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McGuire B, Dadah H, Oliver D. The effects of acute hyperglycaemia on sports and exercise performance in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:78-85. [PMID: 38030440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are advised by health care professionals to target mild hyperglycaemia before and during exercise, to reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia. This review aimed to summarise the available evidence on the effects of acute hyperglycaemia on sports and exercise performance in T1D. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Web of Science were searched until 29th May 2023 for studies investigating the effects of acute hyperglycaemia on any sports or exercise performance outcome in T1D. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed using standardised mean differences (SMD) when more than one study reported data for similar outcomes. Certainty of evidence for each outcome was assessed using GRADE. RESULTS Seven studies were included in the review, comprising data from 119 people with T1D. Meta-analysis provided moderate-certainty evidence that acute hyperglycaemia does not significantly affect aerobic exercise performance (SMD -0.17; 95 % CI -0.59, 0.26; p = 0.44). There is low- or very-low certainty evidence that acute hyperglycaemia has no effect on anaerobic (two outcomes), neuromuscular (seven outcomes) or neurocognitive performance (three outcomes), except impaired isometric knee extension strength. One study provided low-certainty evidence that the performance effects of hyperglycaemia may depend on circulating insulin levels. CONCLUSIONS Acute hyperglycaemia before or during exercise appears unlikely to affect aerobic performance to an extent that is relevant to most people with T1D, based on limited evidence. Future research in this field should focus on anaerobic, neuromuscular and neurocognitive performance, and examine the relevance of circulating insulin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hashim Dadah
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Dominic Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, UK; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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2
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Aguiar AS. Cannabis Is Not Doping. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:949-954. [PMID: 37279460 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) classifies cannabis, all phytocannabinoids, and synthetics as doping, except for CBD. For agency, a method for doping substance must meet two criteria: performance enhancement (ergogenicity), health risk, or violation of the spirit of sports. Cannabis is neither ergogenic nor ergolytic (performance worsens), and the health risks for athletes are overestimated after 20 years of research. The significant problem remains in the complex (and difficult interpretation) definition of the spirit of sports, which transcends the objectives of sports excellence (performance and injury prevention) for moral policing. This perspective presents an evidence-based counterargument recommending the removal of cannabis and phytocannabinoids from the WADA Prohibited List.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderbal Silva Aguiar
- Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Araranguá, Brazil
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3
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Pujalte GGA, Narducci DM, Smith MS, King R, Logan K, Callender SS, Liebman CA, Kane SF, Israel MP, Wolf SF, Nuti R, Khodaee M. Athletes With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Position Statement of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:195-208. [PMID: 37185161 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Athletes of all ages may be affected by medical and mental health issues. Sports medicine physicians should be familiar with common conditions that may affect the well-being of athletes, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD behaviors have the potential to affect a person's ability to concentrate. It is likely that social and cognitive therapies combined with pharmacotherapy will be the most effective way to treat ADHD in athletes. Medications used for ADHD, especially stimulant types, are known to improve alertness, reaction time, anaerobic performance, and endurance, which would potentially improve athletic performance. Furthermore, stimulant medications may enable student athletes with ADHD to focus on academic studies for longer periods of time, beyond usual levels of fatigue, important for those who may be exhausted after practices and games. The purported performance enhancement effects and potential adverse effects of stimulant medications have prompted many sports governing bodies to ban prescription stimulants or establish strict rules for their use. Athletes taking physician-prescribed stimulants to treat ADHD need to provide the appropriate documentation for approval before competition or risk punitive measures. Physicians should strive to provide a high quality of care to athletes with ADHD through early diagnosis, appropriate and careful multidisciplinary treatment, and complete and timely documentation to facilitate continued sports participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George G A Pujalte
- Department of Family Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Dusty Marie Narducci
- Department of Family Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael Seth Smith
- Sports Medicine Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rebecca King
- Primary Care National Landing, Virginia Hospital Center, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Kelsey Logan
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shelley Street Callender
- Departments of Pediatrics and Family Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Catherine A Liebman
- Department Family Medicine and Community Health, Penn Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shawn F Kane
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael P Israel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Sigrid F Wolf
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Morteza Khodaee
- AF Williams Family Medicine Clinic, UCHealth, Denver, Colorado
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4
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Bourdillon N, Eugster PJ, Vocat C, Nguyen T, Wuerzner G, Grouzmann E, Millet GP. Saxagliptin: A potential doping agent? A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, and crossover pilot study in young active men. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15515. [PMID: 36461653 PMCID: PMC9718941 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Ys (NPYs) contribute to sympathetic-adreno stimulation: NPY1-36 potentiates the effects of catecholamines (CATs), whereas NPY3-36 inhibits CAT release. We sought to investigate whether inhibiting dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4), cleaving NPY1-36 into NPY3-36, leads to increased NPY1-36 potentiating effects and reduced NPY3-36 inhibitory effects on CATs, thereby improving endurance performance. Seven male participants (age 27 ± 3 years, BMI 23.1 ± 2.4 kg/m2 ) performed time-to-exhaustion cycling exercise at 95% of peak power output with either placebo, or saxagliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor. Oxygen consumption (V̇O2 ), heart rate variability, NPY1-36, NPY3-36, catecholamines, and lactate were measured at several time points before, during, and after exercise. With saxagliptin, DPP4 activity (12.7 ± 1.6 vs. 0.2 ± 0.3 U/L, p = 0.001; d = 10.7) was decreased at rest, while NPY3-36 (1.94 ± 0.88 vs. 0.73 ± 0.22 pm; p < 0.001; d = 2.04) decreased and NPY1-36 increased during exercise (2.64 ± 2.22 vs. 4.59 ± 2.98 pm; p < 0.01; d = 0.19). CATs were unchanged. Time-to-exhaustion was 32% higher with saxagliptin. The difference in time-to-exhaustion between placebo and saxagliptin was correlated with NPY1-36 differences (R = 0.78, p < 0.05). Peak V̇O2 and other cardio-respiratory values were not different, whereas peak NPY concentrations were higher with saxagliptin. DPP4 blockade improved performance, increased NPY1-36, and decreased NPY3-36 concentrations which may have potentiating effects on the influences of CATs. However, DPP4 is involved in many different actions, thus NPYs are one group of factors that may underly its performance-enhancing effects; further studies are required to determine the exact mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe J. Eugster
- Service of Clinical PharmacologyLausanne University Hospital, University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Céline Vocat
- Service of Clinical PharmacologyLausanne University Hospital, University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Toan Nguyen
- Institute of Sport SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Gregoire Wuerzner
- Service of Nephrology and HypertensionLausanne University Hospital, University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Eric Grouzmann
- Service of Clinical PharmacologyLausanne University Hospital, University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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5
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[Bipolar androgen therapy followed by immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer: A report of 4 cases]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [PMID: 35950406 PMCID: PMC9385506 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between androgen and prostate cancer treatment has plagued the field of urologic oncology. To investigate the efficacy and safety of bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) followed by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). In August 2020, Beijing Hospital conducted an investigator-initiated study: Bipolar androgen therapy followed by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Up to now, the study has included 4 patients who completed the entire cycle of treatment. The mean age of the patients was 74.5 (68 to 82) years old, the mean prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 20.8 (9.9 to 8.36) μg/L, the mean testosterone was 0.50 (0.00 to 1.81) μg/L, and the Gleason score were 10 and 9, 7, 7 respectively. The pain scale score before treatment was 1.5 (1 to 2). In this study, 4 patients completed the entire cycle of treatment, and the treatment effect of the patients showed great heterogeneity. PSA in case 1 decreased from 24.0 μg/L to 0.47 μg/L, testosterone increased from 0.175 6 μg/L to 2.62 μg/L. PSA in case 2 increased from 9.939 μg/L to 168.536 μg/L, and testosterone increased from 0.0 μg/L increased to 2.85 μg/L. PSA increased from 13.31 μg/L to 39.278 μg/L in case 3, testosterone increased from 0.0 μg/L to 2.54 μg/L. and PSA increased from 36.0 μg/L to 350.2 μg/L in the case 4, testosterone increased from 1.81 μg/L to 3.85 μg/L. Except for one patient who showed significant PSA remission, the PSA levels of the remaining three patients remained high overall. There were no adverse reactions reported in 4 patients. In the follow-up, case 1 continued to use PD-1 monoclonal antibody (median progression free survival time was 10 months). Two patients who had previously been resistant to enzalutamide received enzalutamide again after the whole cycle of treatment, and their PSA decreased again, which indicated that the patient was sensitive to enzalutamide again. BAT had a certain therapeutic effect on mCRPC patients, and the safety was controllable. Its tumor control effect still needed long-term follow-up verification in large-sample clinical trials. BAT has a certain therapeutic effect on mCRPC patient, especially the resensitivity of tumors to enzalutamide can be restored. Immune checkpoint inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in patients with prostate cancer treated with BAT and enzalutamide.
