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Zhang T, Zhang C, Li X, Ren D, Zheng M, Zhang S, Yuan F, Du X, Zhang Z. Inflammation assessment and therapeutic monitoring based on highly sensitive and multi-level electrochemical detection of PGE2. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 262:116539. [PMID: 38950517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an eicosane, regulates the physiological activity of inflammatory cells and represents a potential therapeutic target for facilitating tissue repair in vivo. In our work, an electrochemical immunosensor employing Ketjen black-Au nanoparticles (KB-Au) and poly tannic acid nanospheres conjugated with anti-PGE2 polyclonal antibody (PTAN-Ab) was designed to ultra-sensitively analyze PGE2 levels secreted by living cells and tissues. Antibody assembly strategies were explored to achieve signal amplification. Moreover, we studied the therapy effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), hyaluronic acid (HA), and small molecule 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase inhibitor (SW033291) on inflammation and evaluated the protective functions of HA and SW033291 in a murine model subjected to colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) using the developed sensor. The sensor exhibited a linear range of 10-5-106 fg/mL and a detection limit (LOD) of 10-5 fg/mL. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) samples were used to achieve high recovery of target analytes. This study not only presents an effective strategy for ultra-sensitively monitoring PGE2 but also provides valuable insights into assessing the degree of inflammation and the therapeutic effect of related drugs. Research on human health monitoring and regenerative medicine could greatly benefit from the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xue Li
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Dongfang Ren
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Mingshuang Zheng
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Fangping Yuan
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xin Du
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
| | - Zhenguo Zhang
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
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Wang Q, Peng W, Yang Y, Wu Y, Han R, Ding T, Zhang X, Liu J, Yang J, Liu J. Proteome and ubiquitinome analyses of the brain cortex in K18- hACE2 mice infected with SARS-CoV-2. iScience 2024; 27:110602. [PMID: 39211577 PMCID: PMC11357812 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical research indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to several neurological consequences, and the virus is still spreading despite the availability of vaccinations and antiviral medications. To determine how hosts respond to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we employed LC-MS/MS to perform ubiquitinome and proteome analyses of the brain cortexes from K18-hACE2 mice in the presence and absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A total of 8,024 quantifiable proteins and 5,220 quantifiable lysine ubiquitination (Kub) sites in 2023 proteins were found. Glutamatergic synapse, calcium signaling pathway, and long-term potentiation may all play roles in the neurological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Then, we observed possible interactions between 26 SARS-CoV-2 proteins/E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases/deubiquitinases and several differentially expressed mouse proteins or Kub sites. We present the first description of the brain cortex ubiquitinome in K18-hACE2 mice, laying the groundwork for further investigation into the pathogenic processes and treatment options for neurological dysfunction following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wanjun Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yehong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Tao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xutong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Juntao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jiangfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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Zhang C, Jiang F, Liu S, Ni H, Feng Z, Huang M, Lu Y, Qian Y, Shao J, Rui Q. TREM1 promotes neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury in rats: Possible involvement of ERK/cPLA2 signalling pathway. Neuroscience 2024:S0306-4522(24)00488-3. [PMID: 39304022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory response promotes secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) is a key regulator of inflammation. However, the role of TREM1 in TBI is poorly studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TREM1 in TBI and the possible underlying mechanism. We found that the protein expression of TREM1 significantly increased after TBI in rats, and the TREM1 protein localized to microglia. Inhibition of the TREM1 protein with LP17 significantly blocked ERK phosphorylation and reduced cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) protein expression and phosphorylation. In addition, LP17-mediated TREM1 inhibition significantly reduced the protein expression of iNOS and increased the protein expression of Arg1 . Moreover, after TREM1 was inhibited, the secretion of the proinflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly reduced, while the secretion of the anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10 was significantly increased. Additionally, inhibition of TREM1 by LP17 significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis and ameliorated nerve dysfunction in TBI model rats. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TREM1 enhances neuroinflammation and promotes neuronal apoptosis after TBI, and these effects may be partly mediated via the ERK/cPLA2 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shengqing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haibo Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhanchun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Minye Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yunwei Lu
- Department of Neurology and Psychology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yinwei Qian
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jianfeng Shao
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Qin Rui
- Department of Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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4
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Yu Q, Song C, Bi L, Zhao S, Lei Q, Yang N, Chen H, Wang Y, He Y, Deng H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of naphthyl amide derivatives as reversible monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 111:117844. [PMID: 39106652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a key enzyme responsible for the metabolism of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and has attracted great interest due to its involvement in various physiological and pathological processes, such as cancer progression. In the past, a number of covalent irreversible inhibitors have been reported for MAGL, however, experimental evidence highlighted some drawbacks associated with the use of these irreversible agents. Therefore, efforts were mainly focused on the development of reversible MAGL inhibitor in recent years. Here, we designed and synthesized a series of naphthyl amide derivatives (12-39) as another type of reversible MAGL inhibitors, exemplified by ± 34, which displayed good MAGL inhibition with a pIC50 of 7.1, and the potency and selectivity against endogenous MAGL were further demonstrated by competitive ABPP. Moreover, the compound showed appreciable antiproliferative activities against several cancer cells, including H460, HT29, CT-26, Huh7 and HCCLM-3. The investigations culminated in the discovery of the naphthyl amide derivative ± 34, and it may represent as a new scaffold for MAGL inhibitor development, particularly for the reversible ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Respiratory Health, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Respiratory Health, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liyun Bi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Lei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Respiratory Health, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Respiratory Health, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hai Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Respiratory Health, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Respiratory Health, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Respiratory Health, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Respiratory Health, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Center, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; The Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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5
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Parchem K, Letsiou S, Petan T, Oskolkova O, Medina I, Kuda O, O'Donnell VB, Nicolaou A, Fedorova M, Bochkov V, Gladine C. Oxylipin profiling for clinical research: Current status and future perspectives. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101276. [PMID: 38697517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Oxylipins are potent lipid mediators with increasing interest in clinical research. They are usually measured in systemic circulation and can provide a wealth of information regarding key biological processes such as inflammation, vascular tone, or blood coagulation. Although procedures still require harmonization to generate comparable oxylipin datasets, performing comprehensive profiling of circulating oxylipins in large studies is feasible and no longer restricted by technical barriers. However, it is essential to improve and facilitate the biological interpretation of complex oxylipin profiles to truly leverage their potential in clinical research. This requires regular updating of our knowledge about the metabolism and the mode of action of oxylipins, and consideration of all factors that may influence circulating oxylipin profiles independently of the studied disease or condition. This review aims to provide the readers with updated and necessary information regarding oxylipin metabolism, their different forms in systemic circulation, the current limitations in deducing oxylipin cellular effects from in vitro bioactivity studies, the biological and technical confounding factors needed to consider for a proper interpretation of oxylipin profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Parchem
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Sophia Letsiou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Ag. Spiridonos St. Egaleo, 12243 Athens, Greece.
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Olga Oskolkova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Anna Nicolaou
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 46/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Cécile Gladine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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6
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Li R, Liu Y, Wu J, Chen X, Lu Q, Xia K, Liu C, Sui X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Li R, Ba Y, Fang J, Huang W, Lu Z, Li Y, Liao X, Xiang AP, Huang Y. Adaptive Metabolic Responses Facilitate Blood-Brain Barrier Repair in Ischemic Stroke via BHB-Mediated Epigenetic Modification of ZO-1 Expression. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400426. [PMID: 38666466 PMCID: PMC11220715 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive metabolic responses and innate metabolites hold promising therapeutic potential for stroke, while targeted interventions require a thorough understanding of underlying mechanisms. Adiposity is a noted modifiable metabolic risk factor for stroke, and recent research suggests that it benefits neurological rehabilitation. During the early phase of experimental stroke, the lipidomic results showed that fat depots underwent pronounced lipolysis and released fatty acids (FAs) that feed into consequent hepatic FA oxidation and ketogenesis. Systemic supplementation with the predominant ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is found to exert discernible effects on preserving blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and facilitating neuroinflammation resolution. Meanwhile, blocking FAO-ketogenesis processes by administration of CPT1α antagonist or shRNA targeting HMGCS2 exacerbated endothelial damage and aggravated stroke severity, whereas BHB supplementation blunted these injuries. Mechanistically, it is unveiled that BHB infusion is taken up by monocarboxylic acid transporter 1 (MCT1) specifically expressed in cerebral endothelium and upregulated the expression of tight junction protein ZO-1 by enhancing local β-hydroxybutyrylation of H3K9 at the promoter of TJP1 gene. Conclusively, an adaptive metabolic mechanism is elucidated by which acute lipolysis stimulates FAO-ketogenesis processes to restore BBB integrity after stroke. Ketogenesis functions as an early metabolic responder to restrain stroke progression, providing novel prospectives for clinical translation.
