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Schade R, Butler DSC, McKenna JA, Di Luccia B, Shokoohi V, Hamblin M, Pham THM, Monack DM. Transcriptional profiling links unique human macrophage phenotypes to the growth of intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12811. [PMID: 38834738 PMCID: PMC11150401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages provide a crucial environment for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) to multiply during typhoid fever, yet our understanding of how human macrophages and S. Typhi interact remains limited. In this study, we delve into the dynamics of S. Typhi replication within human macrophages and the resulting heterogeneous transcriptomic responses of macrophages during infection. Our study reveals key factors that influence macrophage diversity, uncovering distinct immune and metabolic pathways associated with different stages of S. Typhi intracellular replication in macrophages. Of note, we found that macrophages harboring replicating S. Typhi are skewed towards an M1 pro-inflammatory state, whereas macrophages containing non-replicating S. Typhi exhibit neither a distinct M1 pro-inflammatory nor M2 anti-inflammatory state. Additionally, macrophages with replicating S. Typhi were characterized by the increased expression of genes associated with STAT3 phosphorylation and the activation of the STAT3 transcription factor. Our results shed light on transcriptomic pathways involved in the susceptibility of human macrophages to intracellular S. Typhi replication, thereby providing crucial insight into host phenotypes that restrict and support S. Typhi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Schade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Daniel S C Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joy A McKenna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Blanda Di Luccia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Vida Shokoohi
- Stanford Functional Genomics Facility, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meagan Hamblin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Trung H M Pham
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Denise M Monack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Kawano I, Bazila B, Ježek P, Dlasková A. Mitochondrial Dynamics and Cristae Shape Changes During Metabolic Reprogramming. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:684-707. [PMID: 37212238 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The architecture of the mitochondrial network and cristae critically impact cell differentiation and identity. Cells undergoing metabolic reprogramming to aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), such as immune cells, stem cells, and cancer cells, go through controlled modifications in mitochondrial architecture, which is critical for achieving the resulting cellular phenotype. Recent Advances: Recent studies in immunometabolism have shown that the manipulation of mitochondrial network dynamics and cristae shape directly affects T cell phenotype and macrophage polarization through altering energy metabolism. Similar manipulations also alter the specific metabolic phenotypes that accompany somatic reprogramming, stem cell differentiation, and cancer cells. The modulation of oxidative phosphorylation activity, accompanied by changes in metabolite signaling, reactive oxygen species generation, and adenosine triphosphate levels, is the shared underlying mechanism. Critical Issues: The plasticity of mitochondrial architecture is particularly vital for metabolic reprogramming. Consequently, failure to adapt the appropriate mitochondrial morphology often compromises the differentiation and identity of the cell. Immune, stem, and tumor cells exhibit striking similarities in their coordination of mitochondrial morphology with metabolic pathways. However, although many general unifying principles can be observed, their validity is not absolute, and the mechanistic links thus need to be further explored. Future Directions: Better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved and their relationships to both mitochondrial network and cristae morphology will not only further deepen our understanding of energy metabolism but may also contribute to improved therapeutic manipulation of cell viability, differentiation, proliferation, and identity in many different cell types. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 684-707.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Kawano
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bazila Bazila
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ježek
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Dlasková
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Calderin EP, Zheng JJ, Boyd NL, McNally L, Audam TN, Lorkiewicz P, Hill BG, Hellmann J. Exercise-induced specialized proresolving mediators stimulate AMPK phosphorylation to promote mitochondrial respiration in macrophages. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101637. [PMID: 36400404 PMCID: PMC9719872 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of CVD mortality in large-cohort longitudinal studies; however, the mechanisms underpinning the beneficial effects of exercise remain incompletely understood. Emerging data suggest that the risk reducing effect of exercise extends beyond changes in traditional CVD risk factors alone and involves alterations in immunity and reductions in inflammatory mediator production. Our study aimed to determine whether exercise-enhanced production of proresolving lipid mediators contribute to alterations in macrophage intermediary metabolism, which may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. METHODS Changes in lipid mediators and macrophage metabolism were assessed in C57Bl/6 mice following 4 weeks of voluntary exercise training. To investigate whether exercise-stimulated upregulation of specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) was sufficient to enhance mitochondrial respiration, both macrophages from control mice and human donors were incubated in vitro with SPMs and mitochondrial respiratory parameters were measured using extracellular flux analysis. Compound-C, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK kinase activity, was used to investigate the role of AMPK activity in SPM-induced mitochondrial metabolism. To assess the in vivo contribution of 5-lipoxygenase in AMPK activation and exercise-induced mitochondrial metabolism in macrophages, Alox5-/- mice were also subjected to exercise training. RESULTS Four weeks of exercise training enhanced proresolving lipid mediator production, while also stimulating the catabolism of inflammatory lipid mediators (e.g., leukotrienes and prostaglandins). This shift in lipid mediator balance following exercise was associated with increased macrophage mitochondrial metabolism. We also find that treating human and murine macrophages in vitro with proresolving lipid mediators enhances mitochondrial respiratory parameters. The proresolving lipid mediators RvD1, RvE1, and MaR1, but not RvD2, stimulated mitochondrial respiration through an AMPK-dependent signaling mechanism. Additionally, in a subset of macrophages, exercise-induced mitochondrial activity in vivo was dependent upon 5-lipoxygenase activity. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results suggest that exercise stimulates proresolving lipid mediator biosynthesis and mitochondrial metabolism in macrophages via AMPK, which might contribute to the anti-inflammatory and CVD risk reducing effect of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Pena Calderin
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jing-Juan Zheng
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Nolan L. Boyd
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lindsey McNally
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Timothy N. Audam
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Pawel Lorkiewicz
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Bradford G. Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jason Hellmann
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA,Corresponding author. 580 S. Preston St. Rm 204F, Delia Baxter II Building, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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4
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Hosny M, Eltaweil AS, Mostafa M, El-Badry YA, Hussein EE, Omer AM, Fawzy M. Facile Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles for Anticancer, Antioxidant Applications, and Photocatalytic Degradation of Toxic Organic Pollutants. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3121-3133. [PMID: 35097307 PMCID: PMC8793085 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, a facile, rapid, and ecologically safe photosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that remained stable for 3 months is reported to advocate the main aspects of green chemistry, such as safer solvents and auxiliaries, and the use of renewable feedstock. Zi-AuNPs were phytosynthesized by the aqueous extract of Ziziphus spina-christi leaves, and numerous techniques were employed for their characterization. The results demonstrated the successful phytofabrication of crystalline AuNPs with brownish-black color, spherical nanoparticles with a size between 0 and 10 nm, a plasmon peak at 540 nm, and a surface charge of -25.7 mV. Zi-AuNPs showed an effective photodegradation efficiency (81.14%) against malachite green and a good recycling capacity of 69.2% after five cycles of regeneration. The cytotoxicity test by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay signified a high anticancer efficiency for both Zi-AuNPs and Z. spina-christi extract against human breast cancer cells (MCF7 cell line) with IC50's of 48 and 40.25 μg/mL, respectively. Highly efficient antioxidant capabilities were proven with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) removal percentages of 67.5% for Zi-AuNPs and 92.34% for Z. spina-christi extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hosny
- Green
Technology Group, Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
- ,
| | - Abdelazeem S. Eltaweil
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria
University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mostafa
- Department
of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Yaser A. El-Badry
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Khurma, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas E. Hussein
- National
Water Research Center, P.O. Box 74, Shubra El-Kheima 13411, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Omer
- Polymer Materials
Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research
Institute, City of Scientific Research and
Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Manal Fawzy
- Green
Technology Group, Environmental Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
- National
Egyptian Biotechnology Experts Network, National Egyptian Academy for Scientific Research and Technology, El Sayeda Zeinab, Cairo 33516, Cairo Governorate, Egypt
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Han H, Ke L, Wang H, Gao G, zhang Y, Rao P, Zhou J, Tirosh O, Schwartz B. Incidental Nanoparticles in Black Tea Infusion: Carriers of Bioactives Fortifying Protection on Intestinal Mucosal Cells Against Oxidative Stresses. FOOD BIOPHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-021-09708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hosny M, Fawzy M, El-Badry YA, Hussein EE, Eltaweil AS. Plant-assisted synthesis of gold nanoparticles for photocatalytic, anticancer, and antioxidant applications. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Chen BC, Lu JJ, Jiang N, Ma XR, Li RT, Ye RR. Synthesis, characterization and antitumor mechanism investigation of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes with artesunate moiety. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:909-918. [PMID: 34545414 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Six artesunate (ART) conjugated ruthenium(II) complexes (Ru(II)-ART conjugates) with the formula [Ru(N^N)2bpy(4-CH3-4'-CH2OART)](PF6)2 (Ru-ART-1-3) and [Ru(N^N)2bpy(4-CH2OART-4'-CH2OART)](PF6)2 (Ru-ART-4-6) (N^N = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, in Ru-ART-1 and Ru-ART-4), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, in Ru-ART-2 and Ru-ART-5) and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DIP, in Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6)), were synthesized and characterized. Among them, Ru-ART-1-3 and Ru-ART-4-6 carry one and two ART moieties, respectively. Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 exhibit better cytotoxicity among six Ru(II)-ART conjugates. These two complexes can be effectively taken up by human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. In addition, they selectively kill cancer cell lines while mildly affect normal cells. Mechanism studies have shown that HeLa cells treated with Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 show typical apoptotic characteristics (morphology changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase cascade, etc.). On the other hand, the up regulation of Beclin-1 and conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II note the appearance of autophagy. As a result, Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 induce autophagy-dependent cell apoptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In this work, six artesunate (ART) conjugated ruthenium(II) complexes (Ru(II)-ART conjugates) have been synthesized and characterized. Among them, Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 exhibit better cytotoxicity. Mechanism studies have shown that HeLa cells treated with Ru-ART-3 and Ru-ART-6 show typical apoptotic characteristics (morphology changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase cascade, etc.). On the other hand, the up regulation of Beclin-1 and conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II note the appearance of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Chun Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jian Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Rong Ma