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康 志, 王 磊, 韩 永, 郭 向. [Anesthesia management of athletes' operation in Beijing Olympic Winter Games]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 54:770-773. [PMID: 35950407 PMCID: PMC9385508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
According to literature reports, the injury rate of the athletes in Olympic Winter Games recent years was as high as 10%-14%. Combined with the background of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the medical insurance work of the 24th Olympic Winter Games held in Beijing had put forward more complicated requirements and more severe challenges. In order to better optimize anesthesia management, this article summarized the perioperative treatment of athletes in Olympic Winter Games, the safety protection strategy of medical staff under general anesthesia, and the potential impact of peri-operative drugs on athletes. Anesthesiologists, as the core members of the rescue team, should be familiar with the particularity of operative anesthesia of athletes, sum up relevant experience to ensure the safety of perioperative patients. So all kinds of technical measures should be taken in the process of operation to minimize the indoor pollution caused by the patient's cough. For example, all the patients should wear N95 masks from the ward to the operating room, and after the operation, wear the N95 masks back to the ward. Although the International Olympic Committee had banned more than 200 drugs for participants and athletes who had to strictly follow International Olympic Committee requirements during anesthesia, the athletes were no longer participating in this Olympic Winter Games, so opioids (sufentanil and remifentanil) and glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) could be used according to the actual needs of surgery and anesthesia. Five athletes in Yanqing competition area underwent surgical anesthesia in Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital. All the five patients received general anesthesia, of whom four underwent orthopaedic surgery and one underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. General anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway was the first choice in the five patients. And the pain after orthopaedic surgery was severe and nerve block technique could effectively relieve the pain after surgery. Three patients received ultrasound-guided nerve block analgesia, the postoperative analgesia lasted 36 h. After the operation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was infused intravenously in the ward and all the patients recovered uneventfully. As the core member of the trauma rescue team, anesthesiologists should be familiar with the particularity of the athletes' surgical anesthesia, do a good job in medical security, and summarize relevant experience to ensure the life safety of the perioperative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- 志宇 康
- 北京大学第三医院延庆医院麻醉科, 北京 102100Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital, Beijing 102100, China
| | - 磊磊 王
- 北京大学第三医院延庆医院麻醉科, 北京 102100Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital, Beijing 102100, China
| | - 永正 韩
- 北京大学第三医院麻醉科, 北京 100191Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 向阳 郭
- 北京大学第三医院麻醉科, 北京 100191Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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7
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刘 圣, 侯 惠, 吕 政, 丁 鑫, 王 璐, 张 磊, 刘 明. [Bipolar androgen therapy followed by immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer: A report of 4 cases]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 54:766-769. [PMID: 35950406 PMCID: PMC9385506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between androgen and prostate cancer treatment has plagued the field of urologic oncology. To investigate the efficacy and safety of bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) followed by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). In August 2020, Beijing Hospital conducted an investigator-initiated study: Bipolar androgen therapy followed by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Up to now, the study has included 4 patients who completed the entire cycle of treatment. The mean age of the patients was 74.5 (68 to 82) years old, the mean prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 20.8 (9.9 to 8.36) μg/L, the mean testosterone was 0.50 (0.00 to 1.81) μg/L, and the Gleason score were 10 and 9, 7, 7 respectively. The pain scale score before treatment was 1.5 (1 to 2). In this study, 4 patients completed the entire cycle of treatment, and the treatment effect of the patients showed great heterogeneity. PSA in case 1 decreased from 24.0 μg/L to 0.47 μg/L, testosterone increased from 0.175 6 μg/L to 2.62 μg/L. PSA in case 2 increased from 9.939 μg/L to 168.536 μg/L, and testosterone increased from 0.0 μg/L increased to 2.85 μg/L. PSA increased from 13.31 μg/L to 39.278 μg/L in case 3, testosterone increased from 0.0 μg/L to 2.54 μg/L. and PSA increased from 36.0 μg/L to 350.2 μg/L in the case 4, testosterone increased from 1.81 μg/L to 3.85 μg/L. Except for one patient who showed significant PSA remission, the PSA levels of the remaining three patients remained high overall. There were no adverse reactions reported in 4 patients. In the follow-up, case 1 continued to use PD-1 monoclonal antibody (median progression free survival time was 10 months). Two patients who had previously been resistant to enzalutamide received enzalutamide again after the whole cycle of treatment, and their PSA decreased again, which indicated that the patient was sensitive to enzalutamide again. BAT had a certain therapeutic effect on mCRPC patients, and the safety was controllable. Its tumor control effect still needed long-term follow-up verification in large-sample clinical trials. BAT has a certain therapeutic effect on mCRPC patient, especially the resensitivity of tumors to enzalutamide can be restored. Immune checkpoint inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in patients with prostate cancer treated with BAT and enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- 圣杰 刘
- />北京医院泌尿外科, 国家老年医学中心, 中国医学科学院老年医学研究院, 北京 100730Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital; National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinses Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100070, China
| | - 惠民 侯
- />北京医院泌尿外科, 国家老年医学中心, 中国医学科学院老年医学研究院, 北京 100730Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital; National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinses Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100070, China
| | - 政通 吕
- />北京医院泌尿外科, 国家老年医学中心, 中国医学科学院老年医学研究院, 北京 100730Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital; National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinses Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100070, China
| | - 鑫 丁
- />北京医院泌尿外科, 国家老年医学中心, 中国医学科学院老年医学研究院, 北京 100730Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital; National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinses Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100070, China
| | - 璐 王
- />北京医院泌尿外科, 国家老年医学中心, 中国医学科学院老年医学研究院, 北京 100730Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital; National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinses Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100070, China
| | - 磊 张
- />北京医院泌尿外科, 国家老年医学中心, 中国医学科学院老年医学研究院, 北京 100730Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital; National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinses Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100070, China
| | - 明 刘
- />北京医院泌尿外科, 国家老年医学中心, 中国医学科学院老年医学研究院, 北京 100730Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital; National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinses Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100070, China
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8
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康 志, 王 磊, 韩 永, 郭 向. [Anesthesia management of athletes' operation in Beijing Olympic Winter Games]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 54:770-773. [PMID: 35950407 PMCID: PMC9385508 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
According to literature reports, the injury rate of the athletes in Olympic Winter Games recent years was as high as 10%-14%. Combined with the background of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the medical insurance work of the 24th Olympic Winter Games held in Beijing had put forward more complicated requirements and more severe challenges. In order to better optimize anesthesia management, this article summarized the perioperative treatment of athletes in Olympic Winter Games, the safety protection strategy of medical staff under general anesthesia, and the potential impact of peri-operative drugs on athletes. Anesthesiologists, as the core members of the rescue team, should be familiar with the particularity of operative anesthesia of athletes, sum up relevant experience to ensure the safety of perioperative patients. So all kinds of technical measures should be taken in the process of operation to minimize the indoor pollution caused by the patient's cough. For example, all the patients should wear N95 masks from the ward to the operating room, and after the operation, wear the N95 masks back to the ward. Although the International Olympic Committee had banned more than 200 drugs for participants and athletes who had to strictly follow International Olympic Committee requirements during anesthesia, the athletes were no longer participating in this Olympic Winter Games, so opioids (sufentanil and remifentanil) and glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) could be used according to the actual needs of surgery and anesthesia. Five athletes in Yanqing competition area underwent surgical anesthesia in Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital. All the five patients received general anesthesia, of whom four underwent orthopaedic surgery and one underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. General anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway was the first choice in the five patients. And the pain after orthopaedic surgery was severe and nerve block technique could effectively relieve the pain after surgery. Three patients received ultrasound-guided nerve block analgesia, the postoperative analgesia lasted 36 h. After the operation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was infused intravenously in the ward and all the patients recovered uneventfully. As the core member of the trauma rescue team, anesthesiologists should be familiar with the particularity of the athletes' surgical anesthesia, do a good job in medical security, and summarize relevant experience to ensure the life safety of the perioperative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- 志宇 康
