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Dahiya S, Saleh M, Rodriguez UA, Rajasundaram D, R Arbujas J, Hajihassani A, Yang K, Sehrawat A, Kalsi R, Yoshida S, Prasadan K, Lickert H, Hu J, Piganelli JD, Gittes GK, Esni F. Acinar to β-like cell conversion through inhibition of focal adhesion kinase. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3740. [PMID: 38702347 PMCID: PMC11068907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Insufficient functional β-cell mass causes diabetes; however, an effective cell replacement therapy for curing diabetes is currently not available. Reprogramming of acinar cells toward functional insulin-producing cells would offer an abundant and autologous source of insulin-producing cells. Our lineage tracing studies along with transcriptomic characterization demonstrate that treatment of adult mice with a small molecule that specifically inhibits kinase activity of focal adhesion kinase results in trans-differentiation of a subset of peri-islet acinar cells into insulin producing β-like cells. The acinar-derived insulin-producing cells infiltrate the pre-existing endocrine islets, partially restore β-cell mass, and significantly improve glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice. These findings provide evidence that inhibition of the kinase activity of focal adhesion kinase can convert acinar cells into insulin-producing cells and could offer a promising strategy for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Dahiya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Uylissa A Rodriguez
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jorge R Arbujas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arian Hajihassani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Yang
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anuradha Sehrawat
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ranjeet Kalsi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shiho Yoshida
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Farzad Esni
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Cui D, Feng X, Lei S, Zhang H, Hu W, Yang S, Yu X, Su Z. Pancreatic β-cell failure, clinical implications, and therapeutic strategies in type 2 diabetes. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:791-805. [PMID: 38479993 PMCID: PMC10997226 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pancreatic β-cell failure due to a reduction in function and mass has been defined as a primary contributor to the progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Reserving insulin-producing β-cells and hence restoring insulin production are gaining attention in translational diabetes research, and β-cell replenishment has been the main focus for diabetes treatment. Significant findings in β-cell proliferation, transdifferentiation, pluripotent stem cell differentiation, and associated small molecules have served as promising strategies to regenerate β-cells. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the mechanisms implicated in β-cell dynamic processes under physiological and diabetic conditions, in which genetic factors, age-related alterations, metabolic stresses, and compromised identity are critical factors contributing to β-cell failure in T2D. The article also focuses on recent advances in therapeutic strategies for diabetes treatment by promoting β-cell proliferation, inducing non-β-cell transdifferentiation, and reprograming stem cell differentiation. Although a significant challenge remains for each of these strategies, the recognition of the mechanisms responsible for β-cell development and mature endocrine cell plasticity and remarkable advances in the generation of exogenous β-cells from stem cells and single-cell studies pave the way for developing potential approaches to cure diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Cui
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xingrong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Siman Lei
- Clinical Translational Innovation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wanxin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhiguang Su
- Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Clinical Translational Innovation Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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3
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Chen P, Ye C, Huang Y, Xu B, Wu T, Dong Y, Jin Y, Zhao L, Hu C, Mao J, Wu R. Glutaminolysis regulates endometrial fibrosis in intrauterine adhesion via modulating mitochondrial function. Biol Res 2024; 57:13. [PMID: 38561846 PMCID: PMC10983700 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial fibrosis, a significant characteristic of intrauterine adhesion (IUA), is caused by the excessive differentiation and activation of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). Glutaminolysis is the metabolic process of glutamine (Gln), which has been implicated in multiple types of organ fibrosis. So far, little is known about whether glutaminolysis plays a role in endometrial fibrosis. METHODS The activation model of ESCs was constructed by TGF-β1, followed by RNA-sequencing analysis. Changes in glutaminase1 (GLS1) expression at RNA and protein levels in activated ESCs were verified experimentally. Human IUA samples were collected to verify GLS1 expression in endometrial fibrosis. GLS1 inhibitor and glutamine deprivation were applied to ESCs models to investigate the biological functions and mechanisms of glutaminolysis in ESCs activation. The IUA mice model was established to explore the effect of glutaminolysis inhibition on endometrial fibrosis. RESULTS We found that GLS1 expression was significantly increased in activated ESCs models and fibrotic endometrium. Glutaminolysis inhibition by GLS1 inhibitor bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES or glutamine deprivation treatment suppressed the expression of two fibrotic markers, α-SMA and collagen I, as well as the mitochondrial function and mTORC1 signaling in ESCs. Furthermore, inhibition of the mTORC1 signaling pathway by rapamycin suppressed ESCs activation. In IUA mice models, BPTES treatment significantly ameliorated endometrial fibrosis and improved pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSION Glutaminolysis and glutaminolysis-associated mTOR signaling play a role in the activation of ESCs and the pathogenesis of endometrial fibrosis through regulating mitochondrial function. Glutaminolysis inhibition suppresses the activation of ESCs, which might be a novel therapeutic strategy for IUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoshuang Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunke Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingning Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhang Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changchang Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingxia Mao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruijin Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Wang Y, Liu Z, Li S, Su X, Lai KP, Li R. Biochemical pancreatic β-cell lineage reprogramming: Various cell fate shifts. Curr Res Transl Med 2024; 72:103412. [PMID: 38246021 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2023.103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of pancreatic diseases has been continuously rising in recent years. Thus, research on pancreatic regeneration is becoming more popular. Chronic hyperglycemia is detrimental to pancreatic β-cells, leading to impairment of insulin secretion which is the main hallmark of pancreatic diseases. Obtaining plenty of functional pancreatic β-cells is the most crucial aspect when studying pancreatic biology and treating diabetes. According to the International Diabetes Federation, diabetes has become a global epidemic, with about 3 million people suffering from diabetes worldwide. Hyperglycemia can lead to many dangerous diseases, including amputation, blindness, neuropathy, stroke, and cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Insulin is widely used in the treatment of diabetes; however, innovative approaches are needed in the academic and preclinical stages. A new approach aims at synthesizing patient-specific functional pancreatic β-cells. The present article focuses on how cells from different tissues can be transformed into pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Zhuoqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Shengren Li
- Lingui Clinical College of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xuejuan Su
- Lingui Clinical College of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lingui District, Guilin 541199, China.
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5
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Zhou Y, Liu K, Tang W, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wu Y, Shi Y, Yao Z, Li Y, Bai R, Liang R, Sun P, Chang X, Wang S, Zhu Y, Han X. β-Cell miRNA-503-5p Induced by Hypomethylation and Inflammation Promotes Insulin Resistance and β-Cell Decompensation. Diabetes 2024; 73:57-74. [PMID: 37847900 DOI: 10.2337/db22-1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation promotes pancreatic β-cell decompensation to insulin resistance because of local accumulation of supraphysiologic interleukin 1β (IL-1β) levels. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We show that miR-503-5p is exclusively upregulated in islets from humans with type 2 diabetes and diabetic rodents because of its promoter hypomethylation and increased local IL-1β levels. β-Cell-specific miR-503 transgenic mice display mild or severe diabetes in a time- and expression-dependent manner. By contrast, deletion of the miR-503 cluster protects mice from high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, miR-503-5p represses c-Jun N-terminal kinase-interacting protein 2 (JIP2) translation to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades, thus inhibiting glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and compensatory β-cell proliferation. In addition, β-cell miR-503-5p is packaged in nanovesicles to dampen insulin signaling transduction in liver and adipose tissues by targeting insulin receptors. Notably, specifically blocking the miR-503 cluster in β-cells effectively remits aging-associated diabetes through recovery of GSIS capacity and insulin sensitivity. Our findings demonstrate that β-cell miR-503-5p is required for the development of insulin resistance and β-cell decompensation, providing a potential therapeutic target against diabetes. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Promoter hypomethylation during natural aging permits miR-503-5p overexpression in islets under inflammation conditions, conserving from rodents to humans. Impaired β-cells release nanovesicular miR-503-5p to accumulate in liver and adipose tissue, leading to their insulin resistance via the miR-503-5p/insulin receptor/phosphorylated AKT axis. Accumulated miR-503-5p in β-cells impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via the JIP2-coordinated mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades. Specific blockage of β-cell miR-503-5p improves β-cell function and glucose tolerance in aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kerong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangyang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengjian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yating Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongjie Bai
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shusen Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Sepyani S, Momenzadeh S, Safabakhsh S, Nedaeinia R, Salehi R. Therapeutic approaches for Type 1 Diabetes: Promising cell-based approaches to achieve ultimate success. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2024; 29:23-33. [PMID: 37977308 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by pancreatic β-cells destruction. Despite substantial advances in T1DM treatment, lifelong exogenous insulin administration is the mainstay of treatments, and constant control of glucose levels is still a challenge. Endogenous insulin production by replacing insulin-producing cells is an alternative, but the lack of suitable donors is accounted as one of the main obstacles to its widespread application. The research and trials overview demonstrates that endogenous production of insulin has started to go beyond the deceased-derived to stem cells-derived insulin-producing cells. Several protocols have been developed over the past couple of years for generating insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from various stem cell types and reprogramming fully differentiated cells. A straightforward and quick method for achieving this goal is to investigate and apply the β-cell specific transcription factors as a direct strategy for IPCs generation. In this review, we emphasize the significance of transcription factors in IPCs development from different non-beta cell sources, and pertinent research underlies the marked progress in the methods for generating insulin-producing cells and application for Type 1 Diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sepyani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Momenzadeh
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saied Safabakhsh
- Micronesian Institute for Disease Prevention and Research, 736 Route 4, Suite 103, Sinajana, GU 96910, United States
| | - Reza Nedaeinia
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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7