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Rong Ye
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
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Zhong Y, Jin C, Han J, Zhu J, Liu Q, Sun D, Xia X, Zhang Y, Peng X. Diosgenin Protects Against Kidney Injury and Mitochondrial Apoptosis Induced by 3-MCPD Through the Regulation of ER Stress, Ca 2+ Homeostasis, and Bcl2 Expression. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001202. [PMID: 34075698 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Diosgenin (DIO) is a natural steroid sapogenin presented in various plants. It exerts anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic nephropathy properties. The present study evaluates the intervention effect of DIO on nephrotoxicity induced by food contaminant 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in vivo and in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment with DIO (15 mg kg-1 d-1 ) in Sprague-Dawley rats for 4-week relieves kidney injury induced by 3-MCPD (30 mg kg-1 d-1 ). In vitro, DIO (2, 6, and 8 µM) alleviates cell injury and apoptosis effectively in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. DIO realizes its protective function via the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Blockage of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), a specific ER stress antagonist, inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis, suggesting a connection between mitochondrial apoptosis and ER stress. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis and Bcl2 expression, two main targets of ER stress, contributes to the protection role of DIO on mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. In addition, DIO relieves the impairment of oxidative phosphorylation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that DIO exerts protective effect against kidney injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis through the inhibition of ER stress and the further maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis and Bcl2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chengni Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiahui Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiachang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaoli Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
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Hosny M, Fawzy M. Instantaneous phytosynthesis of gold nanoparticles via Persicaria salicifolia leaf extract, and their medical applications. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Zhu JH, Yiu SM, Tang BZ, Lo KKW. Luminescent Neutral Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes Featuring a Cubic Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane for Lipid Droplet Imaging and Photocytotoxic Applications. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11672-11683. [PMID: 34269564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
New neutral iridium(III) complexes featuring a cubic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) unit, [Ir(N∧C)2(L1-POSS)] [HN∧C = 2-phenylpyridine (Hppy; 1), 2-phenylbenzothioazole (Hbt; 2), and 2-(1-naphthyl)benzothiazole (Hbsn; 3); L1-POSS = (E)-4-[(2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]benzyl 3-heptakis(isobutyl)POSS-propyl carbamate], were designed and synthesized. Their POSS-free counterparts, [Ir(N∧C)2(L1)] [L1 = (E)-N-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methanimine; HN∧C = Hppy (1a), Hbt (2a), and Hbsn (3a)], and the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives [Ir(N∧C)2(L1-PEG)] [L1-PEG = (E)-4-[(2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]benzyl 3-[2-[ω-methoxypoly(1-oxapropyl)]ethyl]carbamate; HN∧C = Hppy (1b), Hbt (2b), and Hbsn (3b)] were also prepared. The photophysical, photochemical, and biological properties of the POSS complexes were compared with those of their POSS-free and PEG-modified counterparts. Upon irradiation, all of these complexes displayed orange-to-red emission and long emission lifetimes under ambient conditions. The bsn complexes 3, 3a, and 3b exhibited the highest singlet oxygen (1O2) generation quantum yields (ΦΔ = 0.85-0.86) in aerated CH3CN. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy images revealed that complexes 1-3 and 1a-3a showed exclusive lipid-droplet staining upon cellular uptake, while the PEG derivatives 1b-3b displayed lysosomal localization. Complex 3 was utilized to study various lipid-droplet-related biological events including lipid-droplet accumulation under oleic acid stimulation, the movement of lipid droplets, and preadipocyte differentiation. Notably, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays indicated that the ppy complexes 1 and 1b and the bt complexes 2 and 2b were noncytotoxic both in the dark and upon irradiation at 450 nm for 5 min (IC50 > 200 μM), while the bsn complexes 3, 3a, and 3b showed low dark cytotoxicity (IC50 = 52.9 to >200 μM) and high photocytotoxicity (IC50 = 1.1-5.3 μM). The cellular uptake, internalization mechanisms, and cell death pathways of these complexes were also investigated. This work not only offers promising luminescent probes for lipid droplets through the structural modification of iridium(III) complexes but also paves the way to the construction of new reagents for theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hui Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China.,Center of Functional Photonics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Giles JT, Rist PM, Liao KP, Tawakol A, Fayad ZA, Mani V, Paynter NP, Ridker PM, Glynn RJ, Lu F, Broderick R, Murray M, Vanni KMM, Solomon DH, Bathon JM. Testing the Effects of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs on Vascular Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Rationale and Design of the TARGET Trial. ACR Open Rheumatol 2021; 3:371-380. [PMID: 33932148 PMCID: PMC8207684 DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events relative to the general population, potentially mediated by atherosclerotic plaques that are more inflamed and rupture prone. We sought to address whether RA immunomodulators reduce vascular inflammation, thereby reducing ASCVD risk, and whether such reduction depends on the type of immunomodulator. The TARGET (Treatments Against RA and Effect on 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose [18 F-FDG] Positron Emission Tomography [PET]/Computed Tomography [CT]) trial (NCT02374021) will enroll 150 patients with RA with active disease and an inadequate response to methotrexate. Participants will be randomized to add either a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor (etanercept or adalimumab) or sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine to their background methotrexate. Participants will undergo full-body 18 F-FDG-labelled PET scanning at baseline and after 6 months. Efficacy and safety evaluations will occur every 6 weeks, with therapy modified in a treat-to-target approach. The primary outcome is the comparison of change in arterial inflammation in the wall of the aorta and carotid arteries between the randomized treatment groups, specifically, the change in the mean of the maximum target-to-background ratio of arterial 18 F-FDG uptake in the most diseased segment of either the aorta and carotid arteries. A secondary analysis will compare the effects of achieving low disease activity or remission with those of moderate to high disease activity on vascular inflammation. The TARGET trial will test, for the first time, whether RA treatments reduce arterial inflammation and whether such reduction differs according to treatment strategy with either TNF inhibitors or a combination of nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon T. Giles
- Columbia UniversityVagelos College of Physicians & SurgeonsNew YorkNew York
| | - Pamela M. Rist
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Katherine P. Liao
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBoston
| | - Zahi A. Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York
| | - Venkatesh Mani
- Translational and Molecular Imaging InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York
| | - Nina P. Paynter
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Robert J. Glynn
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Fengxin Lu
- Brigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusetts
| | - Rachel Broderick
- Columbia UniversityVagelos College of Physicians & SurgeonsNew YorkNew York
| | | | | | - Daniel H. Solomon
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - Joan M. Bathon
- Columbia UniversityVagelos College of Physicians & SurgeonsNew YorkNew York
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Li F, Song X, Xu J, Shi Y, Hu R, Ren Z, Qi Q, Lü H, Cheng X, Hu J. Morroniside protects OLN-93 cells against H 2O 2-induced injury through the PI3K/Akt pathway-mediated antioxidative stress and antiapoptotic activities. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:661-675. [PMID: 33734020 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1889186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, including spinal cord injury (SCI), result in oxidative stress-induced cell damage. Morroniside (MR), a major active ingredient of the Chinese herb Shan Zhu Yu, has been shown to ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Our previous study also confirmed that morroniside protects SK-N-SH cell line (human neuroblastoma cells) against oxidative impairment. However, it remains unclear whether MR also plays a protective role for oligodendrocytes that are damaged following SCI. The present study investigated the protective effects of MR against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell death in OLN-93 cells. MR protected OLN-93 cells from H2O2-induced injury, attenuated H2O2-induced increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and blocked the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) induced by H2O2. MR enhanced the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and suppressed H2O2-induced downregulation of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and activation of the proapoptotic protein caspase-3. Finally, we found that LY294002, a specific inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt pathway, inhibited the protective effect of MR against H2O2-induced OLN-93 cell injury in the MTT and TUNEL assays. LY294002 also inhibited the expression of SOD and Bcl-2, and increased the expression of iNOS and c-caspase-3 induced by MR treatment. MR exerts protective effects against H2O2-induced OLN-93 cell injury through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-mediated antioxidative stress and antiapoptotic activities. MR may provide a potential strategy for SCI treatment or other related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Li
- Department of Cell Biology College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Xue Song
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- Department of Cell Biology College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yujiao Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Ruina Hu
- Department of Cell Biology College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Ren
- Department of Cell Biology College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Qi Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Hezuo Lü
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China
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13
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Yang N, Berry A, Sauer C, Baxter M, Donaldson IJ, Forbes K, Donn R, Matthews L, Ray D. Hypoxia regulates GR function through multiple mechanisms involving microRNAs 103 and 107. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111007. [PMID: 32871225 PMCID: PMC7646191 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (Gcs) potently inhibit inflammation, and regulate liver energy metabolism, often acting in a hypoxic environment. We now show hypoxic conditions open a specific GR cistrome, and prevent access of GR to part of the normoxic GR cistrome. Motif analysis identified enrichment of KLF4 binding sites beneath those peaks of GR binding exclusive to normoxia, implicating KLF4 as a pioneer, or co-factor under these conditions. Hypoxia reduced KLF4 expression, however, knockdown of KLF4 did not impair GR recruitment. KLF4 is a known target of microRNAs 103 and 107, both of which are induced by hypoxia. Expression of mimics to either microRNA103, or microRNA107 inhibited GR transactivation of normoxic target genes, thereby replicating the hypoxic effect. Therefore, studies in hypoxia reveal that microRNAs 103 and 107 are potent regulators of GR function. We have now identified a new pathway linking hypoxia through microRNAs 103 and 107 to regulation of GR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX37LE, UK
| | - Andrew Berry
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Carolin Sauer
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX37LE, UK
| | - Matthew Baxter
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX37LE, UK
| | - Ian J Donaldson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Karen Forbes
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Rachelle Donn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Laura Matthews
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - David Ray
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX37LE, UK.
