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Madani WAM, Ramos Y, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Morales DK. Enterococcal-host interactions in the gastrointestinal tract and beyond. FEMS MICROBES 2024; 5:xtae027. [PMID: 39391373 PMCID: PMC11466040 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is typically considered the natural niche of enterococci. However, these bacteria also inhabit extraintestinal tissues, where they can disrupt organ physiology and cause life-threatening infections. Here, we discuss how enterococci, primarily Enterococcus faecalis, interact with the intestine and other host anatomical locations such as the oral cavity, heart, liver, kidney, and vaginal tract. The metabolic flexibility of these bacteria allows them to quickly adapt to new environments, promoting their persistence in diverse tissues. In transitioning from commensals to pathogens, enterococci must overcome harsh conditions such as nutrient competition, exposure to antimicrobials, and immune pressure. Therefore, enterococci have evolved multiple mechanisms to adhere, colonize, persist, and endure these challenges in the host. This review provides a comprehensive overview of how enterococci interact with diverse host cells and tissues across multiple organ systems, highlighting the key molecular pathways that mediate enterococcal adaptation, persistence, and pathogenic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiam Abdalla Mo Madani
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065, United States
| | - Yusibeska Ramos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065, United States
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065, United States
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065, United States
| | - Diana K Morales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY 10065, United States
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2
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Furuta S. Microbiome-Stealth Regulator of Breast Homeostasis and Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3040. [PMID: 39272898 PMCID: PMC11394247 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16173040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence attests to the essential roles of commensal microbes in the physiology of hosts. Although the microbiome has been a major research subject since the time of Luis Pasteur and William Russell over 140 years ago, recent findings that certain intracellular bacteria contribute to the pathophysiology of healthy vs. diseased tissues have brought the field of the microbiome to a new era of investigation. Particularly, in the field of breast cancer research, breast-tumor-resident bacteria are now deemed to be essential players in tumor initiation and progression. This is a resurrection of Russel's bacterial cause of cancer theory, which was in fact abandoned over 100 years ago. This review will introduce some of the recent findings that exemplify the roles of breast-tumor-resident microbes in breast carcinogenesis and metastasis and provide mechanistic explanations for these phenomena. Such information would be able to justify the utility of breast-tumor-resident microbes as biomarkers for disease progression and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Furuta
- MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA;
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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3
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Schade R, Butler DSC, McKenna JA, Di Luccia B, Shokoohi V, Hamblin M, Pham THM, Monack DM. Transcriptional profiling links unique human macrophage phenotypes to the growth of intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12811. [PMID: 38834738 PMCID: PMC11150401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages provide a crucial environment for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) to multiply during typhoid fever, yet our understanding of how human macrophages and S. Typhi interact remains limited. In this study, we delve into the dynamics of S. Typhi replication within human macrophages and the resulting heterogeneous transcriptomic responses of macrophages during infection. Our study reveals key factors that influence macrophage diversity, uncovering distinct immune and metabolic pathways associated with different stages of S. Typhi intracellular replication in macrophages. Of note, we found that macrophages harboring replicating S. Typhi are skewed towards an M1 pro-inflammatory state, whereas macrophages containing non-replicating S. Typhi exhibit neither a distinct M1 pro-inflammatory nor M2 anti-inflammatory state. Additionally, macrophages with replicating S. Typhi were characterized by the increased expression of genes associated with STAT3 phosphorylation and the activation of the STAT3 transcription factor. Our results shed light on transcriptomic pathways involved in the susceptibility of human macrophages to intracellular S. Typhi replication, thereby providing crucial insight into host phenotypes that restrict and support S. Typhi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Schade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Daniel S C Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joy A McKenna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Blanda Di Luccia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Vida Shokoohi
- Stanford Functional Genomics Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meagan Hamblin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Trung H M Pham
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Denise M Monack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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4
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Jennings KC, Johnson KE, Hayward MA, Kristich CJ, Salzman NH. CCR2-dependent CX3CR1+ colonic macrophages promote Enterococcus faecalis dissemination. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0000624. [PMID: 38629806 PMCID: PMC11075457 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00006-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are common commensal bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of most mammals, including humans. Importantly, these bacteria are one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. This study examined the role of colonic macrophages in facilitating Enterococcus faecalis infections in mice. We determined that depletion of colonic phagocytes resulted in the reduction of E. faecalis dissemination to the gut-draining mesenteric lymph nodes. Furthermore, we established that trafficking of monocyte-derived CX3CR1-expressing macrophages contributed to E. faecalis dissemination in a manner that was not reliant on CCR7, the conventional receptor involved in lymphatic migration. Finally, we showed that E. faecalis mutants with impaired intracellular survival exhibited reduced dissemination, suggesting that E. faecalis can exploit host immune cell migration to disseminate systemically and cause disease. Our findings indicate that modulation of macrophage trafficking in the context of antibiotic therapy could serve as a novel approach for preventing or treating opportunistic infections by disseminating enteric pathobionts like E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C. Jennings
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kaitlin E. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael A. Hayward
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Microbiome Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christopher J. Kristich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nita H. Salzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Center for Microbiome Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Stepien TA, Singletary LA, Guerra FE, Karlinsey JE, Libby SJ, Jaslow SL, Gaggioli MR, Gibbs KD, Ko DC, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Fang FC. Nuclear factor kappa B-dependent persistence of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi in human macrophages. mBio 2024; 15:e0045424. [PMID: 38497655 PMCID: PMC11005419 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00454-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella serovars Typhi and Paratyphi cause a prolonged illness known as enteric fever, whereas other serovars cause acute gastroenteritis. Mechanisms responsible for the divergent clinical manifestations of nontyphoidal and enteric fever Salmonella infections have remained elusive. Here, we show that S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A can persist within human macrophages, whereas S. Typhimurium rapidly induces apoptotic macrophage cell death that is dependent on Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2). S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A lack 12 specific SPI2 effectors with pro-apoptotic functions, including nine that target nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Pharmacologic inhibition of NF-κB or heterologous expression of the SPI2 effectors GogA or GtgA restores apoptosis of S. Typhi-infected macrophages. In addition, the absence of the SPI2 effector SarA results in deficient signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activation and interleukin 12 production, leading to impaired TH1 responses in macrophages and humanized mice. The absence of specific nontyphoidal SPI2 effectors may allow S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A to cause chronic infections. IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica is a common cause of gastrointestinal infections worldwide. The serovars Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A cause a distinctive systemic illness called enteric fever, whose pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Here, we show that enteric fever Salmonella serovars lack 12 specific virulence factors possessed by nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, which allow the enteric fever serovars to persist within human macrophages. We propose that this fundamental difference in the interaction of Salmonella with human macrophages is responsible for the chronicity of typhoid and paratyphoid fever, suggesting that targeting the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) complex responsible for macrophage survival could facilitate the clearance of persistent bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Stepien
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Fermin E. Guerra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joyce E. Karlinsey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen J. Libby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah L. Jaslow
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Margaret R. Gaggioli
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle D. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael A. Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ferric C. Fang
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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6
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Dai Y, Zhang M, Liu X, Sun T, Qi W, Ding W, Chen Z, Zhang P, Liu R, Chen H, Chen S, Wang Y, Yue Y, Song N, Wang W, Jia H, Ma Z, Li C, Chen Q, Li B. Salmonella manipulates macrophage migration via SteC-mediated myosin light chain activation to penetrate the gut-vascular barrier. EMBO J 2024; 43:1499-1518. [PMID: 38528181 PMCID: PMC11021425 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica rapidly enters the bloodstream after the invasion of intestinal epithelial cells, but how Salmonella breaks through the gut-vascular barrier is largely unknown. Here, we report that Salmonella enters the bloodstream through intestinal CX3CR1+ macrophages during early infection. Mechanistically, Salmonella induces the migration/invasion properties of macrophages in a manner dependent on host cell actin and on the pathogen effector SteC. SteC recruits host myosin light chain protein Myl12a and phosphorylates its Ser19 and Thr20 residues. Myl12a phosphorylation results in actin rearrangement, and enhanced migration and invasion of macrophages. SteC is able to utilize a wide range of NTPs other than ATP to phosphorylate Myl12a. We further solved the crystal structure of SteC, which suggests an atypical dimerization-mediated catalytic mechanism. Finally, in vivo data show that SteC-mediated cytoskeleton manipulation is crucial for Salmonella breaching the gut vascular barrier and spreading to target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Wenqi Qi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ruirui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Siyan Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yingying Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Nannan Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Haihong Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongrui Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Cuiling Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qixin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China.
| | - Bingqing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, China.
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China.
- Key Lab for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Jinan, 250117, China.
- Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250117, China.