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Ali MY, Bar-Peled L. Chemical proteomics to study metabolism, a reductionist approach applied at the systems level. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:446-451. [PMID: 38518745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Cellular metabolism encompasses a complex array of interconnected biochemical pathways that are required for cellular homeostasis. When dysregulated, metabolism underlies multiple human pathologies. At the heart of metabolic networks are enzymes that have been historically studied through a reductionist lens, and more recently, using high throughput approaches including genomics and proteomics. Merging these two divergent viewpoints are chemical proteomic technologies, including activity-based protein profiling, which combines chemical probes specific to distinct enzyme families or amino acid residues with proteomic analysis. This enables the study of metabolism at the network level with the precision of powerful biochemical approaches. Herein, we provide a primer on how chemical proteomic technologies custom-built for studying metabolism have unearthed fundamental principles in metabolic control. In parallel, these technologies have leap-frogged drug discovery through identification of novel targets and drug specificity. Collectively, chemical proteomics technologies appear to do the impossible: uniting systematic analysis with a reductionist approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yousuf Ali
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Liron Bar-Peled
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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8
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Meyer Zu Vilsendorf I, Einerhand J, Mulac D, Langer K, Lehr M. 1-Benzylindoles as inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A 2α: synthesis, biological activity, aqueous solubility, and cell permeability. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:641-659. [PMID: 38389890 PMCID: PMC10880929 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) is considered an interesting target for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs, as it is significantly involved in the formation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Recently, in a ligand-based virtual screening approach, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl-substituted 4-[2-(indol-3-ylmethylene)hydrazineyl]benzoic acid 7 was found to be an inhibitor of cPLA2α with micromolar activity. This compound has now been systematically varied to increase inhibitory potency. The studies performed led to 5-(1-benzylindol-3-ylmethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)pentanoic acid derivatives that exhibited submicromolar activity against the enzyme. The most potent compounds were also tested for their water solubility and for permeability in a Caco-2 model. Among other things, it was found that in Caco-2 cells, the pentanoic acid chain of the molecules can be metabolised to a considerable extent to propionic acid by β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Meyer Zu Vilsendorf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Judith Einerhand
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Dennis Mulac
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Klaus Langer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster Corrensstrasse 48 48149 Münster Germany
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9
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Norris AC, Yazlovitskaya EM, Yang TS, Mansueto A, Stafford JM, Graham TR. ATP10A deficiency results in male-specific infertility in mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1310593. [PMID: 38415274 PMCID: PMC10896839 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1310593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Over 8% of couples worldwide are affected by infertility and nearly half of these cases are due to male-specific issues where the underlying cause is often unknown. Therefore, discovery of new genetic factors contributing to male-specific infertility in model organisms can enhance our understanding of the etiology of this disorder. Here we show that murine ATP10A, a phospholipid flippase, is highly expressed in male reproductive organs, specifically the testes and vas deferens. Therefore, we tested the influence of ATP10A on reproduction by examining fertility of Atp10A knockout mice. Our findings reveal that Atp10A deficiency leads to male-specific infertility, but does not perturb fertility in the females. The Atp10A deficient male mice exhibit smaller testes, reduced sperm count (oligozoospermia) and lower sperm motility (asthenozoospermia). Additionally, Atp10A deficient mice display testes and vas deferens histopathological abnormalities, as well as altered total and relative amounts of hormones associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Surprisingly, circulating testosterone is elevated 2-fold in the Atp10A knockout mice while luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and inhibin B levels were not significantly different from WT littermates. The knockout mice also exhibit elevated levels of gonadotropin receptors and alterations to ERK, p38 MAPK, Akt, and cPLA2-dependent signaling in the testes. Atp10A was knocked out in the C57BL/6J background, which also carries an inactivating nonsense mutation in the closely related lipid flippase, Atp10D. We have corrected the Atp10D nonsense mutation using CRISPR/Cas9 and determined that loss of Atp10A alone is sufficient to cause infertility in male mice. Collectively, these findings highlight the critical role of ATP10A in male fertility in mice and provide valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C. Norris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | - Tzushan Sharon Yang
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alex Mansueto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John M. Stafford
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Todd R. Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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10
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Nakamura A, Sakai S, Taketomi Y, Tsuyama J, Miki Y, Hara Y, Arai N, Sugiura Y, Kawaji H, Murakami M, Shichita T. PLA2G2E-mediated lipid metabolism triggers brain-autonomous neural repair after ischemic stroke. Neuron 2023; 111:2995-3010.e9. [PMID: 37490917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The brain is generally resistant to regeneration after damage. The cerebral endogenous mechanisms triggering brain self-recovery have remained unclarified to date. We here discovered that the secreted phospholipase PLA2G2E from peri-infarct neurons generated dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) as necessary for triggering brain-autonomous neural repair after ischemic brain injury. Pla2g2e deficiency diminished the expression of peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (Padi4), a global transcriptional regulator in peri-infarct neurons. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and epigenetic analysis demonstrated that neuronal PADI4 had the potential for the transcriptional activation of genes associated with recovery processes after ischemic stroke through histone citrullination. Among various DGLA metabolites, we identified 15-hydroxy-eicosatrienoic acid (15-HETrE) as the cerebral metabolite that induced PADI4 in peri-infarct-surviving neurons. Administration of 15-HETrE enhanced functional recovery after ischemic stroke. Thus, our research clarifies the promising potential of brain-autonomous neural repair triggered by the specialized lipids that initiate self-recovery processes after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Nakamura
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Department of Neuroinflammation and Repair, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Sakai
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Department of Neuroinflammation and Repair, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jun Tsuyama
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Department of Neuroinflammation and Repair, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hara
- Research Center for Genome & Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Arai
- Laboratory for Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- Research Center for Genome & Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takashi Shichita
- Stroke Renaissance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Department of Neuroinflammation and Repair, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Core Research for Evolutionary Medical Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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11
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Thong-Asa W, Puenpha K, Lairaksa T, Saengjinda S. Neuroprotective effects of betanin in mice with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Anim 2023; 72:336-345. [PMID: 36754417 PMCID: PMC10435356 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.22-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury as found in stroke is a complex and heterogeneous disorder and closely related to disability and death. Today, nutraceuticals and protective therapy to increase neuronal integrity and prevent pathological complication are common. We investigated the neuroprotective effect of betanin against cerebral IR injury in mice. Forty male institute of cancer research (ICR) mice were divided into Sham-veh, IR-veh, IR-Bet50 and IR-Bet100 groups. After 2 weeks of oral administration of normal saline (vehicle; veh) or 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of betanin (Bet), mice were subjected to IR induction using 30-min bilateral common carotid artery occlusion, followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Brain infarction, oxidative status, cortical and hippocampal neurons and white matter pathologies were evaluated. Results showed that IR significantly increases brain infarction, Cornus Ammonis 1 (CA1) hippocampal and corpus callosum (CC) and internal capsule (IC) white matter degeneration (P<0.05). Brain oxidative status revealed significant elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) together with a significant decrease in catalase (CAT) activity, induced by IR (P<0.05). Pretreatment with betanin 100 mg/kg led to a significant reduction in brain infarction and MDA, CA1 hippocampus, CC and IC white matter degeneration. Betanin also led to a significant increase in CAT activity (P<0.05), with enhancing effect on reduced glutathione levels (GSH, P<0.05). The present study revealed the neuroprotective efficacy of betanin against IR injury in mice's brains, including its inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and boosting of GSH and CAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wachiryah Thong-Asa
- Animal Toxicology and Physiology Specialty Research Unit (ATPSRU), Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Lat Yao Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanthaporn Puenpha
- Animal Toxicology and Physiology Specialty Research Unit (ATPSRU), Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Lat Yao Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thannaporn Lairaksa
- Animal Toxicology and Physiology Specialty Research Unit (ATPSRU), Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Lat Yao Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriwipha Saengjinda
- Animal Toxicology and Physiology Specialty Research Unit (ATPSRU), Physiology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Lat Yao Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
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12
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Stephenson DJ, MacKnight HP, Hoeferlin LA, Washington SL, Sawyers C, Archer KJ, Strauss JF, Walsh SW, Chalfant CE. Bioactive lipid mediators in plasma are predictors of preeclampsia irrespective of aspirin therapy. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100377. [PMID: 37119922 PMCID: PMC10230265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There are few early biomarkers to identify pregnancies at risk of preeclampsia (PE) and abnormal placental function. In this cross-sectional study, we utilized targeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ESI MS/MS and a linear regression model to identify specific bioactive lipids that serve as early predictors of PE. Plasma samples were collected from 57 pregnant women prior to 24-weeks of gestation with outcomes of either PE (n = 26) or uncomplicated term pregnancies (n = 31), and the profiles of eicosanoids and sphingolipids were evaluated. Significant differences were revealed in the eicosanoid, (±)11,12 DHET, as well as multiple classes of sphingolipids; ceramides, ceramide-1-phosphate, sphingomyelin, and monohexosylceramides; all of which were associated with the subsequent development of PE regardless of aspirin therapy. Profiles of these bioactive lipids were found to vary based on self-designated race. Additional analyses demonstrated that PE patients can be stratified based on the lipid profile as to PE with a preterm birth linked to significant differences in the levels of 12-HETE, 15-HETE, and resolvin D1. Furthermore, subjects referred to a high-risk OB/GYN clinic had higher levels of 20-HETE, arachidonic acid, and Resolvin D1 versus subjects recruited from a routine, general OB/GYN clinic. Overall, this study shows that quantitative changes in plasma bioactive lipids detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ESI-MS/MS can serve as an early predictor of PE and stratify pregnant people for PE type and risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Stephenson
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - H Patrick MacKnight
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - L Alexis Hoeferlin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sonya L Washington
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Chelsea Sawyers
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric & Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kellie J Archer
- Division of Biostatistics, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Scott W Walsh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Program in Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Research Service, Richmond Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
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13
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The phospholipase A 2 superfamily as a central hub of bioactive lipids and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108382. [PMID: 36918102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
In essence, "phospholipase A2" (PLA2) means a group of enzymes that release fatty acids and lysophospholipids by hydrolyzing the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. To date, more than 50 enzymes possessing PLA2 or related lipid-metabolizing activities have been identified in mammals, and these are subdivided into several families in terms of their structures, catalytic mechanisms, tissue/cellular localizations, and evolutionary relationships. From a general viewpoint, the PLA2 superfamily has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, driving the production of a wide variety of bioactive lipid mediators. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that PLA2s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling or recycling for membrane homeostasis, fatty acid β-oxidation for energy production, and barrier lipid formation on the body surface. Accordingly, PLA2 enzymes are considered one of the key regulators of a broad range of lipid metabolism, and perturbation of specific PLA2-driven lipid pathways often disrupts tissue and cellular homeostasis and may be associated with a variety of diseases. This review covers current understanding of the physiological functions of the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the two major intracellular PLA2 families (Ca2+-dependent cytosolic PLA2s and Ca2+-independent patatin-like PLA2s) as well as other PLA2 families, based on studies using gene-manipulated mice and human diseases in combination with comprehensive lipidomics.