- 北京大学第三医院延庆医院麻醉科, 北京 102100Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital, Beijing 102100, China
| | - 磊磊 王
- 北京大学第三医院延庆医院麻醉科, 北京 102100Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital, Beijing 102100, China
| | - 永正 韩
- 北京大学第三医院麻醉科, 北京 100191Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 向阳 郭
- 北京大学第三医院麻醉科, 北京 100191Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
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9
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Loh SK, Lim JZ, Pan JW, Aziz L, Lee M, Kong PW. Air pistol shooting: upper limb muscle activation between training and simulated competition. Sports Biomech 2021:1-12. [PMID: 34542383 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1975812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Heightened stress during air pistol competitions may impair shooters' abilities to maintain gun stability, resulting in inferior performance. This study aimed to compare the pre-trigger muscle activation levels of upper muscles in 10-m air pistol shooters between training and simulated competition conditions. Seven sub-elite shooters from the Singapore National Youth Air Pistol Team shot 30 shots in a training versus simulated competition condition in randomised orders on separate days. Muscle activation for the forearm and shoulder muscles, namely extensor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, anterior deltoid, and posterior deltoid, were recorded using electromyography (EMG). Shooting performance was evaluated by total shot scores. Stress level was monitored via heart rate and the Mental Readiness Form-3. No statistically significant differences were found in EMG, performance, or stress-related variables between conditions, although moderate-to-large effect sizes were observed in some muscle activation and self-reported stress indicators. Analysis of individual performances using smallest worthwhile change showed that two participants improved under the simulated competition condition, while two declined, and three remained unaffected. In conclusion, sub-elite youth air pistol shooters were able to exhibit good neuromuscular control under high anxiety situations and thus their performance was largely unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suan K Loh
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jolene Z Lim
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Wen Pan
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Marcus Lee
- Sports Biomechanics, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pui W Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Citherlet T, Crettaz von Roten F, Kayser B, Guex K. Acute Effects of the Wim Hof Breathing Method on Repeated Sprint Ability: A Pilot Study. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:700757. [PMID: 34514386 PMCID: PMC8424088 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.700757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wim Hof breathing method (WHBM) combines periods of hyperventilation (HV) followed by voluntary breath-holds (BH) at low lung volume. It has been increasingly adopted by coaches and their athletes to improve performance, but there was no published research on its effects. We determined the feasibility of implementing a single WHBM session before repeated sprinting performance and evaluated any acute ergogenic effects. Fifteen amateur runners performed a single WHBM session prior to a Repeated Ability Sprint Test (RAST) in comparison to voluntary HV or spontaneous breathing (SB) (control) in a randomized cross-over design. Gas exchange, heart rate, and finger pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored. Despite large physiological effects in the SpO2 and expired carbon dioxide (VCO2) levels of both HV and WHBM, no significant positive or negative condition effects were found on RAST peak power, average power, or fatigue index. Finger SpO2 dropped to 60 ± 12% at the end of the BHs. Upon the last HV in the WHBM and HV conditions, end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (PETCO2) values were 19 ± 3 and 17 ± 3 mmHg, indicative of respiratory alkalosis with estimated arterial pH increases of +0.171 and of +0.181, respectively. Upon completion of RAST, 8 min cumulated expired carbon dioxide volumes in the WHBM and HV were greater than in SB, suggesting lingering carbon dioxide stores depletion. These findings indicate that despite large physiological effects, a single WHBM session does not improve anaerobic performance in repeated sprinting exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenny Guex
- School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Athletics, Haus des Sports, Ittigen, Switzerland
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11
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Peres Valgas da Silva C, Calmasini F, Alexandre EC, Raposo HF, Delbin MA, Monica FZ, Zanesco A. The effects of mirabegron on obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance are associated with brown adipose tissue activation but not beiging in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1477-1487. [PMID: 34343353 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mirabegron is a selective β₃-adrenergic receptors agonist, which has been recently shown to improve metabolic health in rodents and humans. In this study, we investigated the effects of 2-week mirabegron treatment on the metabolic parameters of mice with a diet-induced obesity (DIO). C57BL/6JUnib mice were divided into control (CTR) and obese (OB) groups treated with vehicle, and an OB group treated with mirabegron (OB + MIRA). The obese groups were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Mirabegron (10 mg/kg/day) was administrated orally by gavage from weeks 10-12. After 2 weeks of mirabegron treatment, the energy expenditure was assessed with indirect calorimetry. Blood glucose, insulin, glycerol, free fatty acids (FFA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBAR), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were also assessed, and the HOMA index was determined. Liver tissue, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) samples were collected for histological examination. The protein expressions of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) were assessed using western blotting of the BAT and iWAT samples. In this study, mirabegron increased the energy expenditure and decreased adiposity in OB + MIRA. Increased UCP1 expression in BAT without changes in iWAT was also found. Mirabegron decreased circulating levels of FFA, glycerol, insulin, TNF-α, TBARS and HOMA index. DIO significantly increased the lipid deposits in the liver and BAT, but mirabegron partially reversed this change. Our findings indicate that treatment with mirabegron decreased inflammation and improved metabolism in obese mice. This effect was associated with increased BAT-mediated energy expenditure, but not iWAT beiging, which suggests that mirabegron might be useful for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmem Peres Valgas da Silva
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Physical Education, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Calmasini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Costa Alexandre
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Helena Fonseca Raposo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Andreia Delbin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Zakia Monica
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Angelina Zanesco
- Department of Physical Education, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil.,Medical School, Graduate Program in Environmental Health, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil
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12
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Castro RRTD. Should Antiarrhythmic Treatment Be Considered Doping in a Shooting Athlete? JOURNAL OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS 2021. [DOI: 10.24207/jca.v34i1.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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13
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Karakka Kal AK, Karatt TK, Philip M, Meissir S, Nalakath J. Separation and Determination of the Enantiomeric Levamisole and Dexamisole in Equine Plasma Samples Using Chiral Polysaccharide Column/ LC-MS/MS. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190808103143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Drug Enforcement Administration confirmed that many manufacturers began
adding tetramisole or its individual isomers to cocaine as an adulterant, and believed that
tetramisole may augment cocaine’s effects. In recent times, there is an increasing trend in the usage
of tetramisole and its individual enantiomer in race sports especially in horse and camel races. So it’s
is very much required to confirm the stereochemistry of this illicit drug in the routine race day samples
coming to the anti-doping labs in order to avoid legal arguments and challenges to the analytical
findings.
Methods:
The aim of the study was to develop a simple, rapid and accurate method for the chiral
separation and determination of enantiomeric mixtures of levamisole and dexamisole using Thermo
Q-Exactive High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer. In order to evaluate the suitability of the method for
determining the enantiomeric purity of tetramisole, validation studies were also carried out by using
equine plasma.
Results:
The enantio-separation was achieved using the Lux i-cellulose-5 column. Isocratic flow was
used with a 1:1 mixture of mobile phase A (10 mM ammonium acetate in water) and mobile phase B
(acetonitrile), at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. The run time was 8.0 min, and the column temperature
was 50°C. Dexamisole eluted at 5.94 min, and levamisole eluted at 6.62 min, giving the R-value of
1.50. The obtained inter-day precisions of dexamisole, levamisole were 3.16% and 2.85%, respectively.
The accuracy of dexamisole was in the range of 97.78 to 102.44%, and that for levamisole
was 99.16 to 102.82%. The limit of quantification value for both isomers in this method was 0.1 ng/
mL. The method was linear in the range of 0 to 50 ng/mL.
