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An Isochroman Analog of CD3254 and Allyl-, Isochroman-Analogs of NEt-TMN Prove to Be More Potent Retinoid-X-Receptor (RXR) Selective Agonists Than Bexarotene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416213. [PMID: 36555852 PMCID: PMC9782500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bexarotene is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL); however, its use provokes or disrupts other retinoid-X-receptor (RXR)-dependent nuclear receptor pathways and thereby incites side effects including hypothyroidism and raised triglycerides. Two novel bexarotene analogs, as well as three unique CD3254 analogs and thirteen novel NEt-TMN analogs, were synthesized and characterized for their ability to induce RXR agonism in comparison to bexarotene (1). Several analogs in all three groups possessed an isochroman ring substitution for the bexarotene aliphatic group. Analogs were modeled for RXR binding affinity, and EC50 as well as IC50 values were established for all analogs in a KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemia cell line. All analogs were assessed for liver-X-receptor (LXR) activity in an LXRE system to gauge the potential for the compounds to provoke raised triglycerides by increasing LXR activity, as well as to drive LXRE-mediated transcription of brain ApoE expression as a marker for potential therapeutic use in neurodegenerative disorders. Preliminary results suggest these compounds display a broad spectrum of off-target activities. However, many of the novel compounds were observed to be more potent than 1. While some RXR agonists cross-signal the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), many of the rexinoids in this work displayed reduced RAR activity. The isochroman group did not appear to substantially reduce RXR activity on its own. The results of this study reveal that modifying potent, selective rexinoids like bexarotene, CD3254, and NEt-TMN can provide rexinoids with increased RXR selectivity, decreased potential for cross-signaling, and improved anti-proliferative characteristics in leukemia models compared to 1.
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2
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Gopalakrishnan A, Joseph J, Shirey KA, Keegan AD, Boukhvalova MS, Vogel SN, Blanco JCG. Protection against influenza-induced Acute Lung Injury (ALI) by enhanced induction of M2a macrophages: possible role of PPARγ/RXR ligands in IL-4-induced M2a macrophage differentiation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968336. [PMID: 36052067 PMCID: PMC9424652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many respiratory viruses cause lung damage that may evolve into acute lung injury (ALI), a cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and ultimately, death. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) family of transcription factors, regulates transcription by forming heterodimers with another NHR family member, Retinoid X Receptor (RXR). Each component of the heterodimer binds specific ligands that modify transcriptional capacity of the entire heterodimer by recruiting different co-activators/co-repressors. However, the role of PPARγ/RXR ligands in the context of influenza infection is not well understood. PPARγ is associated with macrophage differentiation to an anti-inflammatory M2 state. We show that mice lacking the IL-4Rα receptor, required for M2a macrophage differentiation, are more susceptible to mouse-adapted influenza (A/PR/8/34; "PR8")-induced lethality. Mice lacking Ptgs2, that encodes COX-2, a key proinflammatory M1 macrophage mediator, are more resistant. Blocking the receptor for COX-2-induced Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was also protective. Treatment with pioglitazone (PGZ), a PPARγ ligand, increased survival from PR8 infection, decreased M1 macrophage gene expression, and increased PPARγ mRNA in lungs. Conversely, conditional knockout mice expressing PPARγ-deficient macrophages were significantly more sensitive to PR8-induced lethality. These findings were extended in cotton rats: PGZ blunted lung inflammation and M1 cytokine gene expression after challenge with non-adapted human influenza. To study mechanisms by which PPARγ/RXR transcription factors induce canonical M2a genes, WT mouse macrophages were treated with IL-4 in the absence or presence of rosiglitazone (RGZ; PPARγ ligand), LG100754 (LG; RXR ligand), or both. IL-4 dose-dependently induced M2a genes Arg1, Mrc1, Chil3, and Retnla. Treatment of macrophages with IL-4 and RGZ and/or LG differentially affected induction of Arg1 and Mrc1 vs. Chil3 and Retnla gene expression. In PPARγ-deficient macrophages, IL-4 alone failed to induce Arg1 and Mrc1 gene expression; however, concurrent treatment with LG or RGZ + LG enhanced IL-4-induced Arg1 and Mrc1 expression, but to a lower level than in WT macrophages, findings confirmed in the murine alveolar macrophage cell line, MH-S. These findings support a model in which PPARγ/RXR heterodimers control IL-4-induced M2a differentiation, and suggest that PPARγ/RXR agonists should be considered as important tools for clinical intervention against influenza-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John Joseph
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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de Vink PJ, Koops AA, D'Arrigo G, Cruciani G, Spyrakis F, Brunsveld L. Cooperativity as quantification and optimization paradigm for nuclear receptor modulators. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2744-2752. [PMID: 35340861 PMCID: PMC8890100 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06426f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A cooperativity framework describes the formation of nuclear receptor ternary complexes and deconvolutes ligand and cofactor binding into intrinsic affinities and a cooperativity factor, providing a conceptually new understanding of NR modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim J. de Vink
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Auke A. Koops
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia D'Arrigo
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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4
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Wester RA, van Voorthuijsen L, Neikes HK, Dijkstra JJ, Lamers LA, Frölich S, van der Sande M, Logie C, Lindeboom RG, Vermeulen M. Retinoic acid signaling drives differentiation toward the absorptive lineage in colorectal cancer. iScience 2021; 24:103444. [PMID: 34877501 PMCID: PMC8633980 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is an important and conserved pathway that regulates cellular proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, perturbed RA signaling is implicated in cancer initiation and progression. However, the mechanisms by which RA signaling contributes to homeostasis, malignant transformation, and disease progression in the intestine remain incompletely understood. Here, we report, in agreement with previous findings, that activation of the Retinoic Acid Receptor and the Retinoid X Receptor results in enhanced transcription of enterocyte-specific genes in mouse small intestinal organoids. Conversely, inhibition of this pathway results in reduced expression of genes associated with the absorptive lineage. Strikingly, this latter effect is conserved in a human organoid model for colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. We further show that RXR motif accessibility depends on progression state of CRC organoids. Finally, we show that reduced RXR target gene expression correlates with worse CRC prognosis, implying RA signaling as a putative therapeutic target in CRC. RA signaling contributes to enterocyte differentiation in murine intestinal organoids Inhibition of RXR decreases enterocyte gene expression in colon cancer organoids Accessibility of RXR motifs correlates with RXRi susceptibility High expression of RA signaling targets correlates with higher CRC patient survival
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelof A. Wester
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa van Voorthuijsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah K. Neikes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelmer J. Dijkstra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lieke A. Lamers
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Siebren Frölich
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van der Sande
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Colin Logie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rik G.H. Lindeboom
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Corresponding author
| | - Michiel Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author
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5
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Thiel W, Esposito EJ, Findley AP, Blume ZI, Mitchell DM. Modulation of retinoid-X-receptors differentially regulates expression of apolipoprotein genes apoc1 and apoeb by zebrafish microglia. Biol Open 2021; 11:273656. [PMID: 34878094 PMCID: PMC8822359 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome analyses performed in both human and zebrafish indicate strong expression of Apoe and Apoc1 by microglia. Apoe expression by microglia is well appreciated, but Apoc1 expression has not been well-examined. PPAR/RXR and LXR/RXR receptors appear to regulate expression of the apolipoprotein gene cluster in macrophages, but a similar role in microglia in vivo has not been studied. Here, we characterized microglial expression of apoc1 in the zebrafish central nervous system (CNS) in situ and demonstrate that in the CNS, apoc1 expression is unique to microglia. We then examined the effects of PPAR/RXR and LXR/RXR modulation on microglial expression of apoc1 and apoeb during early CNS development using a pharmacological approach. Changes in apoc1 and apoeb transcripts in response to pharmacological modulation were quantified by RT-qPCR in whole heads, and in individual microglia using hybridization chain reaction (HCR) in situ hybridization. We found that expression of apoc1 and apoeb by microglia were differentially regulated by LXR/RXR and PPAR/RXR modulating compounds, respectively, during development. Our results also suggest RXR receptors could be involved in endogenous induction of apoc1 expression by microglia. Collectively, our work supports the use of zebrafish to better understand regulation and function of these apolipoproteins in the CNS. Summary: Here we investigate expression of two apolipoprotein genes by microglia in the zebrafish model during normal development, and in contexts of pharmacological manipulations that target candidate regulatory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Thiel
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Emma J Esposito
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Anna P Findley
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Zachary I Blume
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
| | - Diana M Mitchell
- Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, Russia
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6
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Jurutka PW, di Martino O, Reshi S, Mallick S, Sabir ZL, Staniszewski LJP, Warda A, Maiorella EL, Minasian A, Davidson J, Ibrahim SJ, Raban S, Haddad D, Khamisi M, Suban SL, Dawson BJ, Candia R, Ziller JW, Lee MY, Liu C, Liu W, Marshall PA, Welch JS, Wagner CE. Modeling, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Potential Retinoid-X-Receptor (RXR) Selective Agonists: Analogs of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahyro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic Acid (Bexarotene) and 6-(Ethyl(4-isobutoxy-3-isopropylphenyl)amino)nicotinic Acid (NEt-4IB). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212371. [PMID: 34830251 PMCID: PMC8624485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Five novel analogs of 6-(ethyl)(4-isobutoxy-3-isopropylphenyl)amino)nicotinic acid—or NEt-4IB—in addition to seven novel analogs of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (bexarotene) were prepared and evaluated for selective retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) agonism alongside bexarotene (1), a FDA-approved drug for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Bexarotene treatment elicits side-effects by provoking or disrupting other RXR-dependent pathways. Analogs were assessed by the modeling of binding to RXR and then evaluated in a human cell-based RXR-RXR mammalian-2-hybrid (M2H) system as well as a RXRE-controlled transcriptional system. The analogs were also tested in KMT2A-MLLT3 leukemia cells and the EC50 and IC50 values were determined for these compounds. Moreover, the analogs were assessed for activation of LXR in an LXRE system as drivers of ApoE expression and subsequent use as potential therapeutics in neurodegenerative disorders, and the results revealed that these compounds exerted a range of differential LXR-RXR activation and selectivity. Furthermore, several of the novel analogs in this study exhibited reduced RARE cross-signaling, implying RXR selectivity. These results demonstrate that modification of partial agonists such as NEt-4IB and potent rexinoids such as bexarotene can lead to compounds with improved RXR selectivity, decreased cross-signaling of other RXR-dependent nuclear receptors, increased LXRE-heterodimer selectivity, and enhanced anti-proliferative potential in leukemia cell lines compared to therapeutics such as 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Orsola di Martino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (O.d.M.); (J.S.W.)