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Spezani R, Marinho TS, Macedo Cardoso LE, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Pancreatic islet remodeling in cotadutide-treated obese mice. Life Sci 2023; 327:121858. [PMID: 37315839 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cause morphofunctional alterations in pancreatic islet alpha and beta cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that the new GLP-1/Glucagon receptor dual agonist cotadutide may benefit islet cell arrangement and function. Twelve-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were fed a control diet (C, 10 % kJ fat) or a high-fat diet (HF, 50 % kJ fat) for ten weeks. Then, the animals were divided into four groups for an additional 30 days and daily treated with subcutaneous cotadutide (30 nmol/kg) or vehicle: C, CC (control+cotadutide), HF, and HFC (high-fat+cotadutide). Cotadutide led to weight loss and reduced insulin resistance in the HFC group, increasing insulin receptor substrate 1 and solute carrier family 2 gene expressions in isolated islets. Also, cotadutide enhanced transcriptional factors related to islet cell transdifferentiation, decreasing aristaless-related homeobox and increasing the paired box 4 and 6, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1, v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family protein A, neurogenin 3, and neurogenic differentiation 1. In addition, cotadutide improved the proliferating cell nuclear antigen, NK6 homeobox 1, B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2, but lessening caspase 3. Furthermore, cotadutide mitigated the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-responsive genes, reducing transcription factor 4, DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3, and growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45. In conclusion, our data demonstrated significant beneficial actions of cotadutide in DIO mice, such as weight loss, glycemic control, and insulin resistance improvement. In addition, cotadutide counteracted the pathological adaptive cellular arrangement of the pancreatic islet in obese mice, improving the markers of the transdifferentiating pathway, proliferation, apoptosis, and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Spezani
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thatiany Souza Marinho
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz E Macedo Cardoso
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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8
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Goh SK, Bertera S, Richardson T, Banerjee I. Repopulation of decellularized organ scaffolds with human pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic progenitor cells. Biomed Mater 2023; 18. [PMID: 36720168 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acb7bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is an emerging global epidemic that affects more that 285 million people worldwide. Engineering of endocrine pancreas tissue holds great promise for the future of diabetes therapy. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of re-engineering decellularized organ scaffolds using regenerative cell source. We differentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) toward pancreatic progenitor (PP) lineage and repopulated decellularized organ scaffolds with these hPSC-PP cells. We observed that hPSCs cultured and differentiated as aggregates are more suitable for organ repopulation than isolated single cell suspension. However, recellularization with hPSC-PP aggregates require a more extensive vascular support, which was found to be superior in decellularized liver over the decellularized pancreas scaffolds. Upon continued culture for nine days with chemical induction in the bioreactor, the seeded hPSC-PP aggregates demonstrated extensive and uniform cellular repopulation and viability throughout the thickness of the liver scaffolds. Furthermore, the decellularized liver scaffolds was supportive of the endocrine cell fate of the engrafted cells. Our novel strategy to engineer endocrine pancreas construct is expected to find potential applications in preclinical testing, drug discovery and diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saik-Kia Goh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Bertera
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Richardson
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Ipsita Banerjee
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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9
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Colarusso JL, Zhou Q. Direct Reprogramming of Different Cell Lineages into Pancreatic β-Like Cells. Cell Reprogram 2022; 24:252-258. [PMID: 35838597 PMCID: PMC9634980 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2022.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One major goal of regenerative medicine is the production of pancreatic endocrine islets to treat insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Among the different methods developed to achieve this goal, a particularly promising approach is direct lineage reprogramming, in which non-β-cells are directly converted to glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting β-like cells. Efforts by different research groups have led to critical insights in the inducing factors necessary and types of somatic tissues suitable for direct conversion to β-like cells. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying direct cell fate conversion. Significant challenges also remain in translating discoveries into therapeutics that will eventually benefit diabetic patients. This review aims to cover the advances made in the direct reprogramming of somatic cells into β-like cells and discuss the remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Colarusso
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Novelli M, Masini M, Vecoli C, Moscato S, Funel N, Pippa A, Mattii L, Ippolito C, Campani D, Neglia D, Masiello P. Dysregulated insulin secretion is associated with pancreatic β-cell hyperplasia and direct acinar-β-cell trans-differentiation in partially eNOS-deficient mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15425. [PMID: 35986504 PMCID: PMC9391603 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
eNOS-deficient mice were previously shown to develop hypertension and metabolic alterations associated with insulin resistance either in standard dietary conditions (eNOS-/- homozygotes) or upon high-fat diet (HFD) (eNOS+/- heterozygotes). In the latter heterozygote model, the present study investigated the pancreatic morphological changes underlying the abnormal glycometabolic phenotype. C57BL6 wild type (WT) and eNOS+/- mice were fed with either chow or HFD for 16 weeks. After being longitudinally monitored for their metabolic state after 8 and 16 weeks of diet, mice were euthanized and fragments of pancreas were processed for histological, immuno-histochemical and ultrastructural analyses. HFD-fed WT and eNOS+/- mice developed progressive glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Differently from WT animals, eNOS+/- mice showed a blunted insulin response to a glucose load, regardless of the diet regimen. Such dysregulation of insulin secretion was associated with pancreatic β-cell hyperplasia, as shown by larger islet fractional area and β-cell mass, and higher number of extra-islet β-cell clusters than in chow-fed WT animals. In addition, only in the pancreas of HFD-fed eNOS+/- mice, there was ultrastructural evidence of a number of hybrid acinar-β-cells, simultaneously containing zymogen and insulin granules, suggesting the occurrence of a direct exocrine-endocrine transdifferentiation process, plausibly triggered by metabolic stress associated to deficient endothelial NO production. As suggested by confocal immunofluorescence analysis of pancreatic histological sections, inhibition of Notch-1 signaling, likely due to a reduced NO availability, is proposed as a novel mechanism that could favor both β-cell hyperplasia and acinar-β-cell transdifferentiation in eNOS-deficient mice with impaired insulin response to a glucose load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Novelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Matilde Masini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Cecilia Vecoli
- Institute of Clinical PhysiologyNational Research Council (CNR)PisaItaly
| | - Stefania Moscato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health"University of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Niccola Funel
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Anna Pippa
- Institute of Clinical PhysiologyNational Research Council (CNR)PisaItaly
| | - Letizia Mattii
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health"University of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Daniela Campani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Danilo Neglia
- Cardiovascular DepartmentFondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio per la Ricerca Medica e di Sanità PubblicaPisaItaly
| | - Pellegrino Masiello
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
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11
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Kim SHL, Cho S, Kim S, Kwon J, Lee J, Koh RH, Park JH, Lee H, Park TH, Hwang NS. Cellular direct conversion by cell penetrable OCT4-30Kc19 protein and BMP4 growth factor. Biomater Res 2022; 26:33. [PMID: 35836274 PMCID: PMC9281139 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of patients suffering from osteoporosis is increasing as the elderly population increases. The demand for investigating bone regeneration strategies naturally arises. One of the approaches to induce bone regeneration is somatic cell transdifferentiation. Among the transcriptional regulators for transdifferentiation, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) is famous for its role in the regulation of pluripotency of stem cells. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is another factor that is known to have a significant role in osteogenic differentiation. Previous studies have achieved transdifferentiation of cells into osteoblasts using viral and plasmid deliveries of these factors. Although these methods are efficient, viral and plasmid transfection have safety issues such as permanent gene incorporations and bacterial DNA insertions. Herein, we developed a cell penetrating protein-based strategy to induce transdifferentiation of endothelial cells into osteoblasts via nuclear delivery of OCT4 recombinant protein combined with the BMP4 treatment. For the nuclear delivery of OCT4 protein, we fused the protein with 30Kc19, a cell-penetrating and protein stabilizing protein derived from a silkworm hemolymph of Bombyx mori with low cytotoxic properties. This study proposes a promising cell-based therapy without any safety issues that existing transdifferentiation approaches had. Methods OCT4-30Kc19 protein with high penetrating activities and stability was synthesized for a protein-based osteogenic transdifferentiation system. Cells were treated with OCT4-30Kc19 and BMP4 to evaluate their cellular penetrating activity, cytotoxicity, osteogenic and angiogenic potentials in vitro. The osteogenic potential of 3D cell spheroids was also analyzed. In addition, in vivo cell delivery into subcutaneous tissue and cranial defect model was performed. Results OCT4-30Kc19 protein was produced in a soluble and stable form. OCT4-30Kc19 efficiently penetrated cells and were localized in intracellular compartments and the nucleus. Cells delivered with OCT4-30Kc19 protein combined with BMP4 showed increased osteogenesis, both in 2D and 3D culture, and showed increased angiogenesis capacity in vitro. Results from in vivo subcutaneous tissue delivery of cell-seeded scaffolds confirmed enhanced osteogenic properties of transdifferentiated HUVECs via treatment with both OCT4-30Kc19 and BMP4. In addition, in vivo mouse cranial defect experiment demonstrated successful bone regeneration of HUVECs pretreated with both OCT4-30Kc19 and BMP4. Conclusions Using a protein-based transdifferentiation method allows an alternative approach without utilizing any genetic modification strategies, thus providing a possibility for safer use of cell-based therapies in clinical applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40824-022-00280-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun L Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicine, Standford University, 450 Serra Mall, Standford, 94305, USA
| | - Sungwoo Cho
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Janet Kwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jaeyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon, 24321, Republic of Korea
| | - Rachel H Koh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Max/N-Bio Institute, Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon, 24321, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajin Lee
- School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Uppthera, BRC Laboratory, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Max/N-Bio Institute, Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nathaniel S Hwang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Max/N-Bio Institute, Institute of Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Karimova MV, Gvazava IG, Vorotelyak EA. Overcoming the Limitations of Stem Cell-Derived Beta Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060810. [PMID: 35740935 PMCID: PMC9221417 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Great advances in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment have been made to this day. However, modern diabetes therapy based on insulin injections and cadaveric islets transplantation has many disadvantages. That is why researchers are developing new methods to regenerate the pancreatic hormone-producing cells in vitro. The most promising approach is the generation of stem cell-derived beta cells that could provide an unlimited source of insulin-secreting cells. Recent studies provide methods to produce beta-like cell clusters that display glucose-stimulated insulin secretion—one of the key characteristics of the beta cell. However, in comparison with native beta cells, stem cell-derived beta cells do not undergo full functional maturation. In this paper we review the development and current state of various protocols, consider advantages, and propose ways to improve them. We examine molecular pathways, epigenetic modifications, intracellular components, and the microenvironment as a possible leverage to promote beta cell functional maturation. A possibility to create islet organoids from stem cell-derived components, as well as their encapsulation and further transplantation, is also examined. We try to combine modern research on beta cells and their crosstalk to create a holistic overview of developing insulin-secreting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana V. Karimova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (I.G.G.)