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14
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Nitric oxide-inducing Genistein elicits apoptosis-like death via an intense SOS response in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10711-10724. [PMID: 33170329 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant untreatable infections has prompted researchers to trial alternative treatments such as a substitute for traditional antibiotics. This study endeavored to elucidate the antibacterial mechanism(s) of this isoflavone, via analysis of relationship between genistein and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, this investigation analyzed whether genistein generates nitric oxide (NO) in E. coli as NO contributes to cell death. RecA, an essential protein for the bacterial SOS response, was detected through western blot, and the activated caspases decreased without RecA. The results showed that the NO induced by genistein affected the bacterial DNA. Under conditions of acute DNA damage, an SOS response called apoptosis-like death occurred, affecting DNA repair. These results suggested that RecA was bacterial caspase-like protein. In addition, NO was toxic to the bacterial cells and induced dysfunction of the plasma membrane. Thus, membrane depolarization and phosphatidylserine exposure were observed similarly to eukaryotic apoptosis. In conclusion, the combined results demonstrated that the antibacterial mode of action(s) of genistein was a NO-induced apoptosis-like death, and the role of RecA suggested that it contributed to the SOS response of NO defense. KEY POINTS: • Genistein generates nitric oxide in E. coli. • Genistein exhibits intense SOS response in E. coli. • Genistein-induced NO causes apoptosis-like death in E. coli.
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15
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Macrophage Immunometabolism and Inflammaging: Roles of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Cellular Senescence, CD38, and NAD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2:e200026. [PMID: 32774895 PMCID: PMC7409778 DOI: 10.20900/immunometab20200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex process that involves dysfunction on multiple levels, all of which seem to converge on inflammation. Macrophages are intimately involved in initiating and resolving inflammation, and their dysregulation with age is a primary contributor to inflammaging—a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation that develops during aging. Among the age-related changes that occur to macrophages are a heightened state of basal inflammation and diminished or hyperactive inflammatory responses, which seem to be driven by metabolic-dependent epigenetic changes. In this review article we provide a brief overview of mitochondrial functions and age-related changes that occur to macrophages, with an emphasis on how the inflammaging environment, senescence, and NAD decline can affect their metabolism, promote dysregulation, and contribute to inflammaging and age-related pathologies.
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16
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Smokelin IS, Mizzoni C, Erndt-Marino J, Kaplan DL, Georgakoudi I. Optical changes in THP-1 macrophage metabolism in response to pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli reported by label-free two-photon imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-14. [PMID: 31953928 PMCID: PMC7008597 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.1.014512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Temporal changes in macrophage metabolism are likely crucial to their role in inflammatory diseases. Label-free two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy are well suited to track dynamic changes in macrophage metabolism. We performed TPEF imaging of human macrophages following either pro- or an anti-inflammatory stimulation. Two endogenous fluorophores, NAD(P)H and FAD, coenzymes involved in key metabolic pathways, provided contrast. We used the corresponding intensity images to determine the optical redox ratio of FAD to FAD + NAD(P)H. We also analyzed the intensity fluctuation patterns within NAD(P)H TPEF images to determine mitochondrial clustering patterns. Finally, we acquired NAD(P)H TPEF lifetime images to assess the relative levels of bound NAD(P)H. Our studies indicate that the redox ratio increases, whereas mitochondrial clustering decreases in response to both pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli; however, these changes are enhanced in pro-inflammatory macrophages. Interestingly, we did not detect any significant changes in the corresponding NAD(P)H bound fraction. A combination of optical metabolic metrics could be used to classify pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages with high accuracy. Contributions from alterations in different metabolic pathways may explain our findings, which highlight the potential of label-free two-photon imaging to assess nondestructively macrophage functional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S. Smokelin
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Craig Mizzoni
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Josh Erndt-Marino
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medford, Massachusetts, United States
- Tufts University, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Program, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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17
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Ramond E, Jamet A, Coureuil M, Charbit A. Pivotal Role of Mitochondria in Macrophage Response to Bacterial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2461. [PMID: 31708919 PMCID: PMC6819784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles that act as metabolic hubs and signaling platforms within the cell. Numerous mitochondrial functions, including energy metabolism, lipid synthesis, and autophagy regulation, are intimately linked to mitochondrial dynamics, which is shaped by ongoing fusion and fission events. Recently, several intracellular bacterial pathogens have been shown to modulate mitochondrial functions to maintain their replicative niche. Through selected examples of human bacterial pathogens, we will discuss how infection induces mitochondrial changes in infected macrophages, triggering modifications of the host metabolism that lead to important immunological reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ramond
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Team 7, Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Anne Jamet
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Team 7, Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coureuil
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Team 7, Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Alain Charbit
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Team 7, Pathogenesis of Systemic Infections, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
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18
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Abstract
Nutrient overload occurs worldwide as a consequence of the modern diet pattern and the physical inactivity that sometimes accompanies it. Cells initiate multiple protective mechanisms to adapt to elevated intracellular metabolites and restore metabolic homeostasis, but irreversible injury to the cells can occur in the event of prolonged nutrient overload. Many studies have advanced the understanding of the different detrimental effects of nutrient overload; however, few reports have made connections and given the full picture of the impact of nutrient overload on cellular metabolism. In this review, detailed changes in metabolic and energy homeostasis caused by chronic nutrient overload, as well as their associations with the development of metabolic disorders, are discussed. Overnutrition-induced changes in key organelles and sensors rewire cellular bioenergetic pathways and facilitate the shift of the metabolic state toward biosynthesis, thereby leading to the onset of various metabolic disorders, which are essentially the downstream manifestations of a misbalanced metabolic equilibrium. Based on these mechanisms, potential therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders and new research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Qiu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Vicki Schlegel
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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19
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Guevara M, Tejera E, Iturralde GA, Jaramillo-Vivanco T, Granda-Albuja MG, Granja-Albuja S, Santos-Buelga C, González-Paramás AM, Álvarez-Suarez JM. Anti-inflammatory effect of the medicinal herbal mixture infusion, Horchata, from southern Ecuador against LPS-induced cytotoxic damage in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Watson AR, Dai H, Zheng Y, Nakano R, Giannou AD, Menk AV, Stolz DB, Delgoffe GM, Thomson AW. mTORC2 Deficiency Alters the Metabolic Profile of Conventional Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1451. [PMID: 31338091 PMCID: PMC6626913 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In myeloid dendritic cells (DC), deletion of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) results in an augmented pro-inflammatory phenotype and T cell stimulatory activity; however, the underlying mechanism has not been resolved. Here, we demonstrate that mouse bone marrow-derived TORC2-deficient myeloid DC (TORC2−/− DC) utilize an altered metabolic program, characterized by enhanced baseline glycolytic function compared to wild-type WT control (Ctrl) DC, increased dependence on glycolytic ATP production, elevated lipid content and higher viability following stimulation with LPS. In addition, TORC2−/− DC display an increased spare respiratory capacity (SRC) compared to WT Ctrl DC; this metabolic phenotype corresponds with increased mitochondrial mass and mean mitochondrial DNA copy number, and failure of TORC2−/− DC mitochondria to depolarize following LPS stimulation. Our data suggest that the enhanced metabolic activity of TORC2−/− DC may be due to compensatory TORC1 pathway activity, namely increased expression of multiple genes upstream of Akt/TORC1 activity, including the integrin alpha IIb, protein tyrosine kinase 2/focal adhesion kinase, IL-7R and Janus kinase 1(JAK1), and the activation of downstream targets of TORC1, including p70S6K, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and CD36 (fatty acid translocase). These enhanced TORC1 pathway activities may culminate in increased expression of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparγ) that regulates fatty acid storage, and the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (Srebf1). Taken together, our data suggest that TORC2 may function to restrain TORC1-driven metabolic activity and mitochondrial regulation in myeloid DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Watson
- Department of Surgery, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Helong Dai
- Department of Surgery, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yawen Zheng
- Department of Surgery, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ryosuke Nakano
- Department of Surgery, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anastasios D Giannou
- Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ashley V Menk
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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21