| | - Sabeeha Reshi
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Sanchita Mallick
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Zhela L. Sabir
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Lech J. P. Staniszewski
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Ankedo Warda
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
- Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Emma L. Maiorella
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Ani Minasian
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Jesse Davidson
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Samir J. Ibrahim
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - San Raban
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Dena Haddad
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Madleen Khamisi
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Stephanie L. Suban
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Bradley J. Dawson
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Riley Candia
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Ming-Yue Lee
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85201, USA; (M.-Y.L.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85201, USA; (M.-Y.L.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85201, USA; (M.-Y.L.); (C.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Pamela A. Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
| | - John S. Welch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (O.d.M.); (J.S.W.)
| | - Carl E. Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA; (P.W.J.); (S.R.); (S.M.); (Z.L.S.); (L.J.P.S.); (A.W.); (E.L.M.); (A.M.); (J.D.); (S.J.I.); (S.R.); (D.H.); (M.K.); (S.L.S.); (B.J.D.); (R.C.); (P.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-602-543-6937
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7
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Kilu W, Merk D, Steinhilber D, Proschak E, Heering J. Heterodimer formation with retinoic acid receptor RXRα modulates coactivator recruitment by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPARγ. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100814. [PMID: 34081964 PMCID: PMC8258697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) activate transcription of target genes in response to binding of ligands to their ligand-binding domains (LBDs). Typically, in vitro assays use either gene expression or the recruitment of coactivators to the isolated LBD of the NR of interest to measure NR activation. However, this approach ignores that NRs function as homo- as well as heterodimers and that the LBD harbors the main dimerization interface. Cofactor recruitment is thereby interconnected with oligomerization status as well as ligand occupation of the partnering LBD through allosteric cross talk. Here we present a modular set of homogeneous time-resolved FRET-based assays through which we investigated the activation of PPARγ in response to ligands and the formation of heterodimers with its obligatory partner RXRα. We introduced mutations into the RXRα LBD that prevent coactivator binding but do not interfere with LBD dimerization or ligand binding. This enabled us to specifically detect PPARγ coactivator recruitment to PPARγ:RXRα heterodimers. We found that the RXRα agonist SR11237 destabilized the RXRα homodimer but promoted formation of the PPARγ:RXRα heterodimer, while being inactive on PPARγ itself. Of interest, incorporation of PPARγ into the heterodimer resulted in a substantial gain in affinity for coactivator CBP-1, even in the absence of ligands. Consequently, SR11237 indirectly promoted coactivator binding to PPARγ by shifting the oligomerization preference of RXRα toward PPARγ:RXRα heterodimer formation. These results emphasize that investigation of ligand-dependent NR activation should take NR dimerization into account. We envision these assays as the necessary assay tool kit for investigating NRs that partner with RXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Kilu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Assay development and screening, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Assay development and screening, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Assay development and screening, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany.
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8
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Huang F, Li Y, Chen J, Zhang XK, Zhou H. Rosiglitazone binds to RXRα to induce RXRα tetramerization and NB4 cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:160-166. [PMID: 32828280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is a ligand of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). However, it exerts biological activities and therapeutic effects through both PPARγ-dependent and independent mechanisms. In this study, we defined that rosiglitazone was also a ligand of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) and displayed RXRα-dependent activities. We found that rosiglitazone directly bound to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of RXRα and induced RXRα/LBD tetramerization. Rosiglitazone inhibited the agonist-induced transcriptional activity of RXRα homodimers and heterodimers likely through inhibiting RXRα homo- and hetero-dimerization. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) NB4 cells, rosiglitazone inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell differentiation, resulting from inhibiting RXRα/PML-RARα complex formation and down-regulating PML-RARα. Together, our study identified RXRα as a novel target of rosiglitazone and RXRα mediating the anti-APL activity of rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yihuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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9
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Belorusova AY, Evertsson E, Hovdal D, Sandmark J, Bratt E, Maxvall I, Schulman IG, Åkerblad P, Lindstedt EL. Structural analysis identifies an escape route from the adverse lipogenic effects of liver X receptor ligands. Commun Biol 2019; 2:431. [PMID: 31799433 PMCID: PMC6874530 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are attractive drug targets for cardiovascular disease treatment due to their role in regulating cholesterol homeostasis and immunity. The anti-atherogenic properties of LXRs have prompted development of synthetic ligands, but these cause major adverse effects-such as increased lipogenesis-which are challenging to dissect from their beneficial activities. Here we show that LXR compounds displaying diverse functional responses in animal models induce distinct receptor conformations. Combination of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis allowed identification of LXR regions differentially correlating with anti-atherogenic and lipogenic activities of ligands. We show that lipogenic compounds stabilize active states of LXRα and LXRβ while the anti-atherogenic expression of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 is associated with the ligand-induced stabilization of LXRα helix 3. Our data indicates that avoiding ligand interaction with the activation helix 12 while engaging helix 3 may provide directions for development of ligands with improved therapeutic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y. Belorusova
- Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Evertsson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hovdal
- Preclinical and Translational PK & PKPD, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Sandmark
- Structure, Biophysics & Fragment Based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Bratt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingela Maxvall
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ira G. Schulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Peter Åkerblad
- Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Present Address: Albireo Pharma, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva-Lotte Lindstedt
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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le Maire A, Teyssier C, Balaguer P, Bourguet W, Germain P. Regulation of RXR-RAR Heterodimers by RXR- and RAR-Specific Ligands and Their Combinations. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111392. [PMID: 31694317 PMCID: PMC6912802 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The three subtypes (α, β, and γ) of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that mediate retinoic acid signaling by forming heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor (RXR). Heterodimers are functional units that bind ligands (retinoids), transcriptional co-regulators and DNA, to regulate gene networks controlling cell growth, differentiation, and death. Using biochemical, crystallographic, and cellular approaches, we have set out to explore the spectrum of possibilities to regulate RXR-RAR heterodimer-dependent transcription through various pharmacological classes of RAR- and RXR- specific ligands, alone or in combination. We reveal the molecular details by which these compounds direct specificity and functionality of RXR-RAR heterodimers. Among these ligands, we have reevaluated and improved the molecular and structural definition of compounds CD2665, Ro41-5253, LE135, or LG100754, highlighting novel functional features of these molecules. Our analysis reveals a model of RXR-RAR heterodimer action in which each subunit retains its intrinsic properties in terms of ligand and co-regulator binding. However, their interplay upon the combined action of RAR- and RXR-ligands allows for the fine tuning of heterodimer activity. It also stresses the importance of accurate ligand characterization to use synthetic selective retinoids appropriately and avoid data misinterpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albane le Maire
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, ICM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (A.l.M.); (C.T.); (W.B.)
| | - Catherine Teyssier
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, ICM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (A.l.M.); (C.T.); (W.B.)