| | - Inessa G. Gvazava
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (I.G.G.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Vorotelyak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (I.G.G.)
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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13
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Wang J, Wang D, Chen X, Yuan S, Bai L, Liu C, Zeng YA. Isolation of mouse pancreatic islet Procr + progenitors and long-term expansion of islet organoids in vitro. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1359-1384. [PMID: 35396545 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00683-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin production is required for glucose homeostasis. Pancreatic islet β cells are the only cells that produce insulin in humans; however, generation of functional β cells in vitro from embryonic or adult tissues has been challenging. Here, we describe isolation of pancreatic islet progenitors from adult mice, which enables the efficient generation and long-term expansion of functional islet organoids in vitro. This protocol starts with purification of protein C receptor (Procr)-expressing islet progenitors. Coculture with endothelial cells generates islet organoids in vitro that can be expanded by passage. Functional maturation is achieved as a consequence of a prolonged culture period and cyclic glucose stimulation. Primary islet organoids form in 7-10 days. Subsequently, each passage takes 1 week, with the final maturation step requiring 3 weeks of additional culture. The resulting organoids are predominantly composed of β cells but also contain small proportions of α, δ and pancreatic polypeptide cells. The organoids sense glucose and secrete insulin. This approach thus provides a strategy for β cell generation in vitro and an organoid system to study islet regeneration and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daisong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Hubrecht Institute and Oncode Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Netherlands, Utrecht University and Princess Maxima Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Xinyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shubo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanyue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
- Bio-Research Innovation Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Suzhou, China.
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14
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Alvarez Fallas ME, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Cujba AM, Manea T, Lambert C, Morrugares R, Sancho R. Stem/progenitor cells in normal physiology and disease of the pancreas. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 538:111459. [PMID: 34543699 PMCID: PMC8573583 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Though embryonic pancreas progenitors are well characterised, the existence of stem/progenitor cells in the postnatal mammalian pancreas has been long debated, mainly due to contradicting results on regeneration after injury or disease in mice. Despite these controversies, sequencing advancements combined with lineage tracing and organoid technologies indicate that homeostatic and trigger-induced regenerative responses in mice could occur. The presence of putative progenitor cells in the adult pancreas has been proposed during homeostasis and upon different stress challenges such as inflammation, tissue damage and oncogenic stress. More recently, single cell transcriptomics has revealed a remarkable heterogeneity in all pancreas cell types, with some cells showing the signature of potential progenitors. In this review we provide an overview on embryonic and putative adult pancreas progenitors in homeostasis and disease, with special emphasis on in vitro culture systems and scRNA-seq technology as tools to address the progenitor nature of different pancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Enrique Alvarez Fallas
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana-Maria Cujba
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Teodora Manea
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Lambert
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rosario Morrugares
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; Departamento de Biologia Celular, Fisiologia e Inmunologia, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rocio Sancho
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
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15
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Cai Z, Liu F, Yang Y, Li D, Hu S, Song L, Yu S, Li T, Liu B, Luo H, Zhang W, Zhou Z, Zhang J. GRB10 regulates β cell mass by inhibiting β cell proliferation and stimulating β cell dedifferentiation. J Genet Genomics 2021; 49:208-216. [PMID: 34861413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Decreased functional β-cell mass is the hallmark of diabetes, but the cause of this metabolic defect remains elusive. Here, we show that the expression levels of the growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (GRB10), a negative regulator of insulin and mTORC1 signaling, are markedly induced in islets of diabetic mice and high glucose-treated insulinoma cell line INS-1cells. β-cell-specific knockout of Grb10 in mice increased β-cell mass and improved β-cell function. Grb10-deficient β-cells exhibit enhanced mTORC1 signaling and reduced β-cell dedifferentiation, which could be blocked by rapamycin. On the contrary, Grb10 overexpression induced β-cell dedifferentiation in MIN6 cells. Our study identifies GRB10 as a critical regulator of β-cell dedifferentiation and β-cell mass, which exerts its effect by inhibiting mTORC1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Cai
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Fen Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Dandan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shanbiao Hu
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Shaojie Yu
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Liver Organ Transplantation, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Bilian Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hairong Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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16
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Li B, Hon GC. Single-Cell Genomics: Catalyst for Cell Fate Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:748942. [PMID: 34733831 PMCID: PMC8558416 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.748942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As we near a complete catalog of mammalian cell types, the capability to engineer specific cell types on demand would transform biomedical research and regenerative medicine. However, the current pace of discovering new cell types far outstrips our ability to engineer them. One attractive strategy for cellular engineering is direct reprogramming, where induction of specific transcription factor (TF) cocktails orchestrates cell state transitions. Here, we review the foundational studies of TF-mediated reprogramming in the context of a general framework for cell fate engineering, which consists of: discovering new reprogramming cocktails, assessing engineered cells, and revealing molecular mechanisms. Traditional bulk reprogramming methods established a strong foundation for TF-mediated reprogramming, but were limited by their small scale and difficulty resolving cellular heterogeneity. Recently, single-cell technologies have overcome these challenges to rapidly accelerate progress in cell fate engineering. In the next decade, we anticipate that these tools will enable unprecedented control of cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxun Li
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Gary C. Hon
- Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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17
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Wang W, Zhang C. Targeting β-cell dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation: opportunities and challenges. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R213-R228. [PMID: 34289444 PMCID: PMC8428079 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The most distinctive pathological characteristics of diabetes mellitus induced by various stressors or immune-mediated injuries are reductions of pancreatic islet β-cell populations and activity. Existing treatment strategies cannot slow disease progression; consequently, research to genetically engineer β-cell mimetics through bi-directional plasticity is ongoing. The current consensus implicates β-cell dedifferentiation as the primary etiology of reduced β-cell mass and activity. This review aims to summarize the etiology and proposed mechanisms of β-cell dedifferentiation and to explore the possibility that there might be a time interval from the onset of β-cell dysfunction caused by dedifferentiation to the development of diabetes, which may offer a therapeutic window to reduce β-cell injury and to stabilize functionality. In addition, to investigate β-cell plasticity, we review strategies for β-cell regeneration utilizing genetic programming, small molecules, cytokines, and bioengineering to transdifferentiate other cell types into β-cells; the development of biomimetic acellular constructs to generate fully functional β-cell-mimetics. However, the maturation of regenerated β-cells is currently limited. Further studies are needed to develop simple and efficient reprogramming methods for assembling perfectly functional β-cells. Future investigations are necessary to transform diabetes into a potentially curable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to C Zhang:
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18
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Zhang X, Ma Z, Song E, Xu T. Islet organoid as a promising model for diabetes. Protein Cell 2021; 13:239-257. [PMID: 33751396 PMCID: PMC7943334 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on diabetes have long been hampered by a lack of authentic disease models that, ideally, should be unlimited and able to recapitulate the abnormalities involved in the development, structure, and function of human pancreatic islets under pathological conditions. Stem cell-based islet organoids faithfully recapitulate islet development in vitro and provide large amounts of three-dimensional functional islet biomimetic materials with a morphological structure and cellular composition similar to those of native islets. Thus, islet organoids hold great promise for modeling islet development and function, deciphering the mechanisms underlying the onset of diabetes, providing an in vitro human organ model for infection of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, and contributing to drug screening and autologous islet transplantation. However, the currently established islet organoids are generally immature compared with native islets, and further efforts should be made to improve the heterogeneity and functionality of islet organoids, making it an authentic and informative disease model for diabetes. Here, we review the advances and challenges in the generation of islet organoids, focusing on human pluripotent stem cell-derived islet organoids, and the potential applications of islet organoids as disease models and regenerative therapies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhuo Ma
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Eli Song
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (Bioland Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510005, China.