Conclusion:
Chromatographic separation was achieved using the polysaccharide cellulose chiral
column, and the reverse-phase separation approach was found to have the highest potential for successful
chiral resolution in LC-MS. Linearity, precision, accuracy, detection limit, recovery, and the
matrix effect in equine plasma were determined. Under the optimized conditions, the validated method
can be applied for the identification and detection of the tetramisole enantiomers in different
sources of illicit drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Khader Karakka Kal
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tajudheen K. Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samir Meissir
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jahfar Nalakath
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Sujkowski A, Gretzinger A, Soave N, Todi SV, Wessells R. Alpha- and beta-adrenergic octopamine receptors in muscle and heart are required for Drosophila exercise adaptations. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008778. [PMID: 32579604 PMCID: PMC7351206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise has broadly protective effects across organisms, increasing metabolic fitness and reducing incidence of several age-related diseases. Drosophila has emerged as a useful model for studying changes induced by chronic endurance exercise, as exercising flies experience improvements to various aspects of fitness at the cellular, organ and organismal level. The activity of octopaminergic neurons is sufficient to induce the conserved cellular and physiological changes seen following endurance training. All 4 octopamine receptors are required in at least one target tissue, but only one, Octβ1R, is required for all of them. Here, we perform tissue- and adult-specific knockdown of alpha- and beta-adrenergic octopamine receptors in several target tissues. We find that reduced expression of Octβ1R in adult muscles abolishes exercise-induced improvements in endurance, climbing speed, flight, cardiac performance and fat-body catabolism in male Drosophila. Importantly, Octβ1R and OAMB expression in the heart is also required cell-nonautonomously for adaptations in other tissues, such as skeletal muscles in legs and adult fat body. These findings indicate that activation of distinct octopamine receptors in skeletal and cardiac muscle are required for Drosophila exercise adaptations, and suggest that cell non-autonomous factors downstream of octopaminergic activation play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Sujkowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anna Gretzinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicolette Soave
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sokol V. Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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Koch S, Zelembaba A, Tran R, Laeremans M, Hives B, Carlsten C, De Boever P, Koehle MS. Vascular effects of physical activity are not modified by short-term inhaled diesel exhaust: Results of a controlled human exposure study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109270. [PMID: 32311911 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combined effects of physical activity and air pollution exposure on vascular function are insufficiently understood, particularly after the inhalation of a β2-agonist, a vasodilating agent. OBJECTIVE To assess the micro- and macrovascular response to physical activity after β2-agonist use while breathing diesel exhaust (DE) in individuals with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. METHODS On four exposure visits, eighteen adults inhaled either 400 μg of the β2-agonist salbutamol or placebo before resting for 60 min, followed by a 30-min cycling bout. During rest and cycling, participants inhaled filtered air (FA) or DE (300 μg/m3 of PM2.5). Microvascular (central retinal arteriolar and venular equivalents, CRAE and CRVE, respectively) and macrovascular parameters (blood pressure (BP)) and heart rate (HR)) were assessed at baseline (T1), 10 min (T2) and 70 min (T3) after cycling. RESULTS The cycling bout increased CRAE (T2-T1 difference (95th % confidence interval): 4.88 μm (4.73, 5.00 μm), p < 0.001; T3-T1 difference: 2.10 μm (1.62, 2.58 μm), p = 0.031) and CRVE (T2-T1 difference: 3.78 μm (3.63, 3.92 μm), p < 0.001; T3-T1 difference: 3.73 μm (3.63, 3.92 μm), p < 0.001). The exposure to DE had no effect on CRAE (FA-DE difference at T2: 0.46 μm (-0.02, 0.92 μm); p = 0.790; FA-DE difference at T3: 1.76 μm (1.36, 2.16 μm), p = 0.213) and CRVE (FA-DE difference at T2: 0.26 μm (-0.35, 0.88 μm), p = 0.906; FA-DE difference at T3: 0.55 μm (0.05, 1.06 μm), p = 0.750). Compared to T1, systolic BP was decreased at T2 by 2.5 mmHg (2.8, 2.3 mmHg, p = 0.047), independent of inhaled exposure. Heart rate at T2 was significantly increased by 3 bpm (2, 3 bpm, p = 0.025) after the DE-exposure when compared to FA. DISCUSSION Acute physical activity induces a vasodilatory response in the micro- and macrovasculature in healthy adults by increasing CRAE and CRVE, and by reducing systolic BP post exercise, despite breathing DE. The DE-associated increase in HR might be indicative of an increased sympathetic response to physical activity while breathing DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koch
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Ana Zelembaba
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Raymond Tran
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michelle Laeremans
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Hives
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michael Stephen Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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16
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Dufayet L, Gorgiard C, Vayssette F, Barbet JP, Hoizey G, Ludes B. Death of an apprentice bodybuilder following 2,4-dinitrophenol and clenbuterol intake. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:1003-1006. [PMID: 32125503 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We present the case of a 17-year-old man, who died after 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and clenbuterol consumption, which he likely took for physical enhancement. Forensic post-mortem examination revealed a yellowish skin colour and nonspecific signs of asphyxia. Analytical confirmation of the intoxication was obtained in blood and urine, with high levels of DNP and clenbuterol. Both of these substances are used by bodybuilders as DNP enhance lipolysis and clenbuterol has anabolic properties, but their toxicity is underestimated. DNP uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, leading to thermogenesis and even relatively small doses can cause fatal hyperthermia. Clenbuterol is a β2 agonist that causes electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia and hyperglycemia mostly) and death have been described through coronary vasospasm. Given the circumstances in which the body was found and toxicological results, we believe the cause of death to be fatal hyperthermia from DNP intake. These substances are illegal in many countries, but easily bought online. Through this availability, the last decades have seen an increase of fatal intoxications. Websites selling them are regularly closed by French public authorities and Interpol, but unfortunately it seems insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dufayet
- Unité Médico-Judiciaire, APHP Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France.
- Centre antipoison de Paris, Fédération de toxicologie Fetox, APHP Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Paris, France.