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, ICM, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - William Bourguet
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, ICM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (A.l.M.); (C.T.); (W.B.)
| | - Pierre Germain
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, INSERM, Univ. Montpellier, ICM, 34090 Montpellier, France; (A.l.M.); (C.T.); (W.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-6741-7910
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11
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Wagner CE, Jurutka PW. Methods to Generate an Array of Novel Rexinoids by SAR on a Potent Retinoid X Receptor Agonist: A Case Study with NEt-TMN. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2019:109-121. [PMID: 31359392 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9585-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The methods described in this chapter concern procedures for the design, synthesis, and in vitro biological evaluation of an array of potent retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) agonists employing 6-(ethyl(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)amino)nicotinic acid (NEt-TMN), and recently reported NEt-TMN analogs, as a case study. These methods have been extensively applied beyond the present case study to generate several analogs of other potent RXR agonists (rexinoids), particularly the RXR agonist known as bexarotene (Bex), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that is also often prescribed, off-label, for breast, lung, and other human cancers. Common side effects with Bex treatment include hypertriglyceridemia and hypothyroidism, because of off-target activation or inhibition of other nuclear receptor pathways impacted by RXR. Because rexinoids are often selective for RXR, versus the retinoic-acid-receptor (RAR), cutaneous toxicity is often avoided as a side effect for rexinoid treatment. Several other potent RXR agonists, and their analogs, have been reported in the literature and rigorously evaluated (often in comparison to Bex) as potential cancer therapeutics with unique activity and side-effect profiles. Some of the more prominent examples include LGD100268, CD3254, and 9-cis-UAB30, to name only a few. Hence, the methods described herein are more widely applicable to a diverse array of RXR agonists.In terms of design, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) study is usually performed by modifying three distinct areas of the rexinoid base structure, either of the nonpolar or polar sides of the rexinoid and/or the linkage that joins them. For the synthesis of the modified base-structure analogs, often identical synthetic strategies used to access the base-structure are applied; however, reasonable alternative synthetic routes may need to be explored if the modified analog intermediates encounter bottlenecks where yields are negligible for a given step in the base-structure route. In fact, this particular problem was encountered and successfully resolved in our case study for generating an array of NEt-TMN analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA.
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA
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12
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Watanabe M, Kakuta H. Retinoid X Receptor Antagonists. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082354. [PMID: 30103423 PMCID: PMC6121510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonists are not only useful as chemical tools for biological research, but are also candidate drugs for the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes and allergies, although no RXR antagonist has yet been approved for clinical use. In this review, we present a brief overview of RXR structure, function, and target genes, and describe currently available RXR antagonists, their structural classification, and their evaluation, focusing on the latest research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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13
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Kim S, Li A, Monti S, Schlezinger JJ. Tributyltin induces a transcriptional response without a brite adipocyte signature in adipocyte models. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2859-2874. [PMID: 30027469 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligand and founding member of the environmental obesogen chemical class, induces adipocyte differentiation and suppresses bone formation. A growing number of environmental PPARγ ligands are being identified. However, the potential for environmental PPARγ ligands to induce adverse metabolic effects has been questioned because PPARγ is a therapeutic target in treatment of type II diabetes. We evaluated the molecular consequences of TBT exposure during bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (BM-MSC) differentiation in comparison to rosiglitazone, a therapeutic PPARγ ligand, and LG100268, a synthetic RXR ligand. Mouse primary BM-MSCs (female, C57BL/6J) undergoing bone differentiation were exposed to maximally efficacious and human relevant concentrations of rosiglitazone (100 nM), LG100268 (100 nM) or TBT (80 nM) for 4 days. Gene expression was assessed using microarrays, and in silico functional annotation was performed using pathway enrichment analysis approaches. Pathways related to osteogenesis were downregulated by all three ligands, while pathways related to adipogenesis were upregulated by rosiglitazone and TBT. However, pathways related to mitochondrial biogenesis and brown-in-white (brite) adipocyte differentiation were more significantly upregulated in rosiglitazone-treated than TBT-treated cells. The lack of induction of genes involved in adipocyte energy dissipation by TBT was confirmed by an independent gene expression analysis in BM-MSCs undergoing adipocyte differentiation and by analysis of a publically available 3T3 L1 data set. Furthermore, rosiglitazone, but not TBT, induced mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration. This study is the first to show that an environmental PPARγ ligand has a limited capacity to induce health-promoting activities of PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, R-405, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Amy Li
- Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Monti
- Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, R-405, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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14
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Hanish BJ, Hackney Price JF, Kaneko I, Ma N, van der Vaart A, Wagner CE, Jurutka PW, Marshall PA. A novel gene expression analytics-based approach to structure aided design of rexinoids for development as next-generation cancer therapeutics. Steroids 2018; 135:36-49. [PMID: 29704526 PMCID: PMC5977990 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rexinoids are powerful ligands that bind to retinoid-X-receptors (RXRs) and show great promise as therapeutics for a wide range of diseases, including cancer. However, only one rexinoid, bexarotene (Targretin TM) has been successfully transitioned from the bench to the clinic and used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Our goal is to develop novel potent rexinoids with a less untoward side effect profile than bexarotene. To this end, we have synthesized a wide array of rexinoids with EC50 values and biological activity similar to bexarotene. In order to determine their suitability for additional downstream analysis, and to identify potential candidate analogs for clinical translation, we treated human CTCL cells in culture and employed microarray technology to assess gene expression profiles. We analyzed twelve rexinoids and found they could be stratified into three distinct categories based on their gene expression: similar to bexarotene, moderately different from bexarotene, and substantially different from bexarotene. Surprisingly, small changes in the structure of the bexarotene parent compound led to marked differences in gene expression profiles. Furthermore, specific analogs diverged markedly from our hypothesis in expression of genes expected to be important for therapeutic promise. However, promoter analysis of genes whose expression was analyzed indicates general regulatory trends along structural frameworks. Our results suggest that certain structural motifs, particularly the basic frameworks found in analog 4 and analog 9, represent important starting points to exploit in generating additional rexinoids for future study and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bentley J Hanish
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Jennifer F Hackney Price
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Molecular Nutrition, Institution of Health Bioscience, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Japan
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Carl E Wagner
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, United States; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Pamela A Marshall
- New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, United States.
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15
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Ligand-Dependent Corepressor (LCoR) Is a Rexinoid-Inhibited Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ-Retinoid X Receptor α Coactivator. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00107-17. [PMID: 29463649 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00107-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is an essential regulator of placental development. To gain deeper insights into placental PPARγ signaling, we dissected its regulation of the Muc1 promoter. We find that, unlike prototypic target activation by heterodimeric receptors, which is either stimulated by or refractory to retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligands (rexinoids), the induction of Muc1 by liganded PPARγ requires RXRα but is inhibited by rexinoids. We demonstrate that this inhibition is mediated by the activation function 2 (AF2) domain of RXRα and that Muc1 activation entails altered AF2 structures of both PPARγ and RXRα. This unique regulation of Muc1 reflects specific coactivation of PPARγ-RXRα heterodimers by the transcription cofactor ligand-dependent corepressor (LCoR), corroborated by significant downregulation of Muc1 in Lcor-null placentas. LCoR interacts with PPARγ and RXRα in a synergistic fashion via adjacent noncanonical protein motifs, and the AF2 domain of ligand-bound RXRα inhibits this interaction. We further identify the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) as a critical regulator of placental development and a component of Muc1 regulation in cooperation with PPARγ, RXRα, and LCoR. Combined, these studies reveal new principles and players in nuclear receptor function in general and placental PPARγ signaling in particular.