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14
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Ohashi SN, DeLong JH, Kozberg MG, Mazur-Hart DJ, van Veluw SJ, Alkayed NJ, Sansing LH. Role of Inflammatory Processes in Hemorrhagic Stroke. Stroke 2023; 54:605-619. [PMID: 36601948 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.037155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke is the deadliest form of stroke and includes the subtypes of intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage. A common cause of hemorrhagic stroke in older individuals is cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage both lead to the rapid collection of blood in the central nervous system and generate inflammatory immune responses that involve both brain resident and infiltrating immune cells. These responses are complex and can contribute to both tissue recovery and tissue injury. Despite the interconnectedness of these major subtypes of hemorrhagic stroke, few reviews have discussed them collectively. The present review provides an update on inflammatory processes that occur in response to intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhage. The goal is to highlight inflammatory processes that underlie disease pathology and recovery. We aim to discuss recent advances in our understanding of these conditions and identify gaps in knowledge with the potential to develop effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Ohashi
- Department of Neurology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan H DeLong
- Department of Neurology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mariel G Kozberg
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
| | - David J Mazur-Hart
- Department of Neurological Surgery (D.J.M.-H.), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland
| | - Susanne J van Veluw
- J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, Boston (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown (M.G.K., S.J.v.V.)
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (N.J.A.), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Department of Neurology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology (S.N.O., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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15
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Ni WF, Zhou KL, Zhang HJ, Chen YT, Hu XL, Cai WT, Wang XY. Functions and mechanisms of cytosolic phospholipase A 2 in central nervous system trauma. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:258-266. [PMID: 35900400 PMCID: PMC9396495 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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16
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Role of alarmins in poststroke inflammation and neuronal repair. Semin Immunopathol 2022:10.1007/s00281-022-00961-5. [PMID: 36161515 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Severe loss of cerebral blood flow causes hypoxia and glucose deprivation in the brain tissue, resulting in necrotic cell death in the ischemic brain. Several endogenous molecules, called alarmins or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are extracellularly released from the dead cells to activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in immune cells that infiltrate into ischemic brain tissue following the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after stroke onset. The activated immune cells produce various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, triggering sterile cerebral inflammation in the ischemic brain that causes further neuronal cell death. Poststroke inflammation is resolved within several days after stroke onset, and neurological functions are restored to some extent as neural repair occurs around peri-infarct neurons. Clearance of DAMPs from the injured brain is necessary for the resolution of poststroke inflammation. Neurons and glial cells also express PRRs and receive DAMP signaling. Although the role of PRRs in neural cells in the ischemic brain has not yet been clarified, the signaling pathway is likely to be contribute to stroke pathology and neural repair after ischemic stroke. This review describes the molecular dynamics, signaling pathways, and functions of DAMPs in poststroke inflammation and its resolution.
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17
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Activity-Based Protein Profiling of Human and Plasmodium Serine Hydrolases and Interrogation of Potential Antimalarial Targets. iScience 2022; 25:104996. [PMID: 36105595 PMCID: PMC9464883 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a global health issue requiring the identification of novel therapeutic targets to combat drug resistance. Metabolic serine hydrolases are druggable enzymes playing essential roles in lipid metabolism. However, very few have been investigated in malaria-causing parasites. Here, we used fluorophosphonate broad-spectrum activity-based probes and quantitative chemical proteomics to annotate and profile the activity of more than half of predicted serine hydrolases in P. falciparum across the erythrocytic cycle. Using conditional genetics, we demonstrate that the activities of four serine hydrolases, previously annotated as essential (or important) in genetic screens, are actually dispensable for parasite replication. Of importance, we also identified eight human serine hydrolases that are specifically activated at different developmental stages. Chemical inhibition of two of them blocks parasite replication. This strongly suggests that parasites co-opt the activity of host enzymes and that this opens a new drug development strategy against which the parasites are less likely to develop resistance. P. falciparum has 48 predicted metabolic SHs. Many react with the ABP, FP-N3 The activity of 25 PfSHs and 8 HsSHs was profiled throughout the asexual life cycle Catalytic mutants of 4 PfSHs (formerly held essential) had no parasite growth effect Selective inhibitors for 2 HsSHs (APEH and LPLA2) affected parasite growth
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18
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Murakami M, Takamiya R, Miki Y, Sugimoto N, Nagasaki Y, Suzuki-Yamamoto T, Taketomi Y. Segregated functions of two cytosolic phospholipase A 2 isoforms (cPLA 2α and cPLA 2ε) in lipid mediator generation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115176. [PMID: 35841927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily, group IVA cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2α) is currently attracting much attention as a central regulator of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism linked to eicosanoid biosynthesis. Following cell activation, cPLA2α selectively releases AA, a precursor of a variety of eicosanoids, from phospholipids in perinuclear membrane compartments. cPLA2α-null mice display various phenotypes that could be largely explained by reduced eicosanoid signaling. In contrast, group IVE cPLA2ε, another member of the cPLA2 family, acts as a Ca2+-dependent N-acyltransferase rather than a PLA2, thereby regulating the biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), a unique class of lipid mediators with an anti-inflammatory effect. In response to Ca2+ signaling, cPLA2ε translocates to phosphatidylserine-rich organelle membranes in the endocytic/recycling pathway. In vivo, cPLA2ε is induced in keratinocytes of psoriatic skin, and its genetic deletion exacerbates psoriatic inflammation due to a marked reduction of NAE-related lipids. cPLA2ε also contributes to NAE generation in several if not all mouse tissues. Thus, the two members of the cPLA2 family, cPLA2α and cPLA2ε, catalyze distinct enzymatic reactions to mobilize distinct sets of lipid mediators, thereby differently regulating pathophysiological events in health and disease. Such segregation of the cPLA2α-eicosanoid and cPLA2ε-NAE pathways represents a new paradigm of research on PLA2s and lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Rina Takamiya
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nao Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagasaki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Toshiko Suzuki-Yamamoto
- Department of Nutritional Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama 719-1197, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Geng F, Zhang G, Wang Y, Lü J. Membrane phosphatidylserine allosterically regulates the cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity via an electrostatic-switch mechanism. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2203-2210. [PMID: 35226022 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01791h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a peripheral membrane protein that plays an essential role in many inflammatory responses. However, the activation mechanisms of PLA2 on the membrane surface have not been fully understood. Herein, we have combined experimental techniques and theoretical approaches to investigate the activation and association of the PLA2 protein on an artificial phospholipid membrane. Using a phosphatidylserine (PS) nanodomain containing membrane to mimic the inflammatory conditions, we found that the activity of cytosolic PLA2s (cPLA2s) increases with higher ratios of PS in the membrane. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that significant changes in the protein structure are related to negatively charged membranes. In particular, the alteration of negatively charged residues in the C2 domain brings about an opened binding pocket and the catalytic site access to the substrate phospholipid. Meanwhile, the negative residues in the loop 650-665 facilitate the optimal interfacial orientation of the protein with a closed binding pocket on the membrane surface. These results lead us to suggest an electrostatic-switch allosteric mechanism for cPLA2 activation on the cell membrane surface under the inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Geng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Guangxu Zhang
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
- CAS key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yadi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Junhong Lü
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250000, China
- CAS key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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20
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Liu M, Wang Y, Ma Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Nie L, Guo W, Zhao D, Zhang J, Yuan D, Yue L. Activation of SGLT3a in endometrial epithelial cells induces paracrine stromal cell decidualization. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1532-1546. [PMID: 34755904 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) and stromal cells (ESCs) have a close functional association. During the peri-implantation period, EECs with enhanced functional activities secrete a variety of paracrine factors to promote the decidualization of ESCs. However, little is known about the specific process by which EECs secrete paracrine factors to induce the decidualization of ESCs. Some evidence suggests that the activation of sodium-glucose cotransporter 3a (SGLT3a) induces the depolarization of ESCs to affect their function. Therefore, SGLT3a acts as a sensor molecule in certain cell types. In this study, the expression of SGLT3a was investigated in EECs to determine whether its levels increased during the peri-implantation period in female mice. The activation of SGLT3a in mouse EECs induced Na+ -dependent depolarization of the cell membrane and an influx of extracellular Ca2+ , which further promoted the expression and release of the paracrine factors prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and F2-alpha (PGF2α) by upregulating the expression of cyclooxygenase-2. In turn, PGE2 and PGF2α induced the decidualization of ESCs. Importantly, we identified SGLT3a as a key molecule involved in the cross-talk between EECs and ESCs during the process of uterine decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongdan Ma
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixue Zhang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Nie
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongzhi Yuan
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Limin Yue
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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21
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Song CY, Singh P, Motiwala M, Shin JS, Lew J, Dutta SR, Gonzalez FJ, Bonventre JV, Malik KU. 2-Methoxyestradiol Ameliorates Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension by Inhibiting Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2α Activity in Female Mice. Hypertension 2021; 78:1368-1381. [PMID: 34628937 PMCID: PMC8516072 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. We tested the hypothesis that CYP1B1 (cytochrome P450 1B1)-17β-estradiol metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol protects against Ang II (angiotensin II)–induced hypertension by inhibiting group IV cPLA2α (cytosolic phospholipase A2α) activity and production of prohypertensive eicosanoids in female mice. Ang II (700 ng/kg per minute, SC) increased mean arterial blood pressure (BP), systolic and diastolic BP measured by radiotelemetry, renal fibrosis, and reactive oxygen species production in wild-type mice (cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+) that were enhanced by ovariectomy and abolished in intact and ovariectomized-cPLA2α−/−/Cyp1b1+/+ mice. Ang II–induced increase in SBP measured by tail-cuff, renal fibrosis, reactive oxygen species production, and cPLA2α activity measured by its phosphorylation in the kidney, and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2 metabolites were enhanced in ovariectomized-cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+ and intact cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1−/− mice. 2-Methoxyestradiol and arachidonic acid metabolism inhibitor 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid attenuated the Ang II–induced increase in SBP, renal fibrosis, reactive oxygen species production, and urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2, and thromboxane A2 metabolites in ovariectomized-cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+ and intact cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1−/− mice. Antagonists of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2 receptors EP1 and EP3 and TP, respectively, inhibited Ang II–induced increases in SBP and reactive oxygen species production and renal fibrosis in ovariectomized-cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1+/+ and intact cPLA2α+/+/Cyp1b1−/− mice. These data suggest that CYP1B1-generated metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol mitigates Ang II–induced hypertension and renal fibrosis by inhibiting cPLA2α activity, reducing prostaglandin E2, and thromboxane A2 production and stimulating EP1 and EP3 and TP receptors, respectively. Thus, 2-methoxyestradiol and the drugs that selectively block EP1 and EP3 and TP receptors could be useful in treating hypertension and its pathogenesis in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Young Song
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Purnima Singh
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Mustafa Motiwala
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Ji Soo Shin
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Jessica Lew
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Shubha R. Dutta
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Joseph V. Bonventre
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.V.B.)
