exhibiting high GFP/low Cherry fluorescence intensities localized mostly at the plasma membrane and early/sorting endosomes, whereas low GFP/high Cherry cargoes accumulated in late acidic endosomes. These properties were used to show that Spdo is sorted toward late endosomes in a Numb-dependent manner. This dual-tagging approach should be generally applicable to study the trafficking dynamics of membrane proteins in living cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Couturier
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mateusz Trylinski
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA2578, 75015 Paris, France Master Biosciences, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Khallil Mazouni
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Léa Darnet
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - François Schweisguth
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
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33
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Mauri F, Reichardt I, Mummery-Widmer JL, Yamazaki M, Knoblich JA. The conserved discs-large binding partner Banderuola regulates asymmetric cell division in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1811-25. [PMID: 25088559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a key process that allows different cell types to be generated at precisely defined times and positions. In Drosophila, neural precursor cells rely heavily on ACD to generate the different cell types in the nervous system. A conserved protein machinery that regulates ACD has been identified in Drosophila, but how this machinery acts to allow the establishment of differential cell fates is not entirely understood. RESULTS To identify additional proteins required for ACD, we have carried out an in vivo live imaging RNAi screen for genes affecting the asymmetric segregation of Numb in Drosophila sensory organ precursor cells. We identify Banderuola (Bnd), an essential regulator of cell polarization, spindle orientation, and asymmetric protein localization in Drosophila neural precursor cells. Genetic and biochemical experiments show that Bnd acts together with the membrane-associated tumor suppressor Discs-large (Dlg) to establish antagonistic cortical domains during ACD. Inhibiting Bnd strongly enhances the dlg phenotype, causing massive brain tumors upon knockdown of both genes. Because the mammalian homologs of Bnd and Dlg are interacting as well, Bnd function might be conserved in vertebrates, and it might also regulate cell polarity in higher organisms. CONCLUSIONS Bnd is a novel regulator of ACD in different types of cells. Our data place Bnd at the top of the hierarchy of the factors involved in ACD, suggesting that its main function is to mediate the localization and function of the Dlg tumor suppressor. Bnd has an antioncogenic function that is redundant with Dlg, and the physical interaction between the two proteins is conserved in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Mauri
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Ilka Reichardt
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | | | - Masakazu Yamazaki
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Juergen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria.
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34
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Le Bras S, Le Borgne R. Epithelial cell division – multiplying without losing touch. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:5127-37. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.151472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelia are compact tissues comprising juxtaposed cells that function as mechanical and chemical barriers between the body and the environment. This barrier relies, in part, on adhesive contacts within adherens junctions, which are formed and stabilized by E-cadherin and catenin proteins linked to the actomyosin cytoskeleton. During development and throughout adult life, epithelia are continuously growing or regenerating, largely as a result of cell division. Although persistence of adherens junctions is needed for epithelial integrity, these junctions are continually remodelled during cell division. In this Commentary, we will focus on cytokinesis, the final step of mitosis, a multiparty phenomenon in which the adherens junction belt plays an essential role and during which a new cell–cell interface is generated between daughter cells. This new interface is the site of intense remodelling, where new adhesive contacts are assembled and cell polarity is transmitted from mother to daughter cells, ultimately becoming the site of cell signalling.
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35
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Johnston CA, Manning L, Lu MS, Golub O, Doe CQ, Prehoda KE. Formin-mediated actin polymerization cooperates with Mushroom body defect (Mud)-Dynein during Frizzled-Dishevelled spindle orientation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4436-44. [PMID: 23868974 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.129544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To position the mitotic spindle, cytoskeletal components must be coordinated to generate cortical forces on astral microtubules. Although the dynein motor is common to many spindle orientation systems, 'accessory pathways' are often also required. In this work, we identified an accessory spindle orientation pathway in Drosophila that functions with Dynein during planar cell polarity, downstream of the Frizzled (Fz) effector Dishevelled (Dsh). Dsh contains a PDZ ligand and a Dynein-recruiting DEP domain that are both required for spindle orientation. The Dsh PDZ ligand recruits Canoe/Afadin and ultimately leads to Rho GTPase signaling mediated through RhoGEF2. The formin Diaphanous (Dia) functions as the Rho effector in this pathway, inducing F-actin enrichment at sites of cortical Dsh. Chimeric protein experiments show that the Dia-actin accessory pathway can be replaced by an independent kinesin (Khc73) accessory pathway for Dsh-mediated spindle orientation. Our results define two 'modular' spindle orientation pathways and show an essential role for actin regulation in Dsh-mediated spindle orientation.