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7
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Leiba J, Sipka T, Begon-Pescia C, Bernardello M, Tairi S, Bossi L, Gonzalez AA, Mialhe X, Gualda EJ, Loza-Alvarez P, Blanc-Potard A, Lutfalla G, Nguyen-Chi ME. Dynamics of macrophage polarization support Salmonella persistence in a whole living organism. eLife 2024; 13:e89828. [PMID: 38224094 PMCID: PMC10830131 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous intracellular bacterial pathogens interfere with macrophage function, including macrophage polarization, to establish a niche and persist. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of macrophage polarization during infection within host remain to be investigated. Here, we implement a model of persistent Salmonella Typhimurium infection in zebrafish, which allows visualization of polarized macrophages and bacteria in real time at high resolution. While macrophages polarize toward M1-like phenotype to control early infection, during later stages, Salmonella persists inside non-inflammatory clustered macrophages. Transcriptomic profiling of macrophages showed a highly dynamic signature during infection characterized by a switch from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory/pro-regenerative status and revealed a shift in adhesion program. In agreement with this specific adhesion signature, macrophage trajectory tracking identifies motionless macrophages as a permissive niche for persistent Salmonella. Our results demonstrate that zebrafish model provides a unique platform to explore, in a whole organism, the versatile nature of macrophage functional programs during bacterial acute and persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Leiba
- LPHI, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Tamara Sipka
- LPHI, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Matteo Bernardello
- ICFO - Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCastelldefels, BarcelonaSpain
| | - Sofiane Tairi
- LPHI, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Lionello Bossi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell-I2BC, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRSGif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Anne-Alicia Gonzalez
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Xavier Mialhe
- MGX-Montpellier GenomiX, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - Emilio J Gualda
- ICFO - Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCastelldefels, BarcelonaSpain
| | - Pablo Loza-Alvarez
- ICFO - Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCastelldefels, BarcelonaSpain
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8
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McDaniel ZS, Hales KE, Salih H, Deters A, Shi X, Nagaraja TG, Lawrence TE, Tennant TC, Amachawadi RG, Carroll JA, Burdick Sanchez NC, Galyean ML, Smock TM, Ballou MA, Machado VS, Davis E, Broadway PR. Development of an experimental model for liver abscess induction in Holstein steers using an acidotic diet challenge and bacterial inoculation. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae046. [PMID: 38447078 PMCID: PMC10941643 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Holstein steers (n = 40; initial BW = 84.9 ± 7.1 kg) were used to study the genesis of liver abscesses (LA) using an acidotic diet challenge with or without intraruminal bacterial inoculation. Steers were housed in individual pens inside a barn and randomly assigned to one of three treatments: (1) low-starch control diet comprised primarily of dry-rolled corn and wet corn gluten feed (CON); (2) high-starch acidotic diet with steam-flaked corn (AD); or (3) acidotic diet plus intraruminal inoculation with Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum (9.8 × 108 colony forming units [CFU]/mL), Trueperella pyogenes (3.91 × 109 CFU/mL), and Salmonella enterica serovar Lubbock (3.07 × 108 CFU/mL), previously isolated from LA (ADB). Steers in AD and ADB were fed the acidotic diet for 3 d followed by 2 d of the CON diet, and this cycle was repeated four times. On day 23, ADB steers were intraruminally inoculated with the bacteria. At necropsy, gross pathology of livers, lungs, rumens, and colons was noted. Continuous data were analyzed via mixed models as repeated measures over time with individual steer as the experimental unit. Mixed models were also used to determine the difference in prevalence of necropsy scores among treatments. Ruminal pH decreased in AD and ADB steers during each acidotic diet cycle (P ≤ 0.05). LA prevalence was 42.9% (6 of 14) in ADB vs. 0% in AD or CON treatments (P < 0.01). Ruminal damage was 51.1% greater in ADB than in AD (P ≤ 0.04). Culture of LA determined that 100% of the abscesses contained F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum, 0% contained T. pyogenes, 50% contained Salmonella, and 50% contained a combination of F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum and Salmonella. The F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum was clonally identical to the strain used for the bacterial inoculation based on phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome. This experimental model successfully induced rumenitis and LA in Holstein steers and confirms the central dogma of LA pathogenesis that acidosis and rumenitis lead to the entry of F. necrophorum into the liver to cause abscesses. Our findings suggest that an acidotic diet, in conjunction with intraruminal bacterial inoculation, is a viable model to induce LA. Further research is needed to determine the repeatability of this model, and a major application of the model will be in evaluations of novel interventions to prevent LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach S McDaniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kristin E Hales
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Harith Salih
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Alyssa Deters
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Ty E Lawrence
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, USA
| | - Travis C Tennant
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX, USA
| | | | - Jeff A Carroll
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nicole C Burdick Sanchez
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Michael L Galyean
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Taylor M Smock
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Ballou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Vinicius S Machado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Emily Davis
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Paul R Broadway
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX, USA
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9
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Li L, Han K, Mao X, Wang L, Cao Y, Li Z, Wu Y, Tan Y, Shi Y, Zhang L, Liu H, Li Y, Peng H, Li X, Hu C, Wang X. Oral phages prophylaxis against mixed Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium infections in weaned piglets. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109923. [PMID: 38061277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium are the main pathogens of diarrhea in weaned piglets. The prevention of bacterial diarrhea in weaned piglets by phage is rarely reported. We conducted this study to evaluate the preventive effect of phages on mixed Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium infections in weaned piglets. A novel phage named NJ12 was isolated by using Salmonella Typhimurium SM022 as host bacteria and characterized by electron microscopy, genomic analysis and in vitro bacteriostatic activity. Phage NJ12 and a previously reported phage EP01 were microencapsulated with sodium alginate to make phage cocktail. Microencapsulated phage cocktail and PBS (Phosphate buffer solution) were used to piglets the phage and phage-free group through oral administration before bacterial infection 2 h, respectively. Piglets of the phage and phage-free group were consumed with feed contaminated with 6 mL (108CFU/mL) Escherichia coli O157:H7 GN07 (GXEC-N07) and 6 mL (108CFU/mL) SM022 every day for seven consecutive days. The results showed that piglets in the phage-free group had more severe diarrhea, larger decreased average weight gain and higher levels of neutrophils compared with piglets in phage group. Meanwhile, piglets in the phage-free group had higher load of SM022 and GN07 in jejunal tissue and more severe intestinal damage compared with piglets in group phage in vivo. In addition, oral administration phage can significant decreased the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae but hardly repaired the changes of diversity and composition of gut microbiota caused by the mixed infection of SM022 and GN07. This implies that phage used as a feed additive have a marvelous preventive effect on bacterial diarrhea during weaning of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Kaiou Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Xinyu Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Leping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yajie Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Ziyong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yuxing Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yizhou Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Yinan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Xun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Chuanhuo Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Disease Prevention and Control, China.
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10
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Su Y, Sun T, Gao J, Zhang C, Liu X, Bi C, Wang J, Shan A. Anti-Proteolytic Peptide R7I Protects the Intestinal Barrier and Alleviates Fatty Acid Malabsorption in Salmonella typhimurium-Infected Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16409. [PMID: 38003599 PMCID: PMC10670956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With a wide range of hosts, environmental adaptation, and antibiotic resistance, Salmonella typhimurium is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in the world. Infection with Salmonella typhimurium not only results in intestinal inflammation but also damages the intestinal barrier and interferes with the host's ability to absorb nutrients. It is imperative to find alternatives to antibiotics for eradicating bacteria, reducing intestinal damage, and reestablishing nutrient absorption, especially given that antibiotics are currently prohibited. This research aims to understand the protective role of anti-proteolytic peptide R7I on the gut in the setting of Salmonella typhimurium infection and its impact on nutritional absorption, maybe offering an alternative to antibiotics for bacterial killing. The findings demonstrated that R7I reduced the production of inflammatory factors, including IL-6, TNF-α, and L-1β in the jejunum and decreased the expression of genes like TLR4 and NF-κB in the jejunum (p < 0.05). R7I enhanced antioxidant capacity and preserved the antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance in the jejunum (p < 0.05). R7I also normalized intestinal shape and restored tight junction protein expression. Fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) and fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) expression in the jejunum was restored by R7I. In addition, serum-free fatty acids and lipid metabolites were significantly higher in the R7I group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Overall, the anti-enzyme peptide R7I maintained the healthy state of the intestine and alleviated the abnormal fatty acid absorption caused by bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiajun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.S.); (T.S.); (J.G.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Anshan Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.S.); (T.S.); (J.G.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.B.)
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11
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Worley MJ. Salmonella Bloodstream Infections. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:487. [PMID: 37999606 PMCID: PMC10675298 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen of both animals and humans. This bacterium is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality world-wide. Different serovars of this genus cause diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to a potentially fatal systemic disease known as enteric fever. Gastrointestinal infections with Salmonella are usually self-limiting and rarely require medical intervention. Bloodstream infections, on the other hand, are often fatal even with hospitalization. This review describes the routes and underlying mechanisms of the extraintestinal dissemination of Salmonella and the chronic infections that sometimes result. It includes information on the pathogenicity islands and individual virulence factors involved in systemic dissemination as well as a discussion of the host factors that mediate susceptibility. Also, the major outbreaks of invasive Salmonella disease in the tropics are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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12
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Turner M, Van Hulzen L, Peta V, Pietri JE. Survival of Salmonella Typhimurium in the hemolymph of the German cockroach vector is limited by both humoral immune factors and hemocytes but not by trehalose metabolism. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:875-883. [PMID: 37348971 PMCID: PMC10496438 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The German cockroach (Blattella germanica) has been linked to transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), but infection dynamics within this vector are poorly characterized. Our recent work has focused on S. Typhimurium infection in the cockroach gut. However, microbial dissemination to the hemolymph is an essential aspect of many vector-borne pathogen transmission cycles and could potentially contribute to S. Typhimurium colonization of cockroaches. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the ability of S. Typhimurium to disseminate, survive, and proliferate in the hemolymph of cockroaches after oral infection. We detected only low numbers of bacteria in the hemolymph of a minority of insects (~26%) after oral infection. Further, S. Typhimurium was unable to survive overnight in cell-free hemolymph. Several hypotheses to explain the inability of S. Typhimurium to colonize hemolymph were tested. First, we investigated the ability of S. Typhimurium to metabolize trehalose, the primary sugar in hemolymph. S. Typhimurium grew efficiently in vitro using trehalose as a sole carbon source and mutant strains lacking trehalose metabolism genes exhibited no growth deficiencies in media mimicking the composition of hemolymph, suggesting that trehalose metabolism ability is not a factor involved in restricting survival in hemolymph. On the other hand, heat-inactivated cell-free hemolymph was permissive of S. Typhimurium growth, demonstrating that survival in hemolymph is limited specifically by heat-labile humoral factors. The involvement of cellular immune responses was also investigated and cockroach hemocytes in culture were observed to internalize S. Typhimurium within 1 h of exposure. Most hemocytes harbored few to no bacteria after 24 h, indicating that hemocyte responses are additionally involved in clearing infection from the hemolymph. However, dense intracellular clusters of S. Typhimurium were observed sporadically, suggesting a small subset of hemocytes may serve as reservoirs for bacterial replication. Together, our results reveal that a minute proportion of ingested S. Typhimurium is able to escape the cockroach gut and enter the hemolymph, but this systemic population is limited by both humoral effectors and hemocytes. Thus, we conclude that invasion of the hemolymph appears minimally important for colonization of the cockroach vector and that colonization of the gut is the main driver of vector-borne transmission. Our insight into the antimicrobial mechanisms of cockroach hemolymph also highlights the strong ability of these prevalent pests/vectors to cope with frequent infectious challenges in septic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Turner
- Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Landen Van Hulzen
- Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Vincent Peta
- Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Jose E Pietri
- Sanford School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
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13
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Shi Y, Peng H, Liao Y, Li J, Yin Y, Peng H, Wang L, Tan Y, Li C, Bai H, Ma C, Tan W, Li X. The Prophylactic Protection of Salmonella Typhimurium Infection by Lentilactobacillus buchneri GX0328-6 in Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10145-8. [PMID: 37668855 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a disease caused by non-typhoid Salmonella, and although some lactic acid bacteria strains have been shown previously to relieve Salmonellosis symptoms, little has been studied about the preventive mechanism of Lentilactobacillus buchneri (L. buchneri) against Salmonella infection in vivo. Therefore, the L. buchneri was fed to C57BL/6 mice for 10 days to build a protective system of mice to study its prevention and possible mechanisms. The results showed that L. buchneri GX0328-6 alleviated symptoms caused by Salmonella typhimurium infection among C57BL/6 mice, including low survival rate, weight loss, increase in immune organ index and hepatosplenomegaly, and modulated serum immunoglobulin levels and intrinsic immunity. Importantly, the L. buchneri GX0328-6 enhanced the mucosal barrier of the mouse jejunum by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins such as ZO-1, occludins, and claudins-4 and improved absorptive capacity by increasing the length of mouse jejunal villus and the ratio of villus length to crypt depth and decreasing the crypt depth. L. buchneri GX0328-6 reduced the intestinal proliferation and invasion of Salmonella typhimurium by modulating the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the intestinal tract of mice, and reduced intestinal inflammation and systemic spread in mice by downregulating the expression of IL-6 and promoting the expression of IL-10. Furthermore, L. buchneri GX0328-6 increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria colonies and decreased the relative abundance of harmful bacteria in the cecum microflora by modulating the microflora in the cecum contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China.