| | - Kafait U. Malik
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis (C.Y.S., P.S., M.M., J.S.S., J.L., S.R.D., K.U.M.)
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22
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Biologically active lipids in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis in disease states. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108011. [PMID: 34614423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have crucial roles in the regulation of interstitial fluids, immune surveillance, and the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine. Lymphatic function is also closely related to the pathogenesis of various disease states such as inflammation, lymphedema, endometriosis, liver dysfunction, and tumor metastasis. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing lymphatic vessels, is a critical determinant in the above conditions. Although the effect of growth factors on lymphangiogenesis is well-characterized, and biologically active lipids are known to affect smooth muscle contractility and vasoaction, there is accumulating evidence that biologically active lipids are also important inducers of growth factors and cytokines that regulate lymphangiogenesis. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of biologically active lipids, including arachidonic acid metabolites, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid, as regulators of lymphangiogenesis, and the emerging importance of the lymphangiogenesis as a therapeutic target.
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23
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Alvarez MDL, Lorenzetti F. Role of eicosanoids in liver repair, regeneration and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114732. [PMID: 34411565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are lipid signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of ω-6 fatty acids, usually arachidonic acid. There are three major pathways, including the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and P450 cytochrome epoxygenase (CYP) pathway. Prostanoids, which include prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxanes (Tx), are formed via the COX pathway, leukotrienes (LT) and lipoxins (LX) by the action of 5-LOX, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by CYP. Although eicosanoids are usually associated with pro-inflammatory responses, non-classic eicosanoids, as LX, have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties. Eicosanoids like PGE2, LTB4 and EETs have been involved in promoting liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. PGE2 and LTB4 have also been reported to participate in the regenerative phase after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), while cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LT) contribute to the inflammatory process associated with I/R and are also involved in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, LX, another product of 5-LOX, have the opposite effect, acting as pro-resolving mediators in these pathologies. In liver cancer, most studies show that eicosanoids, with the exception of LX, promote the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and favor metastasis. This review summarizes the synthesis of different eicosanoids in the liver and discusses key findings from basic research linking eicosanoids to liver repair, regeneration and cancer and the impact of targeting eicosanoid cascade. In addition, studies in patients are presented that explore the potential use of eicosanoids as biomarkers and show correlations between eicosanoid production and the course and prognosis of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Luján Alvarez
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina; Área Morfología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina; Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud (CAECIHS) Sede Regional Rosario, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Av. Pellegrini 1618 (S2000BUG), Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Florencia Lorenzetti
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET, UNR, Suipacha 570 (S2002LRL), Rosario, Argentina
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24
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Liu NK, Byers JS, Lam T, Lu QB, Sengelaub DR, Xu XM. Inhibition of Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2 Has Neuroprotective Effects on Motoneuron and Muscle Atrophy after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1327-1337. [PMID: 25386720 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Surviving motoneurons undergo dendritic atrophy after spinal cord injury (SCI), suggesting an important therapeutic target for neuroprotective strategies to improve recovery of function after SCI. Our previous studies showed that cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SCI. In the present study, we investigated whether blocking cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) pharmacologically with arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (ATK) or genetically using cPLA2 knockout (KO) mice attenuates motoneuron atrophy after SCI. C57BL/6 mice received either sham or contusive SCI at the T10 level. At 30 min after SCI, mice were treated with ATK or vehicle. Four weeks later, motoneurons innervating the vastus lateralis muscle of the quadriceps were labeled with cholera toxin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase, and dendritic arbors were reconstructed in three dimensions. Soma volume, motoneuron number, lesion volume, and tissue sparing were also assessed, as were muscle weight, fiber cross-sectional area, and motor endplate size and density. ATK administration reduced percent lesion volume and increased percent volume of spared white matter, compared to the vehicle-treated control animals. SCI with or without ATK treatment had no effect on the number or soma volume of quadriceps motoneurons. However, SCI resulted in a decrease in dendritic length of quadriceps motoneurons in untreated animals, and this decrease was completely prevented by treatment with ATK. Similarly, vastus lateralis muscle weights of untreated SCI animals were smaller than those of sham surgery controls, and these reductions were prevented by ATK treatment. No effects on fiber cross-sectional areas, motor endplate area, or density were observed across treatment groups. Remarkably, genetically deleting cPLA2 in cPLA2 KO mice attenuated dendritic atrophy after SCI. These findings suggest that, after SCI, cord tissue damage and regressive changes in motoneuron and muscle morphology can be reduced by inhibition of cPLA2, further supporting a role for cPLA2 as a neurotherapeutic target for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Kui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - James S Byers
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Tom Lam
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Qing-Bo Lu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dale R Sengelaub
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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25
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Tribble JR, Otmani A, Sun S, Ellis SA, Cimaglia G, Vohra R, Jöe M, Lardner E, Venkataraman AP, Domínguez-Vicent A, Kokkali E, Rho S, Jóhannesson G, Burgess RW, Fuerst PG, Brautaset R, Kolko M, Morgan JE, Crowston JG, Votruba M, Williams PA. Nicotinamide provides neuroprotection in glaucoma by protecting against mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101988. [PMID: 33932867 PMCID: PMC8103000 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a REDOX cofactor and metabolite essential for neuronal survival. Glaucoma is a common neurodegenerative disease in which neuronal levels of NAD decline. We assess the effects of nicotinamide (a precursor to NAD) on retinal ganglion cells (the affected neuron in glaucoma) in normal physiological conditions and across a range of glaucoma relevant insults including mitochondrial stress and axon degenerative insults. We demonstrate retinal ganglion cell somal, axonal, and dendritic neuroprotection by nicotinamide in rodent models which represent isolated ocular hypertensive, axon degenerative, and mitochondrial degenerative insults. We performed metabolomics enriched for small molecular weight metabolites for the retina, optic nerve, and superior colliculus which demonstrates that ocular hypertension induces widespread metabolic disruption, including consistent changes to α-ketoglutaric acid, creatine/creatinine, homocysteine, and glycerophosphocholine. This metabolic disruption is prevented by nicotinamide. Nicotinamide provides further neuroprotective effects by increasing oxidative phosphorylation, buffering and preventing metabolic stress, and increasing mitochondrial size and motility whilst simultaneously dampening action potential firing frequency. These data support continued determination of the utility of long-term nicotinamide treatment as a neuroprotective therapy for human glaucoma. Nicotinamide is neuroprotective in cell and animal models that recapitulate isolated features of glaucoma. Systemic nicotinamide administration has limited molecular side-effects on visual system tissue under basal conditions. Nicotinamide provides a robust reversal in the disease metabolic profile of glaucomatous animals. Nicotinamide increases oxidative phosphorylation, buffers and prevents metabolic stress, and increases mitochondrial size.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Tribble
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Amin Otmani
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Shanshan Sun
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Sevannah A Ellis
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Gloria Cimaglia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Rupali Vohra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pathobiological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Eye Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Melissa Jöe
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Emma Lardner
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Abinaya P Venkataraman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alberto Domínguez-Vicent
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eirini Kokkali
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Seungsoo Rho
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gauti Jóhannesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre of Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | - Peter G Fuerst
- WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
| | - Rune Brautaset
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Eye Translational Research Unit, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - James E Morgan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Vision Research, Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Pete A Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Hirano Y, Gao YG, K Simanshu D, J Stephenson D, T Vu N, Malinina L, E Chalfant C, J Patel D, E Brown R. Purification of Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2α C2-domain after Expression in Soluble Form in Escherichia coli. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e3906. [PMID: 33732793 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous expression/purification strategies for cytosolic phospholipase A2α C2-domain in Escherichia coli have relied on refolded protein recovered from inclusion bodies and sometimes containing C-terminal Cys139Ala and Cys141Ser substitutions to eliminate potential refolding complications induced by Cys residues. The protocol presented herein describes an effective method for the expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2α C2-domain in soluble form in E. coli and subsequent purification to homogeneity. This protocol, which utilizes a cleavable 6xHis-SUMO tag, has recently been used to gain insights into the structural basis of phosphatidylcholine recognition by the C2-domain of cytosolic phospholipase A2α ( Hirano et al., 2019 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hirano
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, U.S.A.,Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Takayama, Japan
| | - Yong-Guang Gao
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, U.S.A
| | - Dhirendra K Simanshu
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Daniel J Stephenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, U.S.A.,Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, U.S.A
| | - Ngoc T Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - Lucy Malinina
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, U.S.A
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, U.S.A.,Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, U.S.A.,Research Service, James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, U.S.A.,The Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, U.S.A
| | - Dinshaw J Patel
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, U.S.A
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Bioactive Ether Lipids: Primordial Modulators of Cellular Signaling. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11010041. [PMID: 33430006 PMCID: PMC7827237 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The primacy of lipids as essential components of cellular membranes is conserved across taxonomic domains. In addition to this crucial role as a semi-permeable barrier, lipids are also increasingly recognized as important signaling molecules with diverse functional mechanisms ranging from cell surface receptor binding to the intracellular regulation of enzymatic cascades. In this review, we focus on ether lipids, an ancient family of lipids having ether-linked structures that chemically differ from their more prevalent acyl relatives. In particular, we examine ether lipid biosynthesis in the peroxisome of mammalian cells, the roles of selected glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids in signal transduction in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and finally, the potential therapeutic contributions of synthetic ether lipids to the treatment of cancer.