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Gerner RR, Klepsch V, Macheiner S, Arnhard K, Adolph TE, Grander C, Wieser V, Pfister A, Moser P, Hermann-Kleiter N, Baier G, Oberacher H, Tilg H, Moschen AR. NAD metabolism fuels human and mouse intestinal inflammation. Gut 2018; 67:1813-1823. [PMID: 28877980 PMCID: PMC6145287 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT, also referred to as pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor or visfatin) is critically required for the maintenance of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) supply catalysing the rate-limiting step of the NAD salvage pathway. NAMPT is strongly upregulated in inflammation including IBD and counteracts an increased cellular NAD turnover mediated by NAD-depleting enzymes. These constitute an important mechanistic link between inflammatory, metabolic and transcriptional pathways and NAD metabolism. DESIGN We investigated the impact of NAMPT inhibition by the small-molecule inhibitor FK866 in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of colitis and the azoxymethane/DSS model of colitis-associated cancer. The impact of NAD depletion on differentiation of mouse and human primary monocytes/macrophages was studied in vitro. Finally, we tested the efficacy of FK866 compared with dexamethasone and infliximab in lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMNC) isolated from patients with IBD. RESULTS FK866 ameliorated DSS-induced colitis and suppressed inflammation-associated tumorigenesis in mice. FK866 potently inhibited NAMPT activity as demonstrated by reduced mucosal NAD, resulting in reduced abundances and activities of NAD-dependent enzymes including PARP1, Sirt6 and CD38, reduced nuclear factor kappa B activation, and decreased cellular infiltration by inflammatory monocytes, macrophages and activated T cells. Remarkably, FK866 effectively supressed cytokine release from LPMNCs of patients with IBD. As FK866 was also effective in Rag1-⁄- mice, we mechanistically linked FK866 treatment with altered monocyte/macrophage biology and skewed macrophage polarisation by reducing CD86, CD38, MHC-II and interleukin (IL)-6 and promoting CD206, Egr2 and IL-10. CONCLUSION Our data emphasise the importance of NAD immunometabolism for mucosal immunity and highlight FK866-mediated NAMPT blockade as a promising therapeutic approach in acute intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana R Gerner
- Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Victoria Klepsch
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sophie Macheiner
- Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Arnhard
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Grander
- Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Wieser
- Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Pfister
- Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrizia Moser
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Division of Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander R Moschen
- Division of Internal Medicine I, Department of Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mucosal Immunology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Davies LC, Rice CM, McVicar DW, Weiss JM. Diversity and environmental adaptation of phagocytic cell metabolism. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:37-48. [PMID: 30247792 PMCID: PMC6334519 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0518-195r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes are cells of the immune system that play important roles in phagocytosis, respiratory burst and degranulation—key components of innate immunity and response to infection. This diverse group of cells includes monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils—heterogeneous cell populations possessing cell and tissue‐specific functions of which cellular metabolism comprises a critical underpinning. Core functions of phagocytic cells are diverse and sensitive to alterations in environmental‐ and tissue‐specific nutrients and growth factors. As phagocytic cells adapt to these extracellular cues, cellular processes are altered and may contribute to pathogenesis. The considerable degree of functional heterogeneity among monocyte, neutrophil, and other phagocytic cell populations necessitates diverse metabolism. As we review our current understanding of metabolism in phagocytic cells, gaps are focused on to highlight the need for additional studies that hopefully enable improved cell‐based strategies for counteracting cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Davies
- Cancer & Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA.,Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, UK
| | - Christopher M Rice
- Cancer & Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer & Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan M Weiss
- Cancer & Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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23
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Kundel V, Trivieri MG, Karakatsanis NA, Robson PM, Mani V, Kizer JR, Kaplan R, Fayad Z, Shah N. Assessment of atherosclerotic plaque activity in patients with sleep apnea using hybrid positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI): a feasibility study. Sleep Breath 2018; 22:1125-1135. [PMID: 29508121 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-018-1646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evidence suggests that the inflammatory state of an atherosclerotic plaque is important in predicting future risk of plaque rupture. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of measuring plaque inflammation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) utilizing advanced vascular imaging - hybrid positron-emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) tracer-before and after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). METHODS Patients with newly diagnosed moderate to severe OSA underwent baseline PET/MRI for assessment of vascular inflammation of the carotid arteries and thoracic aorta prior to initiation of CPAP. Those adherent to CPAP returned for repeat imaging after 3-6 months of CPAP use. Atherosclerotic plaque activity, as measured by arterial wall FDG uptake, was calculated using target-to-background ratios (TBR) before and after CPAP. RESULTS Five patients were recruited as part of a focused project. Mean age was 52 years (80% male), and mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 33. Three patients were objectively adherent with CPAP. In the pre-CPAP phase, all patients had focal FDG uptake in the carotid arteries and aorta. After CPAP, there was an average reduction in TBR of 5.5% (TBRmean) and 6.2% (TBRmax) in carotid and aortic plaque inflammation, similar in magnitude to the reduction observed with statin therapy alone in non-OSA patients (previously reported by others). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the feasibility of using hybrid PET/MRI to assess atherosclerotic plaque inflammation in patients with OSA before and after CPAP. Use of the vascular PET/MRI platform in patients with OSA may provide better insight into the role of OSA and its treatment in reducing atherosclerotic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Kundel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Maria Giovanna Trivieri
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas A Karakatsanis
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Phillip M Robson
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Venkatesh Mani
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge R Kizer
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Robert Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zahi Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neomi Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1232, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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24
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Ke L, Wang H, Gao G, Rao P, He L, Zhou J. Direct interaction of food derived colloidal micro/nano-particles with oral macrophages. NPJ Sci Food 2017; 1:3. [PMID: 31304245 PMCID: PMC6548417 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-017-0003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Like any typical food system, bone soup (or broth), a traditional nourishing food in many cultures, contains a colloid dispersion of self-assembled micro/nano-particles. Food ingestion results in the direct contact of food colloidal MNPs with immune cells. Will they ever interact with each other? To answer the question, MNPs and NPs were separated from porcine bone soup and labeled with Nile Red, and their uptake by murine oral macrophages and its consequent effects were investigated. Colloidal particle samples of UF-MNPs and SEC-NP were prepared from porcine bone soup by ultrafiltration (UF) and size-exclusion chromatography, respectively. Their mean hydrodynamic diameters were 248 ± 10 nm and 170 ± 1 nm with dominant composition of protein and lipid. Particles in both samples were found to be internalized by oral macrophages upon co-incubation at particle/cell ratios of 14,000/1. In normal oral macrophages, the particle uptake exerted influence neither on the cellular cytosolic membrane potential (V mem) nor mitochondrial superoxide level, as were indicated with fluorescent dyes of DiBAC4(3) and MitoSOX Red, respectively. However, when oral macrophages were challenged by peroxyl radical inducer AAPH, the engulfment of UF-MNPs and SEC-NPs mitigated the peroxyl radical induced membrane hyperpolarization effect by up to 70%, and the suppression on the oxygen respiration in mitochondria by up to 100%. Those results provide evidence of the direct interaction between food colloidal particles with immune cells, implying a possible new mode of food-body interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Ke
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanzhen Gao
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei He
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwu Zhou
- Food Nutrition Sciences Centre, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Minchenberg SB, Massa PT. The control of oligodendrocyte bioenergetics by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1). J Neuroimmunol 2017; 331:46-57. [PMID: 29113698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration are essential for oligodendrocyte metabolism in both the developing and adult CNS. Based on recent reports on the effects of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ on metabolism and on oligodendrocytes, we addressed whether IFN-γ may affect oligodendrocyte bioenergetics in ways relevant to CNS disease. Oligodendrocytes of mice treated with IFN-γ showed significant reductions in aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. As expected, IFN-γ treatment led to the induction of STAT1 in oligodendrocytes indicating active signaling into these cells. To determine the direct effects of IFN-γ on oligodendrocyte metabolism, cultured oligodendrocytes were treated with IFN-γ in vitro, which resulted in suppression of glycolysis similar to oligodendrocytes of animals treated with IFN-γ in vivo. Mice lacking SHP-1, a key regulator of IFN-γ and STAT1 signaling in CNS glia, had high constitutive levels of STAT1 and decreased aerobic glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration rates relative to wild type mouse oligodendrocytes. Together, these data show that IFN-γ and SHP-1 control oligodendrocyte bioenergetics in ways that may relate to the role of this cytokine in CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Minchenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Paul T Massa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY, United States.