| | - Yuying Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Yangyan Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Hongyan Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Leping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yizhou Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Changting Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Huili Bai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Chunxia Ma
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, 530001, China
- Fangchenggang Administrative Examination and Approval Service Center, Fangchenggang, 538001, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Wenbao Tan
- Qibainong Chicken Industry Development Center of Dahua Yao Autonomous County, Dahua Guangxi, 530800, China
| | - Xun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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14
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Mikolajczyk-Martinez A, Ugorski M. Unraveling the role of type 1 fimbriae in Salmonella pathogenesis: insights from a comparative analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102833. [PMID: 37356296 PMCID: PMC10404763 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant differences in pathogenicity between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum exist despite the fact that S. Gallinarum is a direct descendant of S. Enteritidis. It was hypothesized that such various properties may be in part the result of differences in structure and functions of type 1 fimbriae (T1Fs). In S. Enteritidis, T1Fs bind to oligomannosidic structures carried by host cell glycoproteins and are called mannose-sensitive T1Fs (MST1F). In S. Gallinarum, T1Fs lost ability to bind such carbohydrate chains, and were named mannose-resistant MRT1Fs (MRT1F). Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of MST1Fs and MRT1Fs in the adhesion, invasion, intracellular survival and cytotoxicity of S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum toward chicken intestinal CHIC8-E11cells and macrophage-like HD11 cells. Using mutant strains: S. Enteritidis fimH::kan and S. Gallinarum fimH::kan devoid of T1Fs and in vitro assays the following observations were made. MST1Fs have a significant impact on the chicken cell invasion by S. Enteritidis as MST1F-mediated adhesion facilitates direct and stable contact of bacteria with host cells, in contrast to MRT1Fs expressed by S. Gallinarum. MST1Fs as well as MRT1Fs did not affected intracellular viability of S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum. However, absolute numbers of intracellular viable wild-type S. Enteritidis were significantly higher than S. Enteritidis fimH::kan mutant and wild-type S. Gallinarum and S. Gallinarum fimH::kan mutant. These differences, reflecting the numbers of adherent and invading bacteria, underline the importance of MST1Fs in the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis infections. The cytotoxicity of wild-type S. Enteritidis and its mutant devoid of MST1Fs to HD11 cells was essentially the same, despite the fact that the number of viable intracellular bacteria was significantly lower in the mutated strain. Using HD11 cells with similar number of intracellular wild-type S. Enteritidis and S. Enteritidis fimH::kan mutant, it was found that the lack of MST1Fs did not affect directly the cytotoxicity, suggesting that the increase in cytotoxicity of S. Enteritidis devoid of MST1Fs may be associated with crosstalk between T1Fs and other virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Mikolajczyk-Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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15
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Chatterjee R, Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chakravortty D. From Eberthella typhi to Salmonella Typhi: The Fascinating Journey of the Virulence and Pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhi. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:25674-25697. [PMID: 37521659 PMCID: PMC10373206 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), the invasive typhoidal serovar of Salmonella enterica that causes typhoid fever in humans, is a severe threat to global health. It is one of the major causes of high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. According to recent WHO estimates, approximately 11-21 million typhoid fever illnesses occur annually worldwide, accounting for 0.12-0.16 million deaths. Salmonella infection can spread to healthy individuals by the consumption of contaminated food and water. Typhoid fever in humans sometimes is accompanied by several other critical extraintestinal complications related to the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, and hepatobiliary system. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-2 are the two genomic segments containing genes encoding virulent factors that regulate its invasion and systemic pathogenesis. This Review aims to shed light on a comparative analysis of the virulence and pathogenesis of the typhoidal and nontyphoidal serovars of S. enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Chatterjee
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
- Centre
for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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16
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Saha T, Arisoyin AE, Bollu B, Ashok T, Babu A, Issani A, Jhaveri S, Avanthika C. Enteric Fever: Diagnostic Challenges and the Importance of Early Intervention. Cureus 2023; 15:e41831. [PMID: 37575696 PMCID: PMC10423039 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric fever is a systemic infection caused by highly virulent Salmonella enterica serovars: Typhi and Paratyphi. Diagnosis of enteric fever is challenging due to a wide variety of clinical features which overlap with other febrile illnesses. The current diagnostic methods are limited because of the suboptimal sensitivity of conventional tests like blood culture in detecting organisms and the invasive nature of bone marrow culture. It emphasizes the need to develop improved and more reliable diagnostic modalities. The rising rates of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains call for an accurate understanding of the current management of the disease. Proper public health measures and large-scale immunization programs will help reduce the burden of the disease. A comprehensive surveillance system can help detect the chronic carrier state and is crucial in understanding antibiotic susceptibility patterns. We conducted an all-language literature search on Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar till May 2022. The following search words and medical subject headings (MeSH) were used: "enteric fever," "Salmonella Typhi," "multidrug-resistant Salmonella," chronic carrier state," "Salmonella detection, "and "typhoid vaccine." We reviewed the literature on clinical features, pathophysiology, new diagnostic tests, and interventions to prevent the disease. This article explores enteric fever and its various clinical features and addresses the emerging threat of multidrug resistance. It focuses on novel methods for diagnosis and prevention strategies, including vaccines and the use of surveillance systems employed across different parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tias Saha
- Internal Medicine, Samorita General Hospital, Faridpur, BGD
- Internal Medicine, Diabetic Association Medical College, Faridpur, BGD
| | | | - Bhaswanth Bollu
- Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Tejaswini Ashok
- Internal Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Medical College, Mysore, IND
| | - Athira Babu
- Pediatrics, Saudi German Hospital, Dubai, ARE
| | - Ali Issani
- Emergency Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Sharan Jhaveri
- Internal Medicine, Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Chaithanya Avanthika
- Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Elmhurst Hospital Center, New York, USA
- Medicine and Surgery, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, IND
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17
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Ehrhardt K, Becker AL, Grassl GA. Determinants of persistent Salmonella infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102306. [PMID: 36989589 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Persistent bacterial infections constitute an enormous challenge for public health. Amongst infections with other bacteria, infections with typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica serovars can result in long-term infections of the human and animal host. Persistent infections that are asymptomatic are difficult to identify and thus can serve as a silent reservoir for transmission. Symptomatic persistent infections are often difficult to treat as they harbor a combination of antibiotic-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria and boost the spread of genetic antibiotic resistance. In the last couple of years, the field has made some major progress in understanding the role of persisters, their reservoirs as well as their interplay with host factors in persistent Salmonella infections.