| | - C Gorgiard
- Unité Médico-Judiciaire, APHP Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
- Institut Médico-Légal, Paris, France
| | | | - J P Barbet
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, APHP Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - G Hoizey
- Laboratoire TOXLAB, Paris, France
| | - B Ludes
- Institut Médico-Légal, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, BABEL, CNRS, F-75012, Paris, France
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17
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Karakka Kal AK, Nalakath J, Kunhamu Karatt T, Perwad Z, Mathew B, Subhahar M. Development and validation of a chiral LC-MS method for the enantiomeric resolution of (+) and (-)-medetomidine in equine plasma by using polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases. Chirality 2020; 32:314-323. [PMID: 31925851 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The detection and separation of medetomidine enantiomers from the complex biological matrices poses a great analytical challenge, especially in the field of forensic toxicology and pharmacology. Couple of researchers reported resolution of medetomidine using protein-based chiral columns, but the reported method is quiet challenging and tedious to be employed for routine analysis. This research paper reported a method that enables the enantio-separation of medetomidine by using polysaccharide cellulose chiral column. The use of chiralcel OJ-3R column was found to have the highest potential for successful chiral resolution. Ammonium hydrogen carbonate was the ideal buffer salt for chiral liquid chromatography (LC) with electrospray ionization (ESI)+ mass spectrometry (MS) detection for the successful separation and detection of racemic compound. The method was linear over the range of 0 to 20 ng/mL in equine plasma and the inter-day precisions of levomedetomidine, dexmedetomidine were 1.36% and 1.89%, respectively. The accuracy of levomedetomidine was in the range of 99.25% to 101.57% and that for dexmedetomidine was 99.17% to 100.99%. The limits of quantification for both isomers were 0.2 ng/mL. Recovery and matrix effect on the analytes were also evaluated. Under the optimized conditions, the validated method can be adapted for the identification and resolution of the medetomidine enantiomers in different matrices used for drug testing and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jahfar Nalakath
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Zubair Perwad
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binoy Mathew
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Michael Subhahar
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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18
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Roiffé RR, Ribeiro WD, Sardela VF, de la Cruz MN, de Souza KR, Pereira HM, Aquino Neto FR. Development of a sensitive and fast method for detection of catecholamines and metabolites by HRMS. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Ng KT, Teoh WY. The Effect of Prehospital Epinephrine in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Prehosp Disaster Med 2019; 34:532-539. [PMID: 31455452 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x19004758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epinephrine has been recommended for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) resuscitation for nearly one century, but its efficacy and safety remain unclear in the literature. The primary aim of this review was to determine whether epinephrine increases the return of spontaneous circulation in OHCA patients. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL, from their inception until October 2018. All the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Observational studies, case reports, case series, and non-systematic reviews were excluded. RESULTS Two trials including 8,548 patients were eligible for inclusion in the data synthesis. In patients who received epinephrine during OHCA, the incidence of return of spontaneous circulation was increased, with an odds ratio (95%CI) of 4.25 (3.79-4.75), P <.001, high-quality of evidence. The number of patients transported to hospital was increased in patients who had prehospital epinephrine, with an odds ratio (95%CI) of 2.31 (2.11-2.53), P <.001, high-quality of evidence. The prehospital use of epinephrine was associated with an increased survival to hospital discharge, the odds ratio (95%CI) being 1.43 (1.10-1.87), P = .008, moderate-quality of evidence. No significant effect was noted on the favorable neurologic state of patient at hospital discharge, with an odds ratio (95%CI) of 1.21 (0.90-1.64), P = .21, moderate-quality of evidence. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that the prehospital use of epinephrine increases return of spontaneous circulation, transport of patients to hospital, and survival to hospital discharge for OHCA. However, no significant effects on favorable neurologic function at hospital discharge were demonstrated. The general quality of evidence ranged from moderate to high.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Ng
- Medical Officer (Doctor), Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - W Y Teoh
- Medical Student, University of Liverpool, School of Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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20
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Pham TBN, Bui TTT, Tran VQ, Dang VQ, Hoang LN, Tran CK. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance on salbutamol detection of colloidal multi-shaped silver nanoparticles. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-01154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Husen M, Jäger M. [Doping in elite and popular sport : What orthopedic and trauma surgeons should know]. DER ORTHOPADE 2019; 48:711-724. [PMID: 31346643 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-019-03780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The spectacular doping raid during the Nordic World Ski Championships in Seefeld in winter this year is not the first time that illegal performance enhancement by taking drugs is in the spotlight of public interest. Kicked off by the so-called Festina scandal of the 1998 Tour de France, the serial exposure of further doping offences continues up to the present day. Less well-known to the general public is the high prevalence of doping under hobby and amateur athletes. Physicians are confronted by this group of patients in the practice much more frequently than by elite athletes, who are mostly treated in closed medical networks. The aim of the article is to provide an overview of the medical aspects including the most frequent substance classes and the current legal foundations of the anti-doping movement. Furthermore, the official definition of doping and the structure of the anti-doping agencies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Husen
- Zentrum für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Klinik für Unfall‑, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Universitätsmedizin Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Deutschland.
| | - Marcus Jäger
- Zentrum für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsmedizin Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Deutschland
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22
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Use of polysaccharide-based chiral columns: enantiomeric separation of seven pairs of abused drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Karatt TK, Nalakath J, Perwad Z, Albert PH, Abdul Khader KK, Syed Ali Padusha M, Laya S. Mass spectrometric method for distinguishing isomers of dexamethasone via fragment mass ratio: An HRMS approach. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:1046-1058. [PMID: 30098588 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The major challenge in identifying dexamethasone, betamethasone, and paramethasone from a mixture of these corticosteroids is difficulty in achieving an efficient separation. In this study, we aimed to develop an efficient technique to identify these co-eluting isomers based on the mass spectral patterns of them and their corresponding phase II metabolites after electrospray ionization. Fragmentation pathways in tandem mass spectrometry revealed acceptable specificity within the groups of conjugates. The method was validated using individual isomers and mixtures at various compositions. The effects of concentration and collision energies on fragmentation patterns were also studied extensively. Matrix-fortified equine urine and plasma samples were also included so that matrix effects and interferences on fragmentation ratios could be elucidated. Preliminary results using biological samples demonstrated the suitability of this analytical strategy for direct measurement from their fragmentation patterns. Possible fragmentation pathways for each isomer were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India
| | - Jahfar Nalakath
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zubair Perwad
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter H Albert
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohamedkhan Syed Ali Padusha
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, India
| | - Saraswathy Laya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Abdelrahman MM. Solid-Phase Extraction and HPLC-DAD for Determination of Salbutamol in Urine Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/22297928.2017.1396918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maha M. Abdelrahman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Alshaheed Shehata Ahmad Hegazy St., 62514, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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KROGH NANNA, RZEPPA SEBASTIAN, DYREBORG ANDERS, DEHNES YVETTE, HEMMERSBACH PETER, BACKER VIBEKE, HOSTRUP MORTEN. Terbutaline Accumulates in Blood and Urine after Daily Therapeutic Inhalation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1236-1243. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Povzun SA. [Artificial illness as a result of non-medical use of anabolic androgenic steroids: A case report and a review of literature]. Arkh Patol 2017; 78:48-53. [PMID: 27600782 DOI: 10.17116/patol201678448-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A 42-year-old female body builder who had used anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) for 18 years to build up muscle mass died from liver rupture. The cause of the latter was multiple abscesses caused by Actinomyces, which developed in the presence of immunodeficiency. The postmortem changes in different organs were due to hormonal imbalance. The paper gives the data available in the literature pertaining to the analysis of the effects of AASs taken in supraphysiological doses on the body and their non-medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Povzun
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Expertise, I.I. Dzhanelidze Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Emergency Care, St.-Petersburg
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Wei C, Zong Y, Guo Q, Xu M, Yuan Y, Yao J. Magnetic separation of clenbuterol based on competitive immunoassay and evaluation by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24755e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of β-agonist has attracted considerable interest due to its harmfulness to human health when it existed in pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wei
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Yi Zong
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Qinghua Guo
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Minmin Xu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Yaxian Yuan
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Jianlin Yao
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
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Abstract