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26
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. To Eat and to Be Eaten: Mutual Metabolic Adaptations of Immune Cells and Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens upon Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:316. [PMID: 28752080 PMCID: PMC5508010 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens (IBPs) invade and replicate in different cell types including immune cells, in particular of the innate immune system (IIS) during infection in the acute phase. However, immune cells primarily function as essential players in the highly effective and integrated host defense systems comprising the IIS and the adaptive immune system (AIS), which cooperatively protect the host against invading microbes including IBPs. As countermeasures, the bacterial pathogens (and in particular the IBPs) have developed strategies to evade or reprogram the IIS at various steps. The intracellular replication capacity and the anti-immune defense responses of the IBP's as well as the specific antimicrobial responses of the immune cells of the innate and the AIS depend on specific metabolic programs of the IBPs and their host cells. The metabolic programs of the immune cells supporting or counteracting replication of the IBPs appear to be mutually exclusive. Indeed, recent studies show that upon interaction of naïve, metabolically quiescent immune cells with IBPs, different metabolic activation processes occur which may result in the provision of a survival and replication niche for the pathogen or its eradication. It is therefore likely that within a possible host cell population subsets exist that are metabolically programmed for pro- or anti-microbial conditions. These metabolic programs may be triggered by the interactions between different bacterial agonistic components and host cell receptors. In this review, we summarize the current status in the field and discuss metabolic adaptation processes within immune cells of the IIS and the IBPs that support or restrict the intracellular replication of the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität MünchenGarching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMünchen, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMünchen, Germany
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27
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Wang Y, Hou Q, Xiao G, Yang S, Di C, Si J, Zhou R, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Selective ATP hydrolysis inhibition in F1Fo ATP synthase enhances radiosensitivity in non-small-cell lung cancer cells (A549). Oncotarget 2017; 8:53602-53612. [PMID: 28881834 PMCID: PMC5581133 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background F1Fo-ATP synthase (F1Fo-ATPase) is a reversibly rotary molecular machine whose dual functions of synthesizing or hydrolyzing ATP switch upon the condition of cell physiology. The robust ATP-hydrolyzing activity occurs in ischemia for maintaining the transmembrane proton motive force of mitochondria inner membrane, but the effect of F1Fo-ATPase on X-ray response of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells is unknown. Methods and Findings We studied whether ATP hydrolysis affected X-ray radiation induced cell death. NSCLC cells (A549) were pretreated with BTB06584 (BTB), an elective ATP hydrolysis inhibitor, followed by X-ray radiation. Cell viability and clonogenic survival were markedly decreased, clear indications of enhanced radiosensitivity through BTB incubation. Additionally, ATP5α1 was upregulated in parallel with elevated ATP hydrolytic activity after X-ray radiation, showing an increased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). ATP hydrolysis inhibition led to collapse of ΔΨm suggesting ATP hydrolytic activity could enhance ΔΨm after X-ray radiation. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that apoptosis was pronounced with the prolonged collapse of ΔΨm due to hydrolysis inhibition by BTB incubation. Conclusion Overall, these findings supported that ATP hydrolysis inhibition could enhance the radiosensitivity in NSCLC cells (A549) after X-ray radiation, which was due to the collapse of ΔΨm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupei Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinzheng Hou
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Guoqing Xiao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Shifeng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Cuixia Di
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Si
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yancheng Ye
- Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital, Department of Science and Technology, Wuwei 733000, Gansu, China
| | - Yanshan Zhang
- Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital, Department of Science and Technology, Wuwei 733000, Gansu, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.,Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital, Department of Science and Technology, Wuwei 733000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
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28
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McGarry T, Biniecka M, Gao W, Cluxton D, Canavan M, Wade S, Wade S, Gallagher L, Orr C, Veale DJ, Fearon U. Resolution of TLR2-induced inflammation through manipulation of metabolic pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43165. [PMID: 28225071 PMCID: PMC5320554 DOI: 10.1038/srep43165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During inflammation, immune cells activated by toll-like receptors (TLRs) have the ability to undergo a bioenergetic switch towards glycolysis in a manner similar to that observed in tumour cells. While TLRs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), their role in regulating cellular metabolism in synovial cells, however, is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of TLR2-activation on mitochondrial function and bioenergetics in primary RA-synovial fibroblast cells (RASFC), and further determined the role of glycolytic blockade on TLR2-induced inflammation in RASFC using glycolytic inhibitor 3-(3-pyridinyl)-1-(4-pyridinyl)-2-propen-1-one (3PO). We observed an increase in mitochondrial mutations, ROS and lipid peroxidation, paralleled by a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential in TLR2-stimulated RASFC. This was mirrored by differential regulation of key mitochondrial genes, coupled with alteration in mitochondrial morphology. TLR2-activation also regulated changes in the bioenergetic profile of RASFC, inducing PKM2 nuclear translocation, decreased mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis and increased glycolysis:respiration ratio, suggesting a metabolic switch. Finally, using 3PO, we demonstrated that glycolytic blockade reversed TLR2-induced pro-inflammatory mechanisms including invasion, migration, cytokine/chemokine secretion and signalling pathways. These findings support the concept of complex interplay between innate immunity, oxidative damage and oxygen metabolism in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy McGarry
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Monika Biniecka
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wei Gao
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deborah Cluxton
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary Canavan
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Wade
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sarah Wade
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorna Gallagher
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carl Orr
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Douglas J. Veale
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ursula Fearon
- Molecular Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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29
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Nicholas D, Proctor EA, Raval FM, Ip BC, Habib C, Ritou E, Grammatopoulos TN, Steenkamp D, Dooms H, Apovian CM, Lauffenburger DA, Nikolajczyk BS. Advances in the quantification of mitochondrial function in primary human immune cells through extracellular flux analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170975. [PMID: 28178278 PMCID: PMC5298256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies show that mitochondrial energy generation determines the effectiveness of immune responses. Furthermore, changes in mitochondrial function may regulate lymphocyte function in inflammatory diseases like type 2 diabetes. Analysis of lymphocyte mitochondrial function has been facilitated by introduction of 96-well format extracellular flux (XF96) analyzers, but the technology remains imperfect for analysis of human lymphocytes. Limitations in XF technology include the lack of practical protocols for analysis of archived human cells, and inadequate data analysis tools that require manual quality checks. Current analysis tools for XF outcomes are also unable to automatically assess data quality and delete untenable data from the relatively high number of biological replicates needed to power complex human cell studies. The objectives of work presented herein are to test the impact of common cellular manipulations on XF outcomes, and to develop and validate a new automated tool that objectively analyzes a virtually unlimited number of samples to quantitate mitochondrial function in immune cells. We present significant improvements on previous XF analyses of primary human cells that will be absolutely essential to test the prediction that changes in immune cell mitochondrial function and fuel sources support immune dysfunction in chronic inflammatory diseases like type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequina Nicholas
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Proctor
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Forum M. Raval
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Blanche C. Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Chloe Habib
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Eleni Ritou
- BioEnergetics LLC, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Devin Steenkamp
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Hans Dooms
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Apovian
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Barbara S. Nikolajczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Thankam FG, Dilisio MF, Dougherty KA, Dietz NE, Agrawal DK. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in the inflammatory response: a potential therapeutic target. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1239-1249. [PMID: 27266327 PMCID: PMC5158012 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1196138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The events in the cellular and molecular signaling triggered during inflammation mitigate tissue healing. The metabolic check-point control mediated by 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is crucial for switching the cells into an activated state capable of mediating inflammatory events. The cell metabolism involved in the inflammatory response represents a potential therapeutic target for the pharmacologic management of inflammation. Areas covered: In this article, a critical review is presented on triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell (TREM) receptors and their role in the inflammatory responses, as well as homeostasis between different TREM molecules and their regulation. Additionally, we discussed the relationship between TREM and AMPK to identify novel targets to limit the inflammatory response. Literature search was carried out from the National Library of Medicine's Medline database (using PubMed as the search engine) and Google Scholar and identified relevant studies up to 30 March 2016 using inflammation, TREM, AMPK, as the key words. Expert commentary: The prevention of phenotype switching of immune cells during inflammation by targeting AMPK and TREM-1 could be beneficial for developing novel management strategies for inflammation and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew F. Dilisio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Nicholas E. Dietz
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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31
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miR-125b controls monocyte adaptation to inflammation through mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics. Blood 2016; 128:3125-3136. [PMID: 27702798 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-02-697003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes drive monocyte differentiation and fate. Although abnormal mitochondria metabolism and innate immune responses participate in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders, molecular events regulating mitochondrial activity to control life and death in monocytes remain poorly understood. We show here that, in human monocytes, microRNA-125b (miR-125b) attenuates the mitochondrial respiration through the silencing of the BH3-only proapoptotic protein BIK and promotes the elongation of the mitochondrial network through the targeting of the mitochondrial fission process 1 protein MTP18, leading to apoptosis. Proinflammatory activation of monocyte-derived macrophages is associated with a concomitant increase in miR-125b expression and decrease in BIK and MTP18 expression, which lead to reduced oxidative phosphorylation and enhanced mitochondrial fusion. In a chronic inflammatory systemic disorder, CD14+ blood monocytes display reduced miR-125b expression as compared with healthy controls, inversely correlated with BIK and MTP18 messenger RNA expression. Our findings not only identify BIK and MTP18 as novel targets for miR-125b that control mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics, respectively, but also reveal a novel function for miR-125b in regulating metabolic adaptation of monocytes to inflammation. Together, these data unravel new molecular mechanisms for a proapoptotic role of miR-125b in monocytes and identify potential targets for interfering with excessive inflammatory activation of monocytes in inflammatory disorders.
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32
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Non-invasive evaluation of neuroprotective drug candidates for cerebral infarction by PET imaging of mitochondrial complex-I activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30127. [PMID: 27440054 PMCID: PMC4954989 DOI: 10.1038/srep30127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a diagnostic technology that can accurately determine the pathological progression of ischemic stroke and evaluate the therapeutic effects of cerebroprotective agents has been desired. We previously developed a novel PET probe, 2-tert-butyl-4-chloro-5-{6-[2-(2-18F-fluoroethoxy)-ethoxy]-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy}-2H-pyridazin-3-one ([18F]BCPP-EF) for detecting activity of mitochondrial complex I (MC-I). This probe was shown to visualize neuronal damage in the living brain of rodent and primate models of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, [18F]BCPP-EF was applied to evaluate the therapeutic effects of a neuroprotectant, liposomal FK506 (FK506-liposomes), on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. The PET imaging using [18F]BCPP-EF showed a prominent reduction in the MC-I activity in the ischemic brain hemisphere. Treatment with FK506-liposomes remarkably increased the uptake of [18F]BCPP-EF in the ischemic side corresponding to the improvement of blood flow disorders and motor function deficits throughout the 7 days after I/R. Additionally, the PET scan could diagnose the extent of the brain damage accurately and showed the neuroprotective effect of FK506-liposomes at Day 7, at which 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining couldn’t visualize them. Our study demonstrated that the PET technology using [18F]BCPP-EF has a potent capacity to evaluate the therapeutic effect of drug candidates in living brain.