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18
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Avraham R. Untangling Cellular Host-Pathogen Encounters at Infection Bottlenecks. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0043822. [PMID: 36939328 PMCID: PMC10112260 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00438-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens can invade the tissue and establish a protected intracellular niche at the site of invasion that can spread locally (e.g., microcolonies) or to systemic sites (e.g., granulomas). Invasion of the tissue and establishment of intracellular infection are rare events that are difficult to study in the in vivo setting but have critical clinical consequences, such as long-term carriage, reinfections, and emergence of antibiotic resistance. Here, I discuss Salmonella interactions with its host macrophage during early stages of infection and their critical role in determining infection outcome. The dynamics of host-pathogen interactions entail highly heterogenous host immunity, bacterial virulence, and metabolic cross talk, requiring in vivo analysis at single-cell resolution. I discuss models and single-cell approaches that provide a global understanding of the establishment of a protected intracellular niche within the tissue and the host-pathogen landscape at infection bottlenecks during early stages of infection. Studying cellular host-pathogen interactions in vivo can improve our knowledge of the trajectory of infection between the initial inoculation with a dose of pathogens and the appearance of symptoms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Avraham
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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19
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Gong J, Cheng X, Zuo J, Zhang Y, Lin J, Liu M, Jiang Y, Long Y, Si H, Gao X, Guo D, Gu N. Silver nanoparticles combat Salmonella Typhimurium: Suppressing intracellular infection and activating dendritic cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 226:113307. [PMID: 37068446 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) can hide inside cells, avoid antibiotic therapy and being killed by host's immune system to cause persistent infection in humans and animals. Metal nanoparticles are regarded as an alternative to overcome the above limitations, silver nanoparticles especially have been applied in combating drug-resistant bacteria. However, the therapeutic effects of silver nanoparticles against intracellular infection and their impacts on host immunity remain an area of further investigation. In this work, we synthesized Ganoderma extract-capped silver nanoparticles (Ag@Ge) and explored the therapeutic potential and immune adjuvant effects of Ag@Ge against intracellular ST. Firstly, Ag@Ge had a small particle size of 35.52±7.46 nm, good stability, and biocompatibility. Then, Ag@Ge effectively entered RAW 264.7 cells, suppressed intracellular ST infection. Furthermore, Ag@Ge activated mouse dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro, evidenced by increased phenotypic markers (CD80/CD86/CD40/major compatibility complex II (MHCII)) expression and cytokine and chemokine (interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2), and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-7 (CCR-7)) transcription. More notably, the combination of Ag@Ge with inactivated ST recruited intestinal DCs to mitigate ST infection in mice, evidenced by decreased body weight loss and bacterial loads in the tissues (liver, jejunum, and colon), and improved platelets count. The above findings indicate that Ag@Ge has the potential as an alternative nano-antibiotic against intracellular ST infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Gong
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xingxing Cheng
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinjiao Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Moxin Liu
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center of Nanjing Customs District, 39 Chuangzhi Road, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yunfeng Long
- Animal, Plant and Food Inspection Center of Nanjing Customs District, 39 Chuangzhi Road, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Hongbin Si
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiuge Gao
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dawei Guo
- Engineering Center of Innovative Veterinary Drugs, Center for Veterinary Drug Research and Evaluation, MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ning Gu
- Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
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Balouei F, Stefanon B, Sgorlon S, Sandri M. Factors Affecting Gut Microbiota of Puppies from Birth to Weaning. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040578. [PMID: 36830365 PMCID: PMC9951692 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The review described the most important factors affecting the development of the intestinal microbiota in puppies from birth to weaning. The health and well-being of the microbiome in puppies is influenced by the type of parturition, the maternal microbiota, and the diet of the mother, directly or indirectly. The isolation of bacteria in dogs from the placenta, fetal fluids, and fetuses suggests that colonization could occur before birth, although this is still a matter of debate. Accordingly, newborn puppies could harbor bacteria that could be of maternal origin and that could influence microbial colonization later in life. However, the long-term impacts on health and the clinical significance of this transfer is not yet clear and needs to be investigated. The same maternal bacteria were found in puppies that were born vaginally and in those delivered via cesarean section. Potentially, the relationship between the type of parturition and the colonization of the microbiome will influence the occurrence of diseases, since it can modulate the gut microbiome during early life. In addition, puppies' gut microbiota becomes progressively more similar to adult dogs at weaning, as a consequence of the transition from milk to solid food that works together with behavioral factors. A number of researches have investigated the effects of diet on the gut microbiota of dogs, revealing that dietary interference may affect the microbial composition and activity through the production of short-chain fatty acids and vitamins. These compounds play a fundamental role during the development of the fetus and the initial growth of the puppy. The composition of the diet fed during pregnancy to the bitches is also an important factor to consider for the health of newborns. As far as it is known, the effects of the type of parturition, the maternal microbiota, and the diet on the microbial colonization and the long-term health of the dogs deserve further studies. Definitely, longitudinal studies with a larger number of dogs will be required to assess a causal link between microbiome composition in puppies and diseases in adult dogs.
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Small RNAs Activate Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 by Modulating mRNA Stability through the hilD mRNA 3' Untranslated Region. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0033322. [PMID: 36472436 PMCID: PMC9879128 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00333-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an enteric pathogen associated with foodborne disease. Salmonella invades the intestinal epithelium using a type three secretion system encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1). SPI-1 genes are tightly regulated by a complex feed-forward loop to ensure proper spatial and temporal expression. Most regulatory input is integrated at HilD, through control of hilD mRNA translation or HilD protein activity. The hilD mRNA possesses a 310-nucleotide 3' untranslated region (UTR) that influences HilD and SPI-1 expression, and this regulation is dependent on Hfq and RNase E, cofactors known to mediate small RNA (sRNA) activities. Thus, we hypothesized that the hilD mRNA 3' UTR is a target for sRNAs. Here, we show that two sRNAs, SdsR and Spot 42, regulate SPI-1 by targeting different regions of the hilD mRNA 3' UTR. Regulatory activities of these sRNAs depended on Hfq and RNase E, in agreement with previous roles found for both at the hilD 3' UTR. Salmonella mutants lacking SdsR and Spot 42 had decreased virulence in a mouse model of infection. Collectively, this work suggests that these sRNAs targeting the hilD mRNA 3' UTR increase hilD mRNA levels by interfering with RNase E-dependent mRNA degradation and that this regulatory effect is required for Salmonella invasiveness. Our work provides novel insights into mechanisms of sRNA regulation at bacterial mRNA 3' UTRs and adds to our knowledge of post-transcriptional regulation of the SPI-1 complex feed-forward loop. IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a prominent foodborne pathogen, infecting millions of people a year. To express virulence genes at the correct time and place in the host, Salmonella uses a complex regulatory network that senses environmental conditions. Known for their role in allowing quick responses to stress and virulence conditions, we investigated the role of small RNAs in facilitating precise expression of virulence genes. We found that the 3' untranslated region of the hilD mRNA, encoding a key virulence regulator, is a target for small RNAs and RNase E. The small RNAs stabilize hilD mRNA to allow proper expression of Salmonella virulence genes in the host.
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Abstract
The major function of the mammalian immune system is to prevent and control infections caused by enteropathogens that collectively have altered human destiny. In fact, as the gastrointestinal tissues are the major interface of mammals with the environment, up to 70% of the human immune system is dedicated to patrolling them The defenses are multi-tiered and include the endogenous microflora that mediate colonization resistance as well as physical barriers intended to compartmentalize infections. The gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue are also protected by sophisticated interleaved arrays of active innate and adaptive immune defenses. Remarkably, some bacterial enteropathogens have acquired an arsenal of virulence factors with which they neutralize all these formidable barriers to infection, causing disease ranging from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to in some cases devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA,CONTACT Micah J. Worley Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Du Y, Qiu Q, Cheng J, Huang Z, Xie R, Wang L, Wang X, Han Z, Jin G. Comparative study on the microbiota of colostrum and nipple skin from lactating mothers separated from their newborn at birth in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932495. [PMID: 36262322 PMCID: PMC9574262 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing studies have found breast milk (BM) contains its own microbiota. However, the route through which microbes enter the BM is still unclear. In order to verify the entero-mammary pathway of BM, we designed a rigorous study that prevented oral bacteria from contaminating the breast and nipple skin (NS) during baby nursing. Thirty-one healthy, postpartum mothers living in southern China who were immediately separated from their newborn after delivery were enrolled in this study. Using an aseptic protocol for sampling, sterile water was used to wash the NS and was then collected. Then the first drop of BM was discarded and colostrum was collected manually. Amplicon sequencing was performed targeting the V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and the differences between the microbiota of the colostrum and NS were analyzed. Additionally, the effects of environmental factors, such as the delivery mode and intrapartum antibiotic exposure, on the diversity of the colostrum microbiota were also analyzed. We found significant differences in the α diversity and richness between the BM and NS as evidenced by richness, Chao1, and Simpson indices. There were 170 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) shared by colostrum and NS, while 111 and 87 OTUs were unique, respectively, as well as a clear distinction in OTUs was observed by unifrac binary analysis between them. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis found that anaerobes, such as Bifidobacterium and Pantoea at the genus level and enterobacteria including Enterobacteriaceae at the family level, were predominant in the colostrum, while the predominant bacteria on the NS were Bacteroides, Staphylococcus, and Parabacteroides at the genus level. BM is colonized by bacteria prior to baby suckling, and the diversity of the colostrum microbiota differs from that of the NS. The predominant microbiota taxa in BM indicated that they were likely to be transferred to the breast through the intestinal tract. Our study provides direct evidence for the revolutionary active migration hypothesis. Additionally, factors like intrapartum antibiotic exposure did not significantly affect the diversity of the microbiota in the BM. Therefore, it is suggested that mothers continue to provide BM for their newborns during separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Du
- School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qing Qiu
- Department of Women Health Care, Shenzhen Luohu Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhili Huang
- School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruixia Xie
- School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Delivery Center, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Xiangyu Wang,
| | - Zongli Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zongli Han,
| | - Gang Jin
- School of Medical Technology and Nursing, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- Gang Jin,
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Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Welles HC, Ha CWY, Huq L, Mistry S, Brenchley JM, Trinchieri G, Devkota S, Belkaid Y. The systemic anti-microbiota IgG repertoire can identify gut bacteria that translocate across gut barrier surfaces. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabl3927. [PMID: 35976997 PMCID: PMC9741845 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl3927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Unique gut microbiota compositions have been associated with inflammatory diseases, but identifying gut bacterial functions linked to immune activation in humans remains challenging. Translocation of pathogens from mucosal surfaces into peripheral tissues can elicit immune activation, although whether and which gut commensal bacteria translocate in inflammatory diseases is difficult to assess. We report that a subset of commensal gut microbiota constituents that translocate across the gut barrier in mice and humans are associated with heightened systemic immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses. We present a modified high-throughput, culture-independent approach to quantify systemic IgG against gut commensal bacteria in human serum samples without the need for paired stool samples. Using this approach, we highlight several commensal bacterial species that elicit elevated IgG responses in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including taxa within the clades Collinsella, Bifidobacterium, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae. These and other taxa identified as translocating bacteria or targets of systemic immunity in IBD concomitantly exhibited heightened transcriptional activity and growth rates in IBD patient gut microbiomes. Our approach represents a complementary tool to illuminate interactions between the host and its gut microbiota and may provide an additional method to identify microbes linked to inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hugh C. Welles
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Connie W. Y. Ha
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lutfi Huq
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shreni Mistry
- NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne Devkota
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Cardiolipin Biosynthesis Genes Are Not Required for Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Pathogenesis in C57BL/6J Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0261721. [PMID: 35638781 PMCID: PMC9241728 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02617-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an intracellular pathogen that parasitizes macrophages from within a vacuole. The vacuolar environment prompts the bacterium to regulate the lipid composition of the outer membrane (OM), and this influences host inflammation. S. Typhimurium regulates the levels of acidic glycerophospholipids known as cardiolipins (CL) within the OM, and mitochondrial CL molecules can prime and activate host inflammasomes. However, the contribution of S. Typhimurium’s CL biosynthesis genes to intracellular survival, inflammasome activation, and pathogenesis had not been examined. S. Typhimurium genes encode three CL synthases. Single, double, and triple mutants were constructed. Similar to other Enterobacteriaceae, ClsA is the primary CL synthase for S. Typhimurium during logarithmic growth, while ClsB and ClsC contribute CL production in stationary phase. It was necessary to delete all three genes to diminish the CL content of the envelope. Despite being devoid of CL molecules, ΔclsABC mutants were highly virulent during oral and systemic infection for C57BL/6J mice. In macrophages, ΔclsA, ΔclsB, ΔclsC, and ΔclsAC mutants behaved like the wild type, whereas ΔclsAB, ΔclsBC, and ΔclsABC mutants were attenuated and elicited reduced amounts of secreted interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-18, and lactate dehydrogenase. Hence, when clsA and clsC are deleted, clsB is necessary and sufficient to promote intracellular survival and inflammasome activation. Similarly, when clsB is deleted, clsA and clsC are necessary and sufficient. Therefore, the three CL synthase genes cooperatively and redundantly influence S. Typhimurium inflammasome activation and intracellular survival in C57BL/6J mouse macrophages but are dispensable for virulence in mice. IMPORTANCESalmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium that regulates the cardiolipin (CL) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition of the outer membrane (OM) during infection. Mitochondrial CL molecules activate the inflammasome and its effector caspase-1, which initiates an inflammatory process called pyroptosis. Purified bacterial CL molecules also influence LPS activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4). S. Typhimurium resides within macrophage vacuoles and activates Tlr4 and the inflammasome during infection. However, the contribution of the three bacterial CL synthase genes (cls) to microbial pathogenesis and inflammation had not been tested. This study supports that the genes encoding the CL synthases work coordinately to promote intracellular survival in macrophages and to activate the inflammasome but do not influence inflammatory cytokine production downstream of Tlr4 or virulence in C57BL/6J mice. The macrophage phenotypes are not directly attributable to CL production but are caused by deleting specific combinations of cls gene products.