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28
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Jin Y, Zhuang Y, Liu M, Che J, Dong X. Inhibiting ferroptosis: A novel approach for stroke therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:916-930. [PMID: 33412287 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stroke ranks as the second leading cause of death across the globe. Despite advances in stroke therapeutics, no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs that can minimize neuronal injury and restore neurological function are clinically available. Ferroptosis, a regulated iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death, has been shown to contribute to stroke-mediated neuronal damage. Inhibitors of ferroptosis have also been validated in several stroke models of ischemia or intracerebral hemorrhage. Herein, we review the therapeutic activity of inhibitors of ferroptosis in stroke models. We further summarize previously reported neuroprotectants that show protective effects in stroke models that have been recently validated as ferroptosis inhibitors. These findings reveal new mechanisms for neuroprotection and highlight the importance of ferroptosis during stroke processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Jin
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhuang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Mei Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Jinxin Che
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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29
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Zheng L, Xie C, Zheng J, Dong Q, Si T, Zhang J, Hou ST. An imbalanced ratio between PC(16:0/16:0) and LPC(16:0) revealed by lipidomics supports the role of the Lands cycle in ischemic brain injury. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100151. [PMID: 33288676 PMCID: PMC7900749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting brain recovery after stroke is challenging as a plethora of inhibitory molecules are produced in the brain preventing it from full healing. Moreover, the full scope of inhibitory molecules produced is not well understood. Here, using a high-sensitivity UPLC-MS-based shotgun lipidomics strategy, we semiquantitively measured the differential lipid contents in the mouse cerebral cortex recovering from a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The lipidomic data were interrogated using the soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) method involving principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Statistics of the 578 confirmed lipids revealed 84 species were differentially changed during MCAO/reperfusion. The most dynamic changes in lipids occurred between 1 and 7 days post-MCAO, whereas concentrations had subsided to the Sham group level at 14 and 28 days post-MCAO. Quantitative analyses revealed a strong monotonic relationship between the reduction in phosphatidylcholine (PC)(16:0/16:0) and the increase in lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)(16:0) levels (Spearman's Rs = -0.86) during the 1 to 7 days reperfusion period. Inhibition of cPLA2 prevented changes in the ratio between PC(16:0/16:0) and LPC(16:0), indicating altered Land's cycle of PC. A series of in vitro studies showed that LPC(16:0), but not PC(16:0/16:0), was detrimental to the integrity of neuronal growth cones and neuronal viability through evoking intracellular calcium influx. In contrast, PC(16:0/16:0) significantly suppressed microglial secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α, limiting neuroinflammation pathways. Together, these data support the role of the imbalanced ratio between PC(16:0/16:0) and LPC(16:0), maintained by Lands' cycle, in neuronal damage and microglia-mediated inflammatory response during ischemic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Zheng
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chengbin Xie
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ju Zheng
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiangrui Dong
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tengxiao Si
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Hou
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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30
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Navarrete M, Wilkins JA, Chan FV, Ye B, Nickerson P, Ho J. Phospholipase A2 group XV activity during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Clin Biochem 2020; 88:49-55. [PMID: 33307060 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES All patients who undergo cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) experience some degree of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Severe IRI-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in approximately 1-2% of patients undergoing CPB. Previous studies using activity-based protein profiling of urine identified group XV phospholipase A2, PLA2G15/LPLA2, as potentially associated with patients who develop AKI post CPB. The present study examined urinary PLA2G15/LPLA2 activity during CPB and in the near postoperative period for associations with subsequent AKI development. DESIGN & METHODS Samples were collected in a nested case controlled cohort of 21 patients per group who either did (AKI) or did not (non-AKI) develop AKI post-operatively. Serum and urine samples from each patient before, during and after CPB were assayed for PLA2G15/LPLA2 activity. RESULTS Urine activity significantly increased during the intra operative period. In contrast the activities in paired sera were markedly decreased during CPB. There was no correlation between the serum and urine activity levels of patients. There were no significant differences in activity levels of PLA2G15/LPLA2 in the urine or sera from patients that did and did not develop AKI. CONCLUSIONS The lack of correlation between serum and urine activity levels suggests that the rapid intraoperative increases in PLA2G15/LPLA2 activity may originate from the kidney and as such offer an intraoperative indicator of early renal response to CPB associated stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Navarrete
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics & Systems Biology, University of Manitoba & Health Sciences Centre, Manitoba, Canada
| | - John A Wilkins
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics & Systems Biology, University of Manitoba & Health Sciences Centre, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Biomedical Proteomics, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.
| | | | - Bo Ye
- Echelon Biosciences, UT, USA
| | - Peter Nickerson
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics & Systems Biology, University of Manitoba & Health Sciences Centre, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Biomedical Proteomics, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Julie Ho
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics & Systems Biology, University of Manitoba & Health Sciences Centre, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Biomedical Proteomics, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
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Inoue K. Nociceptive signaling of P2X receptors in chronic pain states. Purinergic Signal 2020; 17:41-47. [PMID: 33015745 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X3 monomeric receptors (P2X3Rs) and P2X2/3 heteromeric receptors (P2X2/3Rs) in primary sensory neurons and microglial P2X4 monomeric receptors (P2X4Rs) in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) play important roles in neuropathic pain. In particular, P2X4R in the spinal microglia during peripheral nerve injury (PNI), experimental autoimmune neuritis, and herpes models are useful to explore the potential strategies for developing new drugs to treat neuropathic pain. Recently, novel P2X4 antagonists, NP-1815-PX and NC-2600, were developed, which demonstrated potent and specific inhibition against rodent and human P2X4Rs. The phase I study of NC-2600 has been completed, and no serious side effects were reported. The roles played by purinergic receptors in evoking neuropathic pain provide crucial insights into the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Inoue
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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cPLA 2α Enzyme Inhibition Attenuates Inflammation and Keratinocyte Proliferation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101402. [PMID: 33023184 PMCID: PMC7600040 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a regulator of cellular inflammation and proliferation, cytosolic phospholipase A2 α (cPLA2α) is a promising therapeutic target for psoriasis; indeed, the cPLA2α inhibitor AVX001 has shown efficacy against plaque psoriasis in a phase I/IIa clinical trial. To improve our understanding of the anti-psoriatic properties of AVX001, we sought to determine how the compound modulates inflammation and keratinocyte hyperproliferation, key characteristics of the psoriatic epidermis. We measured eicosanoid release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) and studied proliferation in HaCaT grown as monolayers and stratified cultures. We demonstrated that inhibition of cPLA2α using AVX001 produced a balanced reduction of prostaglandins and leukotrienes; significantly limited prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release from both PBMC and HaCaT in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli; attenuated growth factor-induced arachidonic acid and PGE2 release from HaCaT; and inhibited keratinocyte proliferation in the absence and presence of exogenous growth factors, as well as in stratified cultures. These data suggest that the anti-psoriatic properties of AVX001 could result from a combination of anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects, probably due to reduced local eicosanoid availability.