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16
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Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Ricote M. The multi-faceted role of retinoid X receptor in bone remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2135-2149. [PMID: 28105491 PMCID: PMC11107715 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) form a unique subclass within the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. RXRs are obligatory partners for a number of other NRs, placing RXRs in a coordinating role at the crossroads of multiple signaling pathways. In addition, RXRs can function as self-sufficient homodimers. Recent advances have revealed RXRs as novel regulators of osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. This review outlines the versatility of RXR action in the control of transcription of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, both through heterodimerization with other NRs and through RXR homodimerization. RXR signaling is currently a major therapeutic target and, therefore, knowledge of how RXR signaling affects bone remodeling creates enormous potential for the translation of basic research findings into successful clinical therapies to increase bone mass and improve bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Menéndez-Gutiérrez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Tsuji M. Antagonist-perturbation mechanism for activation function-2 fixed motifs: active conformation and docking mode of retinoid X receptor antagonists. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2017; 31:577-585. [PMID: 28534193 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-017-0025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
HX531, which contains a dibenzodiazepine skeleton, is one of the first retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonists. Functioning via RXR-PPARγ heterodimer, this compound is receiving a lot of attention as a therapeutic drug candidate for diabetic disease controlling differentiation of adipose tissue. However, the active conformation of HX531 for RXRs is not well established. In the present study, quantum mechanics calculations and molecular mechanical docking simulations were carried out to precisely study the docking mode of HX531 with the human RXRα ligand-binding domain, as well as to provide a new approach to drug design using a structure-based perspective. It was suggested that HX531, which has the R configuration for the bent dibenzodiazepine plane together with the equatorial configuration for the N-methyl group attached to the nitrogen atom in the seven-membered diazepine ring, is a typical activation function-2 (AF-2) fixed motif perturbation type antagonist, which destabilizes the formation of AF-2 fixed motifs. On the other hand, the docking simulations supported the experimental result that LG100754 is an RXR homodimer antagonist and an RXR heterodimer agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonori Tsuji
- Institute of Molecular Function, 2-105-14 Takasu, Misato-shi, Saitama, 341-0037, Japan.
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18
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Heck MC, Wagner CE, Shahani PH, MacNeill M, Grozic A, Darwaiz T, Shimabuku M, Deans DG, Robinson NM, Salama SH, Ziller JW, Ma N, van der Vaart A, Marshall PA, Jurutka PW. Modeling, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Potential Retinoid X Receptor (RXR)-Selective Agonists: Analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-Pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic Acid (Bexarotene) and 6-(Ethyl(5,5,8,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)amino)nicotinic Acid (NEt-TMN). J Med Chem 2016; 59:8924-8940. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Heck
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Carl E. Wagner
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Pritika H. Shahani
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Mairi MacNeill
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Aleksandra Grozic
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Tamana Darwaiz
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Micah Shimabuku
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - David G. Deans
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Nathan M. Robinson
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Samer H. Salama
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 576 Rowland Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ning Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, CHE 205, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Pamela A. Marshall
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
| | - Peter W. Jurutka
- School
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary
Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Glendale, Arizona 85306, United States
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19
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Hamada T, Sugaya M, Tokura Y, Ohtsuka M, Tsuboi R, Nagatani T, Tani M, Setoyama M, Matsushita S, Kawai K, Yonekura K, Yoshida T, Saida T, Iwatsuki K. Phase I/II study of the oral retinoid X receptor agonist bexarotene in Japanese patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. J Dermatol 2016; 44:135-142. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Hamada
- Department of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
| | - Makoto Sugaya
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Mikio Ohtsuka
- Department of Dermatology; Fukushima Medical University; Fukushima Japan
| | - Ryoji Tsuboi
- Department of Dermatology; Tokyo Medical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagatani
- Department of Dermatology; Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mamori Tani
- Department of Dermatology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka Japan
| | - Mitsuru Setoyama
- Department of Dermatology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Miyazaki; Miyazaki Japan
| | - Shigeto Matsushita
- Department of Dermatology; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kawai
- Department of Dermatology; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - Kentaro Yonekura
- Department of Dermatology; Imamura Bun-in Hospital; Kagoshima Japan
| | | | - Toshiaki Saida
- Department of Dermatology; Shinshu University; Nagano Japan
| | - Keiji Iwatsuki
- Department of Dermatology; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama Japan
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20
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Ayala-Peña VB, Pilotti F, Volonté Y, Rotstein NP, Politi LE, German OL. Protective effects of retinoid x receptors on retina pigment epithelium cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1134-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Olivares AM, Moreno-Ramos OA, Haider NB. Role of Nuclear Receptors in Central Nervous System Development and Associated Diseases. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 9:93-121. [PMID: 27168725 PMCID: PMC4859451 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily is composed of a wide range of receptors involved in a myriad of important biological processes, including development, growth, metabolism, and maintenance. Regulation of such wide variety of functions requires a complex system of gene regulation that includes interaction with transcription factors, chromatin-modifying complex, and the proper recognition of ligands. NHRs are able to coordinate the expression of genes in numerous pathways simultaneously. This review focuses on the role of nuclear receptors in the central nervous system and, in particular, their role in regulating the proper development and function of the brain and the eye. In addition, the review highlights the impact of mutations in NHRs on a spectrum of human diseases from autism to retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Olivares
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar Andrés Moreno-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Neena B Haider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Moon Y, Kwon S, Kang D, Im H, Hong S. Palladium-Catalyzed Divergent Arylation with Triazolopyridines: One-Pot Synthesis of 6-Aryl-2-α-styrylpyridines. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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23
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Marshall PA, Jurutka PW, Wagner CE, van der Vaart A, Kaneko I, Chavez PI, Ma N, Bhogal JS, Shahani P, Swierski JC, MacNeill M. Analysis of differential secondary effects of novel rexinoids: select rexinoid X receptor ligands demonstrate differentiated side effect profiles. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00122. [PMID: 26038698 PMCID: PMC4448986 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine the feasibility of utilizing novel rexinoids for chemotherapeutics and as potential treatments for neurological conditions, we undertook an assessment of the side effect profile of select rexinoid X receptor (RXR) analogs that we reported previously. We assessed pharmacokinetic profiles, lipid and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in rats, and cell culture activity of rexinoids in sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) induction and thyroid hormone inhibition assays. We also performed RNA sequencing of the brain tissues of rats that had been dosed with the compounds. We show here for the first time that potent rexinoid activity can be uncoupled from drastic lipid changes and thyroid axis variations, and we propose that rexinoids can be developed with improved side effect profiles than the parent compound, bexarotene (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Carl E Wagner
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave CHE 205, Tampa, Florida, 33620
| | - Ichiro Kaneko
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Pedro I Chavez
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Midwestern University 19555 N 59th Ave., Glendale, Arizona, 86308
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave CHE 205, Tampa, Florida, 33620
| | - Jaskaran S Bhogal
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Pritika Shahani
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Johnathon C Swierski
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
| | - Mairi MacNeill
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University 4701 W Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, Arizona, 85306
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24
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Menéndez-Gutiérrez MP, Rőszer T, Fuentes L, Núñez V, Escolano A, Redondo JM, De Clerck N, Metzger D, Valledor AF, Ricote M. Retinoid X receptors orchestrate osteoclast differentiation and postnatal bone remodeling. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:809-23. [PMID: 25574839 DOI: 10.1172/jci77186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that are important for maintenance of bone remodeling and mineral homeostasis. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation and activity is important for the pathogenesis and treatment of diseases associated with bone loss. Here, we demonstrate that retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are key elements of the transcriptional program of differentiating osteoclasts. Loss of RXR function in hematopoietic cells resulted in formation of giant, nonresorbing osteoclasts and increased bone mass in male mice and protected female mice from bone loss following ovariectomy, which induces osteoporosis in WT females. The increase in bone mass associated with RXR deficiency was due to lack of expression of the RXR-dependent transcription factor v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein B (MAFB) in osteoclast progenitors. Evaluation of osteoclast progenitor cells revealed that RXR homodimers directly target and bind to the Mafb promoter, and this interaction is required for proper osteoclast proliferation, differentiation, and activity. Pharmacological activation of RXRs inhibited osteoclast differentiation due to the formation of RXR/liver X receptor (LXR) heterodimers, which induced expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), resulting in indirect MAFB upregulation. Our study reveals that RXR signaling mediates bone homeostasis and suggests that RXRs have potential as targets for the treatment of bone pathologies such as osteoporosis.
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25
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Abstract
Lung cancer develops in a stepwise fashion, with an accumulation of molecular alterations progressing through preinvasive steps to invasive disease. This progression could be arrested or reversed through pharmacologic treatments, which are known as cancer chemoprevention. Preclinical and clinical findings relating to different classes of candidate chemopreventive agents provide support for this strategy as an active and promising approach for controlling this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Cohen
- Department of Oncology, Sir Mortimer B Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, 3755 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Suite E-177, Montreal, Quebec, H3T-1E2, Canada.