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36
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Abstract
The centrosome, a major organizer of microtubules, has important functions in regulating cell shape, polarity, cilia formation and intracellular transport as well as the position of cellular structures, including the mitotic spindle. By means of these activities, centrosomes have important roles during animal development by regulating polarized cell behaviors, such as cell migration or neurite outgrowth, as well as mitotic spindle orientation. In recent years, the pace of discovery regarding the structure and composition of centrosomes has continuously accelerated. At the same time, functional studies have revealed the importance of centrosomes in controlling both morphogenesis and cell fate decision during tissue and organ development. Here, we review examples of centrosome and centriole positioning with a particular emphasis on vertebrate developmental systems, and discuss the roles of centrosome positioning, the cues that determine positioning and the mechanisms by which centrosomes respond to these cues. The studies reviewed here suggest that centrosome functions extend to the development of tissues and organs in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, The University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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37
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Lu MS, Johnston CA. Molecular pathways regulating mitotic spindle orientation in animal cells. Development 2013; 140:1843-56. [PMID: 23571210 DOI: 10.1242/dev.087627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Orientation of the cell division axis is essential for the correct development and maintenance of tissue morphology, both for symmetric cell divisions and for the asymmetric distribution of fate determinants during, for example, stem cell divisions. Oriented cell division depends on the positioning of the mitotic spindle relative to an axis of polarity. Recent studies have illuminated an expanding list of spindle orientation regulators, and a molecular model for how cells couple cortical polarity with spindle positioning has begun to emerge. Here, we review both the well-established spindle orientation pathways and recently identified regulators, focusing on how communication between the cell cortex and the spindle is achieved, to provide a contemporary view of how positioning of the mitotic spindle occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Lu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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38
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Founounou N, Loyer N, Le Borgne R. Septins regulate the contractility of the actomyosin ring to enable adherens junction remodeling during cytokinesis of epithelial cells. Dev Cell 2013; 24:242-55. [PMID: 23410939 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
How adhesive contacts with neighbors may affect epithelial cell cytokinesis is unknown. We report that in Drosophila, septins are specifically required for planar (but not orthogonal) cytokinesis. During planar division, cytokinetic furrowing initiates basally, resulting in a contractile ring displaced toward the adherens junction (AJ). The formation of new AJ between daughter cells requires the disengagement of E-Cadherin complexes between mitotic and neighboring cells at the cleavage furrow, followed by the assembly of E-Cadherin complexes on the daughter-daughter interface. The strength of adhesion with neighbors directly impacts both the kinetics of AJ disengagement and the length of the new AJ. Loss of septins causes a reduction in the contractility of the actomyosin ring and prevents local disengagement of AJ in the cleavage furrow. By modulating the strength of tension induced by neighbors, we uncover a mechanical function for septins to overcome the extrinsic tension induced by neighboring interphasic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Founounou
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, F-35043 Rennes, France
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39
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Couturier L, Mazouni K, Schweisguth F. Numb localizes at endosomes and controls the endosomal sorting of notch after asymmetric division in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2013; 23:588-93. [PMID: 23523245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Numb acts as a cell-fate determinant during asymmetric and stem cell divisions in both vertebrates and invertebrates [1, 2]. In Drosophila, Numb is unequally segregated in asymmetrically dividing sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs). Numb is inherited by the pIIb cell (Notch OFF) and is absent from the pIIa cell (Notch ON) [3, 4]. Numb is required to establish directional Notch signaling during cytokinesis [3, 5-7]. Using real-time imaging of a functional GFP-tagged Numb, we show that Numb relocalizes during cytokinesis from the basal cortex of pIIb to subapical endosomes. This relocalization appeared to depend on its interaction with the α-adaptin [8, 9]. Live imaging of Sanpodo (Spdo), a membrane protein interacting with Numb and regulating the trafficking of Notch [6, 7, 10-15], revealed that Spdo is internalized during cytokinesis and coaccumulates with Numb in pIIb endosomes. Using a GFP-tagged Notch [6], we found that Notch coaccumulates with Spdo in a Numb-dependent manner in these pIIb endosomes. Numb was, however, dispensable for the internalization of Notch and Spdo. We propose that Numb interacts with internalized Spdo-Notch oligomers at sorting endosomes and inhibits the recycling of Notch, thereby creating an asymmetry in Notch distribution along the pIIa-pIIb interface and regulating binary fate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Couturier