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33
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Diao SL, Xu HP, Zhang B, Ma BX, Liu XL. Associations of MMP-2, BAX, and Bcl-2 mRNA and Protein Expressions with Development of Atrial Fibrillation. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1497-507. [PMID: 27141955 PMCID: PMC4915330 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To examine changes of mRNA and protein expressions of MMP-2, Bcl-2, and BAX in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, and investigate the correlations among these 3 biomarkers. Material/Methods Rheumatic heart disease patients (n=158) undergoing cardiac surgical procedures for mitral valve repair or replacement were included as the AF group (n=123), containing paroxysmal AF (n=42), persistent AF (n=36), and permanent AF (n=45). Rheumatic heart disease patients with sinus rhythm (SR) (n=35) were enrolled as the SR group (control group). Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were applied to detect the protein and mRNA expression levels of MMP-2, Bcl-2, and BAX. Apoptosis was observed with light and electron microscopes and detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Results Compared with the SR group, the left atrial diameters (LADs), protein and mRNA expression levels of MMP-2 and BAX, apoptotic index (AI), and Bcl-2/BAX ratio were evidently increased in the 3 AF groups, but protein and mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2 decreased in the AF groups (all P<0.05). Correlation analysis found that MMP-2 protein expression levels was positively correlated with BAX expression, but negatively correlated with Bcl-2 expression levels. Conclusions Our study results suggest that elevated MMP-2 expression and disturbance balance of Bcl-2/BAX expressions may be associated with the development and maintenance of AF. MMP-2 may be involved in the development of AF through promoting BAX expressions and inhibiting Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Diao
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Hui-Pu Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Bao-Xin Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical College, Binzhou, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xian-Liang Liu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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34
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Balamurugan K. HIF-1 at the crossroads of hypoxia, inflammation, and cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:1058-66. [PMID: 25784597 PMCID: PMC4573780 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complex cross-talk of intricate intercellular signaling networks between the tumor and stromal cells promotes cancer progression. Hypoxia is one of the most common conditions encountered within the tumor microenvironment that drives tumorigenesis. Most responses to hypoxia are elicited by a family of transcription factors called hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which induce expression of a diverse set of genes that assist cells to adapt to hypoxic environments. Among the three HIF protein family members, the role of HIF-1 is well established in cancer progression. HIF-1 functions as a signaling hub to coordinate the activities of many transcription factors and signaling molecules that impact tumorigenesis. This mini review discusses the complex role of HIF-1 and its context-dependent partners under various cancer-promoting events including inflammation and generation of cancer stem cells, which are implicated in tumor metastasis and relapse. In addition, the review highlights the importance of therapeutic targeting of HIF-1 for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppusamy Balamurugan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
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Németh B, Doczi J, Csete D, Kacso G, Ravasz D, Adams D, Kiss G, Nagy AM, Horvath G, Tretter L, Mócsai A, Csépányi-Kömi R, Iordanov I, Adam-Vizi V, Chinopoulos C. Abolition of mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation by itaconic acid produced by LPS-induced Irg1 expression in cells of murine macrophage lineage. FASEB J 2015; 30:286-300. [PMID: 26358042 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-279398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Itaconate is a nonamino organic acid exhibiting antimicrobial effects. It has been recently identified in cells of macrophage lineage as a product of an enzyme encoded by immunoresponsive gene 1 (Irg1), acting on the citric acid cycle intermediate cis-aconitate. In mitochondria, itaconate can be converted by succinate-coenzyme A (CoA) ligase to itaconyl-CoA at the expense of ATP (or GTP), and is also a weak competitive inhibitor of complex II. Here, we investigated specific bioenergetic effects of increased itaconate production mediated by LPS-induced stimulation of Irg1 in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and RAW-264.7 cells. In rotenone-treated macrophage cells, stimulation by LPS led to impairment in substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) of in situ mitochondria, deduced by a reversal in the directionality of the adenine nucleotide translocase operation. In RAW-264.7 cells, the LPS-induced impairment in SLP was reversed by short-interfering RNA(siRNA)-but not scrambled siRNA-treatment directed against Irg1. LPS dose-dependently inhibited oxygen consumption rates (61-91%) and elevated glycolysis rates (>21%) in BMDM but not RAW-264.7 cells, studied under various metabolic conditions. In isolated mouse liver mitochondria treated with rotenone, itaconate dose-dependently (0.5-2 mM) reversed the operation of adenine nucleotide translocase, implying impairment in SLP, an effect that was partially mimicked by malonate. However, malonate yielded greater ADP-induced depolarizations (3-19%) than itaconate. We postulate that itaconate abolishes SLP due to 1) a "CoA trap" in the form of itaconyl-CoA that negatively affects the upstream supply of succinyl-CoA from the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; 2) depletion of ATP (or GTP), which are required for the thioesterification by succinate-CoA ligase; and 3) inhibition of complex II leading to a buildup of succinate which shifts succinate-CoA ligase equilibrium toward ATP (or GTP) utilization. Our results support the notion that Irg1-expressing cells of macrophage lineage lose the capacity of mitochondrial SLP for producing itaconate during mounting of an immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Németh
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Doczi
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Csete
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Kacso
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Ravasz
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Adams
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Kiss
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam M Nagy
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergo Horvath
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Tretter
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roland Csépányi-Kömi
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Iordan Iordanov
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vera Adam-Vizi
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christos Chinopoulos
- *Department of Medical Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; and Lendület Neurobiochemistry Research Group, Lendület Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Laboratory for Neurobiochemistry, and Lendület Ion Channel Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Chiu CW, Chen HM, Wu TT, Shih YC, Huang KK, Tsai YF, Hsu YL, Chen SF. Differential proteomics of monosodium urate crystals-induced inflammatory response in dissected murine air pouch membranes by iTRAQ technology. Proteomics 2015. [PMID: 26205848 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The precipitation of monosodium urate crystals within joints triggers an acute inflammatory reaction that is the root cause of gout. The inflammation induced by the injection of MSU crystals into the murine air pouch for 1, 3, and 5 h was examined by iTRAQ-based proteomic profiling. The iTRAQ-labeled peptides were fractionated by SCX, basic-RP or solution-IEF, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 951 proteins were quantified from the total combined fractions. Among them, 317 proteins exhibited a differential expression, compared to that of the controls at one time point or more. The majority of the differentially expressed proteins were found in the sample after a 5-h MSU treatment. Western blot revealed that the expression levels of cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide and S100A9 were positively correlated with the time-course treated with MSU. Further analysis of GeneGO pathway demonstrated that these differentially expressed proteins are primarily related to the immune-related complement system and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Moreover, seven genes from the TCA cycle were found to be significantly downregulated at the transcriptional level and its correlation with gout and possible therapeutic applications are worth further investigation. Last, we found that pyruvate carboxylation could be potential targets for antigout treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Han-Min Chen
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Ta Wu
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Shih
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Kuei Huang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fei Tsai
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Hsu
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
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Zolfaghari PS, Carré JE, Parker N, Curtin NA, Duchen MR, Singer M. Skeletal muscle dysfunction is associated with derangements in mitochondrial bioenergetics (but not UCP3) in a rodent model of sepsis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E713-25. [PMID: 25714676 PMCID: PMC4420898 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00562.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Muscle dysfunction is a common feature of severe sepsis and multiorgan failure. Recent evidence implicates bioenergetic dysfunction and oxidative damage as important underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Increased abundance of uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3) in sepsis suggests increased mitochondrial proton leak, which may reduce mitochondrial coupling efficiency but limit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Using a murine model, we examined metabolic, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle contractile changes following induction of peritoneal sepsis in wild-type and Ucp3(-/-) mice. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was measured using two-photon microscopy in living diaphragm, and contractile function was measured in diaphragm muscle strips. The kinetic relationship between membrane potential and oxygen consumption was determined using a modular kinetic approach in isolated mitochondria. Sepsis was associated with significant whole body metabolic suppression, hypothermia, and cardiovascular dysfunction. Maximal force generation was reduced and fatigue accelerated in ex vivo diaphragm muscle strips from septic mice. Δψm was lower in the isolated diaphragm from septic mice despite normal substrate oxidation kinetics and proton leak in skeletal muscle mitochondria. Even though wild-type mice exhibited an absolute 26 ± 6% higher UCP3 protein abundance at 24 h, no differences were seen in whole animal or diaphragm physiology, nor in survival rates, between wild-type and Ucp3(-/-) mice. In conclusion, this murine sepsis model shows a hypometabolic phenotype with evidence of significant cardiovascular and muscle dysfunction. This was associated with lower Δψm and alterations in mitochondrial ATP turnover and the phosphorylation pathway. However, UCP3 does not play an important functional role, despite its upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parjam S Zolfaghari
- Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E Carré
- Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadeene Parker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy A Curtin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Tawakol A, Grinspoon SK. Imaging atherosclerotic burden and inflammation: insights into the spectrum of atherosclerotic disease in HIV. J Nucl Cardiol 2015; 22:381-4. [PMID: 25537613 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-014-0044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tawakol
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,