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26
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Pellegrini JM, Gorvel JP, Mémet S. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms in Brucellosis in Light of Chronic Bacterial Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1260. [PMID: 35888979 PMCID: PMC9324529 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the major zoonoses worldwide, constituting a critical livestock and human health concern with a huge socio-economic burden. Brucella genus, its etiologic agent, is composed of intracellular bacteria that have evolved a prodigious ability to elude and shape host immunity to establish chronic infection. Brucella's intracellular lifestyle and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as its specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are key factors for hiding and hampering recognition by the immune system. Here, we will review the current knowledge of evading and immunosuppressive mechanisms elicited by Brucella species to persist stealthily in their hosts, such as those triggered by their LPS and cyclic β-1,2-d-glucan or involved in neutrophil and monocyte avoidance, antigen presentation impairment, the modulation of T cell responses and immunometabolism. Attractive strategies exploited by other successful chronic pathogenic bacteria, including Mycobacteria, Salmonella, and Chlamydia, will be also discussed, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms operating in brucellosis, such as granuloma formation, pyroptosis, and manipulation of type I and III IFNs, B cells, innate lymphoid cells, and host lipids. A better understanding of these stratagems is essential to fighting bacterial chronic infections and designing innovative treatments and vaccines.
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27
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Mechanisms for the Invasion and Dissemination of Salmonella. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 2022:2655801. [PMID: 35722038 PMCID: PMC9203224 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2655801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a gastroenteric Gram-negative bacterium that can infect both humans and animals and causes millions of illnesses per year around the world. Salmonella infections usually occur after the consumption of contaminated food or water. Infections with Salmonella species can cause diseases ranging from enterocolitis to typhoid fever. Salmonella has developed multiple strategies to invade and establish a systemic infection in the host. Different cell types, including epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and M cells, are important in the infection process of Salmonella. Dissemination throughout the body and colonization of remote organs are hallmarks of Salmonella infection. There are several routes for the dissemination of Salmonella typhimurium. This review summarizes the current understanding of the infection mechanisms of Salmonella. Additionally, different routes of Salmonella infection will be discussed. In this review, the strategies used by Salmonella enterica to establish persistent infection will be discussed. Understanding both the bacterial and host factors leading to the successful colonization of Salmonella enterica may enable the rational design of effective therapeutic strategies.
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28
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Alandiyjany MN, Abdelaziz AS, Abdelfattah-Hassan A, Hegazy WAH, Hassan AA, Elazab ST, Mohamed EAA, El-Shetry ES, Saleh AA, ElSawy NA, Ibrahim D. Novel In Vivo Assessment of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles against Salmonella typhimurium Infection. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030357. [PMID: 35337154 PMCID: PMC8953957 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is known for its intracellular survival, evading the robust inflammation and adaptive immune response of the host. The emergence of decreased ciprofloxacin (CIP) susceptibility (DCS) requires a prolonged antibiotic course with increased dosage, leading to threatening, adverse effects. Moreover, antibiotic-resistant bacteria can persist in biofilms, causing serious diseases. Hence, we validated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of ciprofloxacin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (CIP–MSN) using a rat model of salmonella infection to compare the oral efficacy of 5 mg/kg body weight CIP–MSN and a traditional treatment regimen with 10 mg/kg CIP postinfection. Our results revealed that mesoporous silica particles can regulate the release rate of CIP with an MIC of 0.03125 mg/L against DCS S. typhimurium with a greater than 50% reduction of biofilm formation without significantly affecting the viable cells residing within the biofilm, and a sub-inhibitory concentration of CIP–MSN significantly reduced invA and FimA gene expressions. Furthermore, oral supplementation of CIP–MSN had an insignificant effect on all blood parameter values as well as on liver and kidney function parameters. MPO and NO activities that are key mediators of oxidative stress were abolished by CIP–MSN supplementation. Additionally, CIP–MSN supplementation has a promising role in attenuating the elevated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in serum from S. typhimurium-infected rats with a reduction in pro-apoptotic gene expression, resulting in reduced S. typhimurium-induced hepatic apoptosis. This counteracted the negative effects of the S. typhimurium challenge, as seen in a corrected histopathological picture of both the intestine and liver, along with increased bacterial clearance. We concluded that, compared with a normal ciprofloxacin treatment regime, MSN particles loaded with a half-dose of ciprofloxacin exhibited controlled release of the antibiotic, which can prolong the antibacterial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher N. Alandiyjany
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
- Quality and Development Affair, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah-Hassan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Arwa A. Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Industries, Sinai University, El-Arish 45511, Egypt;
| | - Sara T. Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Eman A. A. Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Eman S. El-Shetry
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Ayman A. Saleh
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Veterinary Genetics & Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Naser A. ElSawy
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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29
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Magold AI, Swartz MA. Pathogenic Exploitation of Lymphatic Vessels. Cells 2022; 11:979. [PMID: 35326430 PMCID: PMC8946894 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels provide a critical line of communication between peripheral tissues and their draining lymph nodes, which is necessary for robust immune responses against infectious agents. At the same time, lymphatics help shape the nature and kinetics of immune responses to ensure resolution, limit tissue damage, and prevent autoimmune responses. A variety of pathogens have developed strategies to exploit these functions, from multicellular organisms like nematodes to bacteria, viruses, and prions. While lymphatic vessels serve as transport routes for the dissemination of many pathogens, their hypoxic and immune-suppressive environments can provide survival niches for others. Lymphatics can be exploited as perineural niches, for inter-organ distribution among highly motile carrier cells, as effective replicative niches, and as alternative routes in response to therapy. Recent studies have broadened our understanding of lymphatic involvement in pathogenic spread to include a wider range of pathogens, as well as new mechanisms of exploitation, which we summarize here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I. Magold
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Bacillus-Based Direct-Fed Microbial Reduces the Pathogenic Synergy of a Coinfection with Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0057421. [PMID: 35254092 PMCID: PMC9022502 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00574-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections predispose lungs to bacterial coinfections causing a worse outcome than either infection alone. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes pneumonia in pigs and is often associated with bacterial coinfections. We examined the impact of providing weanling pigs a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on the syndrome resulting from infection with either Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis alone, or in combination with PRRSV. Nine days after the bacterial challenge, Salmonella was isolated from ileocecal lymph nodes of all challenged pigs regardless of DFM treatment. Compared to the single bacterial challenge, the dual challenge with Salmonella and PRRSV resulted in a pathogenic synergy exhibited by a higher rate of Salmonella colonization in the lung and a more extensive and severe interstitial pneumonia. Provision of DFM to dually challenged pigs reduced the rate of lung colonization by Salmonella, eliminated or reduced the presence of PRRSV in the lung, and reduced the extent and severity of gross lung pathology. Dually challenged pigs that received DFM had increased concentrations of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and IL-8 in lung lavage fluids, accompanied by increased expression in their blood cells of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptor 2 (NOD2) and triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) molecules. These changes in pulmonary inflammatory cytokine production and increased expression of NOD2 and TREM-1 suggest that the DFM exerted a systemic modulating effect on innate immunity. These observations are consistent with the notion that tonic stimulation by gut-derived microbial products can poise innate immunity to fight infections in the respiratory tract.