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19
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Spears E, Serafimidis I, Powers AC, Gavalas A. Debates in Pancreatic Beta Cell Biology: Proliferation Versus Progenitor Differentiation and Transdifferentiation in Restoring β Cell Mass. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:722250. [PMID: 34421829 PMCID: PMC8378310 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.722250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In all forms of diabetes, β cell mass or function is reduced and therefore the capacity of the pancreatic cells for regeneration or replenishment is a critical need. Diverse lines of research have shown the capacity of endocrine as well as acinar, ductal and centroacinar cells to generate new β cells. Several experimental approaches using injury models, pharmacological or genetic interventions, isolation and in vitro expansion of putative progenitors followed by transplantations or a combination thereof have suggested several pathways for β cell neogenesis or regeneration. The experimental results have also generated controversy related to the limitations and interpretation of the experimental approaches and ultimately their physiological relevance, particularly when considering differences between mouse, the primary animal model, and human. As a result, consensus is lacking regarding the relative importance of islet cell proliferation or progenitor differentiation and transdifferentiation of other pancreatic cell types in generating new β cells. In this review we summarize and evaluate recent experimental approaches and findings related to islet regeneration and address their relevance and potential clinical application in the fight against diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Spears
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ioannis Serafimidis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alvin C. Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Anthony Gavalas, ; Alvin C. Powers,
| | - Anthony Gavalas
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anthony Gavalas, ; Alvin C. Powers,
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20
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Arroyave F, Montaño D, Lizcano F. Diabetes Mellitus Is a Chronic Disease that Can Benefit from Therapy with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228685. [PMID: 33217903 PMCID: PMC7698772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, with an increasing incidence worldwide. The impact of DM on public health in developing countries has triggered alarm due to the exaggerated costs of the treatment and monitoring of patients with this disease. Considerable efforts have been made to try to prevent the onset and reduce the complications of DM. However, because insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells progressively deteriorate, many people must receive insulin through subcutaneous injection. Additionally, current therapies do not have consistent results regarding the prevention of chronic complications. Leveraging the approval of real-time continuous glucose monitors and sophisticated algorithms that partially automate insulin infusion pumps has improved glycemic control, decreasing the burden of diabetes management. However, these advances are facing physiologic barriers. New findings in molecular and cellular biology have produced an extraordinary advancement in tissue development for the treatment of DM. Obtaining pancreatic β-cells from somatic cells is a great resource that currently exists for patients with DM. Although this therapeutic option has great prospects for patients, some challenges remain for this therapeutic plan to be used clinically. The purpose of this review is to describe the new techniques in cell biology and regenerative medicine as possible treatments for DM. In particular, this review highlights the origin of induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) and how they have begun to emerge as a regenerative treatment that may mitigate the pathology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Arroyave
- Doctoral Program in Biosciences, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 250008, CU, Colombia;
| | - Diana Montaño
- Center of Biomedical Investigation (CIBUS), Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 250008, CU, Colombia;
| | - Fernando Lizcano
- Doctoral Program in Biosciences, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 250008, CU, Colombia;
- Center of Biomedical Investigation (CIBUS), Universidad de La Sabana, Chía 250008, CU, Colombia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-3144120052 or +57-18615555 (ext. 23906)
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21
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Zhang J, Liu F. The De-, Re-, and trans-differentiation of β-cells: Regulation and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 103:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Yu XX, Xu CR. Understanding generation and regeneration of pancreatic β cells from a single-cell perspective. Development 2020; 147:147/7/dev179051. [PMID: 32280064 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the generation and regeneration of β cells is crucial for developing treatments for diabetes. However, traditional research methods, which are based on populations of cells, have limitations for defining the precise processes of β-cell differentiation and trans-differentiation, and the associated regulatory mechanisms. The recent development of single-cell technologies has enabled re-examination of these processes at a single-cell resolution to uncover intermediate cell states, cellular heterogeneity and molecular trajectories of cell fate specification. Here, we review recent advances in understanding β-cell generation and regeneration, in vivo and in vitro, from single-cell technologies, which could provide insights for optimization of diabetes therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Cheng-Ran Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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23
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Kuncorojakti S, Srisuwatanasagul S, Kradangnga K, Sawangmake C. Insulin-Producing Cell Transplantation Platform for Veterinary Practice. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:4. [PMID: 32118053 PMCID: PMC7028771 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains a global concern in both human and veterinary medicine. Type I DM requires prolonged and consistent exogenous insulin administration to address hyperglycemia, which can increase the risk of diabetes complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and heart disorders. Cell-based therapies have been successful in human medicine using the Edmonton protocol. These therapies help maintain the production of endogenous insulin and stabilize blood glucose levels and may possibly be adapted to veterinary clinical practice. The limited number of cadaveric pancreas donors and the long-term use of immunosuppressive agents are the main obstacles for this protocol. Over the past decade, the development of potential therapies for DM has mainly focused on the generation of effective insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from various sources of stem cells that can be transplanted into the body. Another successful application of stem cells in type I DM therapies is transplanting generated IPCs. Encapsulation can be an alternative strategy to protect IPCs from rejection by the body due to their immunoisolation properties. This review summarizes current concepts of IPCs and encapsulation technology for veterinary clinical application and proposes a potential stem-cell-based platform for veterinary diabetic regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryo Kuncorojakti
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Veterinary Pharmacology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sayamon Srisuwatanasagul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krishaporn Kradangnga
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chenphop Sawangmake
- Veterinary Stem Cell and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Veterinary Pharmacology and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Veterinary Clinical Stem Cell and Bioengineering Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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24
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Memon B, Abdelalim EM. Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes: Beta Cells versus Pancreatic Progenitors. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020283. [PMID: 31979403 PMCID: PMC7072676 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders. In order to replace the function of the destroyed pancreatic beta cells in diabetes, islet transplantation is the most widely practiced treatment. However, it has several limitations. As an alternative approach, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can provide an unlimited source of pancreatic cells that have the ability to secrete insulin in response to a high blood glucose level. However, the determination of the appropriate pancreatic lineage candidate for the purpose of cell therapy for the treatment of diabetes is still debated. While hPSC-derived beta cells are perceived as the ultimate candidate, their efficiency needs further improvement in order to obtain a sufficient number of glucose responsive beta cells for transplantation therapy. On the other hand, hPSC-derived pancreatic progenitors can be efficiently generated in vitro and can further mature into glucose responsive beta cells in vivo after transplantation. Herein, we discuss the advantages and predicted challenges associated with the use of each of the two pancreatic lineage products for diabetes cell therapy. Furthermore, we address the co-generation of functionally relevant islet cell subpopulations and structural properties contributing to the glucose responsiveness of beta cells, as well as the available encapsulation technology for these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Memon
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, P.O。 Box 34110 Doha, Qatar;
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), P.O. Box 34110 Doha, Qatar
| | - Essam M. Abdelalim
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Education City, P.O。 Box 34110 Doha, Qatar;
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), P.O. Box 34110 Doha, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +97-44-4546-432; Fax: +97-44-4541-770