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Leishmania infantum modulates host macrophage mitochondrial metabolism by hijacking the SIRT1-AMPK axis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004684. [PMID: 25738568 PMCID: PMC4349736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic manipulation of host cells by intracellular pathogens is currently recognized to play an important role in the pathology of infection. Nevertheless, little information is available regarding mitochondrial energy metabolism in Leishmania infected macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that during L. infantum infection, macrophages switch from an early glycolytic metabolism to an oxidative phosphorylation, and this metabolic deviation requires SIRT1 and LKB1/AMPK. SIRT1 or LBK1 deficient macrophages infected with L. infantum failed to activate AMPK and up-regulate its targets such as Slc2a4 and Ppargc1a, which are essential for parasite growth. As a result, impairment of metabolic switch caused by SIRT1 or AMPK deficiency reduces parasite load in vitro and in vivo. Overall, our work demonstrates the importance of SIRT1 and AMPK energetic sensors for parasite intracellular survival and proliferation, highlighting the modulation of these proteins as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Emami H, Singh P, MacNabb M, Vucic E, Lavender Z, Rudd JHF, Fayad ZA, Lehrer-Graiwer J, Korsgren M, Figueroa AL, Fredrickson J, Rubin B, Hoffmann U, Truong QA, Min JK, Baruch A, Nasir K, Nahrendorf M, Tawakol A. Splenic metabolic activity predicts risk of future cardiovascular events: demonstration of a cardiosplenic axis in humans. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8:121-30. [PMID: 25577441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether splenic activation after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is linked to leukocyte proinflammatory remodeling and whether splenic activity independently predicts the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. BACKGROUND Pre-clinical data suggest the existence of a cardiosplenic axis, wherein activation of hematopoietic tissues (notably in the spleen) results in liberation of proinflammatory leukocytes and accelerated atherosclerotic inflammation. However, it is presently unknown whether a cardiosplenic axis exists in humans and whether splenic activation relates to CVD risk. METHODS (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was performed in 508 individuals across 2 studies. In the first study, we performed FDG-PET imaging in 22 patients with recent ACS and 22 control subjects. FDG uptake was measured in spleen and arterial wall, whereas proinflammatory gene expression of circulating leukocytes was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In a second study, we examined the relationship between splenic tissue FDG uptake with subsequent CVD events during follow-up (median 4 years) in 464 patients who previously had undergone FDG-PET imaging. RESULTS Splenic activity increased after ACS and was significantly associated with multiple indices of inflammation: 1) up-regulated gene expression of proinflammatory leukocytes; 2) increased C-reactive protein; and 3) increased arterial wall inflammation (FDG uptake). Moreover, in the second study, splenic activity (greater than or equal to the median) was associated with an increased risk of CVD events (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5 to 7.3; p = 0.003), which remained significant after adjustment for CVD risk factors (HR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.01 to 5.06; p = 0.04) and for arterial FDG uptake (HR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.5 to 7.4; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate increased splenic metabolic activity after ACS and its association with proinflammatory remodeling of circulating leukocytes. Moreover, we observed that metabolic activity of the spleen independently predicted risk of subsequent CVD events. Collectively, these findings provide evidence of a cardiosplenic axis in humans similar to that shown in pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Emami
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Division of Cardiac Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Parmanand Singh
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Division of Cardiac Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Megan MacNabb
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Division of Cardiac Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Esad Vucic
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Division of Cardiac Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zachary Lavender
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Division of Cardiac Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James H F Rudd
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Amparo L Figueroa
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Division of Cardiac Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Barry Rubin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Udo Hoffmann
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Division of Cardiac Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Quynh A Truong
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Division of Cardiac Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James K Min
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and the New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Division of Cardiac Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Alie N, Eldib M, Fayad ZA, Mani V. Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease: PET/CT for the Evaluation of Atherosclerosis and Inflammation. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2015; 8:13-21. [PMID: 25674025 PMCID: PMC4294600 DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s17063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a prevalent cardiovascular disease marked by inflammation and the formation of plaque within arterial walls. As the disease progresses, there is an increased risk of major cardiovascular events. Owing to the nature of atherosclerosis, it is imperative to develop methods to further understand the physiological implications and progression of the disease. The combination of positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) has proven to be promising for the evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques and inflammation within the vessel walls. The utilization of the radiopharmaceutical tracer, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), with PET/CT is invaluable in understanding the pathophysiological state involved in atherosclerosis. In this review, we will discuss the use of 18F-FDG-PET/CT imaging for the evaluation of atherosclerosis and inflammation both in preclinical and clinical studies. The potential of more specific novel tracers will be discussed. Finally, we will touch on the potential benefits of using the newly introduced combined PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for non-invasive imaging of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Alie
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mootaz Eldib
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Venkatesh Mani
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Zhu L, Zhao Q, Yang T, Ding W, Zhao Y. Cellular metabolism and macrophage functional polarization. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 34:82-100. [PMID: 25340307 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.969421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are a functionally heterogeneous cell population that is mainly shaped by a variety of microenvironmental stimuli. Interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induce a classical activation of macrophages (M1), whereas IL-4 and IL-13 induce an alternative activation program in macrophages (M2). Reprogramming of intracellular metabolisms is required for the proper polarization and functions of activated macrophages. Similar to the Warburg effect observed in tumor cells, M1 macrophages increase glucose consumption and lactate release and decreased oxygen consumption rate. In comparison, M2 macrophages mainly employ oxidative glucose metabolism pathways. In addition, fatty acids, vitamins, and iron metabolisms are also related to macrophage polarization. However, detailed metabolic pathways involved in macrophages have remained elusive. Understanding the bidirectional interactions between cellular metabolism and macrophage functions in physiological and pathological situations and the regulatory pathways involved may offer novel therapies for macrophage-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnan Zhu
- 1Transplantation Biology Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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van Bilsen M, Planavila A. Fatty acids and cardiac disease: fuel carrying a message. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:476-90. [PMID: 24773697 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
From the viewpoint of the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden, there has been a continuous interest in the detrimental effects of the Western-type high-fat diet for more than half a century. More recently, this general view has been subject to change as epidemiological studies showed that replacing fat by carbohydrate may even be worse and that various polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) have beneficial rather than detrimental effects on CVD outcome. At the same time, advances in lipid biology have provided insight into the mechanisms by which the different lipid components of the Western diet affect the cardiovascular system. In fact, this still is a rapidly growing field of research and in recent years novel FA derivatives and FA receptors have been discovered. This includes fish-oil derived FA-derivatives with anti-inflammatory properties, the so-called resolvins, and various G-protein-coupled receptors that recognize FA as ligands. In the present review, we will extensively discuss the role of FA and their metabolites on cardiac disease, with special emphasis on the role of the different saturated and polyunsaturated FA and their respective metabolites in cellular signal transduction and the possible implications for the development of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. van Bilsen
- Department of Physiology; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - A. Planavila
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB); Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Barcelona Spain
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Ismailoglu I, Chen Q, Popowski M, Yang L, Gross SS, Brivanlou AH. Huntingtin protein is essential for mitochondrial metabolism, bioenergetics and structure in murine embryonic stem cells. Dev Biol 2014; 391:230-40. [PMID: 24780625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Huntington locus (htt) have devastating consequences. Gain-of-poly-Q repeats in Htt protein causes Huntington's disease (HD), while htt(-/-) mutants display early embryonic lethality. Despite its importance, the function of Htt remains elusive. To address this, we compared more than 3700 compounds in three syngeneic mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) lines: htt(-/-), extended poly-Q (Htt-Q140/7), and wild-type mESCs (Htt-Q7/7) using untargeted metabolite profiling. While Htt-Q140/7 cells did not show major differences in cellular bioenergetics, we find extensive metabolic aberrations in htt(-/-) mESCs, including (i) complete failure of ATP production despite preservation of the mitochondrial membrane potential; (ii) near-maximal glycolysis, with little or no glycolytic reserve; (iii) marked ketogenesis; (iv) depletion of intracellular NTPs; (v) accelerated purine biosynthesis and salvage; and (vi) loss of mitochondrial structural integrity. Together, our findings reveal that Htt is necessary for mitochondrial structure and function from the earliest stages of embryogenesis, providing a molecular explanation for htt(-/-) early embryonic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Ismailoglu
- Laboratory of Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qiuying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melissa Popowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Steven S Gross
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Ali H Brivanlou