Drug abuse occurs in all sports and at most levels of competition. Athletic life may lead to drug abuse for a number of reasons, including for performance enhancement, to self-treat otherwise untreated mental illness, and to deal with stressors, such as pressure to perform, injuries, physical pain, and retirement from sport. This review examines the effects of different classes of substances used for doping, side-effects of doping, and treatment of affected athletes. There is variable evidence for the performance-enhancing effects and side-effects of the various substances that are used for doping. Drug abuse in athletes should be addressed with preventive measures, education, motivational interviewing, and, when indicated, pharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Creado
- a UW Health Psychiatric Institute and Clinic Ringgold Standard Institution , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Claudia Reardon
- b UW Health Psychiatric Institute and Clinic , Psychiatry , Madison , WI , USA
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Koch S, Ahn JR, Koehle MS. High-Dose Inhaled Salbutamol Does Not Improve 10-km Cycling Time Trial Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:2373-9. [PMID: 25856682 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β2-agonists are on the World Anti-Doping Agency's list of prohibited substances; however, athletes are allowed to treat symptoms of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction with a maximal daily dose of 1600 μg of salbutamol when taken by inhalation. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate whether 1600 μg of salbutamol leads to enhanced time trial performance in trained, competitive male cyclists with and without exercise-induced bronchoconstriction on the basis of inhaled dose per kilogram of body weight. METHODS In a randomized crossover design, 20 trained male cyclists (eight with positive eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenge (EVH+) and 12 with negative EVH challenge (EVH-) performed two simulated 10-km time trials on a cycle ergometer 30 min after the inhalation of either 1600 μg of salbutamol or placebo. Lung function, assessed by forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), was measured immediately before and 15 min after inhalation. The main performance outcome was mean power output. RESULTS After the inhalation of salbutamol, FEV1 was significantly increased by 6.4% (4.9%) versus 1.0% (4.4%) with placebo (P < 0.001). Despite this increase in FEV1, mean power output during the salbutamol time trial was not increased regardless of relative dose per kilogram of body weight and asthma status. Mean heart rate (P = 0.01), respiratory rate (P = 0.01), minute ventilation (P = 0.03) and perceived leg discomfort (P = 0.03) were significantly increased in the salbutamol condition. CONCLUSIONS The inhalation of 1600 μg salbutamol improved FEV1 regardless of EVH status but did not improve 10-km time trial performance in trained competitive male cyclists regardless of relative dose per kilogram of body weight or EVH status. Significant increases in heart rate and minute ventilation occurred secondary to stimulation of the adrenergic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koch
- 1School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CANADA; and 2Division of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CANADA
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Vermeulen F, Garcia G, Ninane V, Laveneziana P. Activity limitation and exertional dyspnea in adult asthmatic patients: What do we know? Respir Med 2016; 117:122-30. [PMID: 27492522 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Limitation of activity is the most cited symptom described by uncontrolled asthma patients. Assessment of activity limitation can be undertaken through several ways, more or less complex, subjective or objective. Yet little is known about the link between patients sensations and objective measurements. The present review reports the current knowledge regarding activity limitation and symptom perception (i.e., exertional dyspnea) in adult patients with asthma. This work is based on references indexed by PubMed, irrespective of the year of publication. Overall, patients with stable asthma do not have a more sedentary lifestyle than healthy subjects. However, during a cycle ergometric test, the maximal load is reduced when FEV1, FVC and muscle strengths are decreased. Additionally, during the six-minute walking test, mild asthma patients walk less than healthy subjects even if the minimal clinically important difference is not reached. The major complaint of asthma patients when exercising is dyspnea that is mainly related to the inspiratory effort and also to dynamic hyperinflation in some circumstances. Finally, the administration of bronchodilator does not improve the ventilatory pattern and the exercise capacity of asthma patients and little is known on its effect on exertional dyspnea. The present review allows to conclude that until now there is no gold standard test allowing the objective assessment of "activity limitation and exertional dyspnea" in asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilles Garcia
- AP-HP, University Hospital Bicêtre, Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Reference Centre for Severe Pulmonary Hypertension, DHU TORINO "Thorax Innovation", Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; University Paris-South 11, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM U999, LabEx LERMIT, Surgical Centre Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Vincent Ninane
- Chest Service, St Pierre University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium; Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Pierantonio Laveneziana
- University Sorbonne, UPMC University Paris 06, INSERM, UMRS1158 Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Neurophysiology, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Unit of Respiration, Exercise and Dyspnea Assessment (Unit EFRED, Department "R3S", Pôle PRAGUES), Paris, France
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Zhuang C, Liu D, Yang X, Wang H, Han L, Li Y. The immunotoxicity of aluminum trichloride on rat peritoneal macrophages via β2-adrenoceptors/cAMP pathway acted by norepinephrine. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 149:34-40. [PMID: 26844663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The previous research found that norepinephrine (NE) enhanced the immunotoxicity of aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) on rat peritoneal macrophages in vitro through activating the β2-adrenoceptors (β2-AR)/cAMP pathway. On that basis, the experiment in vivo was conducted in this experiment. Eighty Wistar rats were orally exposed to 0 (control group); 0.4 mg/mL (low-dose group); 0.8 mg/mL (mid-dose group) and 1.6 mg/mL (high-dose group) AlCl3 for 120 days, respectively. Aluminum (Al), NE, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) contents in serum, cAMP content, β2-AR density, mRNA expressions of TNF-α, MIF and β2-AR in rat peritoneal macrophages were examined. These results showed that AlCl3 increased serum Al and NE contents, peritoneal macrophages cAMP content, the density and mRNA expression of the β2-AR, and decreased serum MIF and TNF-α contents, peritoneal macrophages mRNA expressions of MIF and TNF-α. Serum NE content was negatively correlated with serum TNF-α and MIF contents and peritoneal macrophages mRNA expressions of TNF-α and MIF, but positively correlated with cAMP content, density of β2-AR and mRNA expression of β2-AR of peritoneal macrophages. It indicated that AlCl3 suppresses peritoneal macrophages function of rats through β2-AR/cAMP pathway acted by NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin 150036, China; School Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lulu Han
- ICareVet Pet Hospital, Shenyang 110014, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Krogh N, Backer V, Rzeppa S, Hemmersbach P, Hostrup M. Pharmacokinetics of nebulized and oral procaterol in asthmatic and non-asthmatic subjects in relation to doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1056-1064. [PMID: 26990656 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate pharmacokinetics of procaterol in asthmatics and non-asthmatics after nebulized and oral administration in relation to doping. Ten asthmatic and ten non-asthmatic subjects underwent two pharmacokinetic trials. At first trial, 4 µg procaterol was administered as nebulization. At second trial, 100 µg procaterol was administered orally. Serum and urine samples were collected before and after administration of procaterol. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Serum and urine concentrations of procaterol were markedly higher after oral administration compared to nebulized administration. After oral administration, serum procaterol concentration-time area under the curve (AUC) was higher (P ≤ 0.05) for asthmatics than non-asthmatics. Likewise, urine concentrations were higher (P ≤ 0.01) for asthmatics than non-asthmatics 4 (47 ± 12 vs. 28 ± 9 ng/mL) and 8 h (39 ± 9 vs. 15 ± 5 ng/mL) after oral administration. Detection of serum procaterol was difficult after nebulized administration with 38 samples (27%) below limit of quantification (LOQ) and only trends were observed. No differences were observed between asthmatics and non-asthmatics in the urine concentrations of procaterol after nebulized administration. In summary, our data showed that asthmatics had higher urine concentrations of procaterol than non-asthmatics after oral administration of 100 µg, whereas no difference was observed between the groups after nebulized administration. For doping control purposes, our observations indicate that it is possible to differentiate therapeutic nebulized administration of procaterol from prohibited use of oral procaterol. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Krogh
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Backer
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,IOC Sports Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Rzeppa
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Hemmersbach
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,IOC Sports Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Pharmacogenetic Effects of Inhaled Salbutamol on 10-km Time Trial Performance in Competitive Male and Female Cyclists. Clin J Sport Med 2016; 26:145-51. [PMID: 25894531 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the adrenergic β2-receptor gene (ADRB2, rs1042713, and rs1042714) and epithelial Na channel gene (SCNN1A, rs2228576) on cycling performance after the inhalation of salbutamol. DESIGN Randomized double-blind, mixed-model repeated measures. SETTING University Research Setting. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-nine trained (maximal oxygen consumption: 62.3 ± 7.6 mL·kg·min) male and female cyclists, aged 19 to 40 years. INTERVENTIONS Participants performed two 10-km time trials 60 minutes after the inhalation of 400 μg of salbutamol or placebo. Subjects were genotyped for the three SNPs (rs1042713: AA 8, AG 30 GG 31; rs1042714: CC 19, CG 35, GG 15; rs2228576: GG: 31 GA: 34 AA: 4). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was assessed immediately before and 30 minutes after inhalation. Performance was measured by mean power output maintained over the duration of the time trial. RESULTS There was a significant increase in FEV1 after the inhalation of salbutamol [mean (SD) = 5.68% (4.7)] compared with placebo [0.84% (2.8); P < 0.001]; however, this did not lead to an improvement in 10-km cycling time trial performance. Neither the bronchodilatory response nor the time trial performance after salbutamol was affected by genotype at any of the 3 SNPs. CONCLUSIONS In cyclists, FEV1 was significantly improved after salbutamol administration regardless of genotypic variation at the ADRB2 (rs1042713 and rs1042714) and SCNN1A (rs2228576) genes. Despite this improvement in lung function, 10-km time trial performance was not altered after the inhalation of salbutamol. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings did not show genotype-dependent differences in bronchodilatory responses and athletic performance to inhaled salbutamol, suggesting that genotype-specific drug therapy will not improve asthmatic athletes' care nor athletic performance.