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25
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Ohta S, Ikemoto T, Wada Y, Saito Y, Yamada S, Imura S, Morine Y, Shimada M. A change in the zinc ion concentration reflects the maturation of insulin-producing cells generated from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18731. [PMID: 31822724 PMCID: PMC6904733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from pluripotent stem cells could be a breakthrough treatment for type 1 diabetes. However, development of new techniques is needed to exclude immature cells for clinical application. Dithizone staining is used to evaluate IPCs by detecting zinc. We hypothesised that zinc ion (Zn2+) dynamics reflect the IPC maturation status. Human adipose-derived stem cells were differentiated into IPCs by our two-step protocol using two-dimensional (2D) or 3D culture. The stimulation indexes of 2D -and 3D-cultured IPCs on day 21 were 1.21 and 3.64 (P < 0.05), respectively. The 3D-cultured IPCs were stained with dithizone during culture, and its intensity calculated by ImageJ reached the peak on day 17 (P < 0.05). Blood glucose levels of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nude mice were normalised (4/4,100%) after transplantation of 96 3D-cultured IPCs. Zn2+ concentration changes in the medium of 3D cultures had a negative value in the early period and a large positive value in the latter period. This study suggests that Zn2+ dynamics based on our observations and staining of zinc transporters have critical roles in the differentiation of IPCs, and that their measurement might be useful to evaluate IPC maturation as a non-destructive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ohta
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Yuma Wada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Satoru Imura
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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26
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Gam R, Sung M, Prasad Pandurangan A. Experimental and Computational Approaches to Direct Cell Reprogramming: Recent Advancement and Future Challenges. Cells 2019; 8:E1189. [PMID: 31581647 PMCID: PMC6829265 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of direct cell reprogramming, also named transdifferentiation, permits for the conversion of one mature cell type directly into another, without returning to a dedifferentiated state. This makes direct reprogramming a promising approach for the development of several cellular and tissue engineering therapies. To achieve the change in the cell identity, direct reprogramming requires an arsenal of tools that combine experimental and computational techniques. In the recent years, several methods of transdifferentiation have been developed. In this review, we will introduce the concept of direct cell reprogramming and its background, and cover the recent developments in the experimental and computational prediction techniques with their applications. We also discuss the challenges of translating this technology to clinical setting, accompanied with potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Gam
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Minkyung Sung
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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27
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Reyes‐Martínez JE, Ruiz‐Pacheco JA, Flores‐Valdéz MA, Elsawy MA, Vallejo‐Cardona AA, Castillo‐Díaz LA. Advanced hydrogels for treatment of diabetes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1375-1393. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juana E. Reyes‐Martínez
- Departamento de Biología. División de Ciencias Naturales y ExactasUniversidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato México
| | | | - Mario A. Flores‐Valdéz
- Biotecnología Médica y FarmacéuticaCentro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) Guadalajara México
| | - Mohamed A. Elsawy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Central Lancashire Preston UK
| | - Alba A. Vallejo‐Cardona
- Biotecnología Médica y FarmacéuticaCentro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) Guadalajara México
| | - Luis A. Castillo‐Díaz
- Departamento de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la SaludUniversidad de Sonora Hermosillo México
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28
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Short-Term Protocols to Obtain Insulin-Producing Cells from Rat Adipose Tissue: Signaling Pathways and In Vivo Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102458. [PMID: 31109026 PMCID: PMC6566438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a source of insulin-secreting cells (IPCs) are a promising path in the pursuit for diabetes therapy. Here, we investigate three short-term differentiation protocols in order to generate IPCs from autologous adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) with an expressive insulin-secreting profile in vitro and in vivo, as well as the signaling pathways involved in the chosen differentiation protocols. We extracted and cultured ADSCs and differentiated them into IPCs, using three different protocols with different inductors. Afterwards, the secretory profile was analyzed and IPCs differentiated in exendin-4/activin A medium, which presented the best secretory profile, was implanted in the kidney subcapsular region of diabetic rats. All protocols induced the differentiation, but media supplemented with exendin-4/activin A or resveratrol induced the expression and secretion of insulin more efficiently, and only the exendin-4/activin-A-supplemented medium generated an insulin secretion profile more like β-cells, in response to glucose. The PI3K/Akt pathway seems to play a negative role in IPC differentiation; however, the differentiation of ADSCs with exendin-4/activin A positively modulated the p38/MAPK pathway. Resveratrol medium activated the Jak/STAT3 pathway and generated IPCs apparently less sensitive to insulin and insulin-like receptors. Finally, the implant of IPCs with the best secretory behavior caused a decrease in hyperglycemia after one-week implantation in diabetic rats. Our data provide further information regarding the generation of IPCs from ADSCs and strengthen evidence to support the use of MSCs in regenerative medicine, specially the use of exendin-4/activin A to produce rapid and effectively IPCs with significant in vivo effects.
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Human beta cells generated from pluripotent stem cells or cellular reprogramming for curing diabetes. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 5:42-52. [PMID: 30984818 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-018-0082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by aberrantly high blood glucose levels caused by defects in insulin secretion, its action, or both, which affects approximately 30.3 million people (9.4% of the population) in the United States. This review will focus on using human β cells to treat and cure diabetes because β cells are absent, due to an autoimmune destruction, in Type 1 diabetes or dysfunctional in Type 2 diabetes. In order to generate enough functional β cells for diabetes treatment (0.1 to 1 billion cells to treat one patient), a basic science approach by mimicking what happens in normal pancreatic development must be closely aligned with engineering. Two general approaches are discussed here. The first one uses human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to perform directed differentiation of hPSCs to β cells. This is advantageous because hPSCs grow indefinitely, providing a virtually unlimited source of material. Therefore, if we develop an efficient β cell differentiation protocol, we can essentially generate an unlimited amount of β cells for disease modeling and diabetes treatment. The second approach is cellular reprogramming, with which we may begin with any cell type and covert it directly into a β cell. The success of this cellular reprogramming approach, however, depends on the discovery of a robust and efficient transcription factor cocktail that can ignite this process, similar to what has been achieved in generating induced pluripotent stem cells. This discovery should be possible through identifying the important transcription factors and pioneer factors via recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing. In short, a new renaissance in pancreas developmental biology, stem cell engineering, and cellular reprogramming for curing diabetes appears to be on the horizon.
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Adult human pancreatic acinar cells dedifferentiate into an embryonic progenitor-like state in 3D suspension culture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4040. [PMID: 30858455 PMCID: PMC6411888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pancreatic exocrine cells were cultured in 3D suspension and formed pancreatospheres composed of acinar-derived and duct-like cells. We investigated, up to 6 days, the fate of human pancreatic acinar cells using fluorescein-conjugated Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin 1 lectin, a previously published acinar-specific non-genetic lineage tracing strategy. At day 4, fluorescence-activated cell sort for the intracellularly incorporated FITC-conjugated UEA1 lectin and the duct-specific CA19.9 surface marker, distinguished acinar-derived cells (UEA1+CA19.9-) from duct-like cells (UEA1-CA19.9+) and acinar-to-duct-like transdifferentiated cells (UEA1+CA19.9+). mRNA expression analysis of the acinar-derived (UEA1+CA19.9-) and duct-like (UEA1-CA19.9+) cell fractions with concomitant immunocytochemical analysis of the pancreatospheres revealed acquisition of an embryonic signature in the UEA1+CA19.9- acinar-derived cells characterized by de novo expression of SOX9 and CD142, robust expression of PDX1 and surface expression of GP2. The colocalisation of CD142, a multipotent pancreatic progenitor surface marker, PDX1, SOX9 and GP2 is reminiscent of a cellular state present during human embryonic development. Addition of TGF-beta signalling inhibitor Alk5iII, induced a 28-fold increased KI67-labeling in pancreatospheres, more pronounced in the CD142+GP2+ acinar-derived cells. These findings with human cells underscore the remarkable plasticity of pancreatic exocrine acinar cells, previously described in rodents, and could find applications in the field of regenerative medicine.