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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40
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Peng Y, Han C, Axelrod JD. Planar polarized protrusions break the symmetry of EGFR signaling during Drosophila bract cell fate induction. Dev Cell 2012; 23:507-18. [PMID: 22921201 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Secreted signaling molecules typically float in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane or freely diffuse away from the signaling cell, suggesting that a signal should be sensed equally by all neighboring cells. However, we demonstrate that Spitz (Spi)-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is spatially biased to selectively determine the induction of a single bract cell on the proximal side of each mechanosensory organ on the Drosophila leg. Dynamic and oriented cellular protrusions emanating from the socket cell, the source of Spi, robustly favor the Spi/EGFR signaling response in a particular cell among equally competent neighbors. We propose that these protrusive structures enhance signaling by increasing contact between the signaling and responding cells. The planar polarized direction of the protrusions determines the direction of the signaling outcome. This asymmetric cell signaling serves as a developmental mechanism to generate spatially patterned cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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41
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Couturier L, Vodovar N, Schweisguth F. Endocytosis by Numb breaks Notch symmetry at cytokinesis. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:131-9. [PMID: 22267085 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell-fate diversity can be generated by the unequal segregation of the Notch regulator Numb at mitosis in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Whereas the mechanisms underlying unequal inheritance of Numb are understood, how Numb antagonizes Notch has remained unsolved. Live imaging of Notch in sensory organ precursor cells revealed that nuclear Notch is detected at cytokinesis in the daughter cell that does not inherit Numb. Numb and Sanpodo act together to regulate Notch trafficking and establish directional Notch signalling at cytokinesis. We propose that unequal segregation of Numb results in increased endocytosis in one daughter cell, hence asymmetry of Notch at the cytokinetic furrow, directional signalling and binary fate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Couturier
- Institut Pasteur, Developmental Biology Department, F-75015 Paris, France
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42
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Abstract
In the Drosophila embryonic central nervous system, the neural precursor cells called neuroblasts undergo a number of asymmetric divisions along the apical-basal axis to give rise to different daughter cells of distinct fates. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of these asymmetric cell divisions. We discuss proteins that are localized at distinct domains of cortex in the neuroblasts and their role in generating asymmetry. We also review uniformly cortical localized factors and actin cytoskeleton-associated motor proteins with regard to their potential role to serve as a link between distinct cortical domains in the neuroblasts. In this review, asymmetric divisions of sensory organ precursor and larval neuroblasts are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, The National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
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43
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Abstract
Drosophila represents a paradigm for the analysis of the cellular, molecular and genetic mechanisms of development and is an ideal model system to study the contribution of Adherens Junctions (AJs) and their major components, cadherins, to morphogenesis. The combination of different techniques and approaches has allowed researchers to identify the requirements of these epithelial junctions in vivo in the context of a whole organism. The functional analysis of mutants for AJ core components, particularly for Drosophila DE-cadherin, has shown that AJs play critical roles in virtually all stages of development. For instance, AJs maintain tissue integrity while allowing the remodelling and homeostasis of many tissues. They control cell shape, contribute to cell polarity, facilitate cell-cell recognition during cell sorting, orient cell divisions, or regulate cell rearrangements, among other activities. Remarkably, these activities require a very fine control of the organisation and turnover of AJs during development. In addition, AJs engage in diverse and complex interactions with the cytoskeleton, signalling networks, intracellular trafficking machinery or polarity cues to perform these functions. Here, by summarising the requirements of AJs and cadherins during Drosophila morphogenesis, we illustrate the capital contribution of this model system to our knowledge of the mechanisms and biology of AJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Letizia
- Developmental Biology, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain,
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44
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Abstract