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Hennis PJ, O'Doherty AF, Levett DZH, Grocott MPW, Montgomery HM. Genetic factors associated with exercise performance in atmospheric hypoxia. Sports Med 2016; 45:745-61. [PMID: 25682119 PMCID: PMC4544548 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective ‘Natural selection’ has been shown to have enriched the genomes of high-altitude native populations with genetic variants of advantage in this hostile hypoxic environment. In lowlanders who ascend to altitude, genetic factors may also contribute to the substantial interindividual variation in exercise performance noted at altitude. We performed a systematic literature review to identify genetic variants of possible influence on human hypoxic exercise performance, commenting on the strength of any identified associations. Criteria for considering studies for this review All studies of the association of genetic factors with human hypoxic exercise performance, whether at sea level using ‘nitrogen dilution of oxygen’ (normobaric hypoxia), or at altitude or in low-pressure chambers (field or chamber hypobaric hypoxia, respectively) were sought for review. Search strategy for identification of studies Two electronic databases were searched (Ovid MEDLINE, Embase) up to 31 January 2014. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles for eligible studies. All studies published in English were included, as were studies in any language for which the abstract was available in English. Data collection and analysis Studies were selected and data extracted independently by two reviewers. Differences regarding study inclusion were resolved through discussion. The quality of each study was assessed using a scoring system based on published guidelines for conducting and reporting genetic association studies. Results A total of 11 studies met all inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Subject numbers ranged from 20 to 1,931 and consisted of healthy individuals in all cases. The maximum altitude of exposure ranged from 2,690 to 8,848 m. The exercise performance phenotypes assessed were mountaineering performance (n = 5), running performance (n = 2), and maximum oxygen consumption (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{V} $$\end{document}V˙O2max) (n = 4). In total, 13 genetic polymorphisms were studied, four of which were associated with hypoxic exercise performance. The adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD1) C34T (rs17602729), beta2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) Gly16Arg single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs1042713), and androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphisms were associated with altitude performance in one study, and the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) (rs4646994) polymorphism was associated with performance in three studies. The median score achieved in the study quality analysis was 6 out of 10 for case–control studies, 8 out of 10 for cohort studies with a discrete outcome, 6 out of 9 for cohort studies with a continuous outcome, and 4.5 out of 8 for genetic admixture studies. Conclusion The small number of articles identified in the current review and the limited number of polymorphisms studied in total highlights that the influence of genetic factors on exercise performance in hypoxia has not been studied in depth, which precludes firm conclusions being drawn. Support for the association between the ACE-I allele and improved high-altitude performance was the strongest, with three studies identifying a relationship. Analysis of study quality highlights the need for future studies in this field to improve the conduct and reporting of genetic association studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0309-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Hennis
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7HA, UK,
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Yanagawa Y, Hiraide S, Iizuka K. Isoform-specific regulation of transforming growth factor-β mRNA expression in macrophages in response to adrenoceptor stimulation. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:56-63. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Yanagawa
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Health Sciences University of Hokkaido; Kanazawa 1757 Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293 Japan
| | - Sachiko Hiraide
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Health Sciences University of Hokkaido; Kanazawa 1757 Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293 Japan
| | - Kenji Iizuka
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Health Sciences University of Hokkaido; Kanazawa 1757 Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293 Japan
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Bird SR, Goebel C, Burke LM, Greaves RF. Doping in sport and exercise: anabolic, ergogenic, health and clinical issues. Ann Clin Biochem 2015; 53:196-221. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563215609952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of doping agents is evident within competitive sport in senior and junior age groups, where they are taken by non-elite as well as elite participants. They are also taken in non-sporting contexts by individuals seeking to ‘improve’ their physique through an increase in muscle and/or decrease in fat mass. While attaining accurate data on the prevalence of their use has limitations, studies suggest the illicit use of doping agents by athletes and non-athletes may be 1–5% in the population and greater than 50% in some groups; with the prevalence being higher in males. There is conclusive evidence that some doping agents are anabolic and ergogenic. There is also evidence that the use of doping agents such as anabolic androgenic steroids, growth hormone and other anabolic agents, erythropoietin and stimulants conveys considerable health risks that include, but are not limited to: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, mental health issues, virilisation in females and the suppression of naturally produced androgens in males. This review will outline the anabolic, ergogenic and health impacts of selected doping agents and methods that may be used in both the sporting and physique development contexts. It also provides a brief tabulated overview of the history of doping and how doping agents may impact upon the analyses of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Bird
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catrin Goebel
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Ronda F Greaves
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Koch S, Karacabeyli D, Galts C, MacInnis MJ, Sporer BC, Koehle MS. Effects of inhaled bronchodilators on lung function and cycling performance in female athletes with and without exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 18:607-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cao X, Zhou C, Chong J, Fu L, Zhang L, Sun D, Hou H, Zhang Y, Li D, Sun H. Estrogen resisted stress-induced cardiomyopathy through increasing the activity of β2AR–Gαs signal pathway in female rats. Int J Cardiol 2015; 187:377-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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40
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Birzniece V. Doping in sport: effects, harm and misconceptions. Intern Med J 2015; 45:239-48. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Birzniece
- School of Medicine; University of Western Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Santos MG, Tavares IMC, Boralli VB, Figueiredo EC. Direct doping analysis of beta-blocker drugs from urinary samples by on-line molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analyst 2015; 140:2696-703. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophilic layer forms hydrogen bonds with water, minimizing the interference of this solvent in the analyte–polymer complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Gonçalves Santos
- Toxicants and Drugs Analysis Laboratory – LATF
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Federal University of Alfenas – Unifal-MG
- Alfenas
- Brazil
| | - Isabela Maria Campos Tavares
- Toxicants and Drugs Analysis Laboratory – LATF
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Federal University of Alfenas – Unifal-MG
- Alfenas
- Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bergamin Boralli
- Toxicants and Drugs Analysis Laboratory – LATF
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Federal University of Alfenas – Unifal-MG
- Alfenas
- Brazil
| | - Eduardo Costa Figueiredo
- Toxicants and Drugs Analysis Laboratory – LATF
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Federal University of Alfenas – Unifal-MG
- Alfenas
- Brazil
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Yanagawa Y, Hiraide S, Matsumoto M, Shimamura KI, Togashi H. Enhanced transglutaminase 2 expression in response to stress-related catecholamines in macrophages. Immunobiology 2014; 219:680-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Abstract
Drug abuse occurs in all sports and at most levels of competition. Athletic life may lead to drug abuse for a number of reasons, including for performance enhancement, to self-treat otherwise untreated mental illness, and to deal with stressors, such as pressure to perform, injuries, physical pain, and retirement from sport. This review examines the history of doping in athletes, the effects of different classes of substances used for doping, side effects of doping, the role of anti-doping organizations, and treatment of affected athletes. Doping goes back to ancient times, prior to the development of organized sports. Performance-enhancing drugs have continued to evolve, with “advances” in doping strategies driven by improved drug testing detection methods and advances in scientific research that can lead to the discovery and use of substances that may later be banned. Many sports organizations have come to ban the use of performance-enhancing drugs and have very strict consequences for people caught using them. There is variable evidence for the performance-enhancing effects and side effects of the various substances that are used for doping. Drug abuse in athletes should be addressed with preventive measures, education, motivational interviewing, and, when indicated, pharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shane Creado
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Kisaalita NR, Robinson ME. Attitudes and motivations of competitive cyclists regarding use of banned and legal performance enhancers. J Sports Sci Med 2014; 13:44-50. [PMID: 24570604 PMCID: PMC3918566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug 'doping' and the use of banned performance enhancing products (PEPs) remains an issue in virtually all competitive sports despite penal consequences and known health risks. The lines distinguishing "fair" and "unfair" performance enhancement have become increasingly blurred. Few studies have explored how attitudes towards legal performance enhancers (drugs/substances, diet, and equipment modifications) may influence motivations to use banned PEPs. In the present study, 68 competitive cyclists completed a survey examining the importance of choosing banned and non-banned PEPs using World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) criteria. Results showed that over 60 percent of cyclists used non-banned PEPs while 8 percent used banned PEPs. Health was overall the most important factor in choosing a PEP while apprehension by a doping agency was least important. Mixed- model ANOVA analyses revealed that motivations to use banned PEPs were complex, as the importance of health, violating the sprit of the sport, performance improvement, and getting caught were differentially influenced by PEP legality (p < 0.001) and whether a cyclist endorsed non-banned PEP use (p < 0.001). The importance of winning, sponsorship, and maintaining competitiveness did not influence non-banned PEP use (p > 0.05). Our findings illustrate the multifactorial nature of PEP use/doping attitudes and highlight the unique role that "legal" performance enhancement may plays in influencing banned and/or unethical sports behaviors. Key PointsUse of performance enhancers is high even among non-professional athletesCyclists overall rated "risk to health" as the most important factor in choosing to use a performance enhancing product.Motivations to use banned performance enhancer are complex and are significantly influenced by whether an athlete utilizes "legal" performance enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkaku R Kisaalita