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31
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Grath A, Dai G. Direct cell reprogramming for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:14. [PMID: 30805026 PMCID: PMC6373087 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct cell reprogramming, also called transdifferentiation, allows for the reprogramming of one somatic cell type directly into another, without the need to transition through an induced pluripotent state. Thus, it is an attractive approach to develop novel tissue engineering applications to treat diseases and injuries where there is a shortage of proliferating cells for tissue repair. In certain tissue damage, terminally differentiated somatic cells lose their ability to proliferate, as a result, damaged tissues cannot heal by themselves. Examples of these scenarios include myocardial infarctions, neurodegenerative diseases, and cartilage injuries. Transdifferentiation is capable of reprogramming cells that are abundant in the body into desired cell phenotypes that are able to restore tissue function in damaged areas. Therefore, direct cell reprogramming is a promising direction in the cell and tissue engineering and regenerative medicine fields. In recent years, several methods for transdifferentiation have been developed, ranging from the overexpression of transcription factors via viral vectors, to small molecules, to clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and its associated protein (Cas9) for both genetic and epigenetic reprogramming. Overexpressing transcription factors by use of a lentivirus is currently the most prevalent technique, however it lacks high reprogramming efficiencies and can pose problems when transitioning to human subjects and clinical trials. CRISPR/Cas9, fused with proteins that modulate transcription, has been shown to improve efficiencies greatly. Transdifferentiation has successfully generated many cell phenotypes, including endothelial cells, skeletal myocytes, neuronal cells, and more. These cells have been shown to emulate mature adult cells such that they are able to mimic major functions, and some are capable of promoting regeneration of damaged tissue in vivo. While transdifferentiated cells have not yet seen clinical use, they have had promise in mice models, showing success in treating liver disease and several brain-related diseases, while also being utilized as a cell source for tissue engineered vascular grafts to treat damaged blood vessels. Recently, localized transdifferentiated cells have been generated in situ, allowing for treatments without invasive surgeries and more complete transdifferentiation. In this review, we summarized the recent development in various cell reprogramming techniques, their applications in converting various somatic cells, their uses in tissue regeneration, and the challenges of transitioning to a clinical setting, accompanied with potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Grath
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Lake Hall 214A, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Guohao Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Lake Hall 214A, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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32
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Domínguez-Bendala J, Qadir MMF, Pastori RL. Pancreatic Progenitors: There and Back Again. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:4-11. [PMID: 30502039 PMCID: PMC6354578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult pancreatic regeneration is one of the most contentious topics in modern biology. The long-held view that the islets of Langerhans can be replenished throughout adult life through the reactivation of ductal progenitor cells has been replaced over the past decade by the now prevailing notion that regeneration does not involve progenitors and occurs only through the duplication of pre-existing mature cells. Here we dissect the limitations of lineage tracing (LT) to draw categorical conclusions about pancreatic regeneration, especially in view of emerging evidence that traditional lineages are less homogeneous and cell fates more dynamic than previously thought. This new evidence further suggests that the two competing hypotheses about regeneration are not mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Domínguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ricardo Luis Pastori
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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33
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Baeyens L, Lemper M, Staels W, De Groef S, De Leu N, Heremans Y, German MS, Heimberg H. (Re)generating Human Beta Cells: Status, Pitfalls, and Perspectives. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1143-1167. [PMID: 29717931 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus results from disturbed glucose homeostasis due to an absolute (type 1) or relative (type 2) deficiency of insulin, a peptide hormone almost exclusively produced by the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas in a tightly regulated manner. Current therapy only delays disease progression through insulin injection and/or oral medications that increase insulin secretion or sensitivity, decrease hepatic glucose production, or promote glucosuria. These drugs have turned diabetes into a chronic disease as they do not solve the underlying beta cell defects or entirely prevent the long-term complications of hyperglycemia. Beta cell replacement through islet transplantation is a more physiological therapeutic alternative but is severely hampered by donor shortage and immune rejection. A curative strategy should combine newer approaches to immunomodulation with beta cell replacement. Success of this approach depends on the development of practical methods for generating beta cells, either in vitro or in situ through beta cell replication or beta cell differentiation. This review provides an overview of human beta cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Baeyens
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Marie Lemper
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Michael S German
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
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Pierzynowski SG, Gregory PC, Filip R, Woliński J, Pierzynowska KG. Glucose homeostasis dependency on acini-islet-acinar (AIA) axis communication: a new possible pathophysiological hypothesis regarding diabetes mellitus. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:55. [PMID: 30293998 PMCID: PMC6174155 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have highlighted the existence of two intra-pancreatic axes of communication: one involved in the regulation of enzyme production by insulin-the insular-acinar axis; and another involved in the regulation of insulin release by pancreatic enzymes-the acini-insular axis. Previous studies by our laboratory show that pancreatic enzymes can affect blood glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion independently of their digestive functions, both from the gut lumen and probably from the blood. As a result we would like to introduce here the concept of acini-islet-acinar (AIA) axis communication (feedback), which could play an important role in the development of obesity and diabetes type 2. The AIA feedback links the endocrine and exocrine parts of the pancreas and emphasizes the essential role that the pancreas plays, as a single organ, in the regulation of glucose homeostasis by amylase most probably in gut epithelium and by insulin and glucagon in peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Pierzynowski
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden. .,Anara AB/SGPlus, Alfågelgränden 24, 23132, Trelleborg, Sweden. .,PROF/Vitanano Sp.z o.o., Woronieckiego 1a-13, 20491, Lublin, Poland. .,Department of Medical Biology., Inst, Rural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, 20950, Lublin, Poland. .,Innovation Centre - STB, Skarszewska 23, 83100, Tczew, Poland.
| | - Peter C Gregory
- PROF/Vitanano Sp.z o.o., Woronieckiego 1a-13, 20491, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Filip
- Department of Gastroenterology with IBD Unit of Clinical Hospital 2, University of Rzeszow, Lwowska 60, Rzeszow, 35301, Poland
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05110, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Kateryna Goncharova Pierzynowska
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden. .,Anara AB/SGPlus, Alfågelgränden 24, 23132, Trelleborg, Sweden. .,PROF/Vitanano Sp.z o.o., Woronieckiego 1a-13, 20491, Lublin, Poland. .,Innovation Centre - STB, Skarszewska 23, 83100, Tczew, Poland.
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Specific Cell (Re-)Programming: Approaches and Perspectives. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 163:71-115. [PMID: 29071403 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many disorders are manifested by dysfunction of key cell types or their disturbed integration in complex organs. Thereby, adult organ systems often bear restricted self-renewal potential and are incapable of achieving functional regeneration. This underlies the need for novel strategies in the field of cell (re-)programming-based regenerative medicine as well as for drug development in vitro. The regenerative field has been hampered by restricted availability of adult stem cells and the potentially hazardous features of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Moreover, ethical concerns and legal restrictions regarding the generation and use of ESCs still exist. The establishment of direct reprogramming protocols for various therapeutically valuable somatic cell types has overcome some of these limitations. Meanwhile, new perspectives for safe and efficient generation of different specified somatic cell types have emerged from numerous approaches relying on exogenous expression of lineage-specific transcription factors, coding and noncoding RNAs, and chemical compounds.It should be of highest priority to develop protocols for the production of mature and physiologically functional cells with properties ideally matching those of their endogenous counterparts. Their availability can bring together basic research, drug screening, safety testing, and ultimately clinical trials. Here, we highlight the remarkable successes in cellular (re-)programming, which have greatly advanced the field of regenerative medicine in recent years. In particular, we review recent progress on the generation of cardiomyocyte subtypes, with a focus on cardiac pacemaker cells. Graphical Abstract.
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Abstract
The pancreas is made from two distinct components: the exocrine pancreas, a reservoir of digestive enzymes, and the endocrine islets, the source of the vital metabolic hormone insulin. Human islets possess limited regenerative ability; loss of islet β-cells in diseases such as type 1 diabetes requires therapeutic intervention. The leading strategy for restoration of β-cell mass is through the generation and transplantation of new β-cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Other approaches include stimulating endogenous β-cell proliferation, reprogramming non-β-cells to β-like cells, and harvesting islets from genetically engineered animals. Together these approaches form a rich pipeline of therapeutic development for pancreatic regeneration.
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Cito M, Pellegrini S, Piemonti L, Sordi V. The potential and challenges of alternative sources of β cells for the cure of type 1 diabetes. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R114-R125. [PMID: 29555660 PMCID: PMC5861368 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The experience in the field of islet transplantation shows that it is possible to replace β cells in a patient with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but this cell therapy is limited by the scarcity of organ donors and by the danger associated to the immunosuppressive drugs. Stem cell therapy is becoming a concrete opportunity to treat various diseases. In particular, for a disease like T1D, caused by the loss of a single specific cell type that does not need to be transplanted back in its originating site to perform its function, a stem cell-based cell replacement therapy seems to be the ideal cure. New and infinite sources of β cells are strongly required. In this review, we make an overview of the most promising and advanced β cell production strategies. Particular hope is placed in pluripotent stem cells (PSC), both embryonic (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). The first phase 1/2 clinical trials with ESC-derived pancreatic progenitor cells are ongoing in the United States and Canada, but a successful strategy for the use of PSC in patients with diabetes has still to overcome several important hurdles. Another promising strategy of generation of new β cells is the transdifferentiation of adult cells, both intra-pancreatic, such as alpha, exocrine and ductal cells or extra-pancreatic, in particular liver cells. Finally, new advances in gene editing technologies have given impetus to research on the production of human organs in chimeric animals and on in situ reprogramming of adult cells through in vivo target gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Cito
- Diabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pellegrini
- Diabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilan, Italy
| | - Valeria Sordi
- Diabetes Research InstituteIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Aguayo-Mazzucato C, Bonner-Weir S. Pancreatic β Cell Regeneration as a Possible Therapy for Diabetes. Cell Metab 2018; 27:57-67. [PMID: 28889951 PMCID: PMC5762410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is the result of having inadequate supply of functional insulin-producing β cells. Two possible approaches for replenishing the β cells are: (1) replacement by transplanting cadaveric islets or β cells derived from human embryonic stem cells/induced pluripotent stem cells and (2) induction of endogenous regeneration. This review focuses on endogenous regeneration, which can follow two pathways: enhanced replication of existing β cells and formation of new β cells from cells not expressing insulin, either by conversion from a differentiated cell type (transdifferentiation) or differentiation from progenitors (neogenesis). Exciting progress on both pathways suggest that regeneration may have therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Dodington DW, Desai HR, Woo M. JAK/STAT - Emerging Players in Metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:55-65. [PMID: 29191719 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is crucial for transducing signals from a variety of metabolically relevant hormones and cytokines including growth hormone, leptin, erythropoietin, IL4, IL6 and IFNγ. A growing body of evidence suggests that this pathway is dysregulated in the context of obesity and metabolic disease. Recent development of animal models has been instrumental in identifying the role of JAK/STAT signaling in the peripheral metabolic organs including adipose, liver, muscle, pancreas, and the immune system. In this review we summarize current knowledge about the function of JAK/STAT proteins in the regulation of metabolism, and highlight new potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Dodington
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Harsh R Desai
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 2C4, Canada.