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26
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Abstract
Nuclear Retinoic Acid receptors (RARs) consist of three subtypes, α, β, and γ, encoded by separate genes. They function as ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators, forming heterodimers with Retinoid X receptors (RXRs). RARs mediate the effects of retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of Vitamin A, and regulate many biological functions such as embryonic development, organogenesis, homeostasis, vision, immune functions, and reproduction. During the two last decades, a number of in-depth structure-function relationship studies have been performed, in particular with drug design perspectives in the therapeutics for cancer, dermatology, metabolic disease, and other human diseases. Recent structural results concerning integral receptors in diverse functional states, obtained using a combination of different methods, allow a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in molecular regulation. The structural data highlight the importance of DNA sequences for binding selectivity and the role of promoter response elements in the spatial organization of the protein domains into functional complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Rochel
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404, Illkirch, France,
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27
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Higley E, Tompsett AR, Giesy JP, Hecker M, Wiseman S. Effects of triphenyltin on growth and development of the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 144-145:155-161. [PMID: 24177218 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to contaminants in the environment has been suggested as a contributing cause of ongoing declines in populations of amphibians reported in certain locations around the world. In the current study, responses of the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) to exposure to triphenyltin (TPT), a commonly used fungicide, during the larval period were characterized. Exposure of L. sylvaticus to 0.1, 1.0, or 5.0 μg TPT/L significantly affected survival, growth, days to metamorphosis (DTM), and abundances of transcripts of genes of interest. After seven days of exposure there were no significant effects on survival, but masses and snout-ventral length (SVL) of larvae exposed to 5.0 μg TPT/L were significantly lesser than controls. Mortality of larvae after exposure to 5.0 μg TPT/L was 100% nine days after initiation of the experiment. Larvae exposed to 0.1 or 1.0 μg TPT/L were allowed to grow for 100 days or until they reached metamorphic climax, whichever occurred earlier. Mortality of wood frogs exposed to 1.0 μg TPT/L was 80%. The LC20 or LC50 after 100 days of exposure was 0.12 or 0.34 μg TPT/L, respectively. However, DTM of larvae that survived exposure to 1.0μgTPT/L was significantly less than that of controls. Abundances of transcripts of retinoid-X-receptor (rxr) and perixosomal proliferation receptor gamma (pparγ) were significantly lesser in larvae exposed to either concentration of TPT for seven days. Also, abundances of transcripts of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (scd1), fatty acid synthase (fas), lipoprotein lipase (lpl), and β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (β-hb-m) were lesser in larvae exposed to 5.0 μg TPT/L, which suggested that disruption of lipid metabolism might have affected survival in this exposure group. However, in larvae that survived to metamorphic climax during exposure to TPT for as long as 100 days, abundances of transcripts of perixosomal proliferation receptor alpha (pparα), pparγ, cytochrome p4504B1 (cyp4b1), fas, and lpl were greater than in controls, suggesting that an up-regulation of processes related to metabolism of lipids might have been important for survival and development of these animals. Overall, concentrations of TPT that are found in the environment had a significant effect on the survival and development of L. sylvaticus, and this might have been due, in part, to effects on metabolism of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Higley
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B3
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28
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Jurutka PW, Kaneko I, Yang J, Bhogal JS, Swierski JC, Tabacaru CR, Montano LA, Huynh CC, Jama RA, Mahelona RD, Sarnowski JT, Marcus LM, Quezada A, Lemming B, Tedesco MA, Fischer AJ, Mohamed SA, Ziller JW, Ma N, Gray GM, van der Vaart A, Marshall PA, Wagner CE. Modeling, synthesis, and biological evaluation of potential retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective agonists: novel analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (bexarotene) and (E)-3-(3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4,6-pentamethylnaphthalen-7-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid (CD3254). J Med Chem 2013; 56:8432-54. [PMID: 24180745 PMCID: PMC3916150 DOI: 10.1021/jm4008517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three unreported analogues of 4-[1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5-6-7-8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)ethynyl]benzoic acid (1), otherwise known as bexarotene, as well as four novel analogues of (E)-3-(3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4,6-pentamethylnaphthalen-7-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylic acid (CD3254), are described and evaluated for their retinoid X receptor (RXR) selective agonism. Compound 1 has FDA approval as a treatment for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), although treatment with 1 can elicit side-effects by disrupting other RXR-heterodimer receptor pathways. Of the seven modeled novel compounds, all analogues stimulate RXR-regulated transcription in mammalian 2 hybrid and RXRE-mediated assays, possess comparable or elevated biological activity based on EC50 profiles, and retain similar or improved apoptotic activity in CTCL assays compared to 1. All novel compounds demonstrate selectivity for RXR and minimal crossover onto the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) compared to all-trans-retinoic acid, with select analogues also reducing inhibition of other RXR-dependent pathways (e.g., VDR-RXR). Our results demonstrate that further improvements in biological potency and selectivity of bexarotene can be achieved through rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 576 Rowland Hall, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620
| | - Geoffrey M. Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620
| | - Arjan van der Vaart
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, CHE 205, Tampa, FL, 33620
| | | | - Carl E. Wagner
- Corresponding author: School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Road, Glendale, AZ 85306. Tele: (602) 543-6937. Fax: (6020 543-6073.
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29
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Liu S, Han SJ, Smith CL. Cooperative activation of gene expression by agonists and antagonists mediated by estrogen receptor heteroligand dimer complexes. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:1066-77. [PMID: 23462505 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.084228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists are generally thought to inhibit estrogen action through competitive inhibition, resulting in receptor binding to antagonist rather than agonist. However, microarray analyses reveal a group of genes for which ER agonist and antagonist cooperatively regulate expression, suggesting additional models of combined agonist/antagonist action must exist. In conjunction with a chimeric reporter gene and two modified ERs, one [ERα(GSCKV)] with a mutation in the DNA-binding domain and the other (ERα-G521R) with a ligand-binding specificity mutation, we herein demonstrate that ER agonist and antagonist cooperatively activate gene expression through an ER heteroligand dimer complex (ER-HLD) consisting of one subunit of the receptor dimer bound to agonist and another occupied by antagonist. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments confirmed interaction between the agonist-bound and antagonist-bound receptors. This cooperative activation of gene expression was enhanced by steroid receptor coactivator 3 coactivator, and required each ligand-bound subunit of the dimer to bind to DNA, as well as both activation function 1 domains for maximal transcriptional activity. Ligand combinations able to induce ER-HLD transcriptional activity include the agonists 17β-estradiol or conjugated estrogens with the antagonists tamoxifen, raloxifene, bazedoxifene, or fulvestrant. Moreover, ER-HLD can activate transcription in the context of a natural promoter. Taken together, these findings broaden our understanding of the complex relationship between ER agonist and antagonist, and suggest a novel model by which cell and tissue selective effects of antiestrogens may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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30
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PPAR γ Networks in Cell Signaling: Update and Impact of Cyclic Phosphatidic Acid. J Lipids 2013; 2013:246597. [PMID: 23476786 PMCID: PMC3582055 DOI: 10.1155/2013/246597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophospholipid (LPL) has long been recognized as a membrane phospholipid metabolite. Recently, however, the LPL has emerged as a candidate for diagnostic and pharmacological interest. LPLs include lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), alkyl glycerol phosphate (AGP), cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). These biologically active lipid mediators serve to promote a variety of responses that include cell proliferation, migration, and survival. These LPL-related responses are mediated by cell surface G-protein-coupled receptors and also intracellular receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). In this paper, we focus mainly on the most recent findings regarding the biological function of nuclear receptor-mediated lysophospholipid signaling in mammalian systems, specifically as they relate to health and diseases. Also, we will briefly review the biology of PPARγ and then provide an update of lysophospholipids PPARγ ligands that are under investigation as a therapeutic compound and which are targets of PPARγ relevant to diseases.