- Center for Pain Research and Behavioral Health, University of Florida , USA ; Medical College of Georgia/Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Psychology Residency , USA
| | - Michael E Robinson
- Center for Pain Research and Behavioral Health, University of Florida , USA
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Yanagawa Y, Hiraide S, Matsumoto M, Togashi H. Rapid induction of REDD1 gene expression in macrophages in response to stress-related catecholamines. Immunol Lett 2013; 158:109-15. [PMID: 24374096 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effect of stress-related catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline on macrophage expression of a new host defense factor REDD1 using murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and murine peritoneal macrophages. Short-term adrenaline exposure (15-60 min) upregulated REDD1 mRNA expression and its protein synthesis in macrophages. This adrenaline-induced REDD1 expression was completely blocked by β2-adrenoceptor selective antagonist ICI 118,551, whereas β2-adrenoceptor specific agonist salmeterol markedly enhanced REDD1 expression. Moreover, noradrenaline increased REDD1 mRNA expression at doses higher than the effective doses of adrenaline. The effect of adrenaline on REDD1 mRNA expression was mimicked by treatment with membrane-permeable cAMP analog 8-Br-cAMP. Thus, increased intracellular cAMP level resulting from β2-adrenoceptor stimulation appeared to be responsible for adrenaline-induced REDD1 mRNA expression. However, inhibiting protein kinase A (PKA) activity had no significant effect on REDD1 mRNA expression after β2-adrenoceptor stimulation. In addition, exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) agonist 8-CPT-20-O-Me-cAMP had no effect on REDD1 mRNA expression. Thus, β2-adrenoceptor-mediated increase in cAMP levels seems to induce REDD1 mRNA expression in macrophages through a PKA- and Epac-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Yanagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu 060-0293, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Hiraide
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu 060-0293, Japan
| | - Machiko Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu 060-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroko Togashi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu 060-0293, Japan
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Koch S, MacInnis MJ, Sporer BC, Rupert JL, Koehle MS. Inhaled salbutamol does not affect athletic performance in asthmatic and non-asthmatic cyclists. Br J Sports Med 2013; 49:51-5. [PMID: 24100289 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Salbutamol may affect lung function and exercise performance differently in individuals with and without asthma. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of inhaled salbutamol on lung function, exercise performance and respiratory parameters during cycling exercise in athletes with a positive response to a eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH+) and negative (EVH-) challenge, indicative of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. METHODS In a randomised controlled trial with a crossover design, a total of 49 well-trained male athletes (14 EVH+ and 35 EVH-) performed two simulated 10 km time-trials on a cycle ergometer 60 min after the inhalation of either 400 μg of salbutamol or a placebo. Lung function, assessed by forced expiratory volume in 1 s, was measured immediately before and 30 min after inhalation. Performance was measured by mean power output. MEASUREMENTS & MAIN RESULTS Despite a significant increase in lung function after the inhalation of salbutamol compared to the placebo (p<0.001), salbutamol did not affect athletes' perceptions of dyspnoea (p>0.05) or leg exertion (p>0.05) during exercise. Salbutamol did not affect mean power output: EVH+ and EVH- athletes averaged 4.0 (0.5) and 4.1 (0.5) W/kg after salbutamol and 4.0 (0.5) W/kg and 4.0 (0.4) W/kg after placebo, respectively (p>0.05 for each comparison). CONCLUSIONS The inhalation of salbutamol induced a significant increase in resting lung function in EVH+ and EVH- athletes but this improvement in lung function did not translate to improved exercise performance. Salbutamol had no discernible effect on key ventilatory and exercise parameters regardless of EVH challenge outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koch
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin C Sporer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Canadian Sport Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James L Rupert
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Kalsen A, Hostrup M, Bangsbo J, Backer V. Combined inhalation of beta2 -agonists improves swim ergometer sprint performance but not high-intensity swim performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013; 24:814-22. [PMID: 23834392 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a high prevalence of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in elite athletes, which leads to a major use of beta2 -agonists. In a randomized double-blinded crossover study, we investigated the effects of combined inhalation of beta2 -agonists (salbutamol, formoterol, and salmeterol), in permitted doses within the World Anti-Doping Agency 2013 prohibited list, in elite swimmers with (AHR, n = 13) or without (non-AHR, n = 17) AHR. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction of m. quadriceps (MVC), sprint performance on a swim ergometer and performance in an exhaustive swim test at 110% of VO2max were determined. Venous plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured post-exercise. No improvement was observed in the exhaustive swim test, but swim ergometer sprint time was improved (P < 0.05) in both groups from 57 ± 1.7 to 56 ± 1.8 s in AHR and 58.3 ± 1 to 57.4 ± 1 s in non-AHR. MVC and post-exercise plasma IL-6 increased (P < 0.05) with beta2 -agonists in both groups, whereas IL-8 only increased in AHR. In summary, inhalation of beta2 -agonists, in permitted doses, did not improve swim performance in elite swimmers. However, swim ergometer sprint performance and MVC were increased, which should be considered when making future anti-doping regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kalsen
- Respiratory Research Unit, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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CRIVELLI GIACOMO, BORRANI FABIO, CAPT ROMAIN, GREMION GÉRALD, MAFFIULETTI NICOLAA. Actions of β2-Adrenoceptor Agonist Drug on Human Soleus Muscle Contraction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1252-60. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318284706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Schneider AJ, Fedoruk MN, Rupert JL. Human genetic variation: new challenges and opportunities for doping control. J Sports Sci 2012; 30:1117-29. [PMID: 22681541 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.692480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sport celebrates differences in competitors that lead to the often razor-thin margins between victory and defeat. The source of this variation is the interaction between the environment in which the athletes develop and compete and their genetic make-up. However, a darker side of sports may also be genetically influenced: some anti-doping tests are affected by the athlete's genotype. Genetic variation is an issue that anti-doping authorities must address as more is learned about the interaction between genotype and the responses to prohibited practices. To differentiate between naturally occurring deviations in indirect blood and urine markers from those potentially caused by doping, the "biological-passport" program uses intra-individual variability rather than population values to establish an athlete's expected physiological range. The next step in "personalized" doping control may be the inclusion of genetic data, both for the purposes of documenting an athlete's responses to doping agents and doping-control assays as well facilitating athlete and sample identification. Such applications could benefit "clean" athletes but will come at the expense of risks to privacy. This article reviews the instances where genetics has intersected with doping control, and briefly discusses the potential role, and ethical implications, of genotyping in the struggle to eliminate illicit ergogenic practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Schneider
- The International Centre for Olympic Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Yanagawa Y, Matsumoto M, Togashi H. Adrenoceptor-mediated enhancement of interleukin-33 production by dendritic cells. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1427-33. [PMID: 21536121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While noradrenaline and adrenaline suppress some aspects of immune functions, the immune enhancement via these catecholamines is not well understood. Interleukin (IL)-33, a novel member of the IL-1 family, promotes T helper type 2 (T(h)2)-associated inflammations and plays a role in allergic diseases. However, the precise immune cell source and the stimulating factors for IL-33 production are less well characterized. In the present study, we examined the effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline, stress-related catecholamines, on IL-33 production by dendritic cells (DCs). Murine bone marrow-derived DCs were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of these catecholamines. LPS alone slightly increased IL-33 production by DCs. Noradrenaline or adrenaline dramatically enhanced IL-33 mRNA expression and its protein synthesis by DCs upon LPS stimulation. The noradrenaline-induced enhancement of IL-33 production was completely blocked by β(2)-adrenoceptor specific antagonist ICI 118,551, while β(2)-adrenoceptor specific agonist salmeterol enhanced DC production of IL-33. Protein kinase A (PKA) specific inhibitor H89 blocked the noradrenaline-induced IL-33 production. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and its analogue enhanced DC production of IL-33 upon LPS stimulation. Thus, β(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated cAMP-PKA pathway appears to enhance DC production of IL-33. The adrenoceptor-mediated enhancement of IL-33 production by DCs might be associated with the stress-related progression of T(h)2-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Yanagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Kanazawa 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu 060-0293, Japan.
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