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Kim RR, Chen Z, J. Mann T, Bastard K, F. Scott K, Church WB. Structural and Functional Aspects of Targeting the Secreted Human Group IIA Phospholipase A 2. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194459. [PMID: 32998383 PMCID: PMC7583969 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human group IIA secretory phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) promotes the proliferation of cancer cells, making it a compelling therapeutic target, but it is also significant in other inflammatory conditions. Consequently, suitable inhibitors of hGIIA have always been sought. The activation of phospholipases A2 and the catalysis of glycerophospholipid substrates generally leads to the release of fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophospholipid, which are then converted to mediator compounds, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and the platelet-activating factor. However, this ability of hGIIA to provide AA is not a complete explanation of its biological role in inflammation, as it has now been shown that it also exerts proinflammatory effects by a catalysis-independent mechanism. This mechanism is likely to be highly dependent on key specific molecular interactions, and the full mechanistic descriptions of this remain elusive. The current candidates for the protein partners that may mediate this catalysis-independent mechanism are also introduced in this review. A key discovery has been that selective inhibition of the catalysis-independent activity of hGIIA is achieved with cyclised derivatives of a pentapeptide, FLSYK, derived from the primary sequence of hGIIA. The effects of hGIIA on cell function appear to vary depending on the pathology studied, and so its mechanism of action is complex and context-dependent. This review is comprehensive and covers the most recent developments in the understanding of the many facets of hGIIA function and inhibition and the insight they provide into their clinical application for disease treatment. A cyclic analogue of FLSYK, c2, the most potent analogue known, has now been taken into clinical trials targeting advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryung Rae Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Zheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Timothy J. Mann
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Centre for Oncology, Education and Research Translation and The Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Karine Bastard
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
| | - Kieran F. Scott
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Centre for Oncology, Education and Research Translation and The Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
- Correspondence: (K.F.S.); (W.B.C.); Tel.: +61-2-8738-9026 (K.F.S.); +61-2-9036-6569 (W.B.C.)
| | - W. Bret Church
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.R.K.); (Z.C.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.F.S.); (W.B.C.); Tel.: +61-2-8738-9026 (K.F.S.); +61-2-9036-6569 (W.B.C.)
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Sharifpour S, Fakhraee S, Behjatmanesh-Ardakani R. Insights into the mechanism of inhibition of phospholipase A2 by resveratrol: An extensive molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculation. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 100:107649. [PMID: 32739638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is one of the enzymes involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases, vascular inflammation, risk of heart attacks, and strokes. This enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the hydrolytic cleavage of ester bonds of phospholipids in the biological pathway of inflammation. To prevent the undesired hydrolysis of phospholipids, the catalytic activity of PLA2 needs to be blocked. Resveratrol is a plant-derived polyphenol inhibitor, proven to have anti-inflammatory properties. However, there is still substantial ambiguity about its inhibitory function. The present study uncovers a detailed molecular mechanism behind the resveratrol action in inhibition of PLA2, by applying and comparing two 200-ns molecular dynamics simulations. The results of structural analyses revealed that the binding of resveratrol to PLA2 reduces the content of β-sheets and increases a 5-helix to PLA2 structure, producing more folding and stability in protein. In the active site, the resveratrol is placed between the N-terminal α-helix and the newly formed 5-helix through the hydrophobic interactions with ILE19 and LEU3 residues, as well as the hydrogen bond interactions. These interactions play the role of a network at the entrance of the enzyme active site and prevent the penetration of water molecules into the PLA2 cavity. A high occupancy hydrogen bonding has been identified between SER23 of the protein and hydroxyl group of resveratrol. Furthermore, the estimation of binding free energy verified the binding affinity of resveratrol is thermodynamically sufficient to be stably bounded to PLA2. It also proved that the van der Waals interactions, particularly hydrophobic interactions, have the most significant role in PLA2-resveratrol binding and stability. Overall, our results provide useful information on the stepwise mechanism of the inhibition of PLA2 enzyme by resveratrol, as a target for improving the pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Sharifpour
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Fakhraee
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran.
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Sajid M, Ahmad Khan MS, Singh Cameotra S, Safar Al-Thubiani A. Biosurfactants: Potential applications as immunomodulator drugs. Immunol Lett 2020; 223:71-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ward KE, Sengupta R, Ropa JP, Amiar S, Stahelin RV. The Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2α N-terminal C2 Domain Binds and Oligomerizes on Membranes with Positive Curvature. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040647. [PMID: 32331436 PMCID: PMC7226022 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Group IV phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) regulates the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes via the formation of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. The targeting and membrane binding of cPLA2α to the Golgi involves the N-terminal C2 domain, whereas the catalytic domain produces arachidonic acid. Although most studies of cPLA2α concern its catalytic activity, it is also linked to homeostatic processes involving the generation of vesicles that traffic material from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. Here we investigated how membrane curvature influences the homeostatic role of cPLA2α in vesicular trafficking. The cPLA2α C2 domain is known to induce changes in positive membrane curvature, a process which is dependent on cPLA2α membrane penetration. We showed that cPLA2α undergoes C2 domain-dependent oligomerization on membranes in vitro and in cells. We found that the association of the cPLA2α C2 domain with membranes is limited to membranes with positive curvature, and enhanced C2 domain oligomerization was observed on vesicles ~50 nm in diameter. We demonstrated that the cPLA2α C2 domain localizes to cholesterol enriched Golgi-derived vesicles independently of cPLA2α catalytic activity. Moreover, we demonstrate the C2 domain selectively localizes to lipid droplets whereas the full-length enzyme to a much lesser extent. Our results therefore provide novel insight into the molecular forces that mediate C2 domain-dependent membrane localization in vitro and in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556, USA; (K.E.W.); (J.P.R.)
| | - Ranjan Sengupta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (R.S.); (S.A.)
| | - James P. Ropa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556, USA; (K.E.W.); (J.P.R.)
| | - Souad Amiar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (R.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Robert V. Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA; (R.S.); (S.A.)
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-765-494-4152
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Deng H, Li W. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors: modulators for lipid metabolism in cancer malignancy, neurological and metabolic disorders. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:582-602. [PMID: 32322464 PMCID: PMC7161712 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a serine hydrolase that plays a crucial role catalysing the hydrolysis of monoglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. It links the endocannabinoid and eicosanoid systems together by degradation of the abundant endocannabinoid 2-arachidaoylglycerol into arachidonic acid, the precursor of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators. MAGL inhibitors have been considered as important agents in many therapeutic fields, including anti-nociceptive, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, and even anti-cancer. Currently, ABX-1431, a first-in-class inhibitor of MAGL, is entering clinical phase 2 studies for neurological disorders and other diseases. This review summarizes the diverse (patho)physiological roles of MAGL and will provide an overview on the development of MAGL inhibitors. Although a large number of MAGL inhibitors have been reported, novel inhibitors are still required, particularly reversible ones.
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Key Words
- 2-AG, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol
- 2-Arachidaoylglycerol
- 2-OG, 2-oleoylglycerol
- 4-NPA, 4-nitrophenylacetate
- 7-HCA, 7-hydroxycoumarinyl arachidonate
- AA, arachidonic acid
- ABHD6 and ABHD12, α/β-hydrolase 6 and 12
- ABP, activity-based probes
- ABPP, activity-based protein profiling
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AEA, anandamide
- Arachidonic acid
- BCRP, breast cancer resistant protein
- CB1R and CB2R, cannabinoid receptors
- CC-ABPP, click chemistry activity-based protein profiling
- CFA, complete Freund's adjuvant
- CNS, central nervous system
- COX, cyclooxygenases
- CYP, cytochrome P450 proteins
- Cancer
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DAGLs, diacylglycerol lipases
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- Drug discovery
- EAE, encephalomyelitis
- EI, enzyme–inhibitor complex
- FAAH, amide hydrolase
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- FP, fluorophosphonate
- FP-Rh, fluorophosphonate-rhodamine
- FQ, fit quality
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HFIP, hexafluoroisopropyl
- LC–MS, liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry
- LFD, low-fat diet
- MAGL, monoacylglycerol lipase
- MAGs, monoglycerides
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- Metabolic syndrome
- Monoacylglycerol lipases
- NAM, N-arachidonoyl maleimide
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl
- Neuroinflammation
- OCT2, organic cation transporter 2
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PA, phosphatidic acid
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PGE2, prostaglandin
- PGs, prostaglandins
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PLA2G7, phospholipase A2 group VII
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SBDD, structure-based drug design
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- THL, tetrahydrolipstatin
- cPLA2, cytosolic phospholipase A2
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85422197.
| | - Weimin Li
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 28 85422197.
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Koutoulogenis GS, Kokotou MG, Hayashi D, Mouchlis VD, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. 2-Oxoester Phospholipase A 2 Inhibitors with Enhanced Metabolic Stability. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030491. [PMID: 32213911 PMCID: PMC7175278 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Oxoesters constitute an important class of potent and selective inhibitors of human cytosolic phospholipase A2 (GIVA cPLA2) combining an aromatic scaffold or a long aliphatic chain with a short aliphatic chain containing a free carboxylic acid. Although highly potent 2-oxoester inhibitors of GIVA cPLA2 have been developed, their rapid degradation in human plasma limits their pharmaceutical utility. In an effort to address this problem, we designed and synthesized two new 2-oxoesters introducing a methyl group either on the α-carbon to the oxoester functionality or on the carbon carrying the ester oxygen. We studied the in vitro plasma stability of both derivatives and their in vitro inhibitory activity on GIVA cPLA2. Both derivatives exhibited higher plasma stability in comparison with the unsubstituted compound and both derivatives inhibited GIVA cPLA2, however to different degrees. The 2-oxoester containing a methyl group on the α-carbon atom to the oxoester functionality exhibits enhancement of the metabolic stability and retains considerable inhibitory potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos S. Koutoulogenis
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece; (G.S.K.); (M.G.K.)