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31
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Honzumi S, Shima A, Hiroshima A, Koieyama T, Terasaka N. Synthetic LXR agonist inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in New Zealand White rabbits. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:1136-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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32
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Mandrekar-Colucci S, Landreth GE. Nuclear receptors as therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:1085-97. [PMID: 21718217 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.594043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation and extensive deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) in the parenchyma of the brain. This accumulation of amyloid is associated with perturbations in synaptic function, impairments in energy metabolism and induction of a chronic inflammatory response which acts to promote neuronal loss and cognitive impairment. AREAS COVERED Currently, there are no drugs that target the underlying mechanisms of AD. Here, we propose a class of nuclear receptors as novel and promising new therapeutic targets for AD. This review summarizes the literature on nuclear receptors and their effects on AD-related pathophysiology. EXPERT OPINION Nuclear receptors are attractive targets for the treatment of AD due to their ability to facilitate degradation of Aβ, affect microglial activation and suppress the inflammatory milieu of the brain. Liver X receptor agonists have proven difficult to move into clinical trials as long-term treatment results in hepatic steatosis. It is our view that PPAR-γ activation remains a promising avenue for the treatment for AD; however, the poor BBB permeability of the currently available agonists and the negative outcome of the Phase III clinical trials are likely to diminish interest in pursuing this target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mandrekar-Colucci
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Alzheimer Research Laboratory, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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33
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Yanik SC, Baker AH, Mann KK, Schlezinger JJ. Organotins are potent activators of PPARγ and adipocyte differentiation in bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:476-88. [PMID: 21622945 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte differentiation in bone marrow is potentially deleterious to both bone integrity and lymphopoiesis. Here, we examine the hypothesis that organotins, common environmental contaminants that are dual ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ and its heterodimerization partner retinoid X receptor (RXR), are potent activators of bone marrow adipogenesis. A C57Bl/6-derived bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) line, BMS2, was treated with rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, bexarotene, an RXR agonist, or a series of organotins. Rosiglitazone and bexarotene potently activated adipocyte differentiation; however, bexarotene had a maximal efficacy of only 20% of that induced by rosiglitazone. Organotins (tributyltin [TBT], triphenyltin, and dibutyltin) also stimulated adipocyte differentiation (EC₅₀ of 10-20 nM) but with submaximal, structure-dependent efficacy. In coexposures, both bexarotene and TBT enhanced rosiglitazone-induced adipogenesis. To investigate the contribution of PPARγ to TBT-induced adipogenesis, we examined expression of PPARγ2, as well as its transcriptional target FABP4. TBT-induced PPARγ2 and FABP4 protein expression with an efficacy intermediate between rosiglitazone and bexarotene, similar to lipid accumulation. A PPARγ antagonist and PPARγ-specific small hairpin RNA suppressed TBT-induced differentiation, although to a lesser extent than rosiglitazone-induced differentiation, suggesting that TBT may engage alternate pathways. TBT and bexarotene, but not rosiglitazone, also induced the expression of TGM2 (an RXR target) and ABCA1 (a liver X receptor target). The results show that an environmental contaminant, acting with the same potency as a therapeutic drug, induces PPARγ-dependent adipocyte differentiation in bone marrow MSCs. Activation of multiple nuclear receptor pathways by organotins may have significant implications for bone physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Yanik
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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34
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Sato Y, Ramalanjaona N, Huet T, Potier N, Osz J, Antony P, Peluso-Iltis C, Poussin-Courmontagne P, Ennifar E, Mély Y, Dejaegere A, Moras D, Rochel N. The "Phantom Effect" of the Rexinoid LG100754: structural and functional insights. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15119. [PMID: 21152046 PMCID: PMC2994906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and Retinoid X nuclear receptors (RXRs) are ligand-dependent transcriptional modulators that execute their biological action through the generation of functional heterodimers. RXR acts as an obligate dimer partner in many signalling pathways, gene regulation by rexinoids depending on the liganded state of the specific heterodimeric partner. To address the question of the effect of rexinoid antagonists on RAR/RXR function, we solved the crystal structure of the heterodimer formed by the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the RARα bound to its natural agonist ligand (all-trans retinoic acid, atRA) and RXRα bound to a rexinoid antagonist (LG100754). We observed that RARα exhibits the canonical agonist conformation and RXRα an antagonist one with the C-terminal H12 flipping out to the solvent. Examination of the protein-LG100754 interactions reveals that its propoxy group sterically prevents the H12 associating with the LBD, without affecting the dimerization or the active conformation of RAR. Although LG100754 has been reported to act as a ‘phantom ligand’ activating RAR in a cellular context, our structural data and biochemical assays demonstrate that LG100754 mediates its effect as a full RXR antagonist. Finally we show that the ‘phantom ligand effect’ of the LG100754 is due to a direct binding of the ligand to RAR that stabilizes coactivator interactions thus accounting for the observed transcriptional activation of RAR/RXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Sato
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 1704/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Nick Ramalanjaona
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 1704/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Tiphaine Huet
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 1704/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Noelle Potier
- Institut de Chimie LC3 - CNRS- UMR 7177, ISIS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Judit Osz
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 1704/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Antony
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 1704/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Carole Peluso-Iltis
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 1704/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Poussin-Courmontagne
- Plate-forme technologique de Biologie et Génomique structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 1704/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Eric Ennifar
- Architecture et réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7213 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Annick Dejaegere
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 1704/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Dino Moras
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 1704/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 1704/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
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Széles L, Póliska S, Nagy G, Szatmari I, Szanto A, Pap A, Lindstedt M, Santegoets SJAM, Rühl R, Dezsö B, Nagy L. Research resource: transcriptome profiling of genes regulated by RXR and its permissive and nonpermissive partners in differentiating monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:2218-31. [PMID: 20861222 PMCID: PMC3051201 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are heterodimerization partners for many nuclear receptors and also act as homodimers. Heterodimers formed by RXR and a nonpermissive partner, e.g. retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR), can be activated only by the agonist of the partner receptor. In contrast, heterodimers that contain permissive partners, e.g. liver X receptor (LXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), can be activated by agonists for either the partner receptor or RXR, raising the possibility of pleiotropic RXR signaling. However, it is not known to what extent the receptor’s activation results in triggering mechanisms dependent or independent of permissive heterodimers. In this study, we systematically and quantitatively characterized all probable RXR-signaling pathways in differentiating human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). Using pharmacological, microarray and quantitative RT-PCR techniques, we identified and characterized gene sets regulated by RXR agonists (LG100268 and 9-cis retinoic acid) and agonists for LXRs, PPARs, RARα, and VDR. Our results demonstrated that permissiveness was partially impaired in Mo-DCs, because a large number of genes regulated by PPAR or LXR agonists was not affected by RXR-specific agonists or was regulated to a lesser extent. As expected, we found that RXR agonists regulated only small portions of RARα or VDR targets. Importantly, we could identify and characterize PPAR- and LXR-independent pathways in Mo-DCs most likely mediated by RXR homodimers. These data suggested that RXR signaling in Mo-DCs was mediated via multiple permissive heterodimers and also by mechanism(s) independent of permissive heterodimers, and it was controlled in a cell-type and gene-specific manner. This works reports the mapping of RXR mediated transcription in human dendritic cells and shows that it is through multiple permissive heterodimers and also via heterodimer-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Széles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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Kotani H, Tanabe H, Mizukami H, Makishima M, Inoue M. Identification of a naturally occurring rexinoid, honokiol, that activates the retinoid X receptor. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1332-1336. [PMID: 20695472 DOI: 10.1021/np100120c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Screening of a total of 86 crude drugs for retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligands demonstrated that the methanol extract of the bark of Magnolia obovata markedly activated the transcriptional activity of RXRalpha in luciferase reporter assays. Thereafter, honokiol (1) was isolated as a constituent able to activate RXR selectively as a natural rexinoid, but not RARalpha. The activity of 1 was more potent than those of phytanic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, both of which are known to be natural RXR agonists. Honokiol (1) is capable of activating a RXR/LXR heterodimer, resulting in the induction of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 mRNA and protein expression in RAW264.7 cells, as well as an increase in [(3)H]cholesterol efflux from peritoneal macrophages. These effects of 1 were enhanced synergistically in the presence of an LXR agonist, 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol. The results obtained demonstrate that 1, a newly identified natural rexinoid, regulates the functions of RXR/LXR heterodimer and abrogates foam cell formation by the induction of ABCA1 via activation of the RXR/LXR heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kotani
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
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Núñez V, Alameda D, Rico D, Mota R, Gonzalo P, Cedenilla M, Fischer T, Boscá L, Glass CK, Arroyo AG, Ricote M. Retinoid X receptor alpha controls innate inflammatory responses through the up-regulation of chemokine expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10626-31. [PMID: 20498053 PMCID: PMC2890831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913545107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) plays a central role in the regulation of many intracellular receptor signaling pathways and can mediate ligand-dependent transcription by forming homodimers or heterodimers with other nuclear receptors. Although several members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily have emerged as important regulators of macrophage gene expression, the existence in vivo of an RXR signaling pathway in macrophages has not been established. Here, we provide evidence that RXRalpha regulates the transcription of the chemokines Ccl6 and Ccl9 in macrophages independently of heterodimeric partners. Mice lacking RXRalpha in myeloid cells exhibit reduced levels of CCL6 and CCL9, impaired recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation, and lower susceptibility to sepsis. These studies demonstrate that macrophage RXRalpha plays key roles in the regulation of innate immunity and represents a potential target for immunotherapy of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rubén Mota
- bVascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalo
- bVascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | - Thierry Fischer
- cDepartment of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- dInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain; and
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- eDepartment of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Alicia G. Arroyo
- bVascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mercedes Ricote
- Departments of aRegenerative Cardiology and
- 3To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Barnard JH, Collings JC, Whiting A, Przyborski SA, Marder TB. Synthetic retinoids: structure-activity relationships. Chemistry 2010; 15:11430-42. [PMID: 19821467 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid signalling pathways are involved in numerous processes in cells, particularly those mediating differentiation and apoptosis. The endogenous ligands that bind to the retinoid receptors, namely all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid, are prone to double-bond isomerisation and to oxidation by metabolic enzymes, which can have significant and deleterious effects on their activities and selectivities. Many of these problems can be overcome through the use of synthetic retinoids, which are often much more stable, as well as being more active. Modification of their molecular structures can result in retinoids that act as antagonists, rather than agonists, or exhibit a large degree of selectivity for particular retinoid-receptor isotypes. Several such selective retinoids are likely to be of value as pharmaceutical agents with reduced toxicities, particularly in cancer therapy, as reagents for controlling cell differentiation, and as tools for elucidating the precise roles that specific retinoid signalling pathways play within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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Lalloyer F, Pedersen TA, Gross B, Lestavel S, Yous S, Vallez E, Gustafsson JA, Mandrup S, Fiévet C, Staels B, Tailleux A. Rexinoid bexarotene modulates triglyceride but not cholesterol metabolism via gene-specific permissivity of the RXR/LXR heterodimer in the liver. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1488-95. [PMID: 19592467 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.189506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bexarotene (Targretin) is a clinically used antitumoral agent which exerts its action through binding to and activation of the retinoid-X-receptor (RXR). The most frequent side-effect of bexarotene administration is an increase in plasma triglycerides, an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease. The molecular mechanism behind this hypertriglyceridemia remains poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Using wild-type and LXR alpha/beta-deficient mice, we show here that bexarotene induces hypertriglyceridemia and activates hepatic LXR-target genes of lipogenesis in an LXR-dependent manner, hence exerting a permissive effect on RXR/LXR heterodimers. Interestingly, RNA analysis and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation assays performed in the liver reveal that the in vivo permissive effect of bexarotene on the RXR/LXR heterodimer is restricted to lipogenic genes without modulation of genes controlling cholesterol homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the hypertriglyceridemic action of bexarotene occurs via the RXR/LXR heterodimer and show that RXR heterodimers can act with a selective permissivity on target genes of specific metabolic pathways in the liver.