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Roberts LM, Wehrly TD, Leighton I, Hanley P, Lovaglio J, Smith BJ, Bosio CM. Circulating T Cells Are Not Sufficient for Protective Immunity against Virulent Francisella tularensis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1180-1188. [PMID: 35149529 PMCID: PMC8881340 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary infections elicit a combination of tissue-resident and circulating T cell responses. Understanding the contribution of these anatomically distinct cellular pools in protective immune responses is critical for vaccine development. Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent bacterium capable of causing lethal systemic disease following pulmonary infection for which there is no currently licensed vaccine. Although T cells are required for survival of F. tularensis infection, the relative contribution of tissue-resident and circulating T cells is not completely understood, hampering design of effective, long-lasting vaccines directed against this bacterium. We have previously shown that resident T cells were not sufficient to protect against F. tularensis, suggesting circulating cells may serve a critical role in host defense. To elucidate the role of circulating T cells, we used a model of vaccination and challenge of parabiotic mice. Intranasally infected naive mice conjoined to immune animals had increased numbers of circulating memory T cells and similar splenic bacterial burdens as vaccinated-vaccinated pairs. However, bacterial loads in the lungs of naive parabionts were significantly greater than those observed in vaccinated-vaccinated pairs, but despite early control of F. tularensis replication, all naive-vaccinated pairs succumbed to infection. Together, these data define the specific roles of circulating and resident T cells in defense against infection that is initiated in the pulmonary compartment but ultimately causes disseminated disease. These data also provide evidence for employing vaccination strategies that elicit both pools of T cells for immunity against F. tularensis and may be a common theme for other disseminating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia M Roberts
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Tara D Wehrly
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Ian Leighton
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Patrick Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Brian J Smith
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Catharine M Bosio
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT; and
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The protective effect and potential mechanisms of eugenol against Salmonella in vivo and in vitro. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101801. [PMID: 35338975 PMCID: PMC8957058 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) continues to be a serious concern to the poultry industry as a bacterial foodborne zoonosis, which generally results in intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction or even death. Eugenol is a phenolic compound with various pharmacological activities involved antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects, which is expected to be an effective nonantibiotic therapy. The purpose of this study was to explore the protective effects of eugenol in the cellular and broiler models of S. Typhimurium infection and the possible underlying mechanisms. The results of animal infection showed that eugenol treatments enhanced the relative weight gains and survival rates of broilers with a reduction of the organ bacterial load and intestinal ultrastructural injury. Moreover, eugenol significantly inhibited the mRNA levels of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), then declined the phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα of NF-κB pathway and the expressions of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-18) in duodenum tissues, while maintained the expressions of intestinal tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-1, occludin). Further experiments in vitro revealed that eugenol markedly inhibited the adhesion and invasion of S. Typhimurium to RAW264.7 or IEC-6 cells, then reduce bacterial multiplication in IEC-6 or DF-1 cells. In conclusion, eugenol could defend broilers from S. Typhimurium infection by stabilizing the intestinal mucosal barrier and relieving inflammatory response, as well as inhibiting bacterial adhesion and invasion to cells.
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Richards AF, Torres-Velez FJ, Mantis NJ. Salmonella Uptake into Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues: Implications for Targeted Mucosal Vaccine Design and Delivery. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2410:305-324. [PMID: 34914054 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peyer's patches are organized gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) in the small intestine and the primary route by which particulate antigens, including viruses and bacteria, are sampled by the mucosal immune system. Antigen sampling occurs through M cells, a specialized epithelial cell type located in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that overlie Peyer's patch lymphoid follicles. While Peyer's patches play an integral role in intestinal homeostasis, they are also a gateway by which enteric pathogens, like Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm), cross the intestinal barrier. Once pathogens like STm gain access to the underlying network of mucosal dendritic cells and macrophages they can spread systemically. Thus, Peyer's patches are at the crossroads of mucosal immunity and intestinal pathogenesis. In this chapter, we provide detailed methods to assess STm entry into mouse Peyer's patch tissues. We describe Peyer's patch collection methods and provide strategies to enumerate bacterial uptake. We also detail a method for quantifying bacterial shedding from infected animals and provide an immunohistochemistry protocol for the localization of STm along the gastrointestinal tract and insight into pathogen transit in the presence of protective antibodies. While the protocols are written for STm, they are easily tailored to other enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelene F Richards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Fernando J Torres-Velez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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Surface Glycans Regulate Salmonella Infection-Dependent Directional Switch in Macrophage Galvanotaxis Independent of NanH. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0051621. [PMID: 34662214 PMCID: PMC8788700 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00516-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella invades and disrupts gut epithelium integrity, creating an infection-generated electric field that can drive directional migration of macrophages, a process called galvanotaxis. Phagocytosis of bacteria reverses the direction of macrophage galvanotaxis, implicating a bioelectrical mechanism to initiate life-threatening disseminations. The force that drives direction reversal of macrophage galvanotaxis is not understood. One hypothesis is that Salmonella can alter the electrical properties of the macrophages by modifying host cell surface glycan composition, which is supported by the fact that cleavage of surface-exposed sialic acids with a bacterial neuraminidase severely impairs macrophage galvanotaxis, as well as phagocytosis. Here, we utilize N-glycan profiling by nanoLC-chip QTOF mass cytometry to characterize the bacterial neuraminidase-associated compositional shift of the macrophage glycocalyx, which revealed a decrease in sialylated and an increase in fucosylated and high mannose structures. The Salmonella nanH gene, encoding a putative neuraminidase, is required for invasion and internalization in a human colonic epithelial cell infection model. To determine whether NanH is required for the Salmonella infection-dependent direction reversal, we constructed and characterized a nanH deletion mutant and found that NanH is partially required for Salmonella infection in primary murine macrophages. However, compared to wild type Salmonella, infection with the nanH mutant only marginally reduced the cathode-oriented macrophage galvonotaxis, without canceling direction reversal. Together, these findings strongly suggest that while neuraminidase-mediated N-glycan modification impaired both macrophage phagocytosis and galvanotaxis, yet to be defined mechanisms other than NanH may play a more important role in bioelectrical control of macrophage trafficking, which potentially triggers dissemination.
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Gut Bacteria and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122583. [PMID: 34946184 PMCID: PMC8708963 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in the gut microbiome plays an intrinsic part in immune activation, intestinal permeability, enteric reflex, and entero-endocrine signaling. Apart from physiological and structural changes brought about by gut bacteria on entero-epithelial cells and mucus layers, a vast number of signals generated in the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) reaches the brain via the vagus nerve. Research on the gut–brain axis (GBA) has mostly been devoted to digestive functions and satiety. Less papers have been published on the role gut microbiota play in mood, cognitive behavior and neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism, depression and schizophrenia. Whether we will be able to fully decipher the connection between gut microbiota and mental health is debatable, especially since the gut microbiome is diverse, everchanging and highly responsive to external stimuli. Nevertheless, the more we discover about the gut microbiome and the more we learn about the GBA, the greater the chance of developing novel therapeutics, probiotics and psychobiotics to treat gastro-intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but also improve cognitive functions and prevent or treat mental disorders. In this review we focus on the influence gut bacteria and their metabolites have on neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Kimminau E, Karnezos T, Berghaus R, Jones M, Baxter J, Hofacre C. Combination of probiotic and prebiotic impacts Salmonella Enteritidis infection in layer hens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Ijaz A, Veldhuizen EJA, Broere F, Rutten VPMG, Jansen CA. The Interplay between Salmonella and Intestinal Innate Immune Cells in Chickens. Pathogens 2021; 10:1512. [PMID: 34832668 PMCID: PMC8618210 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a common infection in poultry, which results in huge economic losses in the poultry industry. At the same time, Salmonella infections are a threat to public health, since contaminated poultry products can lead to zoonotic infections. Antibiotics as feed additives have proven to be an effective prophylactic option to control Salmonella infections, but due to resistance issues in humans and animals, the use of antimicrobials in food animals has been banned in Europe. Hence, there is an urgent need to look for alternative strategies that can protect poultry against Salmonella infections. One such alternative could be to strengthen the innate immune system in young chickens in order to prevent early life infections. This can be achieved by administration of immune modulating molecules that target innate immune cells, for example via feed, or by in-ovo applications. We aimed to review the innate immune system in the chicken intestine; the main site of Salmonella entrance, and its responsiveness to Salmonella infection. Identifying the most important players in the innate immune response in the intestine is a first step in designing targeted approaches for immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Ijaz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Femke Broere
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Hoffman D, Tevet Y, Trzebanski S, Rosenberg G, Vainman L, Solomon A, Hen-Avivi S, Ben-Moshe NB, Avraham R. A non-classical monocyte-derived macrophage subset provides a splenic replication niche for intracellular Salmonella. Immunity 2021; 54:2712-2723.e6. [PMID: 34788598 PMCID: PMC8691386 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between intracellular bacteria and mononuclear phagocytes give rise to diverse cellular phenotypes that may determine the outcome of infection. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have identified multiple subsets within the mononuclear population, but implications to their function during infection are limited. Here, we surveyed the mononuclear niche of intracellular Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) during early systemic infection in mice. We described eclipse-like growth kinetics in the spleen, with a first phase of bacterial control mediated by tissue-resident red-pulp macrophages. A second phase involved extensive bacterial replication within a macrophage population characterized by CD9 expression. We demonstrated that CD9+ macrophages induced pathways for detoxificating oxidized lipids, that may be utilized by intracellular S.Tm. We established that CD9+ macrophages originated from non-classical monocytes (NCM), and NCM-depleted mice were more resistant to S.Tm infection. Our study defines macrophage subset-specific host-pathogen interactions that determine early infection dynamics and infection outcome of the entire organism. At early stages, Salmonella kinetics follows an eclipse-like dynamics CD9 Macs are an intracellular replication niche for Salmonella during eclipse CD9 Macs derive from non-classical monocytes and induce pathways to detoxify oxLDL CD9 Macs depletion reduces Salmonella infection and prolongs mice survival
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Affiliation(s)
- Dotan Hoffman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaara Tevet
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sébastien Trzebanski
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gili Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leia Vainman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aryeh Solomon
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shelly Hen-Avivi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Bossel Ben-Moshe
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roi Avraham
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
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Chen D, Burford WB, Pham G, Zhang L, Alto LT, Ertelt JM, Winter MG, Winter SE, Way SS, Alto NM. Systematic reconstruction of an effector-gene network reveals determinants of Salmonella cellular and tissue tropism. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1531-1544.e9. [PMID: 34536347 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The minimal genetic requirements for microbes to survive within multiorganism communities, including host-pathogen interactions, remain poorly understood. Here, we combined targeted gene mutagenesis with phenotype-guided genetic reassembly to identify a cooperative network of SPI-2 T3SS effector genes that are sufficient for Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) to cause disease in a natural host organism. Five SPI-2 effector genes support pathogen survival within the host cell cytoplasm by coordinating bacterial replication with Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) division. Unexpectedly, this minimal genetic repertoire does not support STm systemic infection of mice. In vivo screening revealed a second effector-gene network, encoded by the spv operon, that expands the life cycle of STm from growth in cells to deep-tissue colonization in a murine model of typhoid fever. Comparison between Salmonella infection models suggests how cooperation between effector genes drives tissue tropism in a pathogen group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didi Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wesley B Burford
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Giang Pham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lishu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laura T Alto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - James M Ertelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Maria G Winter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sebastian E Winter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Neal M Alto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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40
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Foster N, Tang Y, Berchieri A, Geng S, Jiao X, Barrow P. Revisiting Persistent Salmonella Infection and the Carrier State: What Do We Know? Pathogens 2021; 10:1299. [PMID: 34684248 PMCID: PMC8537056 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One characteristic of the few Salmonella enterica serovars that produce typhoid-like infections is that disease-free persistent infection can occur for months or years in a small number of individuals post-convalescence. The bacteria continue to be shed intermittently which is a key component of the epidemiology of these infections. Persistent chronic infection occurs despite high levels of circulating specific IgG. We have reviewed the information on the basis for persistence in S. Typhi, S. Dublin, S. Gallinarum, S. Pullorum, S. Abortusovis and also S. Typhimurium in mice as a model of persistence. Persistence appears to occur in macrophages in the spleen and liver with shedding either from the gall bladder and gut or the reproductive tract. The involvement of host genetic background in defining persistence is clear from studies with the mouse but less so with human and poultry infections. There is increasing evidence that the organisms (i) modulate the host response away from the typical Th1-type response normally associated with immune clearance of an acute infection to Th2-type or an anti-inflammatory response, and that (ii) the bacteria modulate transformation of macrophage from M1 to M2 type. The bacterial factors involved in this are not yet fully understood. There are early indications that it might be possible to remodulate the response back towards a Th1 response by using cytokine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Foster
- SRUC Aberdeen Campus, Craibstone Estate, Ferguson Building, Aberdeen AB21 9YA, UK
| | - Ying Tang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Angelo Berchieri
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil;
| | - Shizhong Geng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.G.); (X.J.)