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece; (G.S.K.); (M.G.K.)
| | - Daiki Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; (D.H.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Varnavas D. Mouchlis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; (D.H.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Edward A. Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA; (D.H.); (V.D.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.D.); (G.K.); Tel.: +1-858-534-3055 (E.A.D.); +30-210-7274462 (G.K.)
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece; (G.S.K.); (M.G.K.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.D.); (G.K.); Tel.: +1-858-534-3055 (E.A.D.); +30-210-7274462 (G.K.)
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Filkin SY, Lipkin AV, Fedorov AN. Phospholipase Superfamily: Structure, Functions, and Biotechnological Applications. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S177-S195. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jarc E, Petan T. A twist of FATe: Lipid droplets and inflammatory lipid mediators. Biochimie 2020; 169:69-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Stellari FF, Sala A, Ruscitti F, Buccellati C, Allen A, Risé P, Civelli M, Villetti G. CHF6001 Inhibits NF-κB Activation and Neutrophilic Recruitment in LPS-Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1337. [PMID: 31798449 PMCID: PMC6863066 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) are potent anti-inflammatory agents, inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators through the elevation of intracellular cAMP concentrations. We studied the activity of a novel PDE4 inhibitor, CHF6001, both in vitro in human cells and in vivo, using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) in mice lung inflammation. Mice transiently transfected with the luciferase gene under the control of an NF-κB responsive element (NF-κB-luc) have been used to assess the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of CHF6001 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation. BLI as well as inflammatory cells and the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines were monitored in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) while testing in vitro its ability to affect the production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), measured by LC/MS/MS, by LPS/LPS/N-formyl--methionyl--leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-activated human blood. CHF6001 inhibited the production of LTB4 in LPS/fMLP-activated human blood at sub-nanomolar concentrations. LPS-induced an increase of BLI signal in NF-κB-luc mice, and CHF6001 administered by dry powder inhalation decreased in parallel luciferase signal, cell airway infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in BALF. The results obtained provide in vitro and in vivo evidence of the anti-inflammatory activity of the potent PDE4 inhibitor CHF6001, showing that with a topical administration that closely mimics inhalation in humans, it efficiently disrupts the NF-κB activation associated with LPS challenge, an effect that may be relevant for the prevention of exacerbation episodes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio F Stellari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
| | - Angelo Sala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Drug Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IBIM, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Ruscitti
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
| | - Carola Buccellati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Drug Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrew Allen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
| | - Patrizia Risé
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Drug Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Civelli
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
| | - Gino Villetti
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Parma, Italy
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Szymczak-Pajor I, Kleniewska P, Wieczfinska J, Pawliczak R. Wide-Range Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on Group 4A Phospholipases Is Related to Nuclear Factor κ-B and Phospholipase-A2 Activating Protein Activity in Mast Cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 181:56-70. [PMID: 31707382 DOI: 10.1159/000503628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phospholipases are enzymes that occur in many types of human cells, including mast cells, and play an important role in the molecular background of asthma pathogenesis, and the development of inflammation NF-κB activities that affect numerous biological processes has been reported in many inflammatory diseases including asthma. Vitamin D is a widely studied factor that affects many diseases, including asthma. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on regulation of chosen phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) expression-selected inflammation mediators. METHODS LUVA mast cells were stimulated with 1,25(OH)2D3, and inhibitors of NF-κB p65 and ubiquitination. Expression analysis of phospholipases (PLA2G5, PLA2G10, PLA2G12, PLA2G15, PLA2G4A, PLA2G4B, PLA2G4C, PLAA, NF-κB p65, and UBC) was done utilizing real-time PCR and Western blot. Eicosanoid (LTC4, LXA4, 15[S]-HETE, and PGE2) levels and sPLA2 were also measured. RESULTS We found that 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased the expression of PLA2G5, PLA2G15, PLA2G5,UBC, and NF-κB p65 but increased expression of PLAA and PLA2G4C (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of PLA2G5 and PLA2G15 decreased after inhibition of NF-κB p65 and UBC. Increased levels of released LXA4 and 15(S)-HETE, decreased levels of LTC4, and sPLA2s enzymatic activity in response to 1,25(OH)2D3 were also observed. Additionally, NF-κB p65 inhibition led to an increase in the LXA4 concentration. CONCLUSION Future investigations will be needed to further clarify the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in the context of asthma and the inflammatory process; however, these results confirm a variety of effects which can be caused by this vitamin. 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated action may result in the development of new therapeutic strategies for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Szymczak-Pajor
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Kleniewska
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Wieczfinska
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Science and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland,
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Hartz AMS, Rempe RG, Soldner ELB, Pekcec A, Schlichtiger J, Kryscio R, Bauer B. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 is a key regulator of blood-brain barrier function in epilepsy. FASEB J 2019; 33:14281-14295. [PMID: 31661303 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901369rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in epilepsy contributes to seizures and resistance to antiseizure drugs. Reports show that seizures increase brain glutamate levels, leading to barrier dysfunction. One component of barrier dysfunction is overexpression of the drug efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Based on our previous studies, we hypothesized that glutamate released during seizures activates cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), resulting in P-gp and BCRP overexpression. We exposed isolated rat brain capillaries to glutamate ex vivo and used an in vivo-ex vivo approach of isolating brain capillaries from rats after status epilepticus (SE) and in chronic epileptic (CE) rats. Glutamate increased cPLA2, P-gp, and BCRP protein and activity levels in isolated brain capillaries. We confirmed the role of cPLA2 in the signaling pathway in brain capillaries from male and female mice lacking cPLA2. We also demonstrated, in vivo, that cPLA2 inhibition prevents overexpression of P-gp and BCRP at the blood-brain barrier in rats after status epilepticus and in CE rats. Our data support the hypothesis that glutamate signals cPLA2 activation, resulting in overexpression of blood-brain barrier P-gp and BCRP.-Hartz, A. M. S., Rempe, R. G., Soldner, E. L. B., Pekcec, A., Schlichtiger, J., Kryscio, R., Bauer, B. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 is a key regulator of blood-brain barrier function in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ralf G Rempe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Emma L B Soldner
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anton Pekcec
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Juli Schlichtiger
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard Kryscio
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Bjoern Bauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Epilepsy Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Hoff U, Bubalo G, Fechner M, Blum M, Zhu Y, Pohlmann A, Hentschel J, Arakelyan K, Seeliger E, Flemming B, Gürgen D, Rothe M, Niendorf T, Manthati VL, Falck JR, Haase M, Schunck W, Dragun D. A synthetic epoxyeicosatrienoic acid analogue prevents the initiation of ischemic acute kidney injury. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 227:e13297. [PMID: 31077555 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Imbalances in cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent eicosanoid formation may play a central role in ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). We reported previously that inhibition of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) action ameliorated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced AKI in rats. Now we tested the hypothesis that enhancement of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) actions may counteract the detrimental effects of 20-HETE and prevent the initiation of AKI. METHODS Male Lewis rats underwent right nephrectomy and ischemia was induced by 45 min clamping of the left renal pedicle followed by up to 48 h of reperfusion. Circulating CYP-eicosanoid profiles were compared in patients who underwent cardiac surgery with (n = 21) and without (n = 38) developing postoperative AKI. RESULTS Ischemia induced an about eightfold increase of renal 20-HETE levels, whereas free EETs were not accumulated. To compensate for this imbalance, a synthetic 14,15-EET analogue was administered by intrarenal infusion before ischemia. The EET analogue improved renal reoxygenation as monitored by in vivo parametric MRI during the initial 2 h reperfusion phase. The EET analogue improved PI3K- as well as mTORC2-dependent rephosphorylation of Akt, induced inactivation of GSK-3β, reduced the development of tubular apoptosis and attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration. The EET analogue also significantly alleviated the I/R-induced drop in creatinine clearance. Patients developing postoperative AKI featured increased preoperative 20-HETE and 8,9-EET levels. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological interventions targeting the CYP-eicosanoid pathway could offer promising new options for AKI prevention. Individual differences in CYP-eicosanoid formation may contribute to the risk of developing AKI in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Hoff
- Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Gordana Bubalo
- Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Mandy Fechner
- Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - Ye Zhu
- Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Nephrology The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sun University Zhuhai China
| | - Andreas Pohlmann
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.) Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Jan Hentschel
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.) Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Karen Arakelyan
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.) Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Erdmann Seeliger
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Bert Flemming
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Dennis Gürgen
- Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.) Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
| | | | - John R. Falck
- Biochemistry Department UT Southwestern Dallas Texas
| | - Michael Haase
- Medical Faculty Otto‐von‐Guericke University Magdeburg Germany
- Diaverum Deutschland Potsdam Germany
| | | | - Duska Dragun
- Nephrology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Research Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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45