- Laboratory of Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Kang S, Kyung C, Park JS, Kim S, Lee SP, Kim MK, Kim HK, Kim KR, Jeon TJ, Ahn CW. Subclinical vascular inflammation in subjects with normal weight obesity and its association with body fat: an 18 F-FDG-PET/CT study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:70. [PMID: 24708764 PMCID: PMC3994236 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although body mass index (BMI) is the most widely accepted parameter for defining obesity, recent studies have indicated a unique set of patients who exhibit normal BMI and excess body fat (BF), which is termed as normal weight obesity (NWO). Increased BF is an established risk factor for atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear whether NWO subjects already have a higher degree of vascular inflammation compared to normal weight lean (NWL) subjects; moreover, the association of BF with vascular inflammation in normal weight subjects is largely unknown. Methods NWO and NWL subjects (n = 82 in each group) without any history of significant vascular disease were identified from a 3-year database of consecutively recruited patients undergoing 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18 F-FDG-PET/CT) at a self-referred Healthcare Promotion Program. The degree of subclinical vascular inflammation was evaluated using the mean and maximum target-to-background ratios (TBRmean and TBRmax) of the carotid artery, which were measured by 18 F-FDG-PET/CT (a noninvasive tool for assessing vascular inflammation). Results We found that metabolically dysregulation was greater in NWO subjects than in NWL subjects, with a significantly higher blood pressure, higher fasting glucose level, and worse lipid profile. Moreover, NWO subjects exhibited higher TBR than NWL subjects (TBRmean: 1.33 ± 0.16 versus 1.45 ± 0.19, p < 0.001; TBRmax: 1.52 ± 0.23 versus 1.67 ± 0.25, p < 0.001). TBR was significantly associated with total BF (TBRmean: r = 0.267, p = 0.001; TBRmax: r = 0.289, p < 0.001), age (TBRmean: r = 0.170, p = 0.029; TBRmax: r = 0.165, p = 0.035), BMI (TBRmean: r = 0.184, p = 0.018; TBRmax: r = 0.206, p = 0.008), and fasting glucose level (TBRmean: r = 0.157, p = 0.044; TBRmax: r = 0.182, p = 0.020). In multiple linear regression analysis, BF was an independent determinant of TBRmean and TBRmax, after adjusting for age, BMI, and fasting glucose level (TBRmean: regression coefficient = 0.020, p = 0.008; TBRmax: regression coefficient = 0.028, p = 0.005). Compared to NWL, NWO was also independently associated with elevated TBRmax values, after adjusting for confounding factors (odds ratio = 2.887, 95% confidence interval 1.206–6.914, p = 0.017). Conclusions NWO is associated with a higher degree of subclinical vascular inflammation, of which BF is a major contributing factor. These results warrant investigations for subclinical atherosclerosis in NWO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tae Joo Jeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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Tsukada H, Ohba H, Nishiyama S, Kanazawa M, Kakiuchi T, Harada N. PET imaging of ischemia-induced impairment of mitochondrial complex I function in monkey brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:708-14. [PMID: 24447952 PMCID: PMC3982099 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To assess the capability of (18)F-2-tert-butyl-4-chloro-5-{6-[2-(2-fluoroethoxy)-ethoxy]-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy}-2H-pyridazin-3-one ((18)F-BCPP-EF), a novel positron emission tomography (PET) probe for mitochondrial complex I (MC-I) activity, as a specific marker of ischemia-induced neuronal death without being disturbed by inflammation, translational research was conducted using an animal PET in ischemic brains of Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Focal ischemia was induced by the right middle cerebral artery occlusion for 3 hours, then PET scans were conducted at Day-7 with (15)O-gases for regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and regional cerebral metabolism of oxygen (rCMRO₂), and (18)F-BCPP-EF for MC-I with arterial blood sampling. On Day-8, the additional PET scans conducted with (11)C-flumazenil ((11)C-FMZ) for central-type benzodiazepine receptors, (11)C-PBR28 for translocator protein, and (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) for regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRglc). The total distribution volume (VT) values of (18)F-BCPP-EF showed the significant reduction in MC-I activity in the damaged area at Day-7. When correlated with rCBF and rCMRO₂, the VT values of (18)F-BCPP-EF provided better correlation with rCMRO₂ than with rCBF. In the inflammatory regions (region of interest, ROIPBR) of the ischemic hemisphere detected with (11)C-PBR28, higher (18)F-FDG uptake and lower VT of (18)F-BCPP-EF, (11)C-FMZ, and rCMRO2 than those in normal contralateral hemisphere were observed. These results strongly suggested that (18)F-BCPP-EF could discriminate the neuronal damaged areas with neuroinflammation, where (18)F-FDG could not owing to its high uptake into the activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohba
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Nishiyama
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Takeharu Kakiuchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norihiro Harada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Shizuoka, Japan
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Tsukada H, Nishiyama S, Fukumoto D, Kanazawa M, Harada N. Novel PET probes 18F-BCPP-EF and 18F-BCPP-BF for mitochondrial complex I: a PET study in comparison with 18F-BMS-747158-02 in rat brain. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:473-80. [PMID: 24470629 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.125328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We developed novel PET probes, 2-tert-butyl-4-chloro-5-{6-[2-(2-(18)F-fluoroethoxy)-ethoxy]-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy}-2H-pyridazin-3-one ((18)F-BCPP-EF) and 2-tert-butyl-4-chloro-5-[6-(4-(18)F-fluorobutoxy)-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy]-2H-pyridazin-3-one ((18)F-BCPP-BF), for quantitative imaging of mitochondrial complex I (MC-I) activity in the brain and preliminarily evaluated their properties in comparison with (18)F-BMS-747158-02 ((18)F-BMS). METHODS The affinity of (18)F-BCPP-EF, (18)F-BCPP-BF, and (18)F-BMS to MC-I was analyzed using in vitro binding assays with (3)H-dihydrorotenone and bovine cardiomyocyte submitochondrial particles. (18)F-BCPP-EF, (18)F-BCPP-BF, or (18)F-BMS was intravenously injected into rats, and the uptake (standardized uptake value) in each organ was determined by dissection method. The effects of rotenone, a specific MC-I inhibitor, on the uptake of each probe were assessed by whole-body PET imaging in rats. Ischemic brain model rats were imaged using (18)F-BCPP-EF. RESULTS The rank order of affinity to MC-I was (18)F-BCPP-BF > (18)F-BMS > (18)F-BCPP-EF. The uptake of (18)F-BCPP-EF and (18)F-BMS was high in the heart, intermediate in brain, and low in muscle and bone 60 min after the injection. (18)F-BCPP-BF provided increasing bone uptake with time after the injection. The uptake of (18)F-BCPP-EF and (18)F-BMS into the brain and heart was significantly decreased by preadministration of rotenone; however, the reduction degree of (18)F-BCPP-EF was more pronounced than that of (18)F-BMS. Rotenone did not affect (18)F-BCPP-BF uptake in either the brain or the heart. (18)F-BCPP-EF imaged the cortical ischemic neuronal damage without any disturbance by microglial activation even on day 7 when (18)F-FDG showed high uptake in the damaged area. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that (18)F-BCPP-EF could be a potential PET probe for quantitative imaging of MC-I activity and its ischemic damage in the living brain with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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Dehne N, Brüne B. Sensors, transmitters, and targets in mitochondrial oxygen shortage-a hypoxia-inducible factor relay story. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:339-52. [PMID: 22794181 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cells sense and respond to a shortage of oxygen by activating the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1 and HIF-2 and evoking adaptive responses. RECENT ADVANCES Mitochondria are at the center of a hypoxia sensing and responding relay system. CRITICAL ISSUES Under normoxia, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are HIF activators. As their individual flux rates determine their diffusion-controlled interaction, predictions how these radicals affect HIF appear context-dependent. Considering that the oxygen requirement for NO formation limits its role in activating HIF to conditions of ambient oxygen tension. Given the central role of mitochondrial complex IV as a NO target, especially under hypoxia, allows inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by NO to spare oxygen thus, raising the threshold for HIF activation. HIF targets seem to configure a feedback-signaling circuit aimed at gradually adjusting mitochondrial function. In hypoxic cancer cells, mitochondria redirect Krebs cycle intermediates to preserve their biosynthetic ability. Persistent HIF activation lowers the entry of electron-delivering compounds into mitochondria to reduce Krebs cycle fueling and β-oxidation, attenuates the expression of electron transport chain components, limits mitochondria biosynthesis, and provokes their removal by autophagy. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Mitochondria can be placed central in a hypoxia sensing-hypoxia responding circuit. We need to determine to which extent and how mitochondria contribute to sense hypoxia, explore whether modulating their oxygen-consuming capacity redirects hypoxic responses in in vivo relevant disease conditions, and elucidate how the multiple HIF targets in mitochondria shape conditions of acute versus chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dehne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I/ZAFES, Goethe-University Frankfurt , Frankfurt, Germany
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Yan K, Zhang R, Sun C, Chen L, Li P, Liu Y, Peng L, Sun H, Qin K, Chen F, Huang W, Chen Y, Lv B, Du M, Zou Y, Cai Y, Qin L, Tang Y, Jiang X. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells maintain the resting phenotype of microglia and inhibit microglial activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84116. [PMID: 24391898 PMCID: PMC3877190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown that microglia in the activated state may be neurotoxic. It has been proven that uncontrolled or over-activated microglia play an important role in many neurodegenerative disorders. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been shown in many animal models to have a therapeutic effect on neural damage. Such a therapeutic effect is attributed to the fact that BMSCs have the ability to differentiate into neurons and to produce trophic factors, but there is little information available in the literature concerning whether BMSCs play a therapeutic role by affecting microglial activity. In this study, we triggered an inflammatory response situation in vitro by stimulating microglia with the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and then culturing these microglia with BMSC-conditioned medium (BMSC-CM). We found that BMSC-CM significantly inhibited proliferation and secretion of pro-inflammatory factors by activated microglia. Furthermore, we found that the phagocytic capacity of microglia was also inhibited by BMSC-CM. Finally, we investigated whether the induction of apoptosis and the production of nitric oxide (NO) were involved in the inhibition of microglial activation. We found that BMSC-CM significantly induced apoptosis of microglia, while no apoptosis was apparent in the LPS-stimulated microglia. Our study also provides evidence that NO participates in the inhibitory effect of BMSCs. Our experimental results provide evidence that BMSCs have the ability to maintain the resting phenotype of microglia or to control microglial activation through their production of several factors, indicating that BMSCs could be a promising therapeutic tool for treatment of diseases associated with microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yan
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run Zhang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengmei Sun
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Li
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liu
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingmei Peng
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Qin
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanfan Chen
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingke Lv
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mouxuan Du
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Zou
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingqian Cai
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingsha Qin
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Tang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Jiang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Measurement of Arterial Activity on Routine FDG PET/CT Images Improves Prediction of Risk of Future CV Events. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:1250-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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