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.G.); (X.J.)
| | - Paul Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7AL, UK;
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Abokor AA, McDaniel GH, Golonka RM, Campbell C, Brahmandam S, Yeoh BS, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M, Saha P. Immunoglobulin A, an Active Liaison for Host-Microbiota Homeostasis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2117. [PMID: 34683438 PMCID: PMC8539215 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces in the gastrointestinal tract are continually exposed to native, commensal antigens and susceptible to foreign, infectious antigens. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) provides dual humoral responses that create a symbiotic environment for the resident gut microbiota and prevent the invasion of enteric pathogens. This review features recent immunological and microbial studies that elucidate the underlying IgA and microbiota-dependent mechanisms for mutualism at physiological conditions. IgA derailment and concurrent microbiota instability in pathological diseases are also discussed in detail. Highlights of this review underscore that the source of IgA and its structural form can dictate microbiota reactivity to sustain a diverse niche where both host and bacteria benefit. Other important studies emphasize IgA insufficiency can result in the bloom of opportunistic pathogens that encroach the intestinal epithelia and disseminate into circulation. The continual growth of knowledge in these subjects can lead to the development of therapeutics targeting IgA and/or the microbiota to treat life threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Abokor
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.A.A.); (R.M.G.); (B.S.Y.); (B.J.); (M.V.-K.)
| | - Grant H. McDaniel
- College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (G.H.M.); (C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Rachel M. Golonka
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.A.A.); (R.M.G.); (B.S.Y.); (B.J.); (M.V.-K.)
| | - Connor Campbell
- College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (G.H.M.); (C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Sreya Brahmandam
- College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (G.H.M.); (C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.A.A.); (R.M.G.); (B.S.Y.); (B.J.); (M.V.-K.)
| | - Bina Joe
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.A.A.); (R.M.G.); (B.S.Y.); (B.J.); (M.V.-K.)
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.A.A.); (R.M.G.); (B.S.Y.); (B.J.); (M.V.-K.)
| | - Piu Saha
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.A.A.); (R.M.G.); (B.S.Y.); (B.J.); (M.V.-K.)
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Meijerink N, van den Biggelaar RHGA, van Haarlem DA, Stegeman JA, Rutten VPMG, Jansen CA. A detailed analysis of innate and adaptive immune responsiveness upon infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis in young broiler chickens. Vet Res 2021; 52:109. [PMID: 34404469 PMCID: PMC8369617 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) is a zoonotic pathogen which causes foodborne diseases in humans as well as severe disease symptoms in young chickens. More insight in innate and adaptive immune responses of chickens to SE infection is needed to understand elimination of SE. Seven-day-old broiler chickens were experimentally challenged with SE and numbers and responsiveness of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as antibody titers were assessed. SE was observed in the ileum and spleen of SE-infected chickens at 7 days post-infection (dpi). At 1 dpi numbers of intraepithelial cytotoxic CD8+ T cells were significantly increased alongside numerically increased intraepithelial IL-2Rα+ and 20E5+ natural killer (NK) cells at 1 and 3 dpi. At both time points, activation of intraepithelial and splenic NK cells was significantly enhanced. At 7 dpi in the spleen, presence of macrophages and expression of activation markers on dendritic cells were significantly increased. At 21 dpi, SE-induced proliferation of splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was observed and SE-specific antibodies were detected in sera of all SE-infected chickens. In conclusion, SE results in enhanced numbers and activation of innate cells and we hypothesized that in concert with subsequent specific T cell and antibody responses, reduction of SE is achieved. A better understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses important in the elimination of SE will aid in developing immune-modulation strategies, which may increase resistance to SE in young broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Meijerink
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne A van Haarlem
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Arjan Stegeman
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Animal Sciences, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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43
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Haschka D, Tymoszuk P, Petzer V, Hilbe R, Heeke S, Dichtl S, Skvortsov S, Demetz E, Berger S, Seifert M, Mitterstiller AM, Moser P, Bumann D, Nairz M, Theurl I, Weiss G. Ferritin H deficiency deteriorates cellular iron handling and worsens Salmonella typhimurium infection by triggering hyperinflammation. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e141760. [PMID: 34236052 PMCID: PMC8410025 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for mammals as well as for pathogens. Inflammation-driven changes in systemic and cellular iron homeostasis are central for host-mediated antimicrobial strategies. Here, we studied the role of the iron storage protein ferritin H (FTH) for the control of infections with the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by macrophages. Mice lacking FTH in the myeloid lineage (LysM-Cre+/+Fthfl/fl mice) displayed impaired iron storage capacities in the tissue leukocyte compartment, increased levels of labile iron in macrophages, and an accelerated macrophage-mediated iron turnover. While under steady-state conditions, LysM-Cre+/+Fth+/+ and LysM-Cre+/+Fthfl/fl animals showed comparable susceptibility to Salmonella infection, i.v. iron supplementation drastically shortened survival of LysM-Cre+/+Fthfl/fl mice. Mechanistically, these animals displayed increased bacterial burden, which contributed to uncontrolled triggering of NF-κB and inflammasome signaling and development of cytokine storm and death. Importantly, pharmacologic inhibition of the inflammasome and IL-1β pathways reduced cytokine levels and mortality and partly restored infection control in iron-treated ferritin-deficient mice. These findings uncover incompletely characterized roles of ferritin and cellular iron turnover in myeloid cells in controlling bacterial spread and for modulating NF-κB and inflammasome-mediated cytokine activation, which may be of vital importance in iron-overloaded individuals suffering from severe infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Piotr Tymoszuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Petzer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Hilbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon Heeke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefanie Dichtl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sergej Skvortsov
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Research on Radiation Oncology, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Egon Demetz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sylvia Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Dirk Bumann
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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44
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Khan AA, Bano Y. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica host-pathogen interactions and their implications in gallbladder cancer. Microb Pathog 2021; 157:105011. [PMID: 34062227 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have linked chronic typhoid infection with gallbladder carcinoma without completely understood mechanism. This study was performed in order to understand role of Salmonella in gallbladder cancer etiology. METHODS Known Salmonella host-pathogen interactions were screened from database in addition to known gallbladder carcinoma targets. Host-pathogen interaction map of S. enterica was prepared and screened for interactions with gallbladder carcinoma targets. Further functional overrepresentation analysis was performed to understand the role of human targets involved in Salmonella host-pathogen interactions in gallbladder carcinoma. RESULTS Salmonella interact with several human proteins involved in gallbladder carcinoma. MAPK and RAC1 are the most important human proteins based on node degree value among all GBC associated interactors identified in current data search. Functional over-representation analysis reveals that Salmonella can induce adenocarcinoma which constitutes 85% of gallbladder cancer. CONCLUSION Though, the role of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is already suggested for Salmonella mediated gallbladder cancer, but current data based approach indicate several new insight for exploration of the role of Salmonella in gallbladder cancer etiology. The results indicate about several other processes including CREB/SP-1 and BSG(CD147) signaling, that must be given consideration for understanding the role of Salmonella in gallbladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Arif Khan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, 411026, India.