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Kohira T, Kita Y, Tokuoka SM, Shiba M, Satake M, Shimizu T. Characterization of supported liquid extraction as a sample pretreatment method for eicosanoids and related metabolites in biological fluids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:298-307. [PMID: 31260873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sample pretreatment is an important process in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based quantitative lipidomics. Reversed-phase solid phase extraction (RP-SPE) has been widely used for analyzing various types of samples, including aqueous samples such as cell culture media, plasma, serum, urine, and other biological fluids. Because lipid mediators are often protein-bound, prior deproteinization is necessary for their effective recovery. Deproteinization is typically performed by the addition of organic solvents, which requires time-consuming evaporation-reconstitution, or dilution with aqueous solvents before RP-SPE; however, both of these approaches compromise the analytical performance. As a potential alternative, we attempted to utilize supported liquid extraction (SLE), an automation-compatible variant of liquid-liquid extraction, for the determination of eicosanoids and related metabolites in aqueous samples. We screened 81 different sample diluent-eluent conditions and found that the use of 0.1% formic acid-water as the diluent and 0.1% formic acid-methyl acetate as the eluent enabled the optimum recovery of a variety of eicosanoids, except for peptide leukotrienes. The optimized SLE method efficiently removed protein from human plasma, while phospholipids and neutral lipids were modestly recovered. Moreover, the proposed method exhibited a quantitative performance comparable to that of typical ordinary RP-SPE method in the analysis of human platelets stimulated with thrombin receptor-activating peptide 6. Thus, we propose SLE as an attractive option for rapid lipid mediator extraction from aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kohira
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, 2-1-67 Tatsumi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8521, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Suzumi M Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shiba
- Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, 2-1-67 Tatsumi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8521, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Japanese Red Cross Society, 2-1-67 Tatsumi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8521, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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46
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Liu R, Chen Y, Fu W, Wang S, Cui Y, Zhao X, Lei ZN, Hettinghouse A, Liu J, Wang C, Zhang C, Bi Y, Xiao G, Chen ZS, Liu CJ. Fexofenadine inhibits TNF signaling through targeting to cytosolic phospholipase A2 and is therapeutic against inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:1524-1535. [PMID: 31302596 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) signalling plays a central role in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases, particularly inflammatory arthritis. This study aimed to repurpose clinically approved drugs as potential inhibitors of TNF-α signalling in treatment of inflammatory arthritis. METHODS In vitro and in vivo screening of an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug library; in vitro and in vivo assays for examining the blockade of TNF actions by fexofenadine: assays for defining the anti-inflammatory activity of fexofenadine using TNF-α transgenic (TNF-tg) mice and collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice. Identification and characterisation of the binding of fexofenadine to cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) using drug affinity responsive target stability assay, proteomics, cellular thermal shift assay, information field dynamics and molecular dynamics; various assays for examining fexofenadine inhibition of cPLA2 as well as the dependence of fexofenadine's anti-TNF activity on cPLA2. RESULTS Serial screenings of a library composed of FDA-approved drugs led to the identification of fexofenadine as an inhibitor of TNF-α signalling. Fexofenadine potently inhibited TNF/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB) signalling in vitro and in vivo, and ameliorated disease symptoms in inflammatory arthritis models. cPLA2 was isolated as a novel target of fexofenadine. Fexofenadine blocked TNF-stimulated cPLA2 activity and arachidonic acid production through binding to catalytic domain 2 of cPLA2 and inhibition of its phosphorylation on Ser-505. Further, deletion of cPLA2 abolished fexofenadine's anti-TNF activity. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings not only provide new insights into the understanding of fexofenadine action and underlying mechanisms but also provide new therapeutic interventions for various TNF-α and cPLA2-associated pathologies and conditions, particularly inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Yuehong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Shuya Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Yazhou Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Xiangli Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Zi-Ning Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College ofPharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Jody Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Yufei Bi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College ofPharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA .,Departmentof Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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47
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Malone K, Amu S, Moore AC, Waeber C. Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Strategies in Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:630. [PMID: 31281252 PMCID: PMC6595144 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of immunity in all stages of stroke is increasingly being recognized, from the pathogenesis of risk factors to tissue repair, leading to the investigation of a range of immunomodulatory therapies. In the acute phase of stroke, proposed therapies include drugs targeting pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and leukocyte infiltration, with a key objective to reduce initial brain cell toxicity. Systemically, the early stages of stroke are also characterized by stroke-induced immunosuppression, where downregulation of host defences predisposes patients to infection. Therefore, strategies to modulate innate immunity post-stroke have garnered greater attention. A complementary objective is to reduce longer-term sequelae by focusing on adaptive immunity. Following stroke onset, the integrity of the blood–brain barrier is compromised, exposing central nervous system (CNS) antigens to systemic adaptive immune recognition, potentially inducing autoimmunity. Some pre-clinical efforts have been made to tolerize the immune system to CNS antigens pre-stroke. Separately, immune cell populations that exhibit a regulatory phenotype (T- and B- regulatory cells) have been shown to ameliorate post-stroke inflammation and contribute to tissue repair. Cell-based therapies, established in oncology and transplantation, could become a strategy to treat the acute and chronic stages of stroke. Furthermore, a role for the gut microbiota in ischaemic injury has received attention. Finally, the immune system may play a role in remote ischaemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection against stroke. The development of stroke therapies involving organs distant to the infarct site, therefore, should not be overlooked. This review will discuss the immune mechanisms of various therapeutic strategies, surveying published data and discussing more theoretical mechanisms of action that have yet to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Malone
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sylvie Amu
- Cancer Research @UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne C Moore
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christian Waeber
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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48
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Kita Y, Shindou H, Shimizu T. Cytosolic phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipid acyltransferases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:838-845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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49
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Hirano Y, Gao YG, Stephenson DJ, Vu NT, Malinina L, Simanshu DK, Chalfant CE, Patel DJ, Brown RE. Structural basis of phosphatidylcholine recognition by the C2-domain of cytosolic phospholipase A 2α. eLife 2019; 8:e44760. [PMID: 31050338 PMCID: PMC6550875 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+-stimulated translocation of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) to the Golgi induces arachidonic acid production, the rate-limiting step in pro-inflammatory eicosanoid synthesis. Structural insights into the cPLA2α preference for phosphatidylcholine (PC)-enriched membranes have remained elusive. Here, we report the structure of the cPLA2α C2-domain (at 2.2 Å resolution), which contains bound 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC) and Ca2+ ions. Two Ca2+ are complexed at previously reported locations in the lipid-free C2-domain. One of these Ca2+ions, along with a third Ca2+, bridges the C2-domain to the DHPC phosphate group, which also interacts with Asn65. Tyr96 plays a key role in lipid headgroup recognition via cation-π interaction with the PC trimethylammonium group. Mutagenesis analyses confirm that Tyr96 and Asn65 function in PC binding selectivity by the C2-domain and in the regulation of cPLA2α activity. The DHPC-binding mode of the cPLA2α C2-domain, which differs from phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding by other C2-domains, expands and deepens knowledge of the lipid-binding mechanisms mediated by C2-domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Hirano
- Structural Biology ProgramMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Graduate School of Biological SciencesNara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST)TakayamaJapan
| | - Yong-Guang Gao
- Hormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinUnited States
| | - Daniel J Stephenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyVirginia Commonwealth University Medical CenterRichmondUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular BiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaUnited States
| | - Ngoc T Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyVirginia Commonwealth University Medical CenterRichmondUnited States
| | - Lucy Malinina
- Hormel InstituteUniversity of MinnesotaAustinUnited States
| | - Dhirendra K Simanshu
- Structural Biology ProgramMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Charles E Chalfant
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular BiologyUniversity of South FloridaTampaUnited States
- Research ServiceJames A. Haley Veterans HospitalTampaUnited States
- The Moffitt Cancer CenterTampaUnited States
| | - Dinshaw J Patel
- Structural Biology ProgramMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
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50
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Abstract
Macrophages are the primary targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; the early events of macrophage interaction with M. tuberculosis define subsequent progression and outcome of infection. M. tuberculosis can alter the innate immunity of macrophages, resulting in suboptimal Th1 immunity, which contributes to the survival, persistence, and eventual dissemination of the pathogen. Macrophages are the primary targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; the early events of macrophage interaction with M. tuberculosis define subsequent progression and outcome of infection. M. tuberculosis can alter the innate immunity of macrophages, resulting in suboptimal Th1 immunity, which contributes to the survival, persistence, and eventual dissemination of the pathogen. Recent advances in immunometabolism illuminate the intimate link between the metabolic states of immune cells and their specific functions. In this review, we describe the little-studied biphasic metabolic dynamics of the macrophage response during progression of infection by M. tuberculosis and discuss their relevance to macrophage immunity and M. tuberculosis pathogenicity. The early phase of macrophage infection, which is marked by M1 polarization, is accompanied by a metabolic switch from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α)-mediated aerobic glycolysis (also known as the Warburg effect in cancer cells), as well as by an upregulation of pathways involving oxidative and antioxidative defense responses, arginine metabolism, and synthesis of bioactive lipids. These early metabolic changes are followed by a late adaptation/resolution phase in which macrophages transition from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, with a consequent dampening of macrophage proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses. Importantly, the identification of upregulated metabolic pathways and/or metabolic regulatory mechanisms with immunomodulatory functions during M1 polarization has revealed novel mechanisms of M. tuberculosis pathogenicity. These advances can lead to the development of novel host-directed therapies to facilitate bacterial clearance in tuberculosis by targeting the metabolic state of immune cells.
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