Drosophila has been the key model system for studies on planar cell polarity (PCP). The rich morphology of the insect exoskeleton contains many structures that display PCP. Among these are the trichomes (cuticular hairs) that cover much of the exoskeleton, sensory bristles, and ommatidia. Many genes have been identified that must function for the development of normal PCP. Among these are the genes that comprise the frizzled/starry night (fz/stan) and dachsous/fat pathways. The mechanisms that underlie the function of the fz/stan pathway are best understood. All of the protein products of these genes accumulate asymmetrically in wing cells and there is good evidence that this involves local intercellular signaling between protein complexes on the distal edge of one cell and the juxtaposed proximal edge of its neighbor. It is thought that a feedback system, directed transport, and stabilizing protein-protein interactions mediate the formation of distal and proximal protein complexes. These complexes appear to recruit downstream proteins that function to spatially restrict the activation of the cytoskeleton in wing cells. This leads to the formation of the array of distally pointing hairs found on wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Adler
- Biology Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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45
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Yoshiura S, Ohta N, Matsuzaki F. Tre1 GPCR signaling orients stem cell divisions in the Drosophila central nervous system. Dev Cell 2011; 22:79-91. [PMID: 22178499 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During development, directional cell division is a major mechanism for establishing the orientation of tissue growth. Drosophila neuroblasts undergo asymmetric divisions perpendicular to the overlying epithelium to produce descendant neurons on the opposite side, thereby orienting initial neural tissue growth. However, the mechanism remains elusive. We provide genetic evidence that extrinsic GPCR signaling determines the orientation of cortical polarity underlying asymmetric divisions of neuroblasts relative to the epithelium. The GPCR Tre1 activates the G protein oα subunit in neuroblasts by interacting with the epithelium to recruit Pins, which regulates spindle orientation. Because Pins associates with the Par-complex via Inscuteable, Tre1 consequently recruits the polarity complex to orthogonally orient the polarity axis to the epithelium. Given the universal role of the Par complex in cellular polarization, we propose that the GPCR-Pins system is a comprehensive mechanism controlling tissue polarity by orienting polarized stem cells and their divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Yoshiura
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Cytokinesis remnants define first neuronal asymmetry in vivo. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14:1525-33. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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48
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Devenport D, Oristian D, Heller E, Fuchs E. Mitotic internalization of planar cell polarity proteins preserves tissue polarity. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:893-902. [PMID: 21743464 PMCID: PMC3149741 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is the collective polarization of cells along the epithelial plane, a process best understood in the terminally differentiated Drosophila wing. Proliferative tissues such as mammalian skin also show PCP, but the mechanisms that preserve tissue polarity during proliferation are not understood. During mitosis, asymmetrically distributed PCP components risk mislocalization or unequal inheritance, which could have profound consequences for the long-range propagation of polarity. Here, we show that when mouse epidermal basal progenitors divide PCP components are selectively internalized into endosomes, which are inherited equally by daughter cells. Following mitosis, PCP proteins are recycled to the cell surface, where asymmetry is re-established by a process reliant on neighbouring PCP. A cytoplasmic dileucine motif governs mitotic internalization of atypical cadherin Celsr1, which recruits Vang2 and Fzd6 to endosomes. Moreover, embryos transgenic for a Celsr1 that cannot mitotically internalize exhibit perturbed hair-follicle angling, a hallmark of defective PCP. This underscores the physiological relevance and importance of this mechanism for regulating polarity during cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danelle Devenport
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology & Development, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 300, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Mitotic Spindle Orientation in Asymmetric and Symmetric Cell Divisions during Animal Development. Dev Cell 2011; 21:102-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Abstract
In all multicellular organisms, epithelial cells are not only polarized along the apical-basal axis, but also within the epithelial plane, giving cells a sense of direction. Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling regulates establishment of polarity within the plane of an epithelium. The outcomes of PCP signaling are diverse and include the determination of cell fates, the generation of asymmetric but highly aligned structures, such as the stereocilia in the human inner ear or the hairs on a fly wing, or the directional migration of cells during convergence and extension during vertebrate gastrulation. In humans, aberrant PCP signaling can result in severe developmental defects, such as open neural tubes (spina bifida), and can cause cystic kidneys. In this review, we discuss the basic mechanism and more recent findings of PCP signaling focusing on Drosophila melanogaster, the model organism in which most key PCP components were initially identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saw Myat Thanda W Maung
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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