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Tritschler S, Theis FJ, Lickert H, Böttcher A. Systematic single-cell analysis provides new insights into heterogeneity and plasticity of the pancreas. Mol Metab 2017; 6:974-990. [PMID: 28951822 PMCID: PMC5605721 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss or dysfunction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas, resulting in failure of blood glucose regulation and devastating secondary complications. Thus, β-cells are currently the prime target for cell-replacement and regenerative therapy. Triggering endogenous repair is a promising strategy to restore β-cell mass and normoglycemia in diabetic patients. Potential strategies include targeting specific β-cell subpopulations to increase proliferation or maturation. Alternatively, transdifferentiation of pancreatic islet cells (e.g. α- or δ-cells), extra-islet cells (acinar and ductal cells), hepatocytes, or intestinal cells into insulin-producing cells might improve glycemic control. To this end, it is crucial to systematically characterize and unravel the transcriptional program of all pancreatic cell types at the molecular level in homeostasis and disease. Furthermore, it is necessary to better determine the underlying mechanisms of β-cell maturation, maintenance, and dysfunction in diabetes, to identify and molecularly profile endocrine subpopulations with regenerative potential, and to translate the findings from mice to man. Recent approaches in single-cell biology started to illuminate heterogeneity and plasticity in the pancreas that might be targeted for β-cell regeneration in diabetic patients. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses recent literature on single-cell analysis including single-cell RNA sequencing, single-cell mass cytometry, and flow cytometry of pancreatic cell types in the context of mechanisms of endogenous β-cell regeneration. We discuss new findings on the regulation of postnatal β-cell proliferation and maturation. We highlight how single-cell analysis recapitulates described principles of functional β-cell heterogeneity in animal models and adds new knowledge on the extent of β-cell heterogeneity in humans as well as its role in homeostasis and disease. Furthermore, we summarize the findings on cell subpopulations with regenerative potential that might enable the formation of new β-cells in diseased state. Finally, we review new data on the transcriptional program and function of rare pancreatic cell types and their implication in diabetes. MAJOR CONCLUSION Novel, single-cell technologies offer high molecular resolution of cellular heterogeneity within the pancreas and provide information on processes and factors that govern β-cell homeostasis, proliferation, and maturation. Eventually, these technologies might lead to the characterization of cells with regenerative potential and unravel disease-associated changes in gene expression to identify cellular and molecular targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tritschler
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Am Parkring 11, 85748 Garching-Hochbrück, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian J. Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Am Parkring 11, 85748 Garching-Hochbrück, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anika Böttcher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Am Parkring 11, 85748 Garching-Hochbrück, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Masini M, Marselli L, Himpe E, Martino L, Bugliani M, Suleiman M, Boggi U, Filipponi F, Occhipinti M, Bouwens L, De Tata V, Marchetti P. Co-localization of acinar markers and insulin in pancreatic cells of subjects with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179398. [PMID: 28617859 PMCID: PMC5472296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To search for clues suggesting that beta cells may generate by transdifferentiation in humans, we assessed the presence of cells double positive for exocrine (amylase, carboxypeptidase A) and endocrine (insulin) markers in the pancreas of non-diabetic individuals (ND) and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Samples from twelve ND and twelve matched T2D multiorgan donors were studied by electron microscopy, including amylase and insulin immunogold labeling; carboxypeptidase A immunofluorescence light microscopy assessment was also performed. In the pancreas from four T2D donors, cells containing both zymogen-like and insulin-like granules were observed, scattered in the exocrine compartment. Nature of granules was confirmed by immunogold labeling for amylase and insulin. Double positive cells ranged from 0.82 to 1.74 per mm2, corresponding to 0.26±0.045% of the counted exocrine cells. Intriguingly, cells of the innate immune systems (mast cells and/or macrophages) were adjacent to 33.3±13.6% of these hybrid cells. No cells showing co-localization of amylase and insulin were found in ND samples by electron microscopy. Similarly, cells containing both carboxypeptidase A and insulin were more frequently observed in the diabetic pancreata. These results demonstrate more abundant presence of cells containing both acinar markers and insulin in the pancreas of T2D subjects, which suggests possible conversion from one cellular type to the other and specific association with the diseased condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Masini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eddy Himpe
- Cell Differentiation Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luisa Martino
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Boggi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Franco Filipponi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Margherita Occhipinti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luc Bouwens
- Cell Differentiation Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo De Tata
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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An Activating STAT3 Mutation Causes Neonatal Diabetes through Premature Induction of Pancreatic Differentiation. Cell Rep 2017; 19:281-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Yang XF, Ren LW, Yang L, Deng CY, Li FR. In vivo direct reprogramming of liver cells to insulin producing cells by virus-free overexpression of defined factors. Endocr J 2017; 64:291-302. [PMID: 28100871 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej16-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of autologous cells from diabetes patients to insulin producing cells is a new method for pancreatic cell replacement therapy. At present, transdifferentiation among mature cells is achieved mainly by introducing foreign genes into the starting tissue with viral vector, but there are potentical safety problems. In the present study, we delivered plasmids carrying Pdx1, Neurog3 and MafA genes (PNM) into mouse hepatocytes by hydrodynamics tail vein injection, investigated islet β cells markers in transfected cells from protein and mRNA level, and then observed the long-term control of blood glucose in diabetic mice. We found that hepatocytes could be directly reprogrammed into insulin-producing cells after PNM gene transfection by non-viral hydrodynamics injection, and fasting blood glucose was reduced to normal, and lasted until 100 days after transfection. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) showed that glucose regulation ability was improved gradually and the serum insulin level approached to the level of normal mice with time. Insulin-positive cells were found in the liver tissue, and the expression of various islet β-cell-specific genes were detected at the mRNA level, including islet mature marker gene Ucn3. In conclusion, we provide a new approach for the treatment of diabetes by in vivo direct reprogramming of liver cells to insulin producing cells through non-viral methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cellular Therapy, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Ji'nan University, Shenzhen, China
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De Groef S, Staels W, Van Gassen N, Lemper M, Yuchi Y, Sojoodi M, Bussche L, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, De Leu N, Van de Casteele M, Baeyens L, Heimberg H. Sources of beta cells inside the pancreas. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1834-7. [PMID: 27053238 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The generation of beta(-like) cells to compensate for their absolute or relative shortage in type 1 and type 2 diabetes is an obvious therapeutic strategy. Patients first received grafts of donor islet cells over 25 years ago, but this procedure has not become routine in clinical practice because of a donor cell shortage and (auto)immune problems. Transplantation of differentiated embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells may overcome some but not all the current limitations. Reprogramming exocrine cells towards functional beta(-like) cells would offer an alternative abundant and autologous source of beta(-like) cells. This review focuses on work by our research group towards achieving such a source of cells. It summarises a presentation given at the 'Can we make a better beta cell?' symposium at the 2015 annual meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied by two other reviews on topics from this symposium (by Amin Ardestani and Kathrin Maedler, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3892-9 , and by Heiko Lickert and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3949-9 ) and a commentary by the Session Chair, Shanta Persaud (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3870-2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naomi Van Gassen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Lemper
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yixing Yuchi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leen Bussche
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark Van de Casteele
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Baeyens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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45
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Honoré C, Rescan C, Hald J, McGrath PS, Petersen MBK, Hansson M, Klein T, Østergaard S, Wells JM, Madsen OD. Revisiting the immunocytochemical detection of Neurogenin 3 expression in mouse and man. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:10-22. [PMID: 27615127 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, endocrine cells of the pancreas are specified from multipotent progenitors. The transcription factor Neurogenin 3 (NEUROG3) is critical for this development and it has been shown that all endocrine cells of the pancreas arise from endocrine progenitors expressing NEUROG3. A thorough understanding of the role of NEUROG3 during development, directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and in models of cellular reprogramming, will guide future efforts directed at finding novel sources of β-cells for cell replacement therapies. In this article, we review the expression and function of NEUROG3 in both mouse and human and present the further characterization of a monoclonal antibody directed against NEUROG3. This antibody has been previously been used for detection of both mouse and human NEUROG3. However, our results suggest that the epitope recognized by this antibody is specific to mouse NEUROG3. Thus, we have also generated a monoclonal antibody specifically recognizing human NEUROG3 and present the characterization of this antibody here. Together, these antibodies will provide useful tools for future studies of NEUROG3 expression, and the data presented in this article suggest that recently described expression patterns of NEUROG3 in human foetal and adult pancreas should be re-examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Honoré
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.