| | - Yasmin Bano
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, MP, 474001, India
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45
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Chong A, Cooper KG, Kari L, Nilsson OR, Hillman C, Fleming BA, Wang Q, Nair V, Steele-Mortimer O. Cytosolic replication in epithelial cells fuels intestinal expansion and chronic fecal shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1177-1185.e6. [PMID: 34043959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Persistent and intermittent fecal shedding, hallmarks of Salmonella infections, are important for fecal-oral transmission. In the intestine, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) actively invades intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and survives in the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) and the cell cytosol. Cytosolic STm replicate rapidly, express invasion factors, and induce extrusion of infected epithelial cells into the intestinal lumen. Here, we engineered STm that self-destruct in the cytosol (STmCytoKill), but replicates normally in the SCV, to examine the role of cytosolic STm in infection. Intestinal expansion and fecal shedding of STmCytoKill are impaired in mouse models of infection. We propose a model whereby repeated rounds of invasion, cytosolic replication, and release of invasive STm from extruded IECs fuels the high luminal density required for fecal shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Chong
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kendal G Cooper
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Laszlo Kari
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Olof R Nilsson
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Chad Hillman
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Brittany A Fleming
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Qinlu Wang
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Vinod Nair
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Olivia Steele-Mortimer
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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46
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Barilleau E, Védrine M, Koczerka M, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Kempf F, Grépinet O, Virlogeux-Payant I, Velge P, Wiedemann A. Investigation of the invasion mechanism mediated by the outer membrane protein PagN of Salmonella Typhimurium. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:153. [PMID: 34020586 PMCID: PMC8140442 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella can invade host cells via a type three secretion system called T3SS-1 and its outer membrane proteins, PagN and Rck. However, the mechanism of PagN-dependent invasion pathway used by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium remains unclear. RESULTS Here, we report that PagN is well conserved and widely distributed among the different species and subspecies of Salmonella. We showed that PagN of S. Typhimurium was sufficient and necessary to enable non-invasive E. coli over-expressing PagN and PagN-coated beads to bind to and invade different non-phagocytic cells. According to the literature, PagN is likely to interact with heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) as PagN-mediated invasion could be inhibited by heparin treatment in a dose-dependent manner. This report shows that this interaction is not sufficient to allow the internalization mechanism. Investigation of the role of β1 integrin as co-receptor showed that mouse embryo fibroblasts genetically deficient in β1 integrin were less permissive to PagN-mediated internalization. Moreover, PagN-mediated internalization was fully inhibited in glycosylation-deficient pgsA-745 cells treated with anti-β1 integrin antibody, supporting the hypothesis that β1 integrin and HSPG cooperate to induce the PagN-mediated internalization mechanism. In addition, use of specific inhibitors and expression of dominant-negative derivatives demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation and class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase were crucial to trigger PagN-dependent internalization, as for the Rck internalization mechanism. Finally, scanning electron microscopy with infected cells showed microvillus-like extensions characteristic of Zipper-like structure, engulfing PagN-coated beads and E. coli expressing PagN, as observed during Rck-mediated internalization. CONCLUSIONS Our results supply new comprehensions into T3SS-1-independent invasion mechanisms of S. Typhimurium and highly indicate that PagN induces a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway, leading to a Zipper-like entry mechanism as the Salmonella outer membrane protein Rck.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mégane Védrine
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Present Address: Service Biologie Vétérinaire et Santé Animale, Inovalys, Angers, France
| | | | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Florent Kempf
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Velge
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Agnès Wiedemann
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France. .,Present Address: IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université́ de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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47
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Stinson LF, Sindi ASM, Cheema AS, Lai CT, Mühlhäusler BS, Wlodek ME, Payne MS, Geddes DT. The human milk microbiome: who, what, when, where, why, and how? Nutr Rev 2021; 79:529-543. [PMID: 32443154 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains an incredible array of microorganisms. These likely contribute to the seeding of the infant gastrointestinal microbiome, thereby influencing infant immune and metabolic development and later-life health. Given the importance of the HM microbiota in this context, there has been an increase in research efforts to characterize this in different populations and in relation to different maternal and infant characteristics. However, despite a decade of intensive research, there remain several unanswered questions in this field. In this review, the "5 W+H" approach (who, what, when, where, why, and how) is used to comprehensively describe the composition, function, and origin of the HM microbiome. Here, existing evidence will be drawn together and critically appraised to highlight avenues for further research, both basic and applied. Perhaps the most interesting of these is the potential to modulate the HM microbiome using pre/probiotics or dietary interventions. Another exciting possibility is the personalization of donor milk for women with insufficient supply. By gaining a deeper understanding of the HM microbiome, opportunities to intervene to optimize infant and lifelong health may be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F Stinson
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Azhar S M Sindi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ali S Cheema
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Beverly S Mühlhäusler
- CSIRO, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew S Payne
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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48
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Agbayani G, Clark K, Sandhu JK, Hewitt M, Sad S, Murphy SP, Krishnan L. IFN-alpha receptor deficiency enhances host resistance to oral Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection during murine pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13454. [PMID: 33991140 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Maternal tolerance during pregnancy increases the risk of infection with certain intracellular pathogens. Systemic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.Tm) infection during pregnancy in normally resistant 129X1/SvJ mice leads to severe placental infection, as well as fetal and maternal deaths. However, the effect of oral infection with S.Tm in pregnant mice and the roles of infection-induced inflammation and cell death pathways in contributing to susceptibility to infection are unclear. METHOD OF STUDY Non-pregnant and pregnant C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and cell death pathway-altered mice (IFNAR1-/- , Caspase-1, 11-/- , RIP3-/- ) were infected orally with S.Tm. Host survival and fetal resorption were determined. Bacterial burden in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), spleen, liver, and placentas was enumerated at various time points post-infection. Serum cytokine expression was measured through cytometric bead array. RESULTS Oral infection of WT mice with S.Tm on days 9-10 of gestation resulted in systemic dissemination of the bacteria, substantial placental colonization, and fetal loss 5 days post-infection. Histopathological examination of the placentas indicated that infection-induced widespread focal necrosis and neutrophil infiltration throughout the spongiotrophoblast (SpT) layer. In the non-pregnant state, IFNAR1-/- mice exhibited increased survival following oral S.Tm infection relative to Caspase-1, 11-/- , RIP3-/- , and WT mice. The increased resistance to S.Tm infection in IFNAR1-/- mice was seen during pregnancy as well, with decreased bacterial burden within MLNs, spleen, and placenta, which correlated with the decreased resorptions relative to WT and Caspase-1, 11-/- mice. CONCLUSION Oral S.Tm exposure leads to placental infection, inflammation, and resorption, whereas IFNAR1 deficiency enhances host resistance both in the non-pregnant and pregnant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Agbayani
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kristina Clark
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jagdeep K Sandhu
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Hewitt
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn P Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- Division of Life Sciences, Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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49
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Lemme-Dumit JM, Cazorla SI, Perdigón GDV, Maldonado-Galdeano C. Probiotic Bacteria and Their Cell Walls Induce Th1-Type Immunity Against Salmonella Typhimurium Challenge. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660854. [PMID: 34054825 PMCID: PMC8149796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been associated with a variety of health benefits. They can act as adjuvant to enhance specific immune response. Bacterial cell wall (CW) molecules are key structures that interact with host receptors promoting probiotic effects. The adjuvant capacity underlying this sub-cellular fraction purified from Lactobacillus casei CRL431 and L. paracasei CNCMI-1518 remains to be characterized. We interrogated the molecular and cellular events after oral feeding with probiotic-derived CW in addition to heat-inactivated Salmonella Typhimurium and their subsequent protective capacity against S. Typhimurium challenge. Intact probiotic bacteria were orally administered for comparison. We find that previous oral feeding with probiotics or their sub-cellular fraction reduce bacterial burden in spleen and liver after Salmonella challenge. Antibody responses after pathogen challenge were negligible, characterized by not major changes in the antibody-mediated phagocytic activity, and in the levels of total and Salmonella-specific intestinal sIgA and serum IgG, respectively. Conversely, the beneficial effect of probiotic-derived CW after S. Typhimurium challenge were ascribed to a Th1-type cell-mediated immunity which was characterized by augmentation of the delayed-type hypersensitivity response. The cell-mediated immunity associated with the oral feeding with probiotic-derived CW was accompanied with a Th1-cell polarizing cytokines, distinguished by increase IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. Similar results were observed with the intact probiotics. Our study identified molecular events associated with the oral administration of sub-cellular structures derived from probiotics and their adjuvant capacity to exert immune modulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Lemme-Dumit
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Silvia Inés Cazorla
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Del Valle Perdigón
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Carolina Maldonado-Galdeano
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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50
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Erazo AB, Wang N, Standke L, Semeniuk AD, Fülle L, Cengiz SC, Thiem M, Weighardt H, Strugnell RA, Förster I. CCL17-expressing dendritic cells in the intestine are preferentially infected by Salmonella but CCL17 plays a redundant role in systemic dissemination. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 9:891-904. [PMID: 33945673 PMCID: PMC8342217 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Salmonella spp. are a recognized and global cause of serious health issues from gastroenteritis to invasive disease. The mouse model of human typhoid fever, which uses Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) in susceptible mouse strains, has revealed that the bacteria gain access to extraintestinal tissues from the gastrointestinal tract to cause severe systemic disease. Previous analysis of the immune responses against Salmonella spp. revealed the crucial role played by dendritic cells (DCs) in carrying STM from the intestinal mucosa to the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLNs), a key site for antigen presentation and T cell activation. In this study, we investigated the influence of chemokine CCL17 on the dissemination of STM. Methods WT, CCL17/EGFP reporter, or CCL17‐deficient mice were infected orally with STM (SL1344) or mCherry‐expressing STM for 1–3 days. Colocalization of STM with CCL17‐expressing DCs in Peyer's patches (PP) and mLN was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, DCs and myeloid cell populations from naïve and Salmonella‐infected mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. Bacterial load was determined in PP, mLN, spleen, and liver 1 and 3 days after infection. Results Histological analysis revealed that CCL17‐expressing cells are located in close proximity to STM in the dome area of PP. We show that, in mLN, STM were preferentially located within CCL17+ rather than CCL17− DCs, besides other mononuclear phagocytes, and identified the CD103+ CD11b− DC subset as the main STM‐carrying DC population in the intestine. STM infection triggered upregulation of CCL17 expression in specific intestinal DC subsets in a tissue‐specific manner. The dissemination of STM from the gut to the mLN, however, was only moderately influenced by the presence of CCL17. Conclusion CCL17‐expressing DCs were preferentially infected by Salmonella in the intestine in comparison to other DC. Nevertheless, the production of CCL17 was not essential for the early dissemination of Salmonella from the gut to systemic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Erazo
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nancy Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lena Standke
- Department for Innate Immunity and Metaflammation, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Adrian D Semeniuk
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorenz Fülle
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sevgi C Cengiz
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manja Thiem
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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