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Retinoic acid-induced SoX3 gene expression in NT2/D1 cells is RXR homodimer-independent. ARCH BIOL SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/abs0904631s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sox3/SOX3 gene is implicated in the control of nervous system development. We previously demon?strated modulation of human SOX3 gene expression during neural induction of NT2/D1 cells by retinoic acid (RA). Also, we accurately verified RXR retinoid receptors as major mediators of the effect of RA on SOX3 expression, and excluded RARs as its heterodimeric partners in RA-SOX3 signaling. Here we present evidence that activation of the SOX3 gene by RA is not RXR homodimer-dependent. The described line of SOX3 gene expression studies is valuable for future investigation of the impact that this gene has multiple aspects of normal and pathological development.
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Mohler ML, He Y, Wu Z, Hwang DJ, Miller DD. Recent and emerging anti-diabetes targets. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:125-95. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Burrage PS, Schmucker AC, Ren Y, Sporn MB, Brinckerhoff CE. Retinoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists cooperate to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase gene expression. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R139. [PMID: 19046432 PMCID: PMC2656243 DOI: 10.1186/ar2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We recently described the ability of retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligand LG100268 (LG268) to inhibit interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-β)-driven matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and MMP-13 gene expression in SW-1353 chondrosarcoma cells. Other investigators have demonstrated similar effects in chondrocytes treated with rosiglitazone, a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), for which RXR is an obligate dimerization partner. The goals of this study were to evaluate the inhibition of IL-1-β-induced expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 by combinatorial treatment with RXR and PPARγ ligands and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of this inhibition. Methods We used real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to measure LG268- and rosiglitazone-mediated inhibition of MMP gene transcription in IL-1-β-treated SW-1353 chondrosarcoma cells. An in vitro collagen destruction assay was a functional readout of MMP collagenolytic activity. Luciferase reporter assays tested the function of a putative regulatory element in the promoters of MMP-1 and MMP-13, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays detected PPARγ and changes in histone acetylation at this site. Post-translational modification of RXR and PPARγ by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) was assayed with immunoprecipitation and Western blot. Results Rosiglitazone inhibited MMP-1 and MMP-13 expression in IL-1-β-treated SW-1353 cells at the mRNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA levels and blunted IL-1-β-induced collagen destruction in vitro. Combining LG268 and rosiglitazone had an additive inhibitory effect on MMP-1 and MMP-13 transcription and collagenolysis. IL-1-β inhibited luciferase expression in the MMP reporter assay, but rosiglitazone and LG268 had no effect. ChIP indicated that treatment with IL-1-β, but not LG268 and rosiglitazone, increased PPARγ at the proximal promoters of both MMPs. Finally, rosiglitazone or LG268 induced 'cross-SUMOylation' of both the target receptor and its binding partner, and IL-1-β-alone had no effect on SUMOylation of RXR and PPARγ but antagonized the ligand-induced SUMOylation of both receptors. Conclusions The PPARγ and RXR ligands rosiglitazone and LG268 may act through similar mechanisms, inhibiting MMP-1 and MMP-13 transcription. Combinatorial treatment activates each partner of the RXR:PPARγ heterodimer and inhibits IL-1-β-induced expression of MMP-1 and MMP-13 more effectively than either compound alone. We conclude that the efficacy of combined treatment with lower doses of each drug may minimize potential side effects of treatment with these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Burrage
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Liu Y, Kagechika H, Ishikawa J, Hirano H, Matsukuma S, Tanaka K, Nakamura S. Effects of retinoic acids on the dendritic morphology of cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1104-16. [PMID: 18466335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A-derived retinoic acids (RAs) are known to exert a variety of biological actions, including modulatory effects on cell differentiation and apoptosis. A recent study has demonstrated that 13-cis-RA and all-trans-RA suppressed neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in adult mice. The present experiments were performed to see whether 13-cis-RA and all-trans-RA could alter the dendritic morphology of cultured hippocampal neurons via RA receptors: retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR). High doses of 13-cis-RA and all-trans-RA exerted a negative effect on the cultured hippocampal neurons, while a low dose of 13-cis-RA but not all-trans-RA caused a positive effect. The negative changes induced by 13-cis-RA and all-trans-RA were antagonized by RXR antagonists and RAR antagonists, respectively. The positive changes induced by a low dose of 13-cis-RA were blocked by both RXR antagonists and RAR antagonists. These results suggest that RAs at high concentrations cause a negative effect on the dendritic morphology of cultured hippocampal neurons through RA receptors, while RAs at low concentrations exert a positive influence on cultured hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Caselli E, Galvan M, Santoni F, Alvarez S, de Lera AR, Ivanova D, Gronemeyer H, Caruso A, Guidoboni M, Cassai E, Dolcetti R, Di Luca D. Retinoic Acid Analogues Inhibit Human Herpesvirus 8 Replication. Antivir Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350801300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Retinoids have a pronounced antiviral effect against several viruses. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of retinoids on human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Methods A panel of retinoic acid compounds were tested for their antiviral activity against HHV-8 in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in a human epithelial cell line. The presence, transcription and antigen expression of HHV-8 in infected cells – in the presence or absence of retinoic acid compounds – were evaluated by PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR and immunofluorescence assays; HHV-8 viral load was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Angiogenesis induced by HHV-8 was also assessed using Cultrex® basement membrane extract. Results The compounds tested specifically inhibited viral promoters, during the early and late phases of infection in both cell systems tested, and resulted in up to 100fold reduction of viral titre and release of progeny virus. The inhibition of viral replication induced by retinoids in endothelial cells, the primary target of HHV-8-driven transformation in Kaposi's Sarcoma, prevented endothelial cells from developing spindle morphology and in vitro tube formation, characteristic changes associated with HHV-8 infection and transformation. Conclusions We show that retinoids inhibit HHV-8 replication and identify new retinoid compounds with a strong antiviral effect. Selective retinoids, particularly those with retinoic acid receptor agonist activity, may be good candidates for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Galvan
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Santoni
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgànica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgànica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Diana Ivanova
- Departamento de Química Orgànica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
- Department of Cancer Biology, IGBMC, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Guidoboni
- Immunovirology and Biotherapy Unit, CRO – IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
- Present address: Division of Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | - Enzo Cassai
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Immunovirology and Biotherapy Unit, CRO – IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
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Modulators of the structural dynamics of the retinoid X receptor to reveal receptor function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:17323-8. [PMID: 17947383 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0705356104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRalpha, -beta, and -gamma) occupy a central position in the nuclear receptor superfamily, because they form heterodimers with many other family members and hence are involved in the control of a variety of (patho)physiologic processes. Selective RXR ligands, referred to as rexinoids, are already used or are being developed for cancer therapy and have promise for the treatment of metabolic diseases. However, important side effects remain associated with existing rexinoids. Here we describe the rational design and functional characterization of a spectrum of RXR modulators ranging from partial to pure antagonists and demonstrate their utility as tools to probe the implication of RXRs in cell biological phenomena. One of these ligands renders RXR activity particularly sensitive to coactivator levels and has the potential to act as a cell-specific RXR modulator. A combination of crystallographic and fluorescence anisotropy studies reveals the molecular details accounting for the agonist-to-antagonist transition and provides direct experimental evidence for a correlation between the pharmacological activity of a ligand and its impact on the structural dynamics of the activation helix H12. Using RXR and its cognate ligands as a model system, our correlative analysis of 3D structures and dynamic data provides an original view on ligand actions and enables the establishment of mechanistic concepts, which will aid in the development of selective nuclear receptor modulators.
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Hoo RLC, Chan KYY, Leung FKY, Lee LTO, Leung PCK, Chow BKC. Involvement of NF-κB subunit p65 and retinoic acid receptors, RARα and RXRα, in transcriptional regulation of the human GnRH II gene. FEBS J 2007; 274:2695-706. [PMID: 17451432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) I and II are hypothalamic decapeptides with pivotal roles in the development of reproductive competence and regulation of reproductive events. In this study, transcriptional regulation of the human GnRH II gene was investigated. By scanning mutation analysis coupled with transient promoter assays, the motif at -641/-636 (CATGCC, designated GII-Sil) was identified as a repressor element. Mutation of this motif led to full restoration of promoter activity in TE671 medulloblastoma and JEG-3 placenta choriocarcinoma cells. Supershift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed in vitro and in vivo binding of NF-kappaB subunit p65 and the retinoic acid receptors, RARalpha and RXRalpha, to the promoter sequences. Over-expression of these protein factors indicated that p65 is a potent repressor, and the RARalpha/RXRalpha heterodimer is involved in the differential regulation of the GnRH II gene in neuronal and placental cells. This was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Treatment of cells with the RARalpha/RXRalpha ligands, all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis-retinoic acid, reduced and increased GnRH II gene expression in TE671 and JEG-3 cells, respectively. Taken together, these data demonstrate the differential roles of NF-kappaB p65 and RARalpha/RXRalpha, interacting with the same sequence in the promoter of the human GnRH II gene to influence gene expression in a cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby L C Hoo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Burrage PS, Huntington JT, Sporn MB, Brinckerhoff CE. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression by a retinoid X receptor-specific ligand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:892-904. [PMID: 17328062 DOI: 10.1002/art.22417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of LG100268 (LG268), a synthetic ligand for the nuclear hormone receptor retinoid X receptor, on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and MMP-13 induced by proinflammatory cytokines in a chondrocyte model. METHODS SW-1353 human chondrosarcoma cells were used to study the effects of LG268 on interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-stimulated MMP production and collagen degradation. Gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. Collagen degradation was determined by an in vitro matrix destruction assay. The effects of LG268 on nuclear protein binding and histone acetylation were determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, respectively. RESULTS LG268 treatment specifically antagonized the IL-1beta-mediated induction of MMP-1 and MMP-13 heterogeneous nuclear RNA, messenger RNA, and protein. The inhibitory effect of LG268 was found to be due to a decrease in the rate of MMP-1 and MMP-13 transcription. LG268 treatment also prevented the in vitro degradation of a type I collagen matrix by IL-1beta-treated SW-1353 cells. The inhibitory effect of LG268 on MMP-1 and MMP-13 transcription appears to be mediated, at least in part, through modulation of histone modification in regions of the MMP-1 and MMP-13 promoters that contain binding sites for activator protein 1 transcription factors. CONCLUSION These data indicate that LG268 treatment selectively inhibits inflammatory cytokine-induced production of MMP-1 and MMP-13 at the level of gene transcription and blocks collagen destruction by proinflammatory cytokine-stimulated chondrocytic cells. This study is among the first to describe how rexinoids affect gene expression, and the findings suggest that the rexinoid class of compounds may have a future role in preventing the irreversible collagen destruction seen in the arthritides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Burrage
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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Pinaire JA, Reifel-Miller A. Therapeutic potential of retinoid x receptor modulators for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome. PPAR Res 2007; 2007:94156. [PMID: 17497022 PMCID: PMC1852898 DOI: 10.1155/2007/94156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity is a fundamental contributor
to the growing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Rexinoids, a
class of compounds that selectively bind and activate RXR,
are being studied as a potential option for the treatment of
metabolic syndrome. These compounds have glucose-lowering,
insulin-sensitizing, and antiobesity effects in animal models
of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However,
undesirable side effects such as hypertriglyceridemia and
suppression of the thyroid hormone axis also occur.
This review examines and compares the effects of four RXR-selective
ligands: LGD1069, LG100268, AGN194204, and LG101506, a selective
RXR modulator. Similar to selective modulators of other nuclear
receptors such as the estrogen receptor (SERMs), LG101506
binding to RXR selectively maintains the desirable characteristic
effects of rexinoids while minimizing the undesirable effects.
These recent findings suggest that, with continued research efforts,
RXR-specific ligands with improved pharmacological profiles may
eventually be available as additional treatment options for the
current epidemic of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes,
and all of the associated metabolic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A. Pinaire
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
- *Jane A. Pinaire:
| | - Anne Reifel-Miller
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Germain P, Chambon P, Eichele G, Evans RM, Lazar MA, Leid M, De Lera AR, Lotan R, Mangelsdorf DJ, Gronemeyer H. International Union of Pharmacology. LXIII. Retinoid X receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 58:760-72. [PMID: 17132853 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological effects of retinoic acids (RAs) are mediated by members of two families of nuclear receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which are encoded by three distinct human genes, RXRalpha, RXRbeta, and RXRgamma. RARs bind both all-trans- and 9-cis-RA, whereas only the 9-cis-RA stereoisomer binds to RXRs. As RXR/RAR heterodimers, these receptors control the transcription of RA target genes through binding to RA-response elements. This review is focused on the structure, mode of action, ligands, expression, and pharmacology of RXRs. Given their role as common partners to many other members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, these receptors have been the subject of intense scrutiny. Moreover, and despite numerous studies since their initial discovery, RXRs remain enigmatic nuclear receptors, and there is still no consensus regarding their role. Indeed, multiple questions about the actual biological role of RXRs and the existence of an endogenous ligand have still to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Germain
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France.
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Folkertsma S, van Noort PI, de Heer A, Carati P, Brandt R, Visser A, Vriend G, de Vlieg J. The use of in vitro peptide binding profiles and in silico ligand-receptor interaction profiles to describe ligand-induced conformations of the retinoid X receptor alpha ligand-binding domain. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 21:30-48. [PMID: 17038419 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that different ligand-induced conformational changes can explain the different interactions of nuclear receptors with regulatory proteins, resulting in specific biological activities. Understanding the mechanism of how ligands regulate cofactor interaction facilitates drug design. To investigate these ligand-induced conformational changes at the surface of proteins, we performed a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay with 52 different cofactor peptides measuring the ligand-induced cofactor recruitment to the retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRalpha) in the presence of 11 compounds. Simultaneously we analyzed the binding modes of these compounds by molecular docking. An automated method converted the complex three-dimensional data of ligand-protein interactions into two-dimensional fingerprints, the so-called ligand-receptor interaction profiles. For a subset of compounds the conformational changes at the surface, as measured by peptide recruitment, correlate well with the calculated binding modes, suggesting that clustering of ligand-receptor interaction profiles is a very useful tool to discriminate compounds that may induce different conformations and possibly different effects in a cellular environment. In addition, we successfully combined ligand-receptor interaction profiles and peptide recruitment data to reveal structural elements that are possibly involved in the ligand-induced conformations. Interestingly, we could predict a possible binding mode of LG100754, a homodimer antagonist that showed no effect on peptide recruitment. Finally, the extensive analysis of the peptide recruitment profiles provided novel insight in the potential cellular effect of the compound; for the first time, we showed that in addition to the induction of coactivator peptide binding, all well-known RXRalpha agonists also induce binding of corepressor peptides to RXRalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Folkertsma
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, University of Nijmegen, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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