| | - C Rescan
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - J Hald
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - P S McGrath
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - M B K Petersen
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - M Hansson
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - T Klein
- Gubra Aps, Agern Alle 1, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - S Østergaard
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - J M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - O D Madsen
- Department of Islet and Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
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46
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Staels W, De Groef S, Bussche L, Leuckx G, Van de Casteele M, De Leu N, Baeyens L, Heremans Y, Heimberg H. Making β(-like)-cells from exocrine pancreas. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:144-51. [PMID: 27615144 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Creating an abundant source of β(-like)-cells has been a major goal in diabetes research for many decades. The concept of cell plasticity has inspired many strategies towards regenerative medicine, but its successes have been limited until very recently. Today, most cell types in the pancreas are considered candidates for the generation of β(-like)-cells through transdifferentiation. While β(-like)-cells that are in vitro differentiated from human embryonic stem cells are already being grafted in patients, β(-like)-cells generated by transdifferentiation are not yet ready for clinical application. These cells would however offer several advantages over the current β(-like)-cells generated by directed differentiation, especially concerning safety issues. In addition, perfect control of the transdifferentiation efficiency would through targeted drug delivery support a non-invasive cell therapy for diabetes. Lastly, focusing on the exocrine pancreas as prime candidate makes sense in view of their abundance and high plasticity. Keeping these hopeful perspectives in mind, it is worth to continue focused research on the mechanisms that control transdifferentiation from pancreas exocrine to β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Bussche
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Van de Casteele
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Departments of Endocrinology, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- ASZ Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - L Baeyens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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47
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Corritore E, Lee YS, Sokal EM, Lysy PA. β-cell replacement sources for type 1 diabetes: a focus on pancreatic ductal cells. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2016; 7:182-99. [PMID: 27540464 PMCID: PMC4973405 DOI: 10.1177/2042018816652059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thorough research on the capacity of human islet transplantation to cure type 1 diabetes led to the achievement of 3- to 5-year-long insulin independence in nearly half of transplanted patients. Yet, translation of this technique to clinical routine is limited by organ shortage and the need for long-term immunosuppression, restricting its use to adults with unstable disease. The production of new bona fide β cells in vitro was thus investigated and finally achieved with human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Besides ethical concerns about the use of human embryos, studies are now evaluating the possibility of circumventing the spontaneous tumor formation associated with transplantation of PSCs. These issues fueled the search for cell candidates for β-cell engineering with safe profiles for clinical translation. In vivo studies revealed the regeneration capacity of the exocrine pancreas after injury that depends at least partially on facultative progenitors in the ductal compartment. These stimulated subpopulations of pancreatic ductal cells (PDCs) underwent β-cell transdifferentiation through reactivation of embryonic signaling pathways. In vitro models for expansion and differentiation of purified PDCs toward insulin-producing cells were described using cocktails of growth factors, extracellular-matrix proteins and transcription factor overexpression. In this review, we will describe the latest findings in pancreatic β-cell mass regeneration due to adult ductal progenitor cells. We will further describe recent advances in human PDC transdifferentiation to insulin-producing cells with potential for clinical translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Corritore
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yong-Syu Lee
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne M. Sokal
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Research Laboratory, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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48
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Corritore E, Lee YS, Pasquale V, Liberati D, Hsu MJ, Lombard CA, Van Der Smissen P, Vetere A, Bonner-Weir S, Piemonti L, Sokal E, Lysy PA. V-Maf Musculoaponeurotic Fibrosarcoma Oncogene Homolog A Synthetic Modified mRNA Drives Reprogramming of Human Pancreatic Duct-Derived Cells Into Insulin-Secreting Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1525-1537. [PMID: 27405779 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
: β-Cell replacement therapy represents the most promising approach to restore β-cell mass and glucose homeostasis in patients with type 1 diabetes. Safety and ethical issues associated with pluripotent stem cells stimulated the search for adult progenitor cells with endocrine differentiation capacities. We have already described a model for expansion and differentiation of human pancreatic duct-derived cells (HDDCs) into insulin-producing cells. Here we show an innovative and robust in vitro system for large-scale production of β-like cells from HDDCs using a nonintegrative RNA-based reprogramming technique. Synthetic modified RNAs for pancreatic transcription factors (pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1, neurogenin3, and V-Maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A [MAFA]) were manufactured and daily transfected in HDDCs without strongly affecting immune response and cell viability. MAFA overexpression was efficient and sufficient to induce β-cell differentiation of HDDCs, which acquired a broad repertoire of mature β-cell markers while downregulating characteristic epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers. Within 7 days, MAFA-reprogrammed HDDC populations contained 37% insulin-positive cells and a proportion of endocrine cells expressing somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. Ultrastructure analysis of differentiated HDDCs showed both immature and mature insulin granules with light-backscattering properties. Furthermore, in vitro HDDC-derived β cells (called β-HDDCs) secreted human insulin and C-peptide in response to glucose, KCl, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and tolbutamide stimulation. Transplantation of β-HDDCs into diabetic SCID-beige mice confirmed their functional glucose-responsive insulin secretion and their capacity to mitigate hyperglycemia. Our data describe a new, reliable, and fast procedure in adult human pancreatic cells to generate clinically relevant amounts of new β cells with potential to reverse diabetes. SIGNIFICANCE β-Cell replacement therapy represents the most promising approach to restore glucose homeostasis in patients with type 1 diabetes. This study shows an innovative and robust in vitro system for large-scale production of β-like cells from human pancreatic duct-derived cells (HDDCs) using a nonintegrative RNA-based reprogramming technique. V-Maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A overexpression was efficient and sufficient to induce β-cell differentiation and insulin secretion from HDDCs in response to glucose stimulation, allowing the cells to mitigate hyperglycemia in diabetic SCID-beige mice. The data describe a new, reliable, and fast procedure in adult human pancreatic cells to generate clinically relevant amounts of new β cells with the potential to reverse diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Corritore
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yong-Syu Lee
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valentina Pasquale
- Diabetes Research Institute, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Liberati
- Diabetes Research Institute, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mei-Ju Hsu
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Anne Lombard
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Amedeo Vetere
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe A Lysy
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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49
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Acinar phenotype is preserved in human exocrine pancreas cells cultured at low temperature: implications for lineage-tracing of β-cell neogenesis. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20150259. [PMID: 26987985 PMCID: PMC4859086 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro cultured pancreatic acinar cells rapidly differentiate. Low temperature exposure prevents this process and improves the efficiency of acinar cell labelling with adenovirus vectors. This may help in tracing β-cell neogenesis from human pancreatic acinar cells. The regenerative medicine field is expanding with great successes in laboratory and preclinical settings. Pancreatic acinar cells in diabetic mice were recently converted into β-cells by treatment with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). This suggests that human acinar cells might become a cornerstone for diabetes cell therapy in the future, if they can also be converted into glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells. Presently, studying pancreatic acinar cell biology in vitro is limited by their high plasticity, as they rapidly lose their phenotype and spontaneously transdifferentiate to a duct-like phenotype in culture. We questioned whether human pancreatic acinar cell phenotype could be preserved in vitro by physico-chemical manipulations and whether this could be valuable in the study of β-cell neogenesis. We found that culture at low temperature (4°C) resulted in the maintenance of morphological and molecular acinar cell characteristics. Specifically, chilled acinar cells did not form the spherical clusters observed in controls (culture at 37°C), and they maintained high levels of acinar-specific transcripts and proteins. Five-day chilled acinar cells still transdifferentiated into duct-like cells upon transfer to 37°C. Moreover, adenoviral-mediated gene transfer evidenced an active Amylase promoter in the 7-day chilled acinar cells, and transduction performed in chilled conditions improved acinar cell labelling. Together, our findings indicate the maintenance of human pancreatic acinar cell phenotype at low temperature and the possibility to efficiently label acinar cells, which opens new perspectives for the study of human acinar-to-β-cell transdifferentiation.
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50
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Xu A, Cheng L. Chemical transdifferentiation: closer to regenerative medicine. Front Med 2016; 10:152-65. [PMID: 27142989 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-016-0445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell transdifferentiation, which directly switches one type of differentiated cells into another cell type, is more advantageous than cell reprogramming to generate pluripotent cells and differentiate them into functional cells. This process is crucial in regenerative medicine. However, the cell-converting strategies, which mainly depend on the virus-mediated expression of exogenous genes, have clinical safety concerns. Small molecules with compelling advantages are a potential alternative in manipulating cell fate conversion. In this review, we briefly retrospect the nature of cell transdifferentiation and summarize the current developments in the research of small molecules in promoting cell conversion. Particularly, we focus on the complete chemical compound-induced cell transdifferentiation, which is closer to the clinical translation in cell therapy. Despite these achievements, the mechanisms underpinning chemical transdifferentiation remain largely unknown. More importantly, identifying drugs that induce resident cell conversion in vivo to repair damaged tissue remains to be the end-goal in current regